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ISSN: 2395-7549
Abstract
Line following is one of the most important aspects of Robotics. A Line Follower Robot is an autonomous robot which is able to
follow either a black or white line that is drawn on the surface consisting of a contrasting color. It is designed to move
automatically and follow the made plot line. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface or it can be invisible like
a magnetic field. It will move in a particular direction Specified by the user and avoids the obstacle which is coming in the path.
Autonomous Intelligent Robots are robot that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human
guidance. It is an integrated design from the knowledge of Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer Engineering. LDR sensors
based line follower robot design and Fabrication procedure which always direct along the black mark on the white surface. The
robot uses several sensors to identify the line thus assisting the bot to stay on the track. The robot is driven by DC motors to
control the movements of the wheels.
Keywords: Line Follower, Robot, IR Sensors, DC Motor, Motor Driver
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I. INTRODUCTION
IR reflective sensors have one emitter (IR LED) and one receiver phototransister or photo diode. If we have white surface it
reflects the light and it will sensed by the receiver, similarly if we have black surface it absorbs the light and receiver cannot
sense light.
Fig. 3.1. White Surface Reflects Light & Black Surface Absorb It
Photo diode has property that if IR light fall on its electrical resistance comes down (i.e its comes down from 150kohm to
10kohm if no noise is present). For sense the change in resistance we use voltage divider circuit (as shown in fig).
IR Sensor
An Infra-red sensors detects Infra-red light/white light from a particular object/line and then converts light energy to electrical
energy. An IR sensors pair consists of an emitter and a detector. The emitter is blue in color and the detector can be gray black or
white in colour.
IR Emitter
An infra-red emitter is a light Emitting Diode (LED) made from gallium Arsenide. It detects IR energy at a wavelength of 880nm
and emits the same. The infrared phototransistors acts as a transistor with the base voltage determined by the amount of light
hitting the transistor. Hences it acts as a variables currents sources. Greater amount of IR light cause greater currents to flow
throught the collector emitter leads. The variable current traveling through the resistors causes a voltage drop in the the pull up
resistor. The voltage is measured as the output of the device.
IR Detector
An infrared detector is a photodetector.it detects ir energy emittesd by the emitter and converted it into electrical energy.the main
principle involves in the conversion of light energy to electrical energy is photoelectric effect.the output is taken at negative
terminal of IR detector.the output can be taken to amicrocontroller either to its analog to digital converter or LM335 can be used
as comparator.
Moter Driver
Motor driver is a current enhancing device; it can also be act as Switching Device. Thus,after inserting motor driver among
themotor and microcontroller. Motor driver taking the input signals from microcontroller and generate corresponding output for
motor.
ICL293D
This is a motor driver IC that can drive two motor simultaneously. Supply voltage (Vss) is the Voltage at which we wish to drive
the motor. Generally, 6V for dc motor and 6 to 12V for gear motor are used, depending upon the rating of the motor.Logical
Supply Voltage deciding what value of input voltage should be consideredas high or low .So if we set Logical Supply Voltage
equals to +5V, then -0.3V to 1.5V will be considered as Input Low Voltage and 2.3V to 5V is taken into consider as Input High
Voltage. L293D has 2 Channels .One channel is used for one motor.
Channel 1-Pin1to8
Channel 2-Pin9to16
Enable Pin is use to enable or to make a channel active .Enable pin is also called as Chip Inhibit Pin. All Input (PinNo. 2,
7,10and 15) of L293D IC is the output from microcontroller (ATmeg32). E.g.-We connected (Pin No. 2, 7, 10 and 15) of L293D
IC to (Pin No. 14, 15, 16and 17) of ATmega32 respectively in our robots, because on pin 15and 16 ofATmega32we can generate
PWM. All Output (Pin No. 3, 6,11and 14) of L293D IC goes to the input of Right and Left motor.
V. WORKING
Left Direction
When a left curve is found on the line the response of the left most sensors will be changed from high to low as the sensors will
now face the black or the dark surface. Then the control of wheel changes. i.e by holding the left wheel and allowing the right
wheel to move freely until the middle sensors changes it is response from high to low. The same process continues for all the
turns and the robot moves continuously until the supply is remove.
Advantages
1) Robot movement is automatic.
2) Fit and forget system.
3) Used for long distance application.
4) Defense applications.
5) Simplicity of building.
Disadvantage
1) LFR follower a black line about 1or 2 inches in width on a white surface.
2) Slow speed and instability on different line thickness or hard angles.
VII. CONCLUSION
The line follower robot work successfully to the track on the black line. Above the white surface there are some black line in
different direction the robot still good enough to sense the line and follow the track. Also the robot capable to carry some load
likely 500gm
1) Software control of the line type (dark or light) to make automatic detection possible.
2) “Obstacle detecting sensors” to avoide physical obstacles and continue on the line.
3) Distance sensing and position logging and transmission.
4) Smarter Version of line follower are used to deliver mails within office building and deliver medications in a hospital.
5) This technology has been suggested for running buses and other mass transit system and may end up as a part of
autonomous cars navigating the freeway.
REFERENCES
[1] Pakdaman,M.Sanaatiyan,M.M.,"Design and Implemen tation of Line Follower Robot,", Second International Conference on Computer and Electrical
Engineering TCCEE '09, vol.2, pp.585-590,Dec.2009.
[2] PriyankPatil,"AVR Line Following Robot,” Department of Information Technology K. 1. Somaiya College of Engineering Mumbai, India. Mar 5, 2010.
[3] Dean A. Pomerleau; Jay Gowdy; Charles E. Thorpe, “Combining Artificial Neural Networks and Symbolic Processing for Autonomous Robot Guidance,"
Engng Applic. Artif. Intell. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 279-285, 1991.
[4] L1U Shi-Cai,L1U Guang-Jun, "Formation Control of Mobile Robots with Active Obstacle Avoidance," Acta Automatica Sinica, Vol. 33, No. 5,
2007.
[5] YANG Tian-Tian; L1U Zhi-Yuan; CHEN Hong; PEl Run, "Formation Control and Obstacle Avoidance for Multiple Mobile Robots," Acta
Automatica Sinica, Vol. 34, No. 5, 2008.