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Spitler, J.D., F.C. McQuiston, K. Lindsey. 1993. The CLTD/SCL/CLF Cooling Load
Calculation Method, ASHRAE Transactions. 99(1): 183-192.
Reprinted by permission from ASHRAE Transactions (Vol. #99, Part 1, pp. 183-192).
© 1993 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
3638 RP-626
THE CLTD/SCL/CLFCOOLING
LOAD CALCULATIONMETHOD
J.D. Spitler, Ph.D., P.E. F.C. McQuiston,Ph.D., P.E. K.L. Lindsey
Member ASHRAE Fellow ASHRAE
Jeffrey D. Spitler is an assistant professor, Faye C. MeQuiston is a professoremeritus, and Kirk L. Lindsey is a graduate student in
the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineeringat Oklahoma State University, Stiliwater.
186 A S HR A E T ra n s ac tio ns
R :e se a rch
ing the load to yield either CLTD or CLF or SCL. A brief the coefficients);
description of the methodology follows. For more complete tcO.r = sol-air temperature at time U no, °F;
—
details, see the description of the transfer function method = constant indoor room temperature, °F;
given by McQuiston and Spitler (1992) or the detailed conduction transfer function coefficients.
description of the table development given by Lindsey
(1991). Equation 7 must be solved iteratively because the heat
Solar Irradiation The first step in the analysis is the flux history terms on the right-hand side are not known
calculation of solar irradiation, which, in turn, is used to beforehand when analyzing a 24-hour time period. Initially,
determine sol-air temperatures for opaque surfaces or solar the heat flux history terms are assumed to be zero, and
heat gain factors (SHGF) for fenestration. The method used Equation 7 is calculated for successive 24-hour periods until
for calculating the solar irradiation is similar to the standard convergence is reached. At that time, the results are
one presented in the 1989 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamen independent of the values assumed initially.
tals ,“Fenestration” chapter (ASHRAE 1989). It is, in fact, Heat Gain for Fenestration Heat gain to a zone due
as described by McQuiston and Spitler (1992) to to windows is broken into two parts, the radiation transmit
mo1ified
compute the transmitted and absorbed components of solar ted through the glass (T a )and the fraction of the radiation
heat gain separately. In addition, the ASHRAE clear sky absorbed by the glass that enters the zone, ‘•m. The heat gain
model uses revised A, B, and C coefficients as recommend due to radiation transmitted through the glass is calculated
ed by Machler and Iqbal (1985). as follows:
Heat Gain for Walls and Roofs Once the solar
irradiation has been calculated, the heat gain for a wall or (8)
‘Ir = t,cosjO + 2 t/(J÷2)
roof can be calculated using the sol-air temperature (tj,
which is the temperature the outside air would have to be where
to cause the same heat gain to the inside surface as that
caused by the outdoor air temperature and solar radiation = radiation directly striking surface, Btu/lrft2
combined. It is defined by the following equation: U = angle of incidence;
=
to + (aXI,)/h0 + (cXF)/h0 (6) = diffuse radiation reflected from ground and sky,
Btufhft2
where = coefficients for radiation transmission through
DSA glass.
= outside air temperature, °F;
= absorptance of surface; The radiation absorbed by the glass (Jab) is calculated with
I, total radiation incident on surface, Btu!hft2 the following formula:
= outside convective and radiative heat transfer
coefficient, Btu/hft2 OF; ‘DY. acosjO + ‘d
2 a / ( j 2) (9)
c = emittance of surface; +
F = difference between the long-wavelength radiation with
incident on the surface from the sky and the
radiation emitted by a black body at the outdoor = coefficients for radiation absorption by DSA glass.
air temperature, B tm ’h ft2. a
q0 0 = heat gain through wall, roof, partition, etc., The inward-flowing fraction is calculated by neglecting the
Btu/h, at calculation hour 0 ; glass resistance:
A =
indoor surface area of a wall or roof, ft2 (11)
0 = time, h; JV = h,/(h0 + h 1 )
0 = time interval, h; where
n = summation index (each summation has as
many terms as there are non-zero values of
ASHRAETransactions:Research 187
= inside heat transfer coefficient, each wall and roof group by dividing the hourly cooling
1.46 Btu/lvfi2°F; load per square foot for the surface by the overall U-value
h0 = outside heat transfer coefficient, for that surface.
4.0 Btufhft2°F. The hourly SCL values are the hourly cooling load
values for the reference glazing system for the latitude and
Conversion of Heat Gain to Cooling Load Once month listed and are obtained by adding the cooling load
the heat gain has been calculated, whether from walls, due to the transmitted portion of the solar energy to the
roofs, windows, lights, or people, the relation to convert inward-flowing fraction of the solar energy absorbed by the
the heat gain to cooling load is the same, with only the reference glazing system.
coefficients (weighting factors) different. CLF values are simply the cooling load due to a unit
Weighting factors are used to calculate the zone cooling heat gain from people, equipment, or lights.
load at time 0, Q 0based on past loads and current and past
heat gains using
= v 0 q 0 + v1q0 + — w1Q08 w2Q0 (12)
— Printed Tables
TA B LE1
Zone P aram eterLevelsU sedin D evelopingP rintedTables
Il2 Parameter Meaning Levelsconsiclcrcd
1 ZG Zone geometty lOOft.x20ft., l5ftx lSft.
2 ZH Zone height 8 ft, 10 ft.
3 NW Num. ext. walls 1 , 2, 3,4,0
4 IS Interiorshade 100%,50%, 0%t
5 FN Furniture With
6 EC Ext. wall cons. 1 , 2, 3
7 PT Partitiontype 5/8 in. Gyp-Air-5/8in. Gyp,
8 in. C onc. Bik.
8 ZL Zone location Single-story,Top floor,
Bottom. floor,Middle floor.
9 MF Mid fir. Type 2.5 in. Conc., 1 in. Wood
11 CT Ceilingtype W ith suspendedceiling,
withoutsuspendedceiling
12 RT Roof type 1,2,3
13 FC Floor covering Carpetwith rubber pad,vinyl tile
14 GL Glass percent 10, 50, 90
Note:The originalparameter 10, slab type, was redundant,so is not includedhere.
A S H R A ETransactions:Research 189
TABLE 3 to develop the CLTD tables. A single zone type was chosen
Potential Error Associated with U se of the Printed Tables heuristically to give minimal error. Again, all reasonable
to DetermineWall C L T D S permutations were used to quantify the error given in
N e ative Table 3.
Wall No. Positive * SCL Tables The methodology described above was
1 18% 7% used to determine the heat gain due to transmission of solar
2 17% 8% radiation through fenestration. Resulting cooling loads were
17% 7% investigated for all permutations of the 13 zone parameters.
3
4 1 6 910 Over the range of zone types, there is a much larger
79 10
variance in cooling loads due to solar heat gain than due to
5 13% 8% conductive heat gain. Therefore, a single representative
6 14% 6% zone could not be used and, instead, four representative
7 12% 6% zone types were used.
Again, the four representative zone types were chosen
9 13% 6% heuristically, and a scheme for mapping any zone type into
10 10% 6%
one of the four representative zone types was developed. By
11 8% 3% specifying the seven most important zone parameters, a
12 4% 7% representative zone type (A, B, C, or D) can be chosen
13 4% 4% using T able 4.
The errors were quantified by calculating solar cooling
14 59’ 891 loads for each reasonable permutation and comparing those
15 11% 6% to cooling loads calculated using the appropriate representa
16 8% 7% tive zone. These potential errors are tabulated in the last
two columns of Table 4.
Positive error represents overprediction as compared to the CLF TableS for Lighting, People, and Unhooded
*
t ransfer function method; negative error represents Equipment The CLF tables were developed using a
underprediction. scheme analogous to the one used for developing the SCL
TABLE4
Zone Types for Use with S C L and C LF Tables, Single-StoryBuilding
No. Floor Partition Inside Glass People & Lights Plus Minus
Walls overin T Shade Solar ui ment
1 or 2 Carpet Gypsum ** A B B 9 2
lor2 Carpet Con. Bik. **
B C C 9 0
1 or 2 Vinyl Gypsum Full B C C 9 0
1 or 2 Vinyl Gypsum Half to None C C C 16 0
1 or 2 Vinyl Con. Bik. Full C D D 8 0
D D D 10 6
1 or 2 Vinyl Con. Blk. Half to None A B B
3 Carpet Gypsum ** A B B 9 2
3 Carpet Con. Bik. Full B B B 9 2
3 Carpet Con. Bik. Half to None B C C 9 0
3 Vinyl Gypsum Full C C C 9 0
3 Vinyl Gypsum Half to None B C C 16 0
3 Vinyl Con. Blk. Full C C C 9 0
3 Vinyl Con. Blk. Half to None A B B 16 0
4 Carpet Gypsum B C C 6 3
4 Vinyl Gypsum
**
Full C C C 11 6
4 yin I G sum Half to None 19 -1
*
The error band shown in the right hand column is for Solar Cooling Load (SCL).
The error band for Lights, People & Equipment is approximately plus or minus 10 percent.
**
The effect of inside shade is negligible in this case.
Note: This table only covers single story buildings;similar tables cover other building types.
190 ASHRAETransactions:Research
tables. Again, four representative zone types were used, of accuracy. The CLTDs listed in the printed tables
and Table 4 also contains the information necessary to represent all zones and are an improvement over the
choose the correct representative zone type (A, B, C, or previously available data. However, with the supplied
D). Using four different representative zone types resulted computer program CLTDTAB, CLTDs for walls and
in errors of less than ± 10% for virtually all hours and zone roofs can he custom generated for a particular zone as
types. described by 14 zone variables. This represents a
Cooling load factors for lighting were tabulated for significant improvement over the old method and
each of the four representative zone types, for 24-hour allows generation of CLTDs that will result in calculat
periods beginning with the first hour that the lights are ed cooling loads approximately equivalent to those
turned on, and for “lights on” periods of 8, 10, 12, 14, and calculated by the TFM method.
16 hours. 2. The calculation of cooling loads due to solar radiation
Cooling load factors for people and unhooded equip transmitted and absorbed fenestration was revised by
ment were tabulated for each of the four representative zone the introduction of tabulated values of solar cooling
types, for 24-hour periods beginning with the first hour that loads (SCL). This revision fixes one of the main
the heat gain existed, and for periods with heat gain problems with the CLTD/CLF method. Printed tables
between 2 and 18 hours. contain SCL values for three latitudes and four repre
CLF Tablesfor Hooded Equipment For people and sentative zone types. Cooling loads calculated with the
unhooded equipment, the heat gain is assumed to be 30% printed SCL tables will be more accurate than previ
convective and 70 % radiative. For hooded equipment, the ously possible.
convective portion of the heat gain is assumed to all be In addition, the CLTDTAB program provided with
removed from the zone, leaving only the radiant portion to the load calculation manual can produce custom SCL
deal with. The CLF for hooded equipment is derived by tables for any month and latitude, as well as any zone
subtracting the convective portion of the heat gain from the type. Once the CLTDTAB program has been run, no
unhooded equipment CLF for the hours the equipment is in interpolation between latitudes is required, and the
operation. Then all CLF values are multiplied by the ratio calculations are easier than before. When the zone
of increase in radiant percentage (i.e., 1.0/0.7). The general parameters are specified for the CLTDTAB program,
procedure is enumerated here and can be used to change the the SCLs will give approximately the same results as
radiant/convective split to other ratios for equipment or the TFM for unshaded fenestration.
lighting CLFs: 3. New CLF data have been developed for people, hooded
and unhooded equipment, and lighting. The printed
1. Subtract the standard convective fraction (0.30) from tables utilize four representative zone types and yield
the urihooded CLF values for the hours the equipment cooling loads within 10% of those generated by the
is in operation to obtain the unhooded radiative portion TFM. For people and equipment, this is a clear im
of the cooling load. provement in accuracy over what was previously
2. Multiply the unhooded radiative portion of the cooling available. For lighting, it is difficult to make a direct
load (all 24 hours) by the actual radiative fraction of comparison between the current method and the old
the heat gain divided by the radiative fraction of the method. It is recommended that this be investigated
heat gain that was assumed in the unhooded CLF further.
calculation (e.g., 1.0 / 0.7). The CLTDTAB program can be used to generate
3. Add the actual convective fraction to the newly derived custom CLFs for specific zone types. When this option
radiant fraction of the cooling load for the hours the is used, the results will match those generated by the
equipment is on. In this case, the actual convective TFM exactly. Again, a direct comparison between the
fraction is 0.0. new method and the old method has not been made.
CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The revised CLTD/CLF method, now called the The development of the Cooling and Heating Load
CLTD/SCL/CLF method has the following features: Calculation manual described in this paper was funded by
the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
1. The accuracy of the CLTD/CLF method for predicting Conditioning Engineers.
cooling load due to heat gain from walls and roofs has
been improved for most situations. The improved
grouping method developed by Harris and McQuiston
(1988) allowed generation of representative conduction REFERENCES
transfer function coefficients for any reasonable wall or
roof design. This both simplified the process of select ASHRAE. 1979. Cooling and heating load calculation
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ASHRAETransactions:Research 191
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calculation method. M.S. thesis, Oklahoma State factors. ASIIRAE Transactions 94(2): 737-753.
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192 ASHRAETransactions:Research