Czc2010 Day 2 B

TUESDAY, 27 JULY 2010 - AFTERNOON
13:00 - 13:30 Duffy 135

PLENARY
LOCAL VOICES AT THE FRONT LINE – STRENGTHENING COASTAL COMMUNITIES
Melanie Wiber, Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick and
Randall Angus, Director of Integrated Resource Management, Mi'kmaq Confederacy of Prince Edward Island
This presentation will highlight on-the-ground experiences and ongoing issues relating to coastal community engagement in ocean and
coastal management. The presentation will explore the knowledge, capacity building and policy change needed to increase community
inclusion in these processes.
Moderator: Kathryn Parlee, Environment Canada
13:30 - 15:00 PAPER SESSIONS WORKSHOPS DISCUSSION CAFÉ
Room: Room: Room: Room: Room: Room: Kelley 211 Room: Schurman
McDougall 243 McDougall 328 McDougall 242 McDougall 329 McDougall 246 Topic: THE C- Market Square
Session theme: Session theme: Session theme: Session theme: Topic: LINKING CHANGE INTER- Topic: TRANS-
COASTAL COMMUNI- COASTAL MANAGE- AQUACULTURE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC CULTURES TO NATIONAL BOUNDARY
TIES AND COASTAL MENT STRATEGIES Chair: Neil MacNair, AND CULTURAL PROTECT MOTHER COMMUNITY- ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT Chair: Wayne Prince Edward Island VALUES IN SUPPORT EARTH: UNIVERSITY INDICATORS:
Chair: Madelaine Barchard, Environ- Dept of Fisheries and OF ICOM GOVERNANCE FOR RESEARCH MAKING COMPLEX
Patterson, Coastal ment Canada Aquaculture Chair: Ray MacIsaac, CONSERVATION ALLIANCE (ICURA) SYSTEMS UNDER-
Community-University Fisheries and Oceans Convenors: PROJECT STANDABLE
Research Alliance Canada Marianne Janowicz Convenor: Dan Lead: Susan
A Discussion Café on and Hugh Akagi, Bay Lane, C-Change Russell-Robinson,
this topic will take of Fundy Ecosystem ICURA USGS
place this afternoon. Partnership (BoFEP)
The C-CHANGE This Discussion
13:35 - 13:55 Building capacity for Coastal manage- The growth and Ecosystem-based The Workshop will project consists of Café is a follow-up
Integrated Coastal ment: bridging the challenges of management and explore the interdisciplinary to the Panel held
Management: civil land-water divide, aquaculture in Prince science tools for evolution of the teams drawn from this morning
society engagement in Marc Ouellette, Edward Island, Kim coastal communi- Western concepts of communi-ties, (Tuesday, 27 July)
high schools, Velta Fisheries and Oceans Gill, Prince Edward ties, Jon Grant, Conservation. It will universities and from 10:30 to noon
Douglas, University of Canada Island Dept of Dalhousie University also explore the the private sector on this topic.
New Brunswick Fisheries and foundations of in both Canada
Aquaculture Questions to be
Aboriginal culture and the
13:55 - 14:15 Institutional gaps in Linking land to Overview of the Piloting the mapping (traditional govern- Caribbean. The discussed include:
Canadian community- ocean in coastal oyster enhancement of socio-cultural ance structures and teams are working • What indicators
based management: planning: a program conducted values and place oral traditions), to identify and do the three
the case of the Fundy comparative study by the Prince Edward attachment on a seeking ways of map affected trans-boundary
Fixed Gear Council, of municipalities in Island Shellfish small island, Irene reforging the infrastructure, to efforts have in
Hubert Saulnier and Iceland and Norway, Association, Frank Novaczek, Institute relationship among assess their common?
Carolea White, Fundy Morten Edvardsen, Hansen, PEI Shellfish of Island Studies cultures to protect vulnerabilities, to • Are there
Fixed Gear Council Norwe- Association Mother Earth. develop risk combinations of
gian University of management similar
Life Science scenarios, and to
Presenters: indicators that
14:15 - 14:35 Alternative dispute Thinking outside the The development of Community prepare Commu- could be used to
9
resolution: can it sandbox: why the salmon governance nity Adaptation make indices?
advance the stated management aquaculture industry perspectives • Peter Wells, Action Plans to
Dalhousie • What capacity
policies of Integrated strategies for sandy in southwestern New support social- address the building efforts
University,
Management in beaches benefit Brunswick, Bay of ecological systems anticipated between Canada
Canadian fisheries from a plover’s eye Fundy, 1978 to the and resilience, International changes.
Ocean Institute- and the United
and oceans?, view, Sue Abbott, present: changes in Lisette Wilson, States, or
Courtenay Parlee, Bird Studies Canada selected farm Dalhousie University Canada and BoFEP Presenters:
between
Coastal CURA parameters and • Gkisedtana- • Community
the three trans-
management policies, moogk, adaptation to boundary
Blythe Chang, Wampanoag elder coastal climate
indicator efforts,
Fisheries and Oceans change: Canada would greatly
Canada • Alma Brooks, and the
Maliseet elder advance data
14:35 - 14:55 Learning to share: Designing integrated Aquatic invasive The Green Shores Caribbean, John
collection or
communication and coastal zone species - research rating and certifica- Note: Workshop Clarke, monitoring
information flow programs for priorities, Jeff tion system for continues until University of
to deliver best
regarding the south reducing non-point Davidson, Atlantic coastal develop- 15:00. Ottawa indicators to
west New Brunswick source pollution, Veterinary College ments, Brian • Project research local and
finfish aquaculture Timothy Hennessey, Emmett, Archipelago methodology, regional
industry, Donna University of Rhode Marine Research Dan Lane, decision-makers
Curtis, University of Island University of • What indicator
New Brunswick Ottawa
tools need to be
• C-Change developed or
partner and improved to
community of greatly increase
interest, Don ease of use
Poole, City of and widen the
Charlottetown pool of users?
(TBC)
• Caribbean
community
experience and
work to date,
Patrick Watson
and Michael
Sutherland,
University of
West Indies
• Discussion /
questions
Note: Workshop
continues until
15:00.
10
TUESDAY, 27 JULY 2010 - AFTERNOON
15:00 - 15:30 NUTRITION BREAK: McDougall Hall, Schurman Market Square
15:30 - 17:00 PAPER SESSIONS COMMUNITY FORUM DISCUSSION CAFÉS FIELD TRIP
Room: McDougall 243 Room: McDougall 328 Room: McDougall 242 Room: McDougall 329 HELD CONCURRENTLY MUSSEL AQUACUL-
Session theme: Session theme: Session theme: Topic: COASTAL TURE IN PRINCE
Room: Schurman EDWARD ISLAND: AN
COASTAL ISSUES MARINE PROTECTED COASTAL PROCESSES COMMUNITIES AND Market Square
Chair: Patricia Manuel, AREAS Chair: Terence Day, COASTAL MANAGE- EDUCATIONAL CRUISE
Okanagan College MENT Topic: SOCIAL, DOWN THE MONTAGUE
Dalhousie University Chair: Laura Park, ECONOMIC AND
Fisheries and Oceans RIVER
Convenor: Coastal CULTURAL VALUES IN
Canada Community-University SUPPORT OF Organizer: PEI Dept of
15:35 - 15:55 Communication Exploring areas of Analysis of the short Research Alliance Fisheries, Aquaculture
INTEGRATED COASTAL
networks for ecological significance and long-term (Coastal CURA) AND OCEAN and Rural Development
Integrated Manage- along the Atlantic Coast processes involved in MANAGEMENT The cruise will stop at
ment: a case study of of Nova Scotia for coastline erosion, The Community Forum
will focus on practical Lead: Ray MacIsaac, one of the aquaculture
the Placentia Bay/ conservation planning, Nathan Crowell, Applied Fisheries and Oceans leases in the Montague
Grand Banks Large Aimee Gromack, Geomatics Research issues faced by coastal
communities, and lessons Canada River to witness a typical
Ocean Management Fisheries and Oceans Group mussel harvest-ing
Area, Amy Tucker, Canada learned by these This Discussion Café is a
communities, in dealing operation and see how
Memorial University follow-up to the Paper
with the management of Session held this the farmers are
15:55 - 16:15 A temporal and spatial Management planning Coastal morphology and
coasts and oceans across managing the recent
assessment of persis- for Gwaii Haanas the implications of sand afternoon (Tuesday, 27
Canada (and beyond). July) from 13:30 to tunicate fouling
tent marine debris National Marine mining: West Point, problem. Delegates will
accumulation seaward Conservation Area Prince Edward Island, The forum will facilitate 15:00 on this topic.
discussions among also get a chance to
of the Cardiff Bay Reserve and Haida Michael Davies, examine how the lobster
coastal commu-nities, Room: Schurman
Barrage, South Wales, Heritage Site, Norm Coldwater Consulting fishery on the Island
UK, Michael Phillips, Sloan, Parks Canada Ltd community Market Square
organizations, NGOs, operates and discuss the
Swansea Metropolitan Topic: LIFE AFTER THE state of the fishery. An
University researchers and other
participants, to explore OCEAN MANAGEMENT educational lobster trap
16:15 - 16:35 Mapping of eelgrass Commercial fisheries Coastal erosion and
next steps in policy and
RESEARCH NETWORK will be hauled. Dinner is
(Zostera marina) closures in Marine climate change / (OMRN): WHO SPEAKS included.
practice, and opportuni-
landscapes: data for a Protected Areas on variability impacts in FOR OUR OCEANS AND
ties for building on
spatially complex Canada's Pacific Coast: the Pacific Rim National COASTS?
connections across the
mosaic, Jeffrey Barrell, the exception not the Park Reserve, British Lead: Dan Lane, Ocean
country.
Dalhousie University rule, Carrie Robb, Living Columbia, Hawley Management Research
Oceans Society Beaugrand, University of Questions for discussion Network (OMRN)
Victoria may include:
11
16:35 - 16:55 Challenges of success-ful Basin Head post Marine Geomorphology, • What are the most This Discussion Café will
integrated coastal Protected Area sedimentology, and significant barriers to pose several questions:
zoning: lessons from the designation: monitoring management issues: the participation of • How can the study of
southern part of the and management, Ray Hog Island (Pemam- coastal communities in
Gulf of Thailand, MacIsaac, Fisheries and giag) sandhills, Prince the human dimen-
integrated ocean and sions of oceans and
Suvaluck Satumanatpan, Oceans Canada Edward Island, Norm coastal management?
Mahidol University Catto, Memorial coastal policy be
• What are the top three delivered?
University
priorities to improve • What is the role of the
the role of coastal government in the
communities in study of the human
integrated ocean and dimensions of oceans
coastal manage-ment and coastal policy?
institutions?
• What are the roles of
• What role should researchers, coastal
governments, research communities, industry,
organiza-tions, coastal and stakeholders in
communities, NGOs, contributing to oceans
and others play in and coastal policy?
overcoming the
barriers and tackling The Discussion Café will
the above priorities? include members of the
OMRN Network
Note: Forum continues
until 17:00. Secretariat (including
Maureen Woodrow,
Executive Director, and
Kaitlin Fahey, Coordina-
tor), as well as OMRN
Board Members, Work-
ing Groups members,
and members present.
12
The growth and
challenges of
aquaculture in Prince
Edward Island
Kim Gill
PEI Fisheries, Aquaculture and
Rural Development
Aquaculture – What is it?
Aquaculture in PEI
• Mussels
– PEI cultures 80% of the total in North America
• Oysters
– PEI produces the world famous Malpeque
Oyster
• Finfish
– Pond culture and land-based tank systems
produce Rainbow Trout, Atlantic Salmon and
Atlantic Halibut
Aquaculture in PEI
• Total production of 29,500 tonnes
• Total value of $29,659,000
• Aquaculture provides direct employment
for 2500 Islanders, many year-round
• Aquaculture takes place in rural
communities
– Shellfish grown in rivers and bays
– Finfish grown in land-based systems
PEI Mussel Industry
• Mussel culture is a self-sustaining world class
industry
• 41.1 million lbs produced in 2009
• Value of $24.7 million
• 1500 people employed
• 10,400 acres of production
PEI Mussel Production
Main mussel
production areas
PEI Mussel Industry
• Mussels are produced using a unique method
called the longline system
Harvest
Seed collection
Grow out
Seed harvest
Seed harvest
Challenges
• Mussel seed • Mussel grow-out
– Starfish Predation – Starfish predation
– Green algae fouling – Fouling by tunicates
– Tunicate fouling and other species
– Transfers from – Blooms of toxic algae
tunicate restricted species
areas – Sea duck predation on
– Too much seed or too newly socked mussels
little seed – Access to new areas
for expansion
PEI Mussel Industry - Challenges
Aquatic
Invasive Starfish
Species Predation
Algae
Duck Fouling
Predation
Meeting the challenges head on…
PEI Oyster Industry
• Oyster fishery has a long history, and there
remains good potential to expand culture
activities
• 5 million pounds harvested in 2009
• Value of $5.1 million
• 477 lease holders, 760 lease sites representing
6,481 acres
• Approx. 75 utilize off-bottom technology
• 1070 licensed fishers - 750 fishers active
• Oyster landings - 75% public fishery, 25%
leases
PEI Oyster Production
PEI Oyster Landings & Values 1980 - 2008
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Year
000's Lbs $ 000's

Main oyster
production areas
PEI Oyster Industry
• Oysters are produced by either spreading them
on the bottom, in the water column in racks or
bags, or near the water’s surface in floating bags
or OysterGro cages
PEI Oyster Industry - Challenges
• “Quality” – reduction in numbers of choice
grades
• Fouling – tunicates, second set (mussels
and oysters) and other organisms
• Predation – oyster drills, starfish,
moonsnails
• Land-use impacts
• MSX
• New shellfish closure events
Challenges
Anoxic
Events
Fouling
Shell
“shape”
Oyster Drill
Predation
Resolving our oyster issues…
Finfish
• Land-based production
– High quality, disease-free ground water
• Specialized in hatchery products
– Closely linked to larger industries in Atlantic Canada
• 6-7 million eggs (2006)
• 5.2 million fingerlings (2007)
• Landed value of the industry approx. $1.7 million
and economic value of approx $4.3 million
Land based tanks -
outdoor
Land-based
tanks - indoor
Pond cages
Land-based
Halibut
Facility
Finfish Challenges
• New Import/Export regulations under
NAAHP (replacing FHPR)
• Limited to land-based operations
– Sea cages are not ideal in PEI estuaries with
the environment
Questions?
Science clients
Government / Industry: Technical measurements executed in-house,

farmed out, universities
Coastal communities: ENGO’s, universities, sharing with regulators
Regulatory framework is poorly developed re coastal communities

Lots of gaps
How does information flow – public meetings, web, printed material
What are the steps?
How are decisions made – zoning boards, municipal councils,

provincial and federal governments
How can coastal residents be engaged?

Science support for coastal communities:
Development phase – decisions support tools (DST) / predictive modelling

scenario building
Implementation – monitoring
Both cases: Ecosystem-based management needs

1. OBJECTIVES
2. METRIC TO MEASURE PROGRESS
3. BOTH AT EBM SCALE
Local and far-field locations
Technical requirements:
 Method is readily accessible with affordable equipment
 Sampling and analyses are reliable via trained participants
 Data format is readily accessed and transferred between parties
 Data are gelolocated
 Data are interpretable by trained participants
 Measurements are sensitive to environmental change and sustainability
 Data are sensitive to far-field impacts

Many marine impacts are in the form of eutrophication:
Nutrification, dredge spoil, pulp and paper, fish plants, aquaculture
Redox stratification in marine sediments
Pearson-Rosenberg model of benthic disturbance & succession
Organic input stimulates oxygen consumption, exceeding oxygen renewal,

leading to hypoxic conditions
RPD = redox potential discontinuity
The benthos integrates impacts in time and space!

Pearson-Rosenberg-Rhoads with SPI
Sediment profile imagery
(SPI)
Quantifying sediment profile images
Benthic habitat quality index from SPI
The precedent: ATLANTIC COASTAL ACTION PROGRAM
http://www.acapsj.com/Home.html
Diver collected SPI
False colour SPI
aRPD is at 0 cm
GPSVisualizer – simple online GIS via Google Earth
aRPD depth – larger circles more oxygenated

User-friendly GIS: GEOPDF
Ancillary data: surface sediment photography
Presence of
Fauna
Microbial mats (sulfide indicators)
Sediment type
Seaweeds, shells, etc.
White sulfur bacteria on sediment surface

Reasonable expectations
 Participation in scientific data collection as well as

interpretation of the results
 Confidence that validated environmental information is

available and that adaptive management changes
can be made on this basis
 Interaction in the management process, including

ecosystem-based management
Linking land to ocean in planning
A case study of local planning elements in

Isafjordarbaer (Iceland) and Stranda (Norway)
Morten Edvardsen
CZC 2010 Charlottetown, PEI

Linking lan dto ocean in planning
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Two main issues raised in this short presentation:
1) how spatial or land use planning (LUP) is linking up

with water resource management (WRM),
alternatively marine resource management (MRM)
and
2) how local authorities try to handle natural hazards

in the coastal zone
Both issues are briefly discussed on the basis of case

studies in the municipality of Isafjordarbaer, in the
Northwest of Iceland, and the municipality of Stranda,
in the West of Norway.
www.umb.no 2
3
www.umb.no
1
DETTE ER TITTELEN PÅ PRESENTASJONEN
General and world-wide problem:

Establishing links between the marine areas and the land
areas and related management and planning systems.
Water resource management (WRM) not strongly

related/connected to spatial or land use planning (LUP).
Marine resource management (MRM) is often even worse
off.
WRM and MRM often ”living their own lives” in the
bureaucracy, and so is LUP.
A major present challenge in coastal areas:

Establish strong links and inter-actions between WRM, MRM
and LUP.
www.umb.no 4
DETTE ER TITTELEN PÅ PRESENTASJONEN Logic and reality
The coastal zone: the human habitat with most
human activities and most populated one.
Which logically represents largest threaths to the
environment
The coastal zone is also area most hurt by climate
changes
As a consequence: the coastal zone should be the

Priority 1 area for management and planning efforts
and resources.
Logical ?: Yes.
Reality ?: No.
www.umb.no 5
Typical present spatial coastal area uses, most of

these would be conflicting with the others
www.umb.no
Coastal zone
spatial (and potential conflicting) uses
 Shipping (sea traffic)
 Commercial fishing
 Aqua culture/sea farming (salmon, cod, sea shells, seaweeds, etc)
 Oil/gas exploration and exploitation activities
 Industrial activities, incl marine resources production plants
 Bridges, sub-merged higway tunnels, pipelines and cables, etc
 Beach recreational housing
 Tourism
 Outdoor recreation, incl yachting, kayaking, hunting, fishing, diving
 Nature, marine and coastal heritage conservation
 Housing
 Exploitation of sand, sea gravel, minerals
 Resipient (sewage, waste water)
 Military defense purposes and activities
www.umb.no
DETTE ER TITTELEN PÅ PRESENTASJONEN Major problem to integrated approach:
Division of responsibilities and powers between the
sea and the land area management.
The situation different from state to state, but in
Iceland and Norway problems are now relatively
small due to two factors:
1) The European Union rules for river basin manage-
ment and planning to include the adjacent sea area
to 1 Nautical Mile (NM) off the coast base line in the
basin.
(The 2000 EU Water Framework Directive, adopted
in Iceland in 2009 and Norway in 2007)
and that
2) Both Iceland and Norway have a history of
including the sea area close to land, in formal
spatial land use plans.
www.umb.no 8
Iceland:
Local (municipality) formal and legally
binding master planning maps can
designate spatial use categories in sea,
up to 115 meters from shoreline.
Norway:
Local (municipality) and regional (county
council) formal spatial plans can designate
spatial use categories in sea up to 1 NM
outside of the shore base line (!)
www.umb.no 9
DETTE ER TITTELEN PÅ PRESENTASJONEN The red boundary is showing the sea area in the
Bokna Fjord (Stavanger, Norway),
which can be zoned in formal and binding local
plans
www.umb.no 10
Locations of Case municipalities
(Google Earth image manipulated)
www.umb.no 11
Iceland case municipality:

Isafjardarbaer (marked in red)
Population: 3900
Area: 2416 km2
Location: 66 0 N; 23 0 W
www.umb.no 12
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES The Isafjardarbaer Municipal center:
Isafjordur Town,
located on a sandspit in the Skutulsfjördur Fjord,

surrounded by high cliffs
Photo: http://hsvest.is/ 13
www.umb.no
DETTE ER TITTELEN PÅ PRESENTASJONEN Isafjordur and mountains in winter,
(observe the hillside debris and slush flow marks)
www.umb.no 14
Map showing NW fjords in Iceland,
separated by mountains and steep hills
www.umb.no 15
Norway case municipality:

Stranda
Population: 4546
Area: 866 km2 (incl sea surface)
Location: 620 N; 60 E
Map of Norway, the County of Map of county, the Municipality of Stranda,

Möre and Romsdal marked in marked in red
red www.umb.no 16
17
3D map of the Storfjord system
www.umb.no
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES Community of Stranda with ferry port.
The small town is situated at the Synnulven Fjord, leading Eastwards

(right) to the Geiranger Fjord
Photo: G V Blindheim, Architect MNAL, Aalesund, Norway

www.umb.no 18
The Geiranger Fjord (inner part of Storfjord), is a

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Photo: Knut Slinning

http://www.fjordnorway.com/no/AKTIVITETER/Helse-og-velvare/?view=article
www.umb.no 19
The coastal Express (11 000 GRT, 120 meters

long), is passing a cliff overhang in Storfjorden,
across from Stranda Center
Photo: Author, 2010.

www.umb.no 20
Linking land to sea; the coastal zone
A useful and easily acceptable definition of the coastal zone

is the following:
“The coastal zone is the coastal waters as far as

they are influenced by land, and land as far as
this is influenced by the sea - -”.
By this definition, coastal zone planning seems to be the

right instrument for establishing this link.
However, what goes into the CZP is crucial for the
outcome.
One single authority and planning system for both land

and sea would be most helpful.
www.umb.no
In the Nordic countries, the planning powers

were following the private ownership boundaries
into the sea
www.umb.no 22
The Icelandic planning system
www.umb.no 23
24
The Norwegian planning system
www.umb.no
The Land use maps
Master Plan, Land use map (typical scales: 1: 5000 – 1: 50000)

Local Zoning Plan (typical scales: 1: 500 – 1:2000)
Both these types are legally binding (in Iceland and Norway)
www.umb.no 25
Local Zoning Plan

Stranda Center
www.umb.no 26
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES Formal Master Plan
(Coastal Zone part, Fanafjord, City of Bergen, Norway).
Examples of zoning for a seaplane port, marinas, sailing regatta lanes, marine protection
area, public recreational areas, (private) recreational housing, etc
www.umb.no
Bridging the gap:
A single planning and spatial resource management

system, covering both land and marine spaces and
resources
A single cross-sectoral (combinding land and sea) spatial

data base and mapping system (GIS)
One unified zoning power (planning) administration,

preferably based in a municipal or county council,
ensuring citizen participation and involvement
www.umb.no 28
29
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2
DETTE ER TITTELEN PÅ PRESENTASJONEN Part 2:
Natural hazards mitigation and planning
The climate and topography of Iceland and Norway create

serious hazards of rock falls, landslides and avalanches.
When avalanches or landslides fell into narrow fjords, the
population along the fjords are exposed to the additional
hazard of a tsunami.
In Iceland 200 persons have been killed in such disasters

since 1900.
In Norway 1400 persons are recorded killed after such

disasters since 1850.
www.umb.no 30
DETTE ER TITTELEN PÅ PRESENTASJONEN Communities in the Iceland Westfjords were severely hit by
snow avalanches in the Winter of 1994-95.
Sudavik: 14 dead
Flateyri: 20 dead.
A large number of houses destroyed.
In Sudereyri is a large number of houses damaged due to a tsunami created

by a large avalanche across the fjord.
Home destroyed in Sudavik. Photo: À Jónsson,

www.umb.no 31
Avalanche deflection dams (triangle) at Flatyeri,
serving the built-up area with housing, shops and

schools below.
Photo: Author
www.umb.no 32
Cut from the Isafjordur hazard zoning map
(IMO, January 2003, Map 12)
Danger Zones Lower level of risk Risk per 1000 years Building restrictions
C 3 x 10-4 per year 0,3 No new houses, user restrictions
B 1 x 10-4 per year 0,1 No new homes. Schools, etc reinforced
A 0,3 x 10-4 per year 3,0 No new homes. Schools, etc reinforced
www.umb.no 33
The map below is a part of the formal Isafjordur Master Plan;

a legal document, where the map symbols (lines, colors, etc) all signify specific land uses (”zoning”),
empowering the hazard zones
www.umb.no 34
Graphic display of snow, ice and debris flow path
model at Isafjordur Town
(Conway S J et al 2010: Geomorphology: 114:556-572)
www.umb.no 35
DETTE ER TITTELEN PÅ PRESENTASJONEN A tsunami is hitting Aardalstangen community
center (Sognefjord, Norway) after a rock slide
across the fjord.
No persons injured.
Aug 19, 1983. Photo: Kurt Johansen, Aardal Municipality , Source:

www.umb.no 36
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES Newspaper headlines March 18, 2010:
”recreational home and highway buried under

10 000 metric tons of snow - - - ”
(Sunndal, Norway, Photo and text: Aftenposten)
www.umb.no 37
Major disasters in the Möre and Romsdal County,
Norway:
The Loen disaster 1905: 61 dead due to tsunami action,

50 000 m3 rock materials.
Loen 1905
The Tafjord disaster 1934: 40 dead due to tsunami action,

1 million m3 rock, 64 meters wave.
The Loen disaster 1936: 74 dead due to tsunami action,

3 million m3 rock materials, 70 meters wave.
www.umb.no 38
The Aaknes site; a ”timer bomb” of

40 (-70) millions m3 of rock
www.umb.no 39
A comparable disaster in Canada:
The Frank / Turtle Mountain disaster, Alberta
1903;
30 million m3, 70 persons dead
Source: Geological Survey of Canada, photo number GSC 132916

www.umb.no 40
On-line GIS
presentation
of rockfalls
and
avalanches in
Stranda
”Skrednett”, NGU
Geological Survey
of Norway
www.umb.no 41
Rock slab movement surveillance at the top of

Aaknes site in Stranda, Norway
www.umb.no 42
Illustration of possible landslide at Aaknes
www.umb.no 43
- - and the resulting tsunami hitting the Hellesylt
community; a wave 45 meters high

(one estimate indicates 80 meters).
www.umb.no 44
Mitigative actions:
Both in Iceland and Norway the dangers of landslides and

avalanches are met by
* Mapping of incidents and accidents (State supported GIS

systems)
* Establishing hazard surveillance and monitoring
systems (operating locally, supported by State)
* Establishing an organization for alarms and evacuations
(State and regional Civil Defense authorities)
* Identifying the hazard zones in formal master and
detailed local plans, prohibiting new housing and
construction (municipalities)
* constructing deflections dams where housing cannot
be moved (State funded)
www.umb.no 45
In Möre & Romsdal County, Norway, there are 3

potentially disasterous rockfalls sites:
www.umb.no 46
Some of the references:
Decaulne A 2007: ”Snow-avalanche and debris-flow in the fjords of north-western Iceland,

mitigation and prevention”, Natural Hazards, : 41: 81-98
European Environment Agency 2008: ”European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive”
European Environment Agency 2000: ” European Union Water Framework Directive”
IMO (Icelandic Meteorological Office) 2010: ”Avalanches in Iceland”,
http://en.vedur.is/avalanches/articles/
ICG 2010. International Centre for Geohazards , at NGI, Norway. http://www.geohazards.no/
Iceland National Planning Agency 2010: ”Skipulags stofnun”,
http://www.skipulagsstofnun.is/focal/webguard.nsf/key2/english.html
Ministry of Environment 2010. ”Planning (in Norway)”,
http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/md/Selected-topics/planning.html?id=1317
Nordic Council of Ministers 2009: ”Marine spatial planning in the Nordic region”, TemaNord :
528:17
NVE 2010. Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, ”Floods and landslides”,
http://www.nve.no/en/Floods-and-landslides/
Aaknes/Tafjord Emergency Center 2010,
http://stranda.kommune.no/artikkel.aspx?AId=1489&back=1&MId1=568
www.umb.no 47
Thank you for your attention!
Morten Edvardsen
( morten.edvardsen@umb.no)
Professor in Urban and Regional Planning,
Norwegian University of Life Sciences,
Aas, Norway
www.umb.no 48
Overview of the oyster
enhancement program conducted
by the PEI Shellfish Association
Coastal Zone Canada Conference

July 27, 2010
The PEI Oyster Industry
P 1,070 licence holders
P 700 active fishers
P 477 lease holders on 6,481acres
P Approximately 300 lease holders active, 80
use off-bottom technology
P Landings 65% public fishery, 35% leases
P 15 oyster dealers
Objectives of PEI Shellfish
Association
P The objective of the PEI Shellfish Association is to

foster the development of the shellfish fishery and
protect the interest of oyster fishermen of PEI.
P To encourage and promote the oyster industry and
collect general information and other material which
may be of interest to the oyster industry.
P To promote research, development and education and
to make recommendations to the Provincial and
Federal Governments as well as to conduct projects
on oyster shellfish improvements.
PEI Shellfish Association
Enchancement Program
Ellerslie PEI
Oyster Enhancement Program
P Ongoing for last 35+ years.

P Program to enchance oyster production on public
beds.
P Aquaculture techniques are used to collect and grow
seed for the enhancement program
P One of the main activities is to collect seed to be
relayed on natural oyster beds.
P Also includes oyster relays, cultivation and shell
spreading.
Enchancement Activities
Spat Collection
P Oyster larvae monitoring is
conducted during the spawning
season.
< Collectors are dipped in a
cement mixture and deployed
on lines in the Bideford
Reserve. After the oyster set
occurs, collectors are dipped
in a lime solution to control
starfish and sea squirts.
P In fall, collectors are harvested
and some put into trays to be
overwintered for spreading the
following year. The remainder
are spread immediately on
predetermined public beds.
Harvesting and threshing oyster
collectors
Enhancement Activities
Shell Spreading
P Shell spreading projects are

carried out in designated
areas to establish new shell
beds that will eventually
produce a natural oyster bed.
Shell is purchased and
spread on predetermined
sites.
P Bedeque Bay, Cascumpec
Bay and North River are
areas that have been
successfully enhanced with
this type of project.
Cultivation
P Shellbed cultivation is
a commonly utilized
practice to expose
oyster shell from the
bottom sediments.
P The clean shell
provides an excellent
substrate for larval
oysters to set on and
has been proven to be
a successful technique
to naturally enhance
oyster beds.
Relays
P Shallow water:
With the possibility of oysters
being frozen into the ice in low
tide, relays have been
conducted to move these
oysters to deeper water -
normally adjacent to the same
area.
P Deep water:
Deep water relays are
conducted in deep water areas
(eg. channels) and moved to
shallow beds where the oysters
can be more easily harvested.
Predator Control
Starfish
P Starfish are an important predator

of shellfish. Starfish traps have
been developed and used for the
last several years.
P The traps work very well, but with
large numbers of starfish present
in the system it is difficult to
remove enough animals to reduce
their impact.
Pest Control
Codium fragile
P Codium (oyster thief)

attaches to oysters
and as it matures it
becomes buoyant.
P With a strong wind
and tide the plant can
carry the oysters to
shore or other areas.
Pest Control
Tunicates
P Sea squirts (sea grapes) have
been around for many years and
have been successfully controlled
by using a lime dip.
< Clubbed tunicates are infesting
mussel operations in Malpeque
Bay and have been found
adjacent to our spat collection
lines in the Bideford River.
Clubbed tunicates can also be
controlled by a lime dip.
< Other types of tunicates around
the island are the violet tunicate,
golden star tunicate and vase
tunicate.
PEI Shellfish Associations
Activities
P 8000 oyster spat collectors deployed.
P 900 tubs of spat (18,000,000 oysters) were relayed to
various rivers on PEI.
P 2,400 bags of seed were overwintered in Bideford River.
P 529 tubs (6 peck per tub) of one year old oysters were
purchased and spread in various rivers.
P An oyster relay (1,610 tubs) was conducted in Bedeque
Bay.
P Continually adding broodstock to the Bideford Reserve.
P Major oyster promotion carried out at the Tyne Valley
Oyster Festival and the PEI International Shellfish
Festival.
PEI Shellfish Association
Reasons for success
P Support from the Industry

P Financial and technical support from the Province
P Continued support from DFO
P Municipal support from Summerside, Charlottetown and
other PEI municipalities
Challenges
P Nutrient loading (water quality)

P Siltation
P Access to launching sites
P Monitoring of survival of seed at
various sites
Nutrient Loading
P Use of fertlizers and

excess nitrates have
increased algal blooms
in PEI estuaries.
Siltation and Erosion
Landing Sites
P Loss of sites due to
landowner
restrictions
P Congestion due to
increased use at
certain sites
Thank You
Irené Novaczek
Institute of Island Studies
Social & Cultural Values Mapping
in the coastal zone - a PEI case study
Q: WHAT DO PEOPLE VALUE?
A: More
than just
money
Why do values matter in coastal and
ocean management? Motivate individual and
collective actions
Motivate reactions to
proposed management
activities &
developments
If made visible, can be a

tool for proactive
planning & decision-
making that will be
widely acceptable
How can we identify values attached to place?
Raymond, C., and G. Brown. 2007. A spatial method for assessing
resident and visitor attitudes toward tourism growth and
development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 15(5):1-22
Raymond, C., and G. Brown. 2007. The relationship between place
attachment and landscape values: Toward Mapping Place
Attachment. Applied Geography. 27:89-111.
Brown, G., C. Smith, L. Alessa, and A. Kliskey. 2004. A
comparison of perceptions of biological value with scientific
assessment of biological importance. Applied Geography
24(2):161-180.
Brown, G. and P. Reed. 2000. Validation of a forest values typology
for use in national forest planning. Forest Science 46(2):240-247.
Social and Cultural Values
Mapping
 To locate diverse human values
in relation to place.
 To make local knowledge

visible and accessible
 To integrate local values with

other data (geological,
biological, economic) for the
purpose of informed decision-
making
Will it work on the coast in Atlantic
Canada as a tool for coastal
management and climate change
adaptation planning?
• Collaboration among IIS, SGSLCS and
DFO
• Focus group trials in PEI, NS and NB in
winter 2009
• Random mail out survey trial, winter 2010
The island province of PEI offers a manageable
geographic space with clear boundaries and
jurisdictional powers within which to conduct
research .
The values
(from Brown
2005)
Part of the survey instrument: a map and sticker dots
that were used to indicate the particular values people
attached to places on the map.
Selecting 200 random addresses
Result: half permanent & half seasonal residents
Survey Responses:
60 returned, 57 usable / complete
Sorting Maps & Questionnaires
A completed
survey map
Georeferencing the data using GIS
Entering Data Points in QGIS
Photo: Peter Rukavina

Aggregated
values
Each point
referenced to
respondent
age, gender,
education,
profession,
home location
We can
display
results one
value at a
time eg:
Places with
historic value
OR by
demographic
Men’s Values Women’s Values
Some general findings…
• High numbers of highly educated and retired
persons; few fishers and farmers
• Women mapped more points than men
• Seasonal residents mapped almost twice as
many points as permanent residents
• All groups were similar in terms of the
proportion of points mapped for each value
• BUT the general geographic location of those
points varied
Seasonal
residents
mapped
more
points on
the shore
Qualitative data provided
Local environmental history

The shore has changed … since the Future visions
causeway was built to Robinson‟s Island in
the 1950s
“While change is inevitable, I
Explanations of values hope Islanders will preserve as
much of their natural heritage
“There's nothing more soothing as feasible.”
than walking on the beach or
swimming - very therapeutic.”
What has intrinsic value …
Places mentioned as having „intrinsic‟ value included
woodlands, beaches, estuaries, bays, and dunes.
Concerns
Respondents expressed concern over rampant
housing development, the abuse of the
dunes, pollution, forest clear-cutting, protection of
archeological sites, and preservation of biodiversity
and wildlife.
Aesthetic values
“Generally, the landscape that folds into the

North Shore is especially spectacular
against sunset or sunrise. I love the sounds
and smells and omnipotence of the Gulf, the
speed with which the weather can change,
the windstorms and the calms…”
Values mapped
Land vs stream/estuary and ocean
Predominant land values
Predominant water values
Where to from here?
• Community collaboration : use in local

planning and public education
• Climate change scenario modelling
• Overlap sea level rise, flood & erosion
predictions on values mapped
• Use to engage public in planning for
adaptation
Thanks !
to the research team
Dr Ann Howatt
Dr Joshua MacFadyen
Fogho Ikede
Chrissy Cerminara
Dr Greg Brown (advisor)
Dr Darren Bardati (advisor)
Acknowledgements
The SCVMP team would like to thank the
following groups for their contributions:
 Department of Fisheries and Oceans
 SGSL Coalition for Sustainability
 UPEI Library: Mark Leggott and staff
 North Shore Municipality & Friends of
Covehead Watershed
 Provincial Department of Environment,
Energy & Forestry, Resource Inventory and
Modelling Section
Thinking outside the sandbox:
Why management strategies for sandy
beaches benefit from a plover's eye view
Presented by Sue Abbott

Bird Studies Canada - Atlantic Region
• Sandy beaches are most heavily used type of
shore (Schalcher et al. 2007).
Environment Canada
Sandy Beaches: Globally threatened habitats
• Public spaces facing intense and diverse pressures.
• Sandy beaches trapped in “coastal squeeze”
(Schlacher et al. 2007).
Jen Rock
unknown BSC
Beach-dependent wildlife caught in the middle
Environment Canada
H. Toom H. Toom H. Toom
B. Caverhill H. Toom H. Toom

Added-value for our communities
• Buffers against storm surges and
sea-level rise;
• Accessible places for learning and
exploration;
• Outdoor spaces for healthy living;
• Support local economies.
(Schwartz 2005)
Piping Plover: beach-dependent species at risk
• Small (18 cm) migratory shorebird.

• Beach breeding habitat lost and degraded largely
due to recreation and development.
• Endangered (federally and in most provinces)
Charadrius melodus melodus
breeding
wintering
H. Toom
Eastern Canada: >200 beaches identified as
critical habitat in proposed Recovery Strategy
Distribution of critical
habitat in E. Canada.
(Environment Canada 2010)
Piping Plover: Useful umbrella species
• Use of beaches coincides with critical life cycle
phases of other flora and fauna;
• Sensitive to human activities that can negatively
affect other flora and fauna, e.g.:
- ATV use - development
- dogs off-leash - waste
• Dependent on natural coastal processes.
(Hecker 2008, Environment Canada 2008)
Environment Canada
Managing with a plover‟s eye view
Key principles practiced from Carolinas to Maritimes:

• Timing: avoiding management activities during
sensitive periods.
• Location: appropriate placement of infrastructure
(if needed) and recreational zones.
• Protection: Managing habitat (and humans).
•Monitoring
Environment Canada
Managing with a plover‟s eye view
Timing Location Protection Monitoring
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Plovers arrive
Nest initiation
Incubation
Hatching & Rearing
Fledging
Migration preparation
Managing with a Plover‟s Eye View
• Be aware of sensitive breeding habitats.

• Reduce habitat degradation by planning
infrastructure, access points, and recreation zones.
Reduce disturbances in sensitive habitats:
• Evaluate activities that may disturb

habitat and schedule appropriately.
• Keep vehicles off beach year-round.
• Implement waste control strategy.
• Educate beach and enforcement staff.
• Post wildlife habitat signs.
• Utilise resources (e.g., volunteers)
to help inform public.
Canadian Geographic
Nov/Dec „06
• Monitor biodiversity to inform management.

• Strengthen collaborations with monitoring
programs on beaches, such as:
- Piping Plover recovery programs

- Natural history clubs
- Canadian Sea Turtle Network‟s jellyfish survey
- Important Bird Area Caretakers
Environment Canada
Conclusions
• Sandy beaches and dunes face intense pressures.

• High ecological, cultural, and economic value.
• >200 beaches will be listed as critical habitat.
• Stewardship responsibility.
• Timing, location, protection and monitoring: key
elements of wise management.
• Benefits coastal biodiversity and long-term integrity
of beach system.
Conclusions
• Regional resources for beach managers.

• E. Canada Piping Plover Working Group meeting.
• Share challenges and successes with others.
Acknowledgements
Program support:
The Government of Canada

Habitat Stewardship
Program for Species at Risk Walmart-Evergreen Green
Grants
TD Friends of the Environment
Other program partners:

The development of the salmon aquaculture
industry in the coastal area of southwestern
New Brunswick, Bay of Fundy, 1978 to
present:
B.D. Chang1, K. Coombs2, & F.H. Page1

1 Fisheries
and Oceans Canada, Biological Station, St. Andrews, NB
2 New Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Aquaculture, St. George, NB
Fisheries and Oceans Pêches et Océans

Canada Canada
Species
• Predominantly Atlantic salmon
to date
• Other species have also been

grown:
– rainbow trout, Arctic char,
halibut, haddock, and cod
• IMTA currently at several

farms in SWNB (Chopin,
Robinson et al.)
– Salmon, mussels, kelp

Canada Canada
Bay of Fundy finfish aquaculture leases 2009
Québec
New PEI
Brunswick
Maine
otia
Sc
va
No

Canada Canada
Finfish aquaculture in SWNB 2009
• Number of leases: 94
• Number of active salmon farms: ~56
• Number of non-salmon leases: 10
• Total area of leases: 1 600 ha (16 km2)

– % of total SWNB area: 0.3%
– % of nearshore SWNB area (<50 m depth): 1.3%
• Production (2008): 26 000 t ($192 million)

• Employment (2008): 1 400 direct + 800 indirect
Canada Canada
First salmon farm
• Federal-Provincial-private
sector collaboration
• Started 1978 at Lords

Cove, Deer Island
• First harvest of Atlantic

salmon in 1979: 6 t

Canada Canada
Growth in number of farms & production
45 000 100
Salmon production
40 000 Number of finfish leases 90
Number of marine growout sites

Number of operating salmon farms
80
35 000
1978-83: Rapid growth in
Slow growth
• Continuing ISA
•Financialearly-mid 1990s
constraints 70
30 000 • Implementation of new
Production (t)
•SmoltABMA
shortage
framework & other 60
25 000 fish health management
Recovery:
1983: 5practices
farms, 72 t 50
• Implementation of
20 000 • peak production in
ABMAs & other fish 1984-86: rapid growth
2006 (41 000 t) 40
health management • Financial assistance
15 000
practices (Can-NB) 30
• Private hatcheries
10 000 ISA outbreak 20
•Started 1996-97
5 000
1986: 29 farms, 727 t
10
• Moratorium
0 0
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Canada Canada
Growth in number of farms & area
Finfish leases Salmon farming activity Salm
No. of Total Average No. of Average no.

farm area farm area operating Total of fish per Volu
Year leases (ha) (ha) farms no. of fish farm (t)
1980 2 n/a n/a 2 10 800 5 400

1985 19 23 1.3 19 332 000 17 500 3
1990 50 289 5.9 49 4 600 000 93 900 72
1995 66 762 11.7 66 9 540 000 144 500 14 4
2000 86 1 215 14.3 82 15 650 000 190 900 29 1
2005 91 1 410 15.7 67 19 130 000 285 500 35 0
2008 95 1 624 17.3 56 17 360 000 310 000 26 0

Canada Canada
What makes a good farm site?
For growing farmed salmon (Saunders 1995):
• protection from wind and waves
• suitable year-round temperatures
• adequate flushing (currents & depth)
Some of these criteria would suggest that nearshore, shallow sites

would be best:
• e.g. protection from wind and waves
Other criteria would suggest that sites should be further offshore

and deeper:
• e.g. sufficient flushing/currents and ample depth; minimum
water temperatures

Canada Canada
What makes a good farm site?
Other factors:
• separation from adjacent salmon farms
• 1985 guideline recommendation: minimum 300 m
• Aquaculture Act (1991) and subsequent policy: 300 m
• lack of good info on what distance is required for fish health
• separation from fixed fishing gear, other fisheries activities and

fish habitat
• minimum 300 m separation from herring weirs, lobster
pounds, and wharves
• integration with other resource users

Canada Canada
Distance to
7 20
1984 18 1985
6
16
5 14
No. of farms
No. of farms
shore 4 12
10
3 8
2 6
4
1
2
0 0
Initially: all farms close to <0.3 0.3 - 1 1-2

Distance to shore (km)
2-3 <0.3 0.3 - 1 1-2
Distance to shore (km)
2-3
shore, in shallow waters 50 60
- Early cage technology

1990 1995
40 50
only suitable for protected

No. of farms
No. of farms
40
30
locations 30
20
20
Later: some farms further 10 10
offshore & deeper 0

<0.3 0.3 - 1 1-2 2-3
0
<0.3 0.3 - 1 1-2 2-3
-Few nearshore sites Distance to shore (km) Distance to shore (km)
available 70
2000
80
70
2005-07
-Better cage technology,
60
50 60
No. of farms
No. of farms
larger/deeper cages 40
50
40
30
30
But most farms are still 20 20
quite close to shore

10 10
0 0
<0.3 0.3 - 1 1-2 2-3 <0.3 0.3 - 1 1-2 2-3
Distance to shore (km) Distance to shore (km)

Canada Canada
Geographic distribution of salmon farming
New Brunswick
1980
2009
2000
1990
1985
1995
2005
y
y Ba
dd
q uo Maces Bay
ma
sa
P as
Maine
I.
er
De
The Wolves
0 10 20
Cobscook
Bay km
Campobello I.
Bay of Fundy
Grand Highest density: Letang

Manan area
Island
Lowest density: Maces

Bay area

Canada Canada
Development of Management
Areas

Canada Canada
Policy & legislation development: 1991
• NB Aquaculture Act proclaimed & Site Allocation
Policy put in place:
• Emphasis on encouraging new entrants

• i.e. promoting growth in number of farms & companies
• priority given to commercial fishermen
• “Each proposed site will be evaluated on its own merits…”

(i.e. site-by-site basis)
• Designated 5 small areas where restrictions or prohibitions

on new site applications
• acknowledgement that some bay-wide/cumulative effects can
occur, at least in some bays

Canada Canada
Restricted zones: 1991
Total 24 km2
(<1% of SWNB area)

Canada Canada
The need for bay-scale fish health management (1)
• Heavy sea louse infestations

started in SWNB in 1994
• 10 Sea Louse Management Zones

created in 1995
• based on local knowledge of water
currents and site interactions
• coordinated chemical treatments
• but most farms multi-year-class
(i.e. no fallowing between year-
classes)
• First application of bay-scale

management in SWNB

Canada Canada
The need for bay-scale fish health management (2)
• ISA first appeared in SWNB in 1996
• Experience in Norway and Scotland indicated that bay-scale

management was an essential part of ISA management
• coordinated fish health management within bays
• single-year-class (SYC) farming within bays
• However, in 1996, 60% of farms in SWNB were multi-year-class
• New Site Allocation Policy introduced in 2000
• mainly to address ISA management needs
• included ABMA framework and SYC farming

Canada Canada
Aquaculture Bay Management Areas (2000)
• 21 ABMAs (revised to 22 in 2001)
• based on oceanographic, fish health & business considerations

• but did not agree with earlier oceanography-based recommendations
which recommended far fewer ABMAs (3-7)
• recognized that this was probably too many ABMAs
• included single-year-class farming on 2-year rotation

• limited holdovers allowed
• priority for new sites: existing operations needing an additional site to

achieve SYC farming within ABMA framework (no new entrants)
• Also included larger restricted areas where no new farms allowed due to
aquaculture or fisheries issues

Canada Canada
ABMAs 2001: 22 ABMAs (2-yr rotation)
ABMAs primarily for

fish health
management
SYC farming on 2-yr

rotation
- but limited holdovers
allowed
Red: odd year-class ABMAs

Green: even year-class ABMAs
Blue: multi-year-class ABMAs

Canada Canada
Impact of 2000-01 ABMA structure on ISA
management
• ISA continued to infect farmed salmon in SWNB:
– Probable reasons:
• Holdovers
• Too many ABMAs (ABMAs too small)
• How to better define ABMAs for ISA management:

– Experience in Norway and Scotland suggested that ISA could
spread through water at a spatial scale of one tidal excursion
– Circulation model was used to estimate tidal excursion areas
around farms (Greenberg et al.)
– Used overlaps of tidal excursion areas to assist in delineation of
a revised ABMA framework

Canada Canada
Tidal excursion overlaps
Most tidal excursion areas

overlap at least one other
farm
Norway and Scotland

experience indicated
that ABMA boundaries
should be drawn to
minimize water
exchange across ABMAs

Canada Canada
ABMA framework 2001: tidal excursion overlaps
21 instances where the

tidal excursion of a farm
intersects a farm(s) in
another ABMA.
Suggests that this (and
holdovers) may have
been a factor in the
continuing spread of ISA:
i.e. too many ABMAs.

Canada Canada
Revised ABMA framework (from 2006)
• 2004-05 Federal-Provincial-Industry Task Force

recommended a revised ABMA structure, which was
implemented starting 2006:
• Fewer ABMAs: 6
• SYC farming with 3-yr rotation

• Includes mandatory fallowing of farms and BMAs prior to
restocking (no holdovers)
• priority for new sites: existing operations needing an

additional site to accommodate new ABMA framework (no new
entrants)

Canada Canada
ABMA framework 2006: 3-year rotation
Stocking years:
ABMA 1: 2006, 2009, 2012
ABMA 2a/2b: 2007, 2010, 2013
ABMA 3a/3b: 2008, 2011, 2014
ABMA 4: now part of ABMA 1

ABMA 5: year-class not designated
ABMA 6: non-salmonids only

Canada Canada
ABMAs 2006: overlaps of tidal excursion areas
Only 4 cases where the

tidal excursion of a farm
intersects a farm(s) in
another ABMA.
All involved BMAs 4 & 6.
No cases of ISA disease
reported since fall 2006.

Canada Canada
Steps toward integrated coastal zone management
1991 site allocation policy:
• “The Province of NB is committed to ensuring the

integration of new aquaculture sites with the
commercial fishery and other resource users.”
• designated a few small areas where there were

restrictions on aquaculture growth due to fisheries
concerns or concerns for high aquaculture
production levels
•but otherwise, proposed sites evaluated on a
site-by-site basis
• minimum 300 m separation between adjacent

farms and between farms and weirs, lobster
pounds & wharves

Canada Canada
Steps toward integrated coastal zone management
2000 site allocation policy:
• ABMA framework for all farms, for fish health (i.e. not just
site-by-site basis)
• designated larger areas where no new sites allowed (but

expansions of existing farms will be considered)
• Controlled Growth Areas: concern for ability of existing farms to
grow
• Exclusion Areas: fisheries concerns (herring weirs & lobsters)

Canada Canada
Restricted zones: 2000-01 to present
Total 888 km2

(16% of SWNB area)

Canada Canada
Further steps
• SWNB Marine Resources Planning:
2004 –
• Mission Statement:
• A Marine Resources Plan which will

guide the decisions on the use of
marine space and activities and will be Total 5660 km2
implemented by all regulatory
agencies with marine jurisdiction for
the Southwest Bay of Fundy in New
Brunswick. The plan will ensure that
competing demands for marine
resources are addressed while
acknowledging legitimate community
needs and access to resources, and
recognizing the principles of social,
economic and environmental
sustainability.

Canada Canada
Final remarks
• Salmon aquaculture has grown rapidly since its
beginnings ~30 yr ago
– Has actually grown faster & larger than predicted
• Total area of leases in 2009 = ~1 600 ha

– 0.3% of SWNB area
– 1.3% of nearshore SWNB area (<50 m depth)
– Measurable geochemical changes in sediments generally
confined within lease area

Canada Canada
Final remarks (cont’d)
• However, there are indications that some effects may
extend beyond lease boundaries:
– Increased algal growth in intertidal areas near 2 farms in SWNB

(Robinson et al.)
– Benthic biodiversity changes beyond farm boundaries in Letang

area (Pohle et al.)
– Risk of ISA spread at distances of one tidal excursion

• Combined area of tidal excursion areas of all farms = 400 km2
– 7% of SWNB area

Canada Canada
• Industry management has progressed from site-by-site

basis to consideration of bay-level and wider issues:
– ABMAs: include all finfish farms (primarily for fish health)
– Combined Controlled Growth & Exclusion Areas = 888 km2

• 16% of SWNB area
– SWNB Marine Resources Planning underway

Canada Canada
• Future developments:
– Industry would like to return to peak production levels of a few
years ago
– There is little available area left for new sites in the nearshore
area of SWNB
– Some unused sites may find other uses or be consolidated

(especially in high farm density areas)
– The potential for offshore/exposed sites needs further

investigation

Canada Canada
Acknowledgements
• NB Dept. Agriculture & Aquaculture: G. Smith, H. Madill, B. Hill, M.
Beattie
• Fisheries and Oceans Canada: G. Cline, E. Parker
• NB Dept. Natural Resources: J. Dickie
• NB Dept. Environment: T. Lyons
• NB Salmon Growers’ Association

Canada Canada
Predicted SWNB salmon production in 2000
2000
Source Production (t)
45 000 100
Salmon production
40 000 Number of finfish leases 90
Number of marine growout sites

Number of operating salmon farms
SNB Aquaculture Development 35 000

80
5 000
70
30 000
Production (t)
60
Committee (1985) 25 000
20 000
50
40
Price Waterhouse (1989) 5 000-10 000

15 000
30
10 000
20
5 000 10
Price Waterhouse (1990) 8 000-12 000 0

1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
0
NBDFA (1990) 15 000 Industry grew much

faster than
NBDFA (1996) 21 735
predicted
Stats Can (2001) - actual 29 100

Canada Canada
Community Governance Perspectives
Support Social-Ecological Systems and
Resilience
Lisette Wilson
Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
Anthony Charles
Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS
Coastal Zone Canada 2010

University of Prince Edward Island; 23-25 July, 2010
Social-Ecological Systems
• Definitions:
– Integrated system of nature and society with
reciprocal feedbacks (Berkes & Folk, 1998)
– Relationship between social and ecological
systems using knowledge systems to respond to
environmental feedback (Berkes et al., 2003)
– Holling (1973) and others –adaptive renewable
cycle, panarchy, resilience and transformability
Resilience
1 Social
The ability of groups or communities to cope with
external stresses and disturbances resulting from
social, political and environmental changes (Adger,
2000);
2 Social-Ecological
(a) the magnitude of shock that the system can
absorb and remain within a given state;
(b) the degree to which the system is capable of self-
organization, and
(c) the degree to which the system can build capacity
for learning and adaptation (Folke et al., 2002)
Research Questions and Frameworks
• Framework for this study:
– MEA (2005): Ecosystem Services
(provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting)
– Governance Initiatives: Community-based
• Research Questions
– What are the social-ecological linkages between
ecosystems and communities within and around
the Annapolis Basin
– How do coastal communities identify and/or
understand resilience within and across these
systems?
Coastal CURA
• Community-University Research Alliance of First
Nations communities, fishery-related groups
and university participants
Four goals:
 Increased community engagement in
MCPEI coastal management
 Sharing knowledge for improved
governance of coastal resources
 Innovative research initiatives and
effective capacity building
UNB SMU  Improved networking between
FFGC communities involved in coastal
FNFA
BRFN governance
AFN MRC
http://www.coastalcura.ca
Annapolis Basin
Bay of Fundy Annapolis

River Annapolis
Royal
Cornwallis
Industrial
Digby Park
Bear River
Participants
Bear River First Nation (BRFN)  Bay of Fundy Marine Resource
Centre (MRC)
Clam Diggers Association (DCHA)
 Saint Mary’s Bay Marine
Harvesters Association (Area II)
Resource Centre (BRC)
Fundy Fixed Gear Council (FFGC)
 Upper Bay Marine Resource
 Annapolis Watershed Resource Center (UBMRC)
Committee (AWRC)
 Bay of Fundy Ecosystem
Clean Annapolis River Project Partnership
Issues
• Water Pollution (land based sources)
• Habitat destruction (stream and river banks)
• Depleted fish stocks, risks to habitats, prices
• Access to beaches (aquaculture leases)
• Safe spaces for information access & dialogue
• Political and financial support for community
based organizations and groups
ECOSYSTEM A COMMUNITY
SERVICES LINKS : PERSPECTIVE
Resilience:
Democratic
Institutions From a
Partnerships and
Networking
Community
Perspective
Learning Process
Creativity and
Diversity
Despite the difficulties faced

Commitment by you or your organization
how were you able to
continue with your day to day
Hope for activities?
the Future
Insights on SES and resilience from a
local perspective:
• Reciprocal relationship between ecosystem
services & stewardship
• Different scale and implications for information
exchange –local early warning system
• Key links e.g. MRC, AWRC, bringing different
organizations, habitats, interests together
• Resilience - gaps in terms of how resilience
factors combine under different situations and
how to work with this concept
Policy Implications and Next Steps
• Reciprocal paths (ecosystem services/stwardship)
– Support existing groups and associations to build
stronger networks across different habitats and issues
(early warning and response systems)
• Recognition of different knowledge sources and

skills
• Question
– How can government and academic institutions
empower communities to continue being responsible
stewards of their environment?
Acknowledgements
• Coastal CURA
• Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University
• SSHRC
• Killam Trust Fund
• PEO Peace Fund
Arthur Bull, Sherry Pictou, Bill Whitman, Carolea, White, Melanie

Wiber, Terry Farnsworth, John Kearney, Hubert Saulnier, Ken
Weir, Denise Sullivan, Andy Sharpe, Jon Percy, Ken Wilson
Learning to Share:
Communication and Information Flow
Regarding South West New Brunswick
Finfish Aquaculture Industry
Prince Edward Island
July 27, 2010
Coastal CURA
• Community University
Research Alliance
• Partners
SWNB
• Case Study Research
Management Models
• Community based
management
• Co-management
• Integrated
Management
Capture Fishery & Aquaculture
• Capture Fisheries
• Aquaculture
• Other Activities
Integrated Management in SWNB
• Aqua Site Allocation
Policy
• Fisheries-Aquaculture
Working Group
• SWNB Marine
Resource Planning
Initiative
Time Line Document Analysis
•Document Collection
• Build Time Line
•Example
2007 2008 2009
………………………………………………………………………………………….…………...
Tidal Energy
SEA Public Fishing Test Sites
SEA
Introduced Consultation Locations prior to SEA
NOT closure
shared
Successes & Failures
Aquaculture Site
Allocation Policy
2000…… 2007 early 2007 late 2008
Policy Stakeholder Information Sector to Sector Final Consult Behind

Adopted Sharing Dialogue Closed Doors
Aquaculture
Propeller Cages
…2007 2007 late 2008 2008 late
Continued Raised with Formal request Informal Aquaculture

requests & provincial to Capture discussion installs cages on
discussions for government, Fisheries from between all vessels
aquaculture discussions Salmon sectors –
vessels to use stopped Growers to fishermen show
cages over meet to discuss an example of
propellers traffic lanes what they are
requesting
Sea Lice
Treatments
2009 spring 2009 summer 2009 fall 2010 winter 2010 summer
Capture fisheries Bath treatments Illegal use of

informed pesticide conducted & pesticide – dead & Testing options to
use approved for testing results dying lobsters treat in contained
open sea pens presented to public found area H2O2
Media “battle” Communication Discussions start
begins between breakdowns again, meetings,
capture fisheries & multi-stakeholder
aquaculture forum
Addressing the Warning Signs
• Watching for signs
– Unwilling to share
– Unwilling to listen
• Addressing
breakdowns
• Take action
Power of Information & Knowledge
• Positions of Power
• Choice
• Value in Sharing
– Open dialogue
– Problem solving
• Inclusion
Communication Networks
for Integrated Management:
A Case Study of the

Placentia Bay/Grand Banks Large Ocean
Management Area
Coastal Zone Canada 2010 Conference

Amy Tucker
July 27, 2010
Outline
 Why study communication in

integrated management?
 Theoretical framework
 Study area
 Study aim
 Methods
 Results
 Conclusion
Ocean Challenges
 Multiple growing demands and inefficiency of
past governance approaches have led to:
 Failing oceans health
 Declining fish stocks
 Increasing numbers of species at risk and
invasive species
 Marine habitat loss
 Declining biodiversity
 Growing conflict
 Complexities of governance
Integrated Management (IM)
 Facilitates decision making for the
conservation and sustainable use of
coasts and oceans
 Intended to overcome fragmentation
 Brings together stakeholder groups to
develop common objectives and
strategies
Participation and Communication
 Arrangements often
include planning
committees
 Communication
imperative in working
toward effective
participation
 Lack of understanding
about how
communication Placentia Bay Integrated Management
functions Planning Committee
Theoretical Framework
 Interactive governance (Kooiman et al. 2005)
 IM processes can facilitate interactive
governance through stimulating
communication (Chuenpagdee et al. 2008)
 Locate limitations and opportunities for
governance
 Social network analysis focuses on patterns
of relationships between actors (Scott 1991)
The Placentia Bay/Grand Banks Large
Ocean Management Area
 One of 5 priority
LOMAs
 Used by a range of
coastal and ocean
industries/interests
 Boundaries
determined using
ecological and
administrative
considerations
Source: Fisheries and Oceans Canada

Mandate and Goals
 Mandate: act as a forum facilitating collaboration and
cooperation between stakeholders with respect to
activities, issues, and opportunities related to oceans
management in the PBGB LOMA
 Overarching goals:
 Collaborative and effective governance
 Sustainable use
 Healthy ecosystems
PBGB LOMA Committee
 Federal and provincial government
departments (9)
 Fishing industry (5)
 Coastal Management Areas (CMAs) and
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) (4)
 Other industry (petroleum, hospitality,
shipping, fishing/petroleum) (4)
 Academic institutions (2)
 Non-government organizations (NGOs) (2)
PBGB LOMA Process
 Has met infrequently
since first meeting in
2007
 Narrow down
overarching goals to
operational objectives
and actions
 Currently at various
stages of objective
development
 Has two working groups
Source: Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Study Aim
 To provide an
understanding of
how communication
functions in an IM
initiative
 To examine the role
that communication
plays in participation
and governance
Methods
 Literature review
 Semi-structured interviews carried out
with all stakeholder group
representatives
 Social network analysis and
visualization
Results: Communication about
coastal and ocean issues and LOMA
 Communication within groups:
 All of them discuss coastal and ocean issues,
while most discuss the LOMA
 Communication with the public:
 Most discuss coastal and ocean issues, while
most do not discuss the LOMA
Legend
Reported Communication Academic Government
CMA & MPA NGO
Fisheries Other Industry
Legend
Reported Collaboration Academic Government
CMA & MPA NGO
Fisheries Other Industry
Federal
Canada Communication Network Government
Departments (5)
Atlantic Canada Atlantic Coastal Zone Eastern Scotian Gulf of St.

Information Steering Shelf LOMA Lawrence
Committee LOMA
Provincial One Ocean Regional Oversight Canada-Newfoundland and Provincial

Newfoundland Government Corporation Committee on Labrador Committee on Coastal and
and Labrador Departments (3) Oceans Management Oceans Management Ocean Network
Industry Union (1) Non-Government Academic Petroleum

Associations (8) Organizations (2) Institutions (2) Board (1)
Region Coast of Bays Placentia Bay Eastport Marine Mi’kmaq Alsumk

Coastal Planning Integrated Management Protected Area Steering Mowimsikik Koqoey
Committee Planning Committee Commitee Association
Regional Advisory Placentia C-NLOPB Strategic Regional Economic

Committee on Oil Bay Traffic Environmental Assessment Development
Spill Response Committee Working Groups Boards (10)
Community
Federal
Canada Communication Network Government
Departments (5)
Atlantic Canada Atlantic Coastal Zone Eastern Scotian Gulf of St.

Information Steering Shelf LOMA Lawrence
Committee LOMA
Provincial One Ocean Regional Oversight Canada-Newfoundland and Provincial

Newfoundland Government Corporation Committee on Labrador Committee on Coastal and
and Labrador Departments (3) Oceans Management Oceans Management Ocean Network
Industry Union (1) Non-Government Academic Petroleum

Associations (8) Organizations (2) Institutions (2) Board (1)
Region Coast of Bays Placentia Bay Eastport Marine Mi’kmaq Alsumk Additional
Coastal Planning Integrated Management Protected Area Steering Mowimsikik Koqoey Industry
Committee Planning Committee Commitee Association
Regional Advisory Placentia C-NLOPB Strategic Regional Economic Northeast Avalon

Committee on Oil Bay Traffic Environmental Assessment Development Atlantic Coastal
Spill Response Committee Working Groups Boards (10) Action Program
Schools and Municipalities Fish Community

Youth Harvester Based Groups
Community Committees
Why communicate/participate and
how to improve?
 Benefits of participation
 Opportunities to improve communication
 Opportunities to improve participation
Conclusion
 Communication about coasts and oceans is
strong
 Information needs to be simplified, reiterated
and made relevant
 May need to reach out to additional groups
 Ensure that all groups are involved in the
communication network
 Move toward collaborative governance
Acknowledgements
 My supervisory committee:
Ratana Chuenpagdee
Kelly Vodden
Reade Davis
 My colleagues at the International Coastal Network
 The Social Sciences and Humanities Research

Council
 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, NL Region, IM Section

 The PBGB LOMA Committee
References
 Chuenpagdee, R., Kooiman, J. & Pullin R.S.V. 2008. Assessing
Governability in Capture Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal
Zones. Th e Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies
7(1): 1-20.
 Kooiman, J., Bavinck, M., Jentoft, S., Pullin, R. (2005). Fish for
Life: Interactive Governance for Fisheries. Amsterdam
University Press: Amsterdam, NL.
 Scott, J. 1991. Social Network Analysis: An Approach and
Technique for the Study of Information Exchange. Sage:
London, U.K.
Questions?
A temporal and spatial assessment of persistent marine debris seaward of the
Cardiff Bay Barrage, South Wales, UK.
Coastal Zone Canada 2010.
Professor Mike Phillips (and Kathryn Tate)

Head of School,
Built and Natural Environment,
Faculty of Applied Design and Engineering.
Temporal and spatial assessment of persistent marine debris…..
Coastal Zone Canada 2010, PEI, July 25th – 29th.
Presentation
• Problem
• Management
• Location of Study
• Methodology
• Results
• Conclusions
(x14 − x 6 )
240
Edge of usable beach,

eg. sea wall or dunes
100 metres
Accumulations
Highest High
Water Strandline
50 metres
(maximum)
Strandline Zone
Current High
Water Strandline
Category Type A B C D
1 Sewage Related General 0 1-5 6-14 >15

Debris
Cotton Buds 0-9 10-49 50-99 >100
2 Gross Litter 0 1-5 6-14 >15
3 General Litter 0-49 50-499 500-999 >1000
4 Harmful Litter Broken 0 1-5 6-24 >25

Glass
Other 0 1-4 5-9 >10
5 Accumulations Number 0 1-4 5-9 >10

Absent Trace Noticeable Objectionable
6 Oil
7 Faeces 0 1-5 6-24 >25
National Aquatic Litter Group (NALG) Classification

Spring tidal range: 11m

1:1 year wave height (Hs): 1·5m
1:1 year wave period (Tz): 5·6s
Coastal environment:
Rhaetic Limestone
cliffs, Marl bedrock
Location of study area

METHODOLOGY
•Monthly strandline litter
surveys along groyned beach
(Aug – Dec 1997 and Aug - Dec
2005).
•Classify litter collected by
material and container/non-
container.
•Assess temporal and spatial
litter trends and link to beach
profiles
•Assess potential sources
Construction of
breakwater September
1997
Barrage completed
November 1999
Litter totals Dec 2005

Non
Summary Containers No. of Items
containers
No. of Items Totals •Plastics 56.2%
bottles (range 46.3% -
(drinking) 45 sheets 17
bottles 0 lids 22 63.25%)
Plastics bags 4 wire 30
wrappers 40 polystyrene 31 •Metal drink cans
misc. 8 misc 78
Total 97 178 275
found in unusually
cans 85 foil 11 high quantities
Metal other 8 other 11
Total 93 22 115
compared with
Glass 1 16 17 other recent
Paper 1 13 14
Wood 0 2 2
studies (18%)
Cloth 0 51 51
Misc. Rubber 0 3 3 •High angling
Ceramics 0 2 2 contribution to litter
Sewage 0 3 3
Totals 192 290 482 total
Litter Items/m
Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Bay 4
1997 average 0.11 0.45 1.49 2.03

2005 average 3.16 0.78 1.44 1.61
No significant difference between 1997 and 2005 litter totals (tcalc = 1.081)
Number of litter Items

1 2 3 4
Backline 105 52 72 63
Middle line 55
Lowest line 58 23 36 21
Total 218 75 108 84
Total/m 5.07 1.29 2.4 2.47
Temporal Comparison of Rainfall and Total Litter Variation of rainfall and total litter
450 450
400 400 y = 1.3297x + 115.48

R2 = 0.8908
350 350
Total monthly litter (items)

300 300
250 Rainfall (m m ) 250 Total Litter (Items)

200 Total Litter (Item s ) Linear (Total Litter (Items))
200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0
0
Augus t Septem ber October Novem ber Decem ber 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (Month) Rainfall (mm)
In 2003 a boom placed across River Taff to intercept

riverine litter
In first 10 months of operation 400 tonnes collected:
40 t mth-1
In 2004, audited figure was 1000 tonnes > 83 t mth-1
River Rymney suggested as significant source of
litter along this coastline.
Northward longshore sediment transport – build up against breakwater on Barrage

completion
Comparison between 1997 litter items/m and 2005

average litter items/m
3.5
3
No. litter items/m

2.5
2 1997
1.5 2005 (average)
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4
Bay
Litter accumulation
patterns follow beach
level variations.
No. of Litter Items (per
2
y = 2.5142x - 8.7732
1.5
R2 = 0.7192
m)
0.5
0
3.4 3.6 3.8 4
1997 Mean Beach Height (m) AOD
3.5
No. of litter items
3
y = 14.292x - 55.58
2.5
R2 = 0.6522
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3.9 3.95 4 4.05 4.1
2005 Mean beach level (m)
2
No. of litter items/m
y = 1.1073x - 12.863
1.5
R2 = 0.8619
1 Series1
0.5 Linear (Series1)
0
-0.511.5 12 12.5 13
Mean cross-shore gradient (%)
Litter accumulation is correlated to beach level

Litter accumulation is correlated to longshore gradient
Litter accumulation is correlated to cross-shore gradient
Therefore, both temporally and spatially, litter has

behaved like a sediment
Conclusions
• Plastics represented the
dominant material found
56.2% (range 46.3% - 63.25%);
• Metal containers (18%)
represented higher quantities
than other recent studies;
• No significant difference
between 1997and 2005 litter
totals (t = 1.081);
• Significant correlation between
rainfall and total litter quantity
(R2 = 89%) suggesting riverine
source;
Conclusions contd
• Significant correlation
between litter accumulation
and mean beach level - R2 =
72% (1997) and 65% (2005);
• Significant correlation
between litter accumulation
and cross-shore gradient (R2
= 86%);
• On this beach, litter
behaves as a
sediment (and this
should be tested at
other locations).
Thanks for your attention.
Any Questions?
Mapping of eelgrass (Zostera
marina) landscapes: data for a
spatially complex mosaic
Jeffrey Barrell
Dept. of Oceanography
Dalhousie University
jeffbarrell@dal.ca

Overview
Richibucto, NB
• Spatial scale in ecology
– Especially important coastally
– Broad-scale impacts
• Data structures
• Methods: remote sensing
• Modeling & analysis
Background
• Eelgrass: common feature in Atlantic Canada
• Ecologically valuable, provides many ecosystem services,
creating and modifying habitat: ecosystem engineer
– Highly productive, food source
– Substrate, nursery, predation refuge
– Alters currents, stabilizes sediments
– Nutrient cycling & export
– Shoreline protection, water purification
Background
• Common in shallow, low-energy bays/estuaries
• Forms spatial mosaics / landscapes
– Hierarchy of spatial scales; individual shoots to patches to landscape-scale
meadows
– Exhibits heterogeneity over several spatial scales
• Link between spatial coverage and ecosystem health
• Indicator species? Consider scale
10-1 meter scale

101 meter scale
103 meter scale
Background
• Globally, seagrass has been in decline; under high stress
due to a close interface with the human world
– Sensitive to water clarity, temperature, salinity, physical disturbance,
etc.
– Effects of coastal zone development, population growth, climate
change, etc....?
• How can we approach the management of these
areas?
– Ecosystem assessment, monitoring, conservation and restoration
• Good spatial data (and understanding of uncertainties)
needed
– Leading up to descriptive/predictive models
Spatial Scale
• Spatial dependence:
Tobler’s First Law of
Geography
– “Everything is related to
everything else, but near
things are more related than
distant things” ~300
~~420MB
KB
– Present in most ecological
data
– Spatial autocorrelation
• Spatial scale: function of
resolution (level of detail),
extent
Spatial Scale
• Why consider scale?
– Before/after sampling
– Capture variation relevant
to the feature or process
– Study design: data
structure, sampling
strategy 10 m
resolution
– Changing scale;
interpolation,
extrapolation
– Combining data from 100 m
resolution
multiple sources
– Modeling
Modeling
• Predict response from
predictor variables
– Varying over multiple
spatial scales
– Complex, nonlinear
interactions
– Often physical
– Multiple/uncertain data
sources
• Inverse problems
– Infer causation from
observed properties
• Uncertainty on both sides
Structuring Response
factors variable
Predictive Modeling
• Describe seagrass spatial pattern as a function
of environmental variables
– e.g. Depth, turbidity, rugosity, distance to
aquaculture, wave exposure, etc.
– Sources: measured, derived, model output, etc.
• Relative Exposure Index:
Wind Velocity/ Fetch Rasters Exposure Index

Direction
Seagrass Data
• Data structure Discrete
(vector)
Continuous
(raster)
– Local vs. synoptic
(point/area) Lines
– Discrete vs. continuous

– Numerical, categorical
Points
– GIS: raster/vector
• Seagrass data usually
collected by aerial Areas
photography or diver
survey
Methods - Acoustics
• BioSonics single-beam
sonar
– 430 kHz; lacunae show a
strong acoustic signal
– Can be deployed from any
small boat in shallow water
– DGPS
– Measures canopy height, %
cover, bathymetry
Acoustic Methods
• Advantages: • Issues:
– Quick & cheap – Weather dependent
– Lots of data – At 1m depth, 1 ping
– Repeatability covers 10cm diameter
– Flexible sampling design: area
change of support – How to use canopy
height data; biovolume?
Methods – Remote Sensing
Satellite Imagery
• Quickbird satellite sensor Richibucto, NB
– 0.6m resolution (B&W)
– 2.4m resolution (RGB)
Source: Environment Canada, Mahoney and Hanson 2007

Spectral Bands
Blue
Green
Red
Methods – Remote Sensing
Aerial Photography
• Balloon platform
– Intermediate to local
sampling, satellites
– High resolution A B
• ~3cm pixels at 100m altitude C D
• Change of support
A) Seagrass at Kouchibouguac National Park, NB. B) Seagrass

around oyster aquaculture lines, Richibucto, NB. C) and D)
Intertidal seagrass /mussel beds, Eastern Passage, NS.
Images were taken at low (C) and high (D) altitudes.
Aerial Photography Methods
• Advantages: • Issues:
– Very high resolution – Limited extent
– Multi-scale data by – Geometric uncertainty:
manipulating altitude ground control points, lens
– More flexible, cheaper than distortion
satellites or aircraft-based – Weather dependent; wind,
photography waves, precipitation, light
– Difficulty positioning the
camera
– Image classification
Thanks!
... and many more

Coastal erosion and climate variability
impacts in Pacific Rim National Park
Reserve, British Columbia
Hawley E.R. Beaugrand & Ian J. Walker

Geography Department, University of Victoria
Boundary Layer Airflow & Sediment Transport Lab
Presentation to Coastal Zone Canada 2010
Rationale
• Increase in frequency & magnitude of extreme
events in NE Pacific Ocean & coastal BC (Ruggerio et
al., 2001; Allan & Komar, 2006; Walker & Barrie, 2006; Cumming, 2007; Abeysirigunawardena &
Walker, 2008; Walker & sydneysmith, 2008)
• Variation in climate & sea level teleconnected

to ocean-atmosphere phenomena (e.g., ENSO,
PDO) (Storlazzi et al., 2000; Ruggerio et al., 2001; Barrie & Conway, 2002; Allan & Komar,
2006; Walker & Barrie, 2006; Cumming, 2007; Abeysirigunawardena & Walker, 2008; Walker &
sydneysmith, 2008)
• Cause annual to inter-annual changes

superimposed on longer-term trends
Rationale
• Increased erosion/
sedimentation,
landward migration or
loss of beach-dune
systems, higher tidal
inundation,
& ecosystem shifts
Rationale
• Sandy beach-dune ecosystems

proportionately rare in BC
• Little habitat for specialized dune species
Purpose
• Improve understanding
of morphodynamics of
meso-tidal beach-dune
systems & response to
CV & CC
• Inform parks
management
approaches
Objectives
1. Characterize site morphodynamic processes
& regimes to assess rebuilding potential;
2. Examine erosion potential; and,
3. Explore correlations between regional CV
signals & oceanographic elements.
Background
• Convergent plate
margin
• Uplift causes
relative sea level fall
at a rate of -0.9 +
0.2 mm a-1 (Wolynec, 2004)
Background
• Aleutian Low Pressure System, PDO, ENSO
• Warmer (temperature increase in all seasons,
0.08 to 0.10˚C increase in mean temperature
per decade) (per Walker & sydneysmith, 2008)
• More precipitation (more precipitation days,
more winter rain, total annual increase of 2 to
3% per decade) (per Walker & sydneysmith, 2008)
Background
• Invasive species: European beachgrass
(Ammophila arenaria) & American beachgrass
(Ammophila breviluglata)
• Outcompete & displace native species,
colonize the foredune more densely, create
relatively fixed foredune, prevent transport to
the inter- to backdune regions (Wiedemann & Pickart,
1996; Page, 2003)
Photos from Sibylla Helms (2009)
Methods
• Repeat cross-
sectional surveys
• Temporal aerial
photo analysis (1971
to 2007) using PCI
Geomatica
Methods
• Analysis of regional wind regime (WRPlot)
• Calculation of potential aeolian sediment
transport (per Arens et al., 2004) measured in
m3 m-1 from 36- directional sectors over period
1971-1977 (only period of 24-hour record)
Methods
• TWL primary control of beach-dune erosion
• Product of observed water level & runup
Figure from Cumming (2007)

Methods
• Calculate wave
runup per Ruggerio
et al. (2001)
• Combine with
observed water
levels to calculate
TWL (1970 to 1998)
Methods
• Calculate return levels by fitting data to GEV
distribution & using block maxima approach
(Extreme Values Toolkit, R-based package)
• Calculate recurrence interval, both as
probability & as a simple ratio
Methods
• Correlation CV indices
with wave & water level
regime to define shared
variance
• Used MEI, NOI, & PDO
(monthly indices) and ALPI
(annual index)
Results & Discussion
• Average total sediment transport potential =
9984.31 m3 m-1 a-1
• Resultant sediment transport potential =
3268.28 m3 m-1 a-1
• Resultant transport direction = 356.12˚
• High rebuilding potential
• Shoreline progradation
at rate 0.2 m a-1
• Dune sand surface
extent 27.8 % reduction
• Due to relative sea level
fall, invasive species &
climate change trends
• Beach-dune junction at 5.55 m aCD
• Probability of an erosive event is 65% in any
given year
• Simple ratio of erosive events is 3.53 times
annually
Return Interval (years) 1 5 10 25 50 100
Return Level (m aCD) 5.59 6.19 6.36 6.50 6.57 6.62
95% Confidence Limit (m) +0.11 +0.23 +0.20 +0.22 +0.23 +0.25
95% Lower Bound (m aCD) n/a 5.95 6.18 6.36 6.40 6.46
95% Upper Bound (m aCD) n/a 6.37 6.56 6.73 6.81 6.88
• Periodic erosive events encourage dynamism
(e.g., blowout formation)
• Not currently a threat to infrastructure
• Poor to moderately strong relationships
between CV indices & most oceanographic
elements
• NOI shares stronger relationships
• El Niño phase of ENSO expressed
Conclusions
• Bimodal wind & potential sediment transport
regime (WNW in summer, SE in winter)
• Strong rebuilding potential
• Shoreline is prograding, erosion serves to
facilitate dynamism
• Invasive species & CC responsible for loss of
available habitat
• El Niño was shown to share the greatest
variance with oceanographic elements
Future Research
• In situ sediment transport experiments
• Continuation of cross-shore monitoring
program
• Simple linear regression of water levels, wave
heights & wind speeds to see if longer-term
trends exist
• Explore causal links between El Niño & coastal
erosion
Acknowledgements
Ian Walker & UVic BLAST Lab

University of Victoria
Parks Canada
MITACS
Clayoquot Biosphere Trust
NSERC
Thank you! Questions?
Significant Wave PDO NOI MEI ALPI
Height (m)
r  r  r  r 
Mean - 0.058 0.150 - 0.085 0.063 - 0.017 0.383 0.374 0.023
Maximum - 0.046 0.204 - 0.066 0.119 - 0.003 0.482 0.103 0.297
Peak Wave PDO NOI MEI ALPI

Period (s)
r  r  r  r 
Mean 0.179 0.001 -0.231 0.000 0.198 0.000 0.187 0.166
Maximum 0.263 0.000 -0.217 0.000 0.288 0.000 0.202 0.146
Water Level
(m aCD) PDO NOI MEI ALPI
r  r  r  r 
Mean 0.032 0.291 - 0.338 0.000 0.120 0.018 0.432 0.010
Maximum 0.045 0.219 - 0.264 0.000 0.153 0.004 0.347 0.033
Challenges of Successful Integrated
Coastal Zoning:
Lessons from the Southern Part of the
Gulf of Thailand
Suvaluck Satumanatpan*, Mahidol University

Pisase Senawongse, Tesco Environmental Consultant
Oranuch Silpamaneephan, Tesco Environmental Consultant
Phansa Chomchit, Tesco Environmental Consultant
Coastal Zone Canada,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
Canada. 25-29 July 2010
Concept of coastal zoning
• A number of tools have been used for improve coastal

management in Thailand
• For zoning, under legislation based on mangrove areas,
coral reefs, fisheries, and coastal environmental
protected zones.

Existing Coastal EPAs
แผนที่
Phet-Prachuap
Pattaya
3
Overall categories of zoning in Thailand
Mangrove (law) 1. Conservation zone,

2. Economic zone A
3. Economic zone B
Coral reef (law) 1. Local management zone
2. Recreation and tourist zone
(intensive & Eco-tourism zone
3. Conservation zone for balancing
ecosystem and research
Fisheries (law) Protection 3 Km. from the shoreline, for

preservation and nursery ground for
marine faunas
Marine national Nature zone, tourism zone, Service

parks (guideline for zone, special management zone,
zoning) General use zone, research zone
Zoning: developed from town planning control

multiple use suitable to the condition of such area without causing adverse impact
•Area covers
Phetchaburi and
Prachuap
Kirikhan,the
western coast of
the Gulf of
Thailand
•Economic zone
for fishery and
tourism
•Sandy
sedimentation,
flat topography
Overall environmental problems
 Encroaching public coastal area
 Overload wastewater, Surface and Coastal water
pollution
 Municipal solid waste
 Coastal erosion

Water pollution, solid 1
waste, air pollution, North
coastal erosion
Water pollution
2 6
Water pollution, solid
waste, air pollution,
coastal erosion
Water pollution, solid 3

waste, coastal erosion
Water pollution, solid

waste, coastal erosion,
encroaching channel 4 7
Water pollution
Water pollution, Coastal Zone Canada,

coastal erosion, 5 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
Methodology
•Develop 20 indicators from real protective measures

(implemented since 2004 and to be terminated
the enforcement on 31 July 2009
•Participatory Monitoring
•Analysis status of natural resources and environment
before and after announcement EPA
•Evaluation the level of successful against the proposed
three objectives of the EPA
Level of successful
High No activities causing impacts

EPA can resolve the degradation of
environment effectively
Medium 1-3 activities causing negative impact
EPA can resolve the degradation of environment
for some extent
Low More than 3 activities causing negative impact
EPA can not resolve the degradation of
environment
Objective: control & reduce activities causing erosion
Indicator Monitoring Level
1) Port larger than 60  Medium

tongross
2) Sand mining 
3) Land reclamation except Opposing were found in X

for public use, that may the crowded tourist area
affected to water circulation,
permitted only for the
government project
4) Land reclamation except No opposing, but lots of 

for coastal erosion areas are facing severe
protection, permitted only for erosion
the government project
Reduce activities that cause pollution along the coast
Factory located 200 m. from the  Medium

shoreline
Livestock building with area greater Can’t detect but X

than 10 m2 in the are of 200 m. found using living
from the shoreline, or for building applied for
commercial purpose, or annoying edible-nest swiflet
according to public health
legislation
Cemetery or crematorium 
constructed in the area of 200 m.
from the shoreline
Waste system in the area of 200 m. 
from the shoreline
Building >12m. High,
150 m. from HW
Factory
Livestock
Building <12m. High,
Funeral
50 m. from HW
Waste Treatment,
200 m. from HW.
Building <6m. High,
20 m. from HW
Set back
High Water Line
200 m. 150 m. 50 m. 20 m. 0 m.
Objectives: Conserve the natures and scenery along the coast
Mining  Medium
Harzadous substances transportation 
through piping system
Wasete water discharge compiling to Opposing X
standard
Coastal water quality degrade X

Building located in the area of 20 m from 
the shoreline (setback line)
Building higher than 6 m in the area of 20- 
50 m from the shoreline
Building higher than 12 m in the area of 

50-150 m
Objectives: Conserve the natures and scenery along the coast
Development project that likely to  Medium

avoid EIA or IEE
Salt pan outside the resrticted area 
Coral correction except for research 
Any activities invade and destroy 

mangrove forest
Illegal fishing (Trawling, Push net, Often found X
shell dredging with engine) along the
shoreline
Evidence of Natural resources and environment
before and after EPA
•Population •Landuse
•Households •Land forest
•Tourists •Mangrove
•Coastal erosion
•Surface water
quality
•Coastal water
quality
Number
Year
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Population Household
Number of tourists at Cha Am and Hua Hin from 1998-2007
4,500,000
4,000,000
Cha Am
3,912,817
3,500,000
Number of tourists
3,000,000
2,500,000
Hua Hin
2,439,159
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
1998
2541 1999 2000
2542 2543 2001
2544 2002 2546
2545 2003 2547
2004 2005
2548 2007
2006 2550
2549
Land Use Pattern in 2002, 2004 and 2007
Others
Water resouces
Mining Area 2007 2004 2002
Iron Wood Horsetail
Industrial Area
Flood Plain Area Residential area
Residential Area
is increasing
Agricultural Area
Mongrove Forest
Terrestrial Forest
Saltpan
Aquaculture
Grassland
Beach
Km2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Severe Erosion
> 5 m. /year
Moderate Erosion
1-5 m. /year
Moderate Erosion
1-5 m. /year Jetties
Maruekathayawan
Palace
Groines
and Break
water for
coastal
protection
Moderate Erosion
1-5 m. /year
Bo Phai Airport
Hua Hin Fishing Port

Jetties
5
4 River 2002 2004 2007
Petchaburi 3-4 4-5 4-5
Pranburi 2-4 3-4 3-4
Petchaburi river
**Target for surface

water quality should be
moderate (class 3)
4
3
Pranburin river
5
Areas where facing
4 degraded coastal
water quality in year
2005
Summary
Coastal water quality

has been clearly degraded
continuously
2004
3 2005
2007
Water pollution
1
Fishery conflict
6 edible-nest
2 swiflet
Mangrove forest invasion
Saltpan intrusion
Coastal erosion
Before After
Surface and Coastal water pollution

4 Encroaching public coastal area
7 Residential expansion
Visual expansion
Encroaching channel
5
• Reduce activities that cause coastal erosion and the loss
from the construction of the protection structures
• Reduce activities that cause pollution along the coast
• Conserve the natures and scenery along the coast
• Building awareness of all sectors for environmental
conservation
• Increase efficiency in environmental management
Challenges
•Severe coastal erosion

•Appropriate for international •Mangrove forest
tourist center rahabilitation
•Sustainable for small and large •Fishery conflict
scales fisheries •Water pollution
•Protect and control environmental •Expansion of edible-
problems according to urban nest swiflet
development to the local areas condominium
•Visual pollution
Potential and
Conservation
Policy of
&
Area
Rehabilitation
Development
•Improve process of working Public Legal •Integrate legislation &

for provincial EPA participation enforcement regulation in the same
committee direction
•Support and strengthen •Strengthening law
EIA committee enforcement
•Building co-operation •Press, training and
among related organizations education
•Building knowledge and
understanding of
stakeholders to have real
Kob-khun-Kha
(Thank you in Thai)

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TUESDAY, 27 JULY 2010 - AFTERNOON

13:00 - 13:30 Duffy 135

000's Lbs $ 000's

Government / Industry: Technical measurements executed in-house,

Coastal communities: ENGO’s, universities, sharing with regulators

Regulatory framework is poorly developed re coastal communities

How does information flow – public meetings, web, printed material

What are the steps?

How are decisions made – zoning boards, municipal councils,

How can coastal residents be engaged?

Development phase – decisions support tools (DST) / predictive modelling

Both cases: Ecosystem-based management needs

 Method is readily accessible with affordable equipment

 Sampling and analyses are reliable via trained participants

 Data format is readily accessed and transferred between parties

 Data are gelolocated

 Data are interpretable by trained participants

 Measurements are sensitive to environmental change and sustainability

 Data are sensitive to far-field impacts

Organic input stimulates oxygen consumption, exceeding oxygen renewal,

RPD = redox potential discontinuity

The benthos integrates impacts in time and space!

aRPD depth – larger circles more oxygenated

White sulfur bacteria on sediment surface

 Participation in scientific data collection as well as

 Confidence that validated environmental information is

 Interaction in the management process, including

A case study of local planning elements in

CZC 2010 Charlottetown, PEI

Two main issues raised in this short presentation:

1) how spatial or land use planning (LUP) is linking up

2) how local authorities try to handle natural hazards

Both issues are briefly discussed on the basis of case

General and world-wide problem:

Water resource management (WRM) not strongly

A major present challenge in coastal areas:

As a consequence: the coastal zone should be the

Typical present spatial coastal area uses, most of

Iceland case municipality:

located on a sandspit in the Skutulsfjördur Fjord,

(observe the hillside debris and slush flow marks)

Norway case municipality:

Map of Norway, the County of Map of county, the Municipality of Stranda,

The small town is situated at the Synnulven Fjord, leading Eastwards

Photo: G V Blindheim, Architect MNAL, Aalesund, Norway

The Geiranger Fjord (inner part of Storfjord), is a

Photo: Knut Slinning

The coastal Express (11 000 GRT, 120 meters

Photo: Author, 2010.

Linking land to sea; the coastal zone

A useful and easily acceptable definition of the coastal zone

“The coastal zone is the coastal waters as far as

By this definition, coastal zone planning seems to be the

One single authority and planning system for both land

In the Nordic countries, the planning powers

Master Plan, Land use map (typical scales: 1: 5000 – 1: 50000)

Local Zoning Plan

Bridging the gap:

A single planning and spatial resource management

A single cross-sectoral (combinding land and sea) spatial

One unified zoning power (planning) administration,

The climate and topography of Iceland and Norway create

In Iceland 200 persons have been killed in such disasters