Timelines of World History ● From Big Bang to the Imperial History of Persia

Geologic
Hadean Phanerozoic
Eons: Archean Proterozoic Cenozoic
Big Bang Formation of the Universe Geologic Neoarch- Meso-
Eoarchean Paleoarchean Mesoarchean Paleoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Paleozoic
13798 Ma Eras: ean zoic
Large volumes of matter collapse to form galaxies A supernova explosion seeds
The Sun is being formed The earliest evidence for life A 58 km asteroid leaves a hole almost 480 km across First sexually reproducing organisms
and under gravity form groups, clusters and superclusters. our galactic neighborhood
with heavy elements that will
4567 Ma 4250 Ma 3260 Ma 1200 Ma
be incorporated into the Earth First worms
Galaxies are being form 100 Ma = 100 million years ago The first sunlike star Bombardment of the Moon Ur, a supercontinent is being formed
Universe History

A supernova explosion 700 Ma

and the Earth by asteroids 3000 Ma Huronian, the 1st ice age
13100 Ma 9000 Ma 4570 Ma
3920 Ma 2400 - 2100 Ma

A virus that infects

4450 Ma 2500 Ma and replicates

within a bacterium
13600 Ma Oceans start to form Earth's atmosphere starts Continents and oceans
8800 Ma 3460 Ma to become oxygenic

om
Stars are
The Milky Way is being formed 4533 Ma The first 550 Ma
being form 2100 Ma 1850 Ma 850 - 635 Ma First sponges,
Earth-Moon system bacteria
pockets of gas become more dense and The first multicellular Bacterial viruses Cryogenian, corals and sea
start to collapse under their own gravity, is being formed
becoming hot to trigger nuclear fusion organisms emerge the 2nd ice age anemones

The last 541

million years
Geologic

.c
Eras: Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Quaternary
Geologic
Periods:
Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene

First creature Large sharks, ratfish and hagfish Diapsids evolve First stegosaurs Snakes and Sahelanthropus genus evolves
First of many modern groups,
First primate evolve
History of Evolution

and becomes bipedal

ur
takes a breath including tetrapods 350 Ma 305 Ma 176 Ma ticks evolve
Emergence of complex life Plants colonize the land P-Tr 60 Ma 7 Ma
of air 395 Ma 93% First ichthyosaurs First crocodilians and flies 90 Ma 20
in the oceans 450 Ma
420 Ma 245 Ma 220 Ma 10
The earliest stone
541 Ma Permian–Triassic mass extinction 0
20 20
(P-Tr, in short) in which 93% of
First turtles and mammals tools
all species went extinct 28
215 Ma First flowering plants Apes appear 2.6 Ma
10 10
Beetles evolve First salamanders

po
5 Ma = 5 million years ago 20 Tyrannosaurus rex evolves
0 0 Karoo, the 4th ice age 130 Ma 28 Ma
10 300 Ma 170 Ma 20 68 Ma
19 21 360 - 260 Ma
0 10 20

27 20 0 10
20
460 - 430 Ma 20
20 15 Ma 0
419 Ma 360 Ma 20 330 Ma 10
275 Ma 225 Ma 201 Ma 100 Ma 80 Ma
35 Ma Great apes
10
521 Ma 485 Ma Andean-Saharan, 10
Crabs and ferns First amniotes 0
Therapsids evolve First ants 17
First insects
10 First dinosaurs and The largest dinosaurs evolve First bees 0
First trilobites the 3rd ice age 0
12 Grasslands appear. appear
First jawless fish teleosti evolve 2.58 Ma

hi
0
23
23 320 Ma 115 Ma Dogs, eagles, and
450 Ma 21 63 Ma Homo genus
Synapsids and reptiles evolve First monotremes hawks evolve
Continents and oceans
20
Arthropods colonise the land 20 First creodonts 20 (humans) evolves
10
Late-D 10 10
0 O-S Tr-J K-Pg
70% 0
155 Ma 0
65% 75%

eg
28 26 72.5% 20
First birds

The last
200.000 years
periods in the technology
Middle Paleolithic (Middle Stone Age) Upper Paleolithic (Late Stone Age) Neolithic
development of human prehistory: (New Stone Age)
2 Ma - 600 ka 1.9 - 1.8 Ma
1.977 - 1.98 Ma 200 - 40 ka from 200 ka
Quaternary or the ice age The last Neanderthal dies

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Human Prehistory

Homo sapiens 6.2 - 5.8 Ma 3.85 - 2.95 Ma 3.3 - 2.1 Ma 2.3 - 1.2 Ma Australopithecus Homo Homo 700 - 200 ka Homo Homo Earliest evidence of Earliest example Extinction of 20 Homo sapiens reach Europe Writing is invented in Sumer,
Orrorin Australopithecus
(modern humans) Tugenensis around 4.4 Ma Afarensis
Australopithecus
Africanus
Paranthropus Sediba
Boisei
Gautengensis Rudolfensis Homo Neanderthalensis Sapiens the 5th (last) ice age starts, personal adornment of symbolic art homo erectus and replace Neanderthals Oldest known pottery 7M triggering the beginning of history
Southern Africa Southern Africa Eastern Africa Heidelbergensis Europe, West-Central Asia from Africa and 10
appear in Eastern Ardipithecus Eastern Africa Southern Africa Eastern Africa and last to 12 ka 82 ka 70 ka 60 ka Oldest known 28 ka
Africa Ramidus 151 cm, 105 cm 138 cm, 115 cm 137 cm, 124 cm
91 cm 700 cm3
1.2 Ma - 800 ka
Europe, S&E Africa, E Asia
175 cm, 157 cm
164 cm, 155 cm spread worldwide
20
0 40 ka First colonization
20 of North America 5.5 ka
50 kg 65 kg, 54 kg 178 cm, 163 cm
Eastern Africa how?: 30 - 50 kg Eastern Africa
120 cm
42 kg, 29 kg 41 kg, 31 kg 49 kg, 34 kg Homo 62 kg, 51 kg 1200 - 1900 cm3 80 kg, 59 kg 110 ka 1 ka = 4 human figure 25 ka 10
10
195 ka
< 500 cm3 Antecessor 1100 - 1400 cm3 “Neanderthal” 950 - 1800 cm3
Blombos Cave
Cave of Altamira 35 ka First farming settlements
0 1000 years ago
50 kg Europe in southern Africa 20 6.8M 0
in northern Spain 0.55M
20 “Ardi” 160 - 180 cm 10 -0.8 20
7.2 ka
90 kg (male) 20 7.5 Venus of
10

irS
1000 - 1150 cm3 20 0.6M Hohle Fels 0 6M
10
0 10
Earliest
1.8 - 1.3 Ma 10 1.8 0
8 bipedals “Handy Man” 0 20 20
7 - 6 Ma around 6 Ma
Used the earliest stone tools
2.4 - 1.4 Ma Controlled fire Homo
17.1
An approximated Approximated population of 0
0.7M 26 ka 8.8 6 ka
Venus of
Sahelanthropus Homo 1.89 Ma - 143 ka Ergaster 10 average temperature major human kinds (M = million) Dolní
Use of fibers to make baby carriers, Civilizations
Buried deads 4M 10
6.6 0.5M
Tchadensis 5.8 - 5.2 Ma 2.7 - 2.3 Ma 20
Habilis Homo Eastern & 300 - 125 ka language with words
Lived when:
“Hobbit”
95 - 17 ka 0
of the atmospheric 1.15M
70 ka 35 ka Věstonice
0
Paranthropus surface air in Celsius
West-Central Ardipithecus
20 10 Eastern & Erectus Southern Africa
189 cm (male) 1.8 - 1.2 Ma
20 Homo consisting of:
Migration of homo 50 ka Dogs are first clothes, bags, baskets, and nets develop in
200 ka Africa Kadabba Aethiopicus Southern Africa Africa & Asia Rhodesiensis Genus: Homo
125 ka 5.8 64 ka 15
320 - 380 cm3 Eastern Africa 10 Eastern Africa 0
100 - 135 cm 145 - 185 cm 700 - 1100 cm3 Paranthropus 10 Africa Species: Floresiensis
sapiens from the Near Homo sapiens 40 ka domesticated Median Average Mesopotamia
4.2 - 3.9 Ma 40 - 68 kg Robustus 1230 cm3 Lived where: East Asia Homo sapiens migrate First use of 35.4 lifespan 177 adult hight
The earliest composite tool, 0 Australopithecus
170 ka
0.8 32 kg
850 - 1100 cm3 Southern Africa
0
Adult hight (m/f): 106 cm (female) 0.1M 0.25M 0.8M
East to South Asia spread from Oldest known 28 ka 30.0 (years) M/F 166 (cm) M/F 170
510 - 660 cm3
120 cm, 100 cm 2.6 from Africa to Near East Homo erectus Neanderthals Homo sapiens bow and arrow 33.6
a stone-tipped spears 3.5 Anamensis
Eastern Africa Humans start wearing clothes 54 kg, 40 kg
Adult weight (m/f):
Brain size:

Am 30 kg (female)
400 cm3
in Indonasia in Europe in Afro-Asia Asia to Australia cave paintings Needles and saws are invented 155
14M
29.8

2650
years
Ancient History of Persia

Historical
Periods: Proto-Elamite Awan (3rd period) (+‫ ﺳﻮ‬$#‫ )ﺧﺎﻧﺪ‬$#"! Old Elamite Middle Elamite Neo-Elamite
Empires/ Early Elamite kings Awan (1st period) Humban-Tahrid
dynasties:
Proto-Elamite ‫ﯾﻼﻣﯽ‬#-‫ﺶ‬-‫ﭘ‬ Awan (2nd period) (+": $#‫ )ﺧﺎﻧﺪ‬$#"! Kutian $‫ﺎ‬-‫ﮐﻮﺗ‬ Simashki ‫ﻤﺎﺷﮑﯽ‬-‫ﺳ‬ Epartid ‫َﭘﺮﺗﯽ‬#ِ Kidinuid ‫ﺪﯾﻨﻮ‬-‫ﮐ‬ Igehalkid ‫ﻠﮑﯽ‬8
َ ‫ﯾﮕﻪ‬# Shutrukid ‫ﺷﻮﺗﺮ"ﮐﯽ‬ Medes ‫ﺎ‬8:‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻼﻣﯽ‬# $‫ﺎ‬8‫ﻦ ﺷﺎ‬-‫ﻧﺨﺴﺘ‬ (9"# $#‫ )ﺧﺎﻧﺪ‬$#"! Hَ‫ﺮ‬Gَ‫ ﺗ‬$‫ﻮﻣﺒﺎ‬8
‫ﻮﻣﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ‬8 Humbaba ‫ ﭘﻠﯽ‬Peli Dynastic list of the kings Silver cup with linear- ‫ﻮﻧﺘﻪ‬G‫ﺮ َﻧ‬-‫ﮐﻮﺗ‬ 39.6 H‫ﻮ"ﺧﺸﺘﺮ‬8 Cyaxares the Great
The Guennol Lioness, of Awan and Simashki Elamite inscription ‫ﯾﺮﻟﻪ ﮔﺐ‬ Siom +‫ﺳﯽ ﺋﻮ‬ 36.5 166
Start of 32.6 A statue in bronze Shutruk-Nahhunte ‫ﻮﻧﺘﻪ‬8‫ ﻧﺎ‬o"‫ﺷﻮﺗﺮ‬ K‫"ﺳﻮ‬# ‫ﭘَﻠﻪ‬#َ ‫ﺘﯽ‬-‫ﻣﺮﺑ‬
َ
an 5,000-year-old Elamite figure A monstrous giant of The first king of 31.4 154
H"‫ﺮ"ﮐﺪ‬-‫ﺷ‬ Kutir-Nahhunte ‫ﻣﺘَﻠﺖ‬
َ ‫ﮏ‬-‫ﮐﻮﺗ‬ shows a religious Median empire became a regional power
Yerlehgab 2155 - 2121 BC 27M
Iron Age Elamite empire reached Mar-biti-apla-usur 39.0
immemorial age, raised Awan dynasty ‫ﻮﺷﻮ‬8 ‫َﺗﻪ‬#َ 1710 BC Kutik-Matlat
167 ceremony is Susa
30.9 ‫ﻨﮏ‬-‫ﯾﻦ ﺷﻮﺷ‬# ‫ﻠﻮﺷﻮ‬8 694 - 675 BC
by
2201-2187 BC Shirukduh in Persia 155 the height of its power 983 - 978 BC
by Utu, the Sun god Hita Atta-hushu The last king of Epartid 1185 - 1155 BC A lapis lazuli dove, 50M Hallushu-Inshushinak
2500 BC Lurak-Luhhan $‫ﺎ‬8‫ ﻟﻮ‬o#K‫ﻟﻮ‬ 1790 BC 167
20 years ago 2700 - 2680 BC 2270 BC 1928 - 1895 BC 1500 BC Awrestling
two horned figure
Inshushinak, the studded with
155 occupied Babylon
Tablet with numeric signs 2028 - 2022 BC with goddess
protector deity gold pegs 699 - 693 BC
serpents, from Jiroft
and script from Susa of Susa

Statue of Babylonian stele usurped by an $‫ﻮﻣﺒﺎ‬8

Approximated
2325 BC
goddess Elamite king in 12th century BC 694 - 675 BC Y‫ﺎﻟﺘﺎ‬8
161 average adult Narundi
1646 BC 1530 BC 1340 -1330 BC ‫ﺮﯾﺸﺎ‬-‫ ﻧﺎﭘ‬Y‫"ﻧﺘﺎ‬# ‫ﻨﮏ‬-‫ﯾﻨﺸﻮﺷ‬# ‫ﮏ‬G‫ﻠ‬-‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﯾﺎﮐﻮ‬: Deioces
154 hight worldwide Statue of an Elamite Hishep-Ratep II dedicated by
2100 BC ‫َﻨﮏ‬-‫ﯾﻦ ﺷﻮﺷ‬# ‫ﮏ‬-‫ﮐﻮﺗ‬ +‫ﺳﻮ‬
gn

Bronze age in Persia (cm) M/F worshipper in gold 2550 BC ‫َﺗﭗ‬K ‫ﺸﭗ‬-8
Kutik- Kuk-Nashur III ‫ﺪﯾﻨﻮ‬-‫ ﮐ‬Kidinu Untash-Napirisha 1150 - 1120 BC The first king of the Medes 648 - 644 BC
and bronze
2256-2251 BC
Inshushinak Kutik-Inshushinak +‫ ﺳﻮ‬K‫ ﻧﺸﻮ‬o‫ﮐﻮ‬
Approximated Kur-Ishshak The founder of founded and built the Shilhak-Inshushinak Humban-Haltash III
‫ﺰﯾﺮ‬-‫ﯾﺪ"ﭘ‬K# Iridopizier Governor of Susa, who united
Approximated population 33.1 median lifespan 166 33.6 ‫ﯾﺸﮏ‬#K‫ﮐﻮ‬ Kidinuid dynasty city Chogha Zanbil and its expanded the empire Inscription of
Assyrian occupied Susa
29.2 in the world The first king of Kutian dynasty most of Elam into one kingdom and seized Babylon
Shilhak-Inshushinak
12.5M
of the world (M = million)
(years) M/F Relief of an elamite woman being fanned by an attendant
153 29.4
Stele of Untash Napirisha
famous temple, Ziggurat and Elamite empire dismantled
2564
years
i

Modern Era
es

Historical
Periods: Macedonia ‫ﻪ‬-‫ﻣﻘﺪ"ﻧ‬ Imperial period Rashidun ‫ﺷﺪﯾﻦ‬#K O‫ﺧﻠﻔﺎ‬ Saffarid $‫ﯾﺎ‬K‫ﺻﻔﺎ‬ Ghaznavids $‫ﻏﺰﻧﻮﯾﺎ‬ Medieval Period Ismaili ‫ﻪ‬-‫ﻠ‬-‫ﺳﻤﺎﻋ‬# Muzaffarids $‫ﻣﻈﻔﺮﯾﺎ‬ Early Modern Era Afsharid $‫ﯾﺎ‬K‫ﻓﺸﺎ‬# ‫ﯾﻨﯽ‬: ‫ﺖ‬-‫ﺣﺎﮐﻤ‬
Empires/ Umayyad Abassid Tahirid Samanid Khwarazmian Ilkhanate Zand Pahlavi Theo-
dynasties: Achaemenid $‫ﺎ‬-‫ﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸ‬8 Seleucid $‫ﺎ‬-‫ﺳﻠﻮﮐ‬ Parthian (Arsacid) ($‫ﺎ‬-‫ﺷﮑﺎﻧ‬#) ‫ﺎ‬8L
‌ K‫ﭘﺎ‬ Sasanian $‫ﺎ‬-‫ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧ‬ Buyid ‫ ﺑﻮﯾﻪ‬9! Seljuq $‫ﺎ‬-‫ﺳﻠﺠﻮﻗ‬ Timurid $‫ﯾﺎ‬K‫ﻤﻮ‬-‫ﺗ‬ Safavid ‫ﺻﻔﻮﯾﻪ‬ Qajar ‫ﯾﻪ‬K‫ﻗﺎﺟﺎ‬
$‫ﻣﻮﯾﺎ‬# $‫ﺎ‬-‫ﻋﺒﺎﺳ‬ $‫ﺮﯾﺎ‬8‫ﺎ‬Q $‫ﺎ‬-‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧ‬ $‫ﺎ‬-8‫ﻣﺸﺎ‬VK#‫ﺧﻮ‬ $‫ﯾﻠﺨﺎﻧﺎ‬# ‫ﻧﺪﯾﻪ‬V O‫ﻠﻮ‬G‫ﭘ‬ cracy
Imperial History of Persia

Cyrus the Great Y"K‫ﮐﻮ‬ The Cyrus cylinder, Vologases Y‫َﺑﻼ‬ Ardashir ‫ﺮ‬-‫ﺷ‬:K# :‫ﮔﺮ‬:‫ ﯾﺰ‬Yazdegerd Muawiyah ‫ﻣﻌﺎ"ﯾﻪ‬ Timur K‫ﻤﻮ‬-‫ﺗ‬ Abbās the Great Z‫ﻋﺒﺎ‬ Agha Muḥammad ‫ﻨﯽ !ﻗﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬-‫ ﺧﻤ‬Khomeini
the oldest known
founded the Achaemenid Empire, declaration of 51 - 78 AC overthrowed the 399 - 420 AC founded the Umayyad dynasty A Buyid 300M A Turko-Mongol The greatest ruler 640M founded the The religious leader of
soldier 405M
the largest empire the world had human rights
Parthian and founded 661 - 680 AC Tahir ‫ﺮ‬8‫ﺎ‬Q conqueror, who of the Safavids Qajar dynasty Iranian Revolution
"‫ﺧﺴﺮ‬ The bloody Hulagu Khan $‫ﻮﻻﮐﻮﺧﺎ‬8
D

yet seen, accounting Seleucus Z‫ﺳﻠﻮﮐﻮ‬ Khosrau II + " : " ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺧ‬
^‫ ﺳﻔﺎ‬Saffah First independence 233M
‫ﻟﺪ"ﻟﻪ‬#:‫ﻋﻤﺎ‬
1794 - 1797 AC 1979 - 1989 AC
Mithridates II +": :#:‫ﺮ‬G‫ﻣ‬ +K‫ﺎ‬G‫ ﭼ‬:‫ﺎ‬8‫ﻓﺮ‬ Osroes the Sasanian Empire Tughril 9‫ﻐﺮ‬Q founded the 1587 - 1629 AC
Alexander’s general, 632 - 651 AC Imad al-Dawla massacre of A Mongol ruler who
for 44% of the 123 - 88 BC 224 - 242 AC The first caliph from caliph ‫ﻞ‬-‫ﺳﻤﺎﻋ‬# Isam’il founded the Timurid dynasty 1700M ‫ﺿﺎ‬K ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
Phraates IV 109 - 129 AC founded the Genghis khan conquered Persia Nader K:‫ﻧﺎ‬
world’s population who established the +‫ ﺳﻮ‬:‫ﮔﺮ‬:‫ ﯾﺰ‬of the Abbasid 821 - 822 AC founded the Seljuq Empire Mohammad Reza 5700M
37 - 2 BC 172 Buyid dynasty $‫ﺰﺧﺎ‬-‫ﭼﻨﮕ‬ 1370 - 1405 AC
550 - 529 BC Seleucid Empire 38.8 169 Yazdegerd III 750 - 754 AC Samanids 867 - 879 AC and founded the 562M founded the The last king of Iran 71.0 174
156 1037 - 1063 AC
330 - 323 BC 34.2 158
632 - 651 AC Yazid ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ‬ empire Ilkhanate Empire 33.9 172 Afsharid dynasty 1941 - 1979 AC 78.5 163
20 years ago 41.9
Ardashir is receiving the 28.5 158 1736 - 1747 AC
38.0
223M Kingship's ring from Ahuramazda
680 - 683 AC 892 - 907 AC 1256 - 1265 AC 362M 482M 40.0
285M 443M 38.4
Sasanian Plate
depicting Khosrau
44.1 46.2 +‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﯾﻦ‬# VK‫ﻣﺒﺎ‬ 1722 - 1725 AC 170
330 - 323 BC 37.3 :‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮ‬Mahmud 1797 - 1834 AC 158
36.8
190M
12 - 35 AC 656 - 661 AC 310M 396M 1314 - 1358 AC 2500M
100M
Alexander the Great 171 - 138 BC 147 - 191 AC 203M 222M 1221 - 1255 AC 1314 - 1358 AC 1501 - 1524 AC Fath-Ali ‫ﻓﺘﺤﻌﻠﯽ‬
170 Ali ‫ﻋﻠﯽ‬ 170 Shahrukh h‫ﺮ‬8‫ ﺷﺎ‬Isma’il ‫ﻞ‬-‫ﺳﻤﺎﻋ‬# An Afghan ruler
156 invaded the Mithridates :#:‫ﺮ‬G‫ﻣ‬ Artabanus III Vologases IV 155 1127 - 1156 AC Muhammad III Mubariz al-Din lost some northern 1925 - 1941 AC
the cousin and son-in-law The youngest who briefly ruled
Achaemenid Empire established the Parthian +‫ ﺳﻮ‬$#":K# +K‫ﺎ‬G‫ ﭼ‬Y‫َﺑﻼ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺰ‬# ‫ﻟﺪﯾﻦ‬#‫ ﻋﻼء‬Atsiz ruled the Shiite founded the founded the regions to Imperial Russia ‫ﺿﺎ‬K Reza Shah
522 - 486 BC 309 - 379 AC
198M
531 - 579 AC of the prophet Muhammad 867 - 879 AC son of Timur. Persia founded the Pahlavi
Empire by seizing territories 998 - 1030 AC declared Ismaili state, Muzaffarid Safavid dynasty
Darius Y‫ﯾﻮ‬K#: +": K‫ ﺷﺎﭘﻮ‬Shapur II $#"‫ﺮ‬-‫ﻧﻮﺷ‬# (Khosrau) Anushirawan 651 - 656 AC b‫ ﯾﻌﻘﻮ‬Ya’qub :‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮ‬Mahmud independence founded by His wife, dynasty
from the Seleucids dynasty 1750 - 1779 AC 407M 1848 - 1896 AC
ruled the 222 - 187 BC had the longest reigning monarch. The most celebrated Sasanian Uthman $‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎ‬ founded the founded the from the Seljuq Hasan-i Sabbah Gowwhar Shād, funded Karim khan ‫ﻢ‬
‌ ‫ﮐﺮﯾ‬ Naser al-Din ‫ﻟﺪﯾﻦ‬#‫ﻧﺎﺻﺮ‬
empire to Antiochus III He is the only king in history king who reigned the Empire to ruled Persia after Saffarid dynasty Ghaznavids and founded in 1090 AD in the construction of founded the $‫ﺧﺎ‬ The first Persian monarch
A bronze statue of a
its peak Gold Daric +‫ ﺳﻮ‬Z‫ﻮﺧﻮ‬-‫!ﻧﺘ‬ Parthian nobleman to becrowned in utero its peak of glory and prosperity overthrowed Yazdegerd III in Sistan empire Khwarazmian Alamut Castle outstanding mosques Zand dynasty who ever write his diaries
Parthian gold jewelry

Nov. 2014 © All rights reserved by Amir Sadeghipour (Email: amir@gmx.com / Web: www.amirsadeghipour.com), except for the used images as credited as follows ● Image credits: ● NASA/SDO ● Images under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license: ● “Changyuraptor” by user Emily Willoughby, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Changyuraptor.jpg ● “Cyrus Cylinder” by user Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net), available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrus_Cylinder.jpg ● Images under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license: ● “Mushroom Coral (Fungia) Top Macro 91” by user Jon Zander, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mushroom_Coral_(Fungia)_Top_Macro_91.JPG ● “Crux (Southern Cross) from Hobart, Tasmania” by user Edoddridge, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crux_(Southern_Cross)_from_Hobart,_Tasmania.jpg ● “Araeoscelis” by user Smokeybjb, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Araeoscelis.jpg ● “Asteracea poster 3” by user Alvesgaspar, Tony Wills, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asteracea_poster_3.jpg ● “Drawing-1” by user Bugboy52.40, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drawing-1.png ● “Arandaspis NT”, “Aegyptopithecus NT” and “Plesiadapis NT” by user Nobu Tamura, available at http://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arandaspis_NT.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plesiadapis_NT.jpg ● Mollglobe images by Ron Blakey, NAU Geology, available at http://cpgeosystems.com/paleomaps.html ● “Homo erectus” and “Homo habilis” by user Lillyundfreya, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homo_erectus.JPG and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homo_habilis.JPG ● “Insect collage” by user Bugboy52.40, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Insect_collage.png ● “Marasuchus” and “Morganucodon” by user FunkMonk, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marasuchus.jpg and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morganucodon.jpg ● “Barnsley fern plotted with VisSim” by user DSP-user, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barnsley_fern_plotted_with_VisSim.PNG ● “Archaeopteryx lithographica” by user Ballista, available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_lithographica.JPG ● “Florida Box Turtle Digon3” bu user Digon3, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg ● “MEH Homo rhodesiensis portrait” by user Nachosan, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:MEH_Homo_rhodesiensis_portrait.jpg ● “Blombos Cave marine shell beads” by Marian Vanhaeren & Christopher S. Henshilwood, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blombos_Cave_marine_shell_beads.jpg ● “Aiguille os 246.1 Perspective” by user Didier Descouens, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aiguille_os_246.1_Perspective.jpg ● “Blombos Cave engrave ochre” by Chris. S. Henshilwood, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blombos_Cave_engrave_ochre.jpg ● “Chaos Monster and Sun God” by user Georgelazenby, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png ● “Elam cool” available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elam_cool.jpg ● “Two horned elam” by user Zereshk, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two_horned_elam.jpg ● “Elamite worshipper” by user Amir85, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elamite_worshipper.jpg ● “Alexander the Great-British Museum” by user Yair Haklai, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_the_Great-British_Museum.jpg ● “Alī” and Uthman” by user Ibrahim ebi, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Al%C4%AB.png and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uthman.png ●
“ArdashirIGoldCoinHistoryofIran”, “ArtabanusIIIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran”, “KhosrauICoinHistoryofIran”, “KhosrauIIDinarHistoryofIran”, “MithridatesIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran”, “OsroesICoinHistoryofIran”, “PhraatesIVCoinHistoryofIran”, “TahiribnHusaynCoinHistoryofIran”, “TughrilCoin”, “VologasesICoinHistoryofIran”, “VologasesIV”, “YazdegerdICoinHistoryofIran” and “YazdegerdIIICoinCroppedHistoryofIran” by user Classical Numismatic Group (http://www.cngcoins.com) (under GNU Free Documentation License), available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ArdashirIGoldCoinHistoryofIran.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ArtabanusIIIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KhosrauICoinHistoryofIran.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KhosrauIIDinarHistoryofIran.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MithridatesIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OsroesICoinHistoryofIran.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PhraatesIVCoinHistoryofIran.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TahiribnHusaynCoinHistoryofIran.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TughrilCoin.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VologasesICoinHistoryofIran.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VologasesIV.jpg,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:YazdegerdICoinHistoryofIran.jpg and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:YazdegerdIIICoinCroppedHistoryofIran.jpg ● “Darius In Parse” by user ‫ی‬$ $ $ $ $ $ ‫ان‬$ $ $ $ $ $ ‫اوی‬$ $ $ $ $ $ ‫ش ک‬$ $ $ $ $ $ ‫درف‬, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG ● “Khusro Plate” by user Joseph Smith, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Khusro_Plate.png ● “Shahruch reconstruction” by user Shakko, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shahruch_reconstruction.jpg ● “Shapur” by Gasponi, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shapur.jpg ● Images under a CC BY 3.0 license: ● “Grippia1DB”, “Diplodocus carng1DB”, “Patriofelis22DB” and “Edops craigi12DB” by user Dmitry Bogdanov, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grippia1DB.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diplodocus_carng1DB.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Patriofelis22DB.jpg and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edops_craigi12DB.jpg ● “CeratopsianII BW” by user Nobu Tamura, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CeratopsianII_BW.jpg ● “Fledging Bald Eagle” by user KetaDesign, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fledging_Bald_Eagle.jpg ● “Eoraptor resto. 01” by user Conty, available at http://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eoraptor_resto._01.png ● “Tiger shark” by user Albert kok, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_shark.jpg ● “Australopithecus afarensis” available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Australopithecus_afarensis.JPG ● “Venus vom Hohlen Fels Original frontal” by user Thilo Parg, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_vom_Hohlen_Fels_Original_frontal.jpg ● “Shiite Calligraphy symbolising Ali as Tiger of God” by user Ishvara7, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.png ● Images under a CC BY 2.5 license: ● “Brachiosaurus BW”, “Protosuchus BW”, “Mixosaurus BW”, “Hylonomus BW”, “Stegosaurus BW”, “Tiktaalik BW”, “Eusthenopteron BW”, “Acanthostega BW”, “Ichthyostega BW”, “Biarmosuchus BW” and “Estemmenosuchus BW” by user Nobu Tamura, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brachiosaurus_BW.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protosuchus_BW.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mixosaurus_BW.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hylonomus_BW.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stegosaurus_BW.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_BW.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acanthostega_BW.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ichthyostega_BW.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Estemmenosuchus_BW.jpg ● “Archaeothyris BW” by user ArthurWeasley, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeothyris_BW.jpg ● “God golden hand Louvre Sb2823”, “Statue Narundi Louvre Sb54-Sb6617” and “Dynastic list Awan Siwashi Louvre Sb17729” by user Jastrow, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:God_golden_hand_Louvre_Sb2823.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_Narundi_Louvre_Sb54-Sb6617.jpg and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg ● “Kaftar elam” by user Zereshk, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kaftar_elam.jpg ● “Economic tablet Susa Louvre Sb15439” by user Marie-Lan Nguyen, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Economic_tablet_Susa_Louvre_Sb15439.jpg ● “Naqsh i Rustam. Investiture d'Ardashir 1” by Photo Ginolerhino 2002 - Artaban V. Vers 230, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naqsh_i_Rustam._Investiture_d%27Ardashir_1.jpg ● Images under a CC 2.5
license: ● “Vestonicka venuse edit” by Petr Novák, Wikipedia, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg ● Images under a CC BY-SA 2.0 license: ● “Bacteriophage” by user AJ Cann, available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/ajc1/8280580667 ● “Homo neanderthalensis adult male”, “Sahelanthropus tchadensis adult male”, “Homo heidelbergensis adult male” and “Homo floresiensis adult female” by user Tim Evanson, available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/23165290@N00/7283199754, http://www.flickr.com/photos/23165290@N00/7283201268, http://www.flickr.com/photos/23165290@N00/7283200264 and http://www.flickr.com/photos/23165290@N00/7283199410 ● “Sit-Shamski bronze model from Susa 8872” by user Rama, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sit-Shamski_bronze_model_from_Susa_8872.jpg ● “Seleuco I Nicatore” available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seleuco_I_Nicatore.JPG ● Images under a CC BY 2.0 license: ● “Fresh Crab” by user THOR, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fresh_Crab.jpg ● “Echidna” by user S J Bennett, available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/quollism/8470348736 ● “deer tick” by user usdagov, available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/usdagov/14859660247 ●
“Northern Two-lined Salamander Eurycea bislineata” and “Common Garter Snake - Thamnophis sirtalis” by user Brian Gratwicke, available at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Two-lined_Salamander_Eurycea_bislineata.jpg and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Garter_Snake_-_Thamnophis_sirtalis.jpg ● “Paraceraurus exsul fossil trilobite” by user James St. John, available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15161039897 ● “Pueblo III Basket” by user grand_canyon_nps, availble at http://www.flickr.com/photos/grand_canyon_nps/6939482279 ● “Australopithecus Africanus” and “Paranthropus Boisei” by user Karen Neoh, available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/kneoh/11209448065 and https://www.flickr.com/photos/kneoh/11209564093 ● “Nerding out at the Museum of Natural History” by user Kate Harding, available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/52140243@N06/6846838357 ● "Siphoneae" in Ernst Haeckel in Kunstformen der Natur (1899 - 1904), available at http://www.biolib.de under GNU Free Documentation License 1.2 ● A photo of a sweater dating to the Iron Age, taken by Marianne Vedeler/University of Oslo ● “Ardipithecus ramidus” by Done by J.H. Matternes for the journal Science, under a Fair Use license, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Ardipithecus_ramidus.jpg ● All other images are copyright-free and in public domain ● References: ● Timeline of natural history, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_natural_history&oldid=632140462 ● The Physics of the Universe, http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_bigbang_timeline.html ● Ice age, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_age&oldid=625648866 ● Human evolution, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_evolution&oldid=633504441 ● All webpages last visited Nov. 8, 2014 ● Extinction event, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extinction_event&oldid=632746500 ● List of kings of Persia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Persia&oldid=629869534 ● ‫ران‬$ $ ‫ان ای‬$ $ ‫اه‬$ $ ‫ت ش‬$ $ ‫رس‬$ $ ‫فه‬, http://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=‫ران‬$ $ ‫ان ای‬$ $ ‫اه‬$ $ ‫ت ش‬$ $ ‫رس‬$ $ ‫&فه‬oldid=13640373 ● Timeline of human prehistory, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_human_prehistory&oldid=632555635 ● Elam, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elam&oldid=632221845 ● Bintanja, R., & Van de Wal, R. S. W. (2008). North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year glacial cycles. Nature, 454(7206), 869-872 ● Biraben, J.-N. (2006). The history of the human population from the first beginnings to the present day. In Demography: Analysis
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