Biology of Disease

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Biology of Disease

The Nature and Investigation of Diseases
1. Nature and Investigation of Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristic Features of Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Epidemiology of Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Investigating Diseases - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Pathology Laboratories - Answer (click here)
7. Role of Hospital Laboratory Tests - Answer (click here)
8. Hospital Laboratory Tests - Answer (click here)
9. Evaluation of Laboratory Tests - Answer (click here)
10. Reference Ranges of Diseases - Answer (click here)
11. Quality of Test Results and Clinical Auditing - Answer (click here)

Pathogens and Virulence

1. Pathogens and Virulence: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Pathogens - Answer (click here)
3. Virulence Factors: Defensive, Offensive - Answer (click here)
4. Course of Infection - Answer (click here)

Infectious Diseases and Treatments

1. Infectious Diseases and Treatments: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Infections of the Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Infections of the Eyes, Ears and Central Nervous System - Answer (click
here)
4. Infections of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
5. Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
6. Infections of the Urogenital System - Answer (click here)
7. Sepsis and Systemic Infections - Answer (click here)
 8. Investigating Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
9. Preventing Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
10. Controlling the Spread of Pathogens - Answer (click here)
11. Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
12. Antiviral Drugs - Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
13. Antibacterial Drugs - Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
14. Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Drugs - Treatment of
Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
15. Combination Therapy - Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click
here)
16. Surgery - Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)

The Immune System

1. Types of Immune Defense - Answer (click here)
2. Nonspecific Defenses - Answer (click here)
3. Specific Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
4. Small Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
5. Production of a Specific Immune Response - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Immune System

1. Disorders of the Immune System: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Combined T and B deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease -
Answer (click here)
5. Antibody deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer
(click here)
6. The DiGeorge anomaly and the Wiskott Aldridge syndrome - Primary
Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer (click here)
7. The Chediak Higashi syndrome - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease -
Answer (click here)
8. Phagocytic defects - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer (click
here)
9. Complement deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer
(click here)
10. Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Classification of Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Autoimmune Disorders Affecting Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
13. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Myasthenia Gravis - Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click here)
 15. Rheumatoid Arthritis - Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click
here)
17. Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
18. Type I Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
19. Type II Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
20. Type III Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
21. Type IV Delayed Type Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click
here)

Transfusion and Transplantation

1. Transfusion and Transplantation: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Blood and Blood Products for Transfusion - Answer (click here)
3. The Discovery of the Blood Group Systems - Answer (click here)
4. The ABO Blood Group System (ISBT 001) - Answer (click here)
5. The Rh Blood Group System (ISBT 004) - Answer (click here)
6. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn - Answer (click here)
7. Other Blood Group Systems - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Determination of Blood Groups - Answer (click here)
9. Role of Complement in Transfusion Reactions - Answer (click here)
10. Hazards of Transfusion - Answer (click here)
11. Screening of Blood Donors - Answer (click here)
12. Transplantation of Solid Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here)
13. HLA System and Typing - Answer (click here)
14. Immunosuppression - Answer (click here)
15. Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Endocrine System

1. Disorders of the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
2. Hormone Production - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of Hormonal Action - Answer (click here)
4. Causes of Endocrine Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
6. Disorders of Pituitary Function - Answer (click here)
7. Growth Hormone Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Diagnosis and Treatment of Growth Hormone Disorders - Answer (click
here)
9. Thyroid Hormone Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Regulation of Blood Glucose - Answer (click here)
 12. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
13. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
14. Hypoglycemia - Regulation of Blood Glucose - Answer (click here)
15. Diagnosis and treatment of hypoglycemia - Answer (click here)
16. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex - Answer (click here)
17. Addison’s Disease - Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex - Answer (click here)
18. Diagnosis and treatment of Addison’s disease - Answer (click here)
19. Cushing’s Syndrome - Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex - Answer (click
here)
20. Diagnosis and treatment of Cushing’s syndrome - Answer (click here)
21. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Diagnosis and treatment - Disorders of
the Adrenal Cortex - Answer (click here)
22. Conn’s Syndrome: Diagnosis and treatment - Answer (click here)
23. Reproductive Hormones - Answer (click here)
24. Disorders of Sex Hormones - Answer (click here)

Disorders of Water Electrolytes and Urate Balances

1. Disorders of Water, Electrolytes and Urate Balances - Answer (click here)
2. Kidneys - Answer (click here)
3. Renal Function Tests - Answer (click here)
4. Renal Failure: Acute and Chronic renal failure - Answer (click here)
5. Disorders of Water Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
6. Disorders of Na+ Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
7. Disorders of K+ Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
8. Disorders of Ca2+ Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
9. Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of Mg2+ Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
11. Disorders of Urate Metabolism - Answer (click here)

Disorders of Acid Base Balance

1. Disorders of Acid Base Balance - Answer (click here)
2. The Production and Transport of Carbon Dioxide - Answer (click here)
3. Buffering and the Excretion of H+ - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Acid–Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Metabolic Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Respiratory Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Mixed Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Investigating Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
Diet and Disease
1. Diet and Disease: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
3. Nutrients and Energy - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Carbohydrates - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
5. Lipids and fatty acids - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
6. Proteins - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
7. Water - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
8. Vitamins - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
9. Minerals and Trace Elements - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
10. Protein Energy Malnutrition - Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Obesity - Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa - Nutritional Disorders - Answer
(click here)
13. Hypovitaminoses and Hypervitaminoses - Disorders of Vitamin
Nutrition - Answer (click here)
14. Nutritional Disorders of Minerals and Trace Elements - Answer (click here)
15. Investigating Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Protein-Energy Malnutrition - Investigating Nutritional Disorders -
Answer (click here)
17. Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa - Investigating
Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Vitamins - Investigating Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Minerals and Trace Elements - Investigating Nutritional Disorders -
Answer (click here)
20. General Management of Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract Pancreas Liver and Gall

Bladder
1. Gastrointestinal Tract and its Accessory Organs - Answer (click here)
2. Digestion: Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
3. Absorption of the Products of Digestion - Answer (click here)
4. Activities of the Large Intestine - Answer (click here)
5. Small Intestine and Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
6. Hormonal Control of GIT Secretions - Answer (click here)
7. Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas - Answer (click here)
8. Disorders of the Liver, Gall Bladder and Bile Duct - Answer (click here)
9. Disorders of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
 11. Disorders of the Large Intestine - Answer (click here)

Toxicology
1. Toxicology - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Action, Metabolism, Distribution and Excretion - Answer (click here)
3. Physiological Detoxification Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
4. Symptomatic Poisoning - Answer (click here)
5. Paracetamol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
6. Aspirin - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
7. Ethanol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
8. Methanol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
9. Ethylene Glycol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
10. Barbiturates - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
11. Carbon Monoxide - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
12. Paraquat - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
13. Metals - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Blood

1. Disorders of the Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Blood Cells and Platelets - Answer (click here)
3. Hemoglobins - Answer (click here)
4. Hemostasis and Blood Clotting - Answer (click here)
5. Anemias: Microcytic and Macrocytic Anemia - Answer (click here)
6. Microcytic Anemias - Answer (click here)
7. Macrocytic Anemia - Answer (click here)
8. Hemoglobinopathies - Answer (click here)
9. Sickle Cell Anemia - Hemoglobinopathies - Answer (click here)
10. Thalassemias - Hemoglobinopathies - Answer (click here)
11. Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD) Favism -
Answer (click here)
12. Clinical Aspects of Clotting - Answer (click here)
13. Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

1. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Heart and Circulatory Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
5. Investigating Cardiac Function in Health and Disease - Answer (click here)
 6. Electrocardiogram (ECG) - Investigating Cardiac Function in Health and
Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Endocarditis - Answer (click here)
8. Abnormal Heart Rhythms - Answer (click here)
9. Cardic Failure: Investigation, Treatment, Chronic and Acute Heart
Failure - Answer (click here)
10. Ischemic Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Cardiomyopathies - Answer (click here)
12. Heart Valve Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Heart Tumors - Answer (click here)
14. Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis - Answer (click here)
15. Angina - Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis - Answer (click here)
16. Cholesterol and Lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
17. Myocardial Infarction - Answer (click here)
18. Pericardial Diseases - Answer (click here)
19. Disorders of Arteries and Veins - Answer (click here)
20. Clinical Problems Associated with Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)

Genetic Diseases
1. Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Genetics and DNA - Answer (click here)
3. DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
4. Genotype and Phenotype - Answer (click here)
5. Inheritance and Mutations - Answer (click here)
6. Sex linked Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
7. Inherited Gene Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Consequences of an Enzyme Deficiency - Answer (click here)
9. National Screening Programs for Inherited Diseases - Answer (click here)
10. Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype - Answer (click here)
11. Fragile Sites - Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype - Answer (click
here)
12. Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations - Answer (click here)
13. Aneuploidy - Variations in Chromosome Numbers - Answer (click here)
14. Euploidy - Variations in Chromosome Numbers - Answer (click here)
15. Detecting, Diagnosing and Screening Human Genetics Diseases - Answer
(click here)

Membrane Organelle and Cytoskeletal Disorders

1. Nucleus and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport - Answer (click here)
 2. Plasma Membrane Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Cystic Fibrosis: Diagnosis and treatment - Plasma Membrane Disorders -
Answer (click here)
4. Mitochondrial Disorders: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment - Answer (click
here)
5. Causes of Mitochondrial Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitochondrial Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Peroxisomal Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Diagnosis and Treatment of Peroxisomal Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Lysosomal Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Diagnosis and Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Disorders - Answer (click
here)
11. Cytoskeletal Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Muscular Dystrophies: Diagnosis and treatment - Answer (click here)
13. Hereditary Elliptocytosis and Spherocytosis: Diagnosis and treatment -
Answer (click here)

Cancer
1. Cancer - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Cancer Types - Answer (click here)
3. Epidemiology of Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Molecular Biology of Cancer - Answer (click here)
5. Causes of Cancer - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Tests for Cancer - General Diagnosis of Cancer - Answer (click
here)
7. General Treatment of Cancer - Answer (click here)
8. Chemotherapy - General Treatment of Cancer - Answer (click here)
9. Radiation Therapy - General Treatment of Cancer - Answer (click here)
10. Immunotherapy - General Treatment of Cancer - Answer (click here)
11. Lung Cancer: Classification, Treatment, Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and
staging - Answer (click here)
12. Breast Cancer: Treatment, Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and staging -
Answer (click here)
13. Prostate Cancer: Treatment, Signs, symptoms and staging - Answer (click
here)
14. Colorectal Cancer: Treatment, Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and staging -
Answer (click here)
15. Leukemias: Chronic myelogenous, Acute myeloid, Acute lymphoblastic
leukemia - Answer (click here)

Aging and Disease

1. Aging and Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Aging of Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Causes of Aging: Wear and Tear, Genome Based Theories - Answer (click
here)
4. Age Related Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Calorie Restriction and Aging - Answer (click here)
6. Investigations and Management of the Elderly - Answer (click here)