Professional Documents
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GATE CLOUD
NETWORK ANALYSIS
Vol 1
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GATE CLOUD
NETWORK ANALYSIS
Vol 1
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R. K. Kanodia gin
Ashish Murolia
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JHUNJHUNUWALA
JAIPUR
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GATE CLOUD Network Analysis Vol 1, 1e
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R. K. Kanodia, Ashish Murolia
CC1015
Copyright ã by Jhunjhunuwala
ISBN 9-788192-34834-6
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Information contained in this book has been obtained by author, from sources believes to be reliable.
However, neither Jhunjhunuwala nor its author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any
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information herein, and Jhunjhunuwala nor its author shall be responsible for any error, omissions,
or damages arising out of use of this information. This book is published with the understanding that
Jhunjhunuwala and its author are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering
or other professional services.
JHUNJHUNUWALA
B-8, Dhanshree Tower Ist, Central Spine, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur – 302023
Ph : +91-141-2101150.
www.nodia.co.in
email : enquiry@nodia.co.in
GATE CLOUD caters a versatile collection of Multiple Choice Questions to the students who are preparing
for GATE (Gratitude Aptitude Test in Engineering) examination. This book contains over 1500 multiple
choice solved problems for the subject of Network Analysis, which has a significant weightage in the GATE
examination of Electronics and Communication Engineering. The GATE examination is based on multiple
choice problems which are tricky, conceptual and tests the basic understanding of the subject. So, the
problems included in the book are designed to be as exam-like as possible. The solutions are presented using
step by step methodology which enhance your problem solving skills.
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The book is categorized into fifteen chapters covering all the topics of syllabus of the examination. Each
chapter contains :
Exercise 1 : Level 1
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Exercise 2 : Level 2
Exercise 3 : Mixed Questions Taken form Previous Examinations of GATE.
Detailed Solutions to Exercise 1, 2 and 3.
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Although we have put a vigorous effort in preparing this book, some errors may have crept in. We shall
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appreciate and greatly acknowledge the comments, criticism and suggestion from the users of this book
which leads to some improvement.
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You may write to us at rajkumar.kanodia@gmail.com and ashish.murolia@gmail.com.
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Wish you all the success in conquering GATE.
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SYLLABUS
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Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state
sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain
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analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency
domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions.
State equations for networks.
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IES ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Networks Theory:
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Network analysis techniques; Network theorems, transient response, steady state sinusoidal
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response; Network graphs and their applications in network analysis; Tellegen’s theorem. Two port
networks; Z, Y, h and transmission parameters. Combination of two ports, analysis of common two
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ports. Network functions : parts of network functions, obtaining a network function from a given
part. Transmission criteria : delay and rise time, Elmore’s and other definitions effect of cascading.
Elements of network synthesis.
CONTENTS
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*******
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT THEOREMS
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EXERCISE 5.1
MCQ 5.1.1 In the network of figure for Vs = V0 , I = 1 A then what is the value of I1 , if Vs = 2V0 ?
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(A) 2 A
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(C) 3 A
En (D) 2.5 A
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MCQ 5.1.2
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MCQ 5.1.3
(A) 1.5 A
(C) 4.5 A
(B) 2 A
(D) 3 A et
The linear network in the figure contains resistors and dependent sources only.
When Vs = 10 V , the power supplied by the voltage source is 40 W. What will be
the power supplied by the source if Vs = 5 V ?
(A) 20 W (B) 10 W
(C) 40 W (D) can not be determined
MCQ 5.1.4 In the circuit below, it is given that when Vs = 20 V , IL = 200 mA . What values of
IL and Vs will be required such that power absorbed by RL is 2.5 W ?
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MCQ 5.1.5
(C) 0.5 A, 50 V (D) 2 A, 1.25 V
For the circuit shown in figure below, some measurements are made and listed in
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Which of the following equation is true for IL ? rin
(A) IL = 0.6Vs + 0.4Is
(B) IL = 0.2Vs − 0.3Is g.n
(C) IL = 0.2Vs + 0.3Is
(D) IL = 0.4Vs − 0.6Is
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MCQ 5.1.6 In the circuit below, the voltage drop across the resistance R2 will be equal to
MCQ 5.1.7 In the circuit below, the voltage V across the 40 Ω resistor would be equal to
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MCQ 5.1.8 In the circuit below, current I = I1 + I2 + I 3 , where I1 , I2 and I 3 are currents due
to 60 A, 30 A and 30 V sources acting alone. The values of I1 , I2 and I 3 are
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(A) 8 A, 8 A, − 4 A
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(B) 12 A, 12 A, − 5 A
(C) 4 A, 4 A, − 1 A g.n
MCQ 5.1.9
(D) 2 A, 2 A, − 4 A
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The value of current I flowing through 2 Ω resistance in the circuit below, equals to
(A) 10 A (B) 5 A
(C) 4 A (D) zero
MCQ 5.1.10 In the circuit below, current I is equal to sum of two currents I1 and I2 . What are
the values of I1 and I2 ?
(A) 6 A, 1 A (B) 9 A, 6 A
(C) 3 A, 1 A (D) 3 A, 4 A
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MCQ 5.1.11 A network consists only of independent current sources and resistors. If the values
of all the current sources are doubled, then values of node voltages
MCQ 5.1.12
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Consider a network which consists of resistors and voltage sources only. If the
values of all the voltage sources are doubled, then the values of mesh current will be
(A) doubled
(C) halved En (B) same
(D) none of these
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(A) 1.5 A (B) − 0.3 A
(C) 0.05 A (D) − 0.5 A
(A) 4 A (B) 6 A
(C) 2 A (D) 1 A
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(B) 8 V
(C) 5.33 V
(D) zero asy
MCQ 5.1.16 En
The value of current I in the circuit below is equal to
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(A) 2
7
(B) 1 A
(C) 2 A
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(D) 4 A
MCQ 5.1.17 What is the value of current I in the circuit shown below ?
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MCQ 5.1.19 Which of the following circuits is equivalent to the circuit shown below ?
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MCQ 5.1.20 Consider a dependent current source shown in figure below.
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MCQ 5.1.21
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Consider a circuit shown in the figure
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Which of the following circuit is equivalent to the above circuit ?
MCQ 5.1.22 How much power is being dissipated by the 4 kΩ resistor in the network ?
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(C) 9 mW
(B) 2.25 mW
(D) 4 mW
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MCQ 5.1.23 For the circuit shown in the figure the Thevenin voltage and resistance seen from
the terminal a -b are respectively
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(A) 34 V, 0 Ω
(B) 20 V , 24 Ω
(C) 14 V, 0 Ω
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(D) − 14 V , 24 Ω
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MCQ 5.1.24
circuit is et
The Thevenin equivalent resistance RTh between the nodes a and b in the following
(A) 3 Ω
(B) 16 Ω
(C) 12 Ω
(D) 4 Ω
MCQ 5.1.25 In the following circuit, Thevenin voltage and resistance across terminal a and b
respectively are
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(C) 10 V, 18.67 Ω
(B) 2 V, 18 Ω
(D) 2 V, 18.67 Ω
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MCQ 5.1.26 The value of RTh and VTh such that the circuit of figure (B) is the Thevenin
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in figure (A), will be equal to
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(A) RTh = 6 Ω , VTh = 4 V rin
(B) RTh = 6 Ω , VTh = 28 V
(C) RTh = 2 Ω , VTh = 24 V
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(D) RTh = 10 Ω , VTh = 14 V
MCQ 5.1.27
circuit of figure (A) ? et
What values of RTh and VTh will cause the circuit of figure (B) to be the equivalent
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MCQ 5.1.28 The value of Thevenin voltage across terminals a -b of figure (A) and figure (B)
respectively are
w.E (A) 30 V, 36 V
(C) 18 V, 12 V
(B) 28 V, − 12 V
(D) 30 V, − 12 V
MCQ 5.1.29
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The value of Thevenin resistance across terminals a -b of figure (A) and figure (B)
respectively are
(A) zero, 3 Ω
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(C) 2 Ω, 3 Ω
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Statement for linked Questions 30 and 31 :
Consider the circuit shown in the figure.
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MCQ 5.1.30 The equivalent Thevenin voltage across terminal a -b is
(A) 31.2 V (B) 19.2 V
(C) 16.8 V (D) 24 V
MCQ 5.1.32 For a network having resistors and independent sources, it is desired to obtain
Thevenin equivalent across the load which is in parallel with an ideal current
source. Then which of the following statement is true ?
(A) The Thevenin equivalent circuit is simply that of a voltage source.
(B) The Thevenin equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source and a series resistor.
(C) The Thevenin equivalent circuit does not exist but the Norton equivalent does
exist.
(D) None of these
MCQ 5.1.33 The Thevenin equivalent circuit of a network consists only of a resistor (Thevenin
ww voltage is zero). Then which of the following elements might be contained in the
network ?
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(D) resistor, independent sources and dependent sources.
MCQ 5.1.34
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In the following network, value of current I through 6 Ω resistor is given by
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(A) 0.83 A
(C) 1 A
(B) 2 A
(D) − 0.5 A
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MCQ 5.1.35 For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin’s voltage and resistance looking
into a -b are
(A) 2 V, 3 Ω (B) 2 V, 2 Ω
(C) 6 V, − 9 Ω (D) 6 V, − 3 Ω
MCQ 5.1.36 For the circuit below, what value of R will cause I = 3 A ?
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MCQ 5.1.37 For the following circuit, values of voltage V for different values of R are given in
the table.
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The Thevenin voltage and resistance of the unknown circuit are respectively.
(A) 14 V, 4 Ω
(B) 4 V, 1 Ω
(C) 14 V, 6 Ω
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(D) 10 V, 2 Ω
(A) 17
6 A, 0 Ω
(B) 2 A, 24 Ω
(C) − 76 A , 24 Ω
(D) − 2 A , 24 Ω
MCQ 5.1.39 The Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in figure is given by
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MCQ 5.1.40
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What are the values of equivalent Norton current source (IN ) and equivalent
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resistance (RN ) across the load terminal of the circuit shown in figure ?
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IN RN
(A) 10 A 2Ω
(B) 10 A 9Ω
(C) 3.33 A 9Ω
(D) 6.66 A 2Ω
MCQ 5.1.41 For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired to
obtain Thevenin’s or Norton’s equivalent across a load which is in parallel with an
ideal voltage sources.
Consider the following statements :
MCQ 5.1.42 For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired to
obtain Thevenin’s or Norton’s equivalent across a load which is in series with an
ideal current sources.
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3.
Norton equivalent circuit exists and it is simply that of a current source only.
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across this terminal is not feasible.
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Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
(A) 1 and 3
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 only En
(D) 3 only
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MCQ 5.1.43
a -b, is ee
The Norton equivalent circuit of the given network with respect to the terminal
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MCQ 5.1.44 The maximum power that can be transferred to the resistance R in the circuit is
(A) 486 mW
(B) 243 mW
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(D) 225 mW
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MCQ 5.1.45 In the circuit below, if RL is fixed and Rs is variable then for what value of Rs
power dissipated in RL will be maximum ?
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(A) RS = RL
(B) RS = 0
(C) RS = RL /2
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(D) RS = 2RL
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MCQ 5.1.46
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In the circuit shown below the maximum power transferred to RL is Pmax , then
(A) RL = 12 Ω , Pmax = 12 W
(B) RL = 3 Ω , Pmax = 96 W
(C) RL = 3 Ω , Pmax = 48 W
(D) RL = 12 Ω , Pmax = 24 W
MCQ 5.1.47 In the circuit shown in figure (A) if current I1 = 2 A , then current I2 and I 3 in
figure (B) and figure (C) respectively are
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(A) 2 A, 2 A asy (B) − 2 A , 2 A
(C) 2 A, − 2 A
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MCQ 5.1.48
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In the circuit of figure (A), if I1 = 20 mA , then what is the value of current I2 in
the circuit of figure (B) ?
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(A) 40 mA (B) − 20 mA
(C) 20 mA (D) R1 , R2 and R 3 must be known
MCQ 5.1.49 If V1 = 2 V in the circuit of figure (A), then what is the value of V2 in the circuit
of figure (B) ?
(A) 2 V (B) − 2 V
(C) 4 V (D) R1 , R2 and R 3 must be known
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MCQ 5.1.51
(C) 233.34 mA (D) none of these
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(A) 1 A
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(C) 3 A (D) 2 A
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*********** et
EXERCISE 5.2
MCQ 5.2.1 A simple equivalent circuit of the two-terminal network shown in figure is
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MCQ 5.2.2 For the following circuit the value of RTh is
(A) 3 Ω (B) 12 Ω
(C) 6 Ω (D) 3
MCQ 5.2.3 If V = AV1 + BV2 + CI 3 in the following circuit, then values of A, B and C
respectively are
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2 2 3
(D) 1 , 2 , 100
3 3 3
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MCQ 5.2.4 What is the value of current I in the network of figure ?
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(A) 0.67 A gin (B) 2 A
MCQ 5.2.5
(C) 1.34 A
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The value of current I in the figure is
(D) 0.5 A
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(A) − 1 mA (B) 1.4 mA
(C) 1.8 mA (D) − 1.2 mA
MCQ 5.2.6 For the circuit of figure, some measurements were made at the terminals a -b and
given in the table below.
MCQ 5.2.7 In the circuit below, for what value of k , load RL = 2 Ω absorbs maximum power ?
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w.E (A) 4
(C) 2
(B) 7
(D) 6
MCQ 5.2.8
RL is equal to asy
In the circuit shown below, the maximum power that can be delivered to the load
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(A) 72 mW
(C) 24 mW
(B) 36 mW
(D) 18 mW g.n
MCQ 5.2.9
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For the linear network shown below, V -I characteristic is also given in the figure.
The value of Norton equivalent current and resistance respectively are
(A) 3 A, 2 Ω (B) 6 Ω, 2 Ω
(C) 6 A, 0.5 Ω (D) 3 A, 0.5 Ω
MCQ 5.2.10 In the following circuit a network and its Thevenin and Norton equivalent are
given.
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VTh
4V
RTh
2Ω
IN
2A
RN
2Ω
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(C)
4V
8V
2Ω
1.2 Ω
5Ω
2A
30
3 A
3Ω
1.2 Ω
5Ω
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8
(D) 8V 5 A
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(A) 6 V
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(C) 8 V (D) 10 V
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MCQ 5.2.12
load. The maximum power, that can drawn from it, is
(A) 22.5 kW (B) 45 kW
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A practical DC current source provide 20 kW to a 50 Ω load and 20 kW to a 200 Ω
MCQ 5.2.13 For the following circuit the value of equivalent Norton current IN and resistance
RN are
(A) 2 A, 20 Ω (B) 2 A, − 20 Ω
(C) 0 A, 20 Ω (D) 0 A, − 20 Ω
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(A) Ib = Ia + 6
(C) Ib = 1.5Ia
(B) Ib = Ia + 2
(D) Ib = Ia
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(A) 28 V (B) 56 V
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(C) 200 V (D) 224 V
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MCQ 5.2.17 The Thevenin equivalent of the unknown network across terminal a -b is
(A) 3 Ω, 14 V (B) 5 Ω, 16 V
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MCQ 5.2.18
(C) 16 Ω, 38 V (D) 10 Ω, 26 V
MCQ 5.2.19
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In the circuit shown in fig (a) if current I1 = 2.5 A then current I2 and I 3 in fig (B)
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and (C) respectively are
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(A) 5 A, 10 A (B) − 5 A , 10 A
(C) 5 A, − 10 A (D) − 5 A , − 10 A
MCQ 5.2.20 The Thevenin equivalent resistance between terminal a and b in the following
circuit is
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(B) 11 Ω
w.E (C) 17 Ω
(D) 1 Ω
MCQ 5.2.21
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In the circuit shown below, the value of current I will be given by
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(A) 2.5 A
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(B) 1.5 A
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MCQ 5.2.22
(C) 4 A
(D) 2 A
et
The V -I relation of the unknown element X in the given network is V = AI + B .
The value of A (in ohm) and B (in volt) respectively are
(A) 2, 20 (B) 2, 8
(C) 0.5, 4 (D) 0.5, 16
(A) 24 W (B) 96 W
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MCQ 5.2.24
(C) 120 W (D) 48 W
For the following network the V -I curve with respect to terminals a -b, is given by
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MCQ 5.2.25 In the circuit shown, what value of RL maximizes the power delivered to RL ?
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MCQ 5.2.26 The V -I relation for the circuit below is plotted in the figure. The maximum power
that can be transferred to the load RL will be
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(A) 4 mW
(C) 2 mW
ee (B) 8 mW
(D) 16 mW
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MCQ 5.2.27
RTh = 3 Ω . The value of α is g.n
In the following circuit equivalent Thevenin resistance between nodes a and b is
et
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 3 (D) 4
MCQ 5.2.28 A network N feeds a resistance R as shown in circuit below. Let the power consumed
by R be P . If an identical network is added as shown in figure, the power consumed
by R will be
MCQ 5.2.29 A certain network consists of a large number of ideal linear resistors, one of which
is R and two constant ideal source. The power consumed by R is P1 when only the
first source is active, and P2 when only the second source is active. If both sources
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MCQ 5.2.30
source Is and 240 Ω shunt resistor as shown in figure (B), then magnitude and
direction of required current source would be
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(A) 200 mA, upward (B) 150 mA, downward
(C) 50 mA, downward (D) 150 mA, upward
MCQ 5.2.31 The Thevenin’s equivalent of the circuit shown in the figure is
(A) 4 V, 48 Ω (B) 24 V, 12 Ω
(C) 24 V, 24 Ω (D) 12 V, 12 Ω
MCQ 5.2.32 The voltage VL across the load resistance in the figure is given by
VL = V b RL l
R + RL
V and R will be equal to
ww (A) − 10 V , 2 Ω
(C) − 10 V , − 2 Ω
(B) 10 V, 2 Ω
(D) none of these
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MCQ 5.2.33 The maximum power that can be transferred to the load resistor RL from the
current source in the figure is
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(A) 4 W (B) 8 W
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(C) 16 W
MCQ 5.2.36 In the circuit shown in the figure, power dissipated in 4 Ω resistor is
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w.E (A) 225 W
(C) 9 W asy (B) 121 W
(D) none of these
MCQ 5.2.37
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In the circuit given below, viewed from a -b, the circuit can be reduced to an
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equivalent circuit as
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(A) 10 volt source in series with 2 kΩ resistor
(B) 1250 Ω resistor only
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(C) 20 V source in series with 1333.34 Ω resistor
(D) 800 Ω resistor only
(A) 14 V (B) 28 V
(C) − 10 V (D) none of these
MCQ 5.2.39 For the circuit shown in figure below the value of RTh is
ww
w.E (A) 100 Ω
(C) 200 Ω
(B) 136.4 Ω
(D) 272.8 Ω
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The power absorbed by load resistance RL is shown in table :
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RL 10 kΩ 30 kΩ
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P 3.6 mW 4.8 mW
The value of RL , that would absorb maximum power, is
(A) 60 kΩ (B) 100 Ω
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(C) 300 Ω (D) 30 kΩ
MCQ 5.2.41 The V -I equation for the network shown in figure, is given by
MCQ 5.2.42 In the following circuit the value of open circuit voltage and Thevenin resistance
at terminals a, b are
ww
w.E (A) Voc = 100 V , RTh = 1800 Ω
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(B) Voc = 0 V , RTh = 270 Ω
(C) Voc = 100 V , RTh = 90 Ω
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(D) Voc = 0 V , RTh = 90 Ω
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EXERCISE 5.3
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GATE EC 2012
With 10 V dc connected at port A in the linear nonreciprocal two-port network
shown below, the following were observed :
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GATE EE 2012
(i) 1 Ω connected at port B draws a current of 3 A
(ii) 2.5 Ω connected at port B draws a current of 2 A
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MCQ 5.3.1 gin
With 10 V dc connected at port A, the current drawn by 7 Ω connected at port B
is
(A) 3/7 A
(C) 1 A
ee (B) 5/7 A
(D) 9/7 A rin
MCQ 5.3.2 g.n
For the same network, with 6 V dc connected at port A, 1 Ω connected at port B
(C) 8 V
(B) 7 V
(D) 9 V
et
draws 7/3 A. If 8 V dc is connected to port A, the open circuit voltage at port B is
(A) 6 V
MCQ 5.3.3 In the circuit shown below, the value of RL such that the power transferred to RL
GATE EC 2011 is maximum is
(A) 5 Ω (B) 10 Ω
(C) 15 Ω (D) 20 Ω
MCQ 5.3.4 In the circuit shown, what value of RL maximizes the power delivered to RL ?
GATE EC 2009
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MCQ 5.3.5 For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin voltage and resistance looking
GATE EC 2007 into X -Y are
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(A) 4
3 V, 2 Ω
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(B) 4 V, 23 Ω
(C) 4
3 V, Ω
2
3 (D) 4 V, 2 Ω
g.n
MCQ 5.3.6
GATE EC 2005 voltage source in the figure is et
The maximum power that can be transferred to the load resistor RL from the
(A) 1 W (B) 10 W
(C) 0.25 W (D) 0.5 W
MCQ 5.3.7 For the circuit shown in the figure, Thevenin’s voltage and Thevenin’s equivalent
GATE EC 2005 resistance at terminals a -b is
MCQ 5.3.8 In the network of the figure, the maximum power is delivered to RL if its value is
ww
GATE EC 2002
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asy
(A) 16 Ω
(C) 60 Ω En (B) 403 Ω
(D) 20 Ω
MCQ 5.3.9
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Use the data of the figure (a). The current i in the circuit of the figure (b)
GATE EC 2000
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et
(A) − 2 A (B) 2 A
(C) − 4 A (D) 4 A
MCQ 5.3.10 The value of R (in ohms) required for maximum power transfer in the network
GATE EC 1999 shown in the given figure is
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 8 (D) 16
ww
w.E (A) 9 V (B) 5 V
MCQ 5.3.13
(C) 1 V
The Thevenin voltage and resistance about AB for the circuit shown in figure
GATE EE 1997 respectively are
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
(A) 10 V, − 29 Ω
(C) 10 V, 12
5 Ω
(B) 0 V, − 29 Ω
(D) 0 V, 12
5 Ωet
MCQ 5.3.14 For the circuit shown in figure, the Norton equivalent source current value and and
GATE EE 1997 its resistance is
(A) ^2 A, 32 Ωh (B) ^2 A, 92 Ωh
(C) ^4 A, 32 Ωh (D) ^4 A, 34 Ωh
MCQ 5.3.15 Viewed from the terminals A-B , the following circuit shown in figure can be reduced
GATE EE 1998 to an equivalent circuit of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor with
the following parameters
asy
Statement for Linked Answer Question 16 and 17 :
En
gin
ee rin
MCQ 5.3.16
GATE EE 2009 B is g.n
For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s resistance across the terminals A and
(A) 0.5 kΩ
(C) 1 kΩ
(B) 0.2 kΩ
(D) 0.11 kΩ et
MCQ 5.3.17 For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s voltage across the terminals A and B is
GATE EE 2009 (A) 1.25 V (B) 0.25 V
(C) 1 V (D) 0.5 V
MCQ 5.3.18 As shown in the figure, a 1 Ω resistance is connected across a source that has a load
GATE EE 2010 line V + I = 100 . The current through the resistance is
(A) 25 A (B) 50 A
(C) 100 A (C) 200 A
MCQ 5.3.19 In the circuit given below, the value of R required for the transfer of maximum
GATE EE 2011 power to the load having a resistance of 3 Ω is
ww (B) 3 Ω
w.E (A) zero
(C) 6 Ω (D) infinity
MCQ 5.3.20
GATE IN 2000
asy
For the circuit shown in figure VR = 20 V when R = 10 Ω and VR = 30 V when
R = 20 Ω . For R = 80 Ω ,VR will read as
En
gin
(A) 48 V
ee (B) 60 V rin
(C) 120 V (D) 160 V
g.n
MCQ 5.3.21
GATE IN 2000 to it. The maximum power transferred is et
For the circuit shown in figure R is adjusted to have maximum power transferred
(A) 16 W (B) 32 W
(C) 64 W (D) 100 W
MCQ 5.3.22 In the circuit shown in figure, current through the 5 Ω resistor is
GATE IN 2001
MCQ 5.3.23 In full sunlight, a solar cell has a short circuit current of 75 mA and a current of
GATE IN 2007 70 mA for a terminal voltage of 0.6 with a given load. The Thevenin resistance of
w.E
MCQ 5.3.24
(C) 120 Ω (D) 240 Ω
The source network S is connected to the load network L as shown by dashed lines.
GATE IN 2009
asy
The power transferred from S to L would be maximum when RL is
En
gin
ee rin
(A) 0 Ω
(C) 0.8 Ω
(B) 0.6 Ω
(D) 2 Ω g.n
MCQ 5.3.25
GATE IN 2011
The current I shown in the circuit given below is equal to
et
***********
SOLUTIONS 5.1
ww
w.E
asy
In the left, 4 Ω and 2 Ω are in series and has same current I = 1 A .
EnV3 = 4I + 2I
= 6I = 6 V
(using KVL)
gin
I 3 = V3 = 6 = 2 A (using ohm’s law)
ee
3
I2 = I3 + I
3
= 2+1 = 3A
V1 = (1) I2 + V3 rin
(using KCL)
= 3+6 = 9V
g.n (using KVL)
I1 = V1 = 9 = 3 A
6 6 2
Applying principal of linearity
et (using ohm’s law)
For Vs = V0 , I1 = 3 A
2
So for Vs = 2V0 , I1 = 3 # 2 = 3 A
2
SOL 5.1.2 Option (D) is correct.
We solve this problem using principal of linearity.
w.E
SOL 5.1.3 Option (B) is correct.
asy
En
gin
Vs = 10 V , P = 40 W
ee
For,
So, Is = P = 40 = 4 A
Now,
Vs 10
Vsl = 5 V , so Isl= 2 A rin (From linearity)
New value of the power supplied by source is
Psl = VslIsl= 5 # 2 = 10 W g.n
SOL 5.1.4
Note: Linearity does not apply to power calculations.
Option (C) is correct.
From linearity, we know that in the circuit Vs ratio remains constant
et
IL
Vs = 20 = 100
IL 200 # 10−3
Let current through load is ILl when the power absorbed is 2.5 W, so
PL = (ILl) 2 RL
2.5 = (ILl) 2 # 10
ILl = 0.5 A
Vs = Vsl = 100
IL ILl
So, Vsl = 100ILl= 100 # 0.5 = 50 V
Thus required values are
ILl = 0.5 A , Vsl= 50 V
w.E Due to 16 V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source and Short circuit 32 V source)
Let voltage across R2 due to 16 V source only is V1 .
asy
En
gin
Using voltage division
V1 =−
ee 8 (16)
24 + 8 rin
=− 4 V
g.n
Due to 5 A source only : (Short circuit both the 16 V and 32 V sources)
Let voltage across R2 due to 5 A source only is V2 .
et
V2 = (24 Ω || 16 Ω || 16 Ω) # 5
= 6 # 5 = 30 volt
Due to 32 V source only : (Short circuit 16 V source and open circuit 5 A source)
Let voltage across R2 due to 32 V source only is V3
ww V = V1 + V2 + V3 =− 4 + 30 + 12 = 38 volt
Alternate Method: The problem may be solved by applying a node equation at the
w.E
SOL 5.1.7
top node.
Option (C) is correct.
We solve this problem using superposition.
asy
Due to 9 A source only : (Open circuit 6 A source)
En
gin
Using current division
ee rin
V1 =
40
20
20 + (40 + 30)
(9) & V1 = 80 volt
g.n
Due to 6 A source only : (Open circuit 9 A source)
et
Using current division,
V2 = 30 (6) & V2 = 80 volt
40 30 + (40 + 20)
From superposition,
V = V1 + V2 = 80 + 80 = 160 volt
Alternate Method: The problem may be solved by transforming both the current
sources into equivalent voltage sources and then applying voltage division.
CONCEPT: Superposition
SOL 5.1.8 Option (C) is correct
12 Ω || 6 Ω = 4 Ω
ww
w.E
asy
Using current division
EnIa = 2 (60) = 12 A
2+8
gin
Again, Ia will be distributed between parallel combination of 12 Ω and 6 Ω
I1 = 6 (12) = 4 A
12 + 6
ee
Due to 30 A source only : (Open circuit 60 A and short circuit 30 V sources)
rin
g.n
et
Using current division
Ib = 4 (30) = 12 A
4+6
Ib will be distributed between parallel combination of 12 Ω and 6 Ω
I2 = 6 (12) = 4 A
12 + 6
Due to 30 V source only : (Open circuit 60 A and 30 A sources)
ww
w.E Using current division
I 3 =− 3 (5) =− 1 A
SOL 5.1.9
asy
Option (B) is correct.
12 + 3
En
Using super position, we obtain I .
Due to 10 V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source)
gin
ee rin
I1 = 10 = 5 A
2 g.n
Due to 5 A source only : (Short circuit 10 V source)
et
I2 = 0
I = I1 + I 2 = 5 + 0 = 5 A
Alternatively :
We can see that voltage source is in parallel with resistor and current source so
voltage across parallel branches will be 10 V and I = 10/2 = 5 A
ww
w.E I1 = 6 (9) = 3 A
6 + 12
(current division)
Let I2 is the current due to 18 V source only (i.e. open 9 A source)
asy
En
gin
ee rin
I2 = 18 = 1 A
6 + 12
g.n
SOL 5.1.11
So, I1 = 3 A , I 2 = 1 A
Option (B) is correct. et
From superposition theorem, it is known that if all source values are doubled, then
node voltages also be doubled.
SOL 5.1.12 Option (A) is correct.
From the principal of superposition, doubling the values of voltage source doubles
the mesh currents.
SOL 5.1.13 Option (D) is correct.
Applying superposition,
Due to 6 V source only : (Open circuit 2 A current source)
I1 = 6 = 0.5 A
6+6
Due to 2 A source only : (Short circuit 6 V source)
ww
w.E
asy
En 6 (− 2)
I2 =
gin
6+6
=− 1 A
(using current division)
ee
I = I1 + I2 = 0.5 − 1 =− 0.5 A
rin
Alternate Method: This problem may be solved by using a single KVL equation
around the outer loop.
SOL 5.1.14 Option (A) is correct.
Applying superposition, g.n
et
Due to 24 V source only : (Open circuit 2 A and short circuit 20 V source)
I1 = 24 = 3 A
8
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee
I3 = 4 (2) (using current division)
4+4
So
= 1A
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 3 + 0 + 1 = 4 A rin
g.n
Alternate Method: We can see that current in the middle 4 Ω resistor is I − 2 ,
therefore I can be obtained by applying KVL in the bottom left mesh.
SOL 5.1.15 Option (D) is correct.
V1 = V2 = 0 et
(short circuit both sources)
Vo = 0
SOL 5.1.16 Option (C) is correct.
Using source transformation, we can obtain I in following steps.
ww
w.E I = 6 + 8 = 14 = 2 A
3+4 7
asy
Alternate Method: Try to solve the problem by obtaining Thevenin equivalent for
right half of the circuit.
SOL 5.1.17
En
Option (C) is correct.
Using source transformation of 48 V source and the 24 V source
gin
ee rin
g.n
using parallel resistances combination
et
ww
w.E Adding parallel current sources
asy
En
gin
ee
Source transformation of 5 A source
rin
g.n
Applying KVL around the anticlock wise direction
et
− 5 − I + 8 − 2I − 12 = 0
− 9 − 3I = 0
I =− 3 A
Power absorbed by 12 V source
P12 V = 12 # I (Passive sign convention)
= 12 # − 3
=− 36 W
or, 12 V source supplies 36 W power.
ww 2
Rs = 2 Ω
w.E
SOL 5.1.20 Option (C) is correct.
We know that source transformation is applicable to dependent source also.
asy
Values of equivalent voltage source
Vs = (4Ix ) (5) = 20Ix
Rs = 5 Ω
En
gin
ee rin
SOL 5.1.21 Option (C) is correct.
g.n
Combining the parallel resistance and adding the parallel connected current sources.
9 A − 3 A = 6 A (upward)
3 Ω || 6 Ω = 2 Ω et
w.E
asy
En
gin
6 kΩ and 3 kΩ resistors are in parallel and equivalent to 2 Ω.
ee rin
g.n
et
Again transforming 3 mA source
I = 6+6 = 3 mA
2+8+4+2 4
P4 kΩ = I 2 (4 # 103)
= b 3 l # 4 = 2.25 mW
2
4
SOL 5.1.23 Option (D) is correct.
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
The open circuit voltage between a -b can be obtained as
w.E VTh − 10 + 1 = 0
24
VTh − 10 + 24 = 0
asyVTh =− 14 volt
Thevenin Resistance :
En
To obtain Thevenin’s resistance, we set all independent sources to zero i.e., short
gin
circuit all the voltage sources and open circuit all the current sources.
ee rin
g.n
SOL 5.1.24
RTh = 24 Ω
Option (A) is correct. et
Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit current sources and short
circuit voltage sources) to obtain RTh
RTh = 12 Ω || 4 Ω = 3 Ω
SOL 5.1.25 Option (B) is correct.
Thevenin voltage :
ww and,
20 + 30
V2 = 15 (10) = 6 volt
15 + 10
asy
4 − 6 + Vab = 0
VTh = Vab =− 2 volt
En
Thevenin Resistance :
gin
ee rin
g.n
Rab = [20 Ω || 30 Ω] + [15 Ω || 10 Ω]
= 12 Ω + 6 Ω = 18 Ω
et
RTh = Rab = 18 Ω
SOL 5.1.26 Option (A) is a correct.
Using source transformation of 24 V source
ww
w.E So, VTh = 4 V , RTh = 6 Ω
SOL 5.1.27
asy
Option (A) is correct.
Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage)
En
gin
ee rin
VTh = 6 (− 40)
6+4
=− 24 volt
g.n
(using voltage division)
Thevenin resistance :
et
RTh = 6 Ω || 4 Ω = 6 # 4 = 2.4 Ω
6+4
SOL 5.1.28 Option (B) is correct.
For the circuit of figure (A)
VTh = Va − Vb
Va = 24 V
Vb = 6 (− 6) =− 4 V (Voltage division)
6+3
VTh = 24 − (− 4) = 28 V
ww For the circuit of figure (B), using source transformation
w.E
asy
En
Combining parallel resistances,
12 Ω || 4 Ω = 3 Ω
gin
Adding parallel current sources,
8 − 4 = 4 A (downward)
ee rin
g.n
VTh =− 12 V
et
SOL 5.1.29 Option (C) is correct.
For the circuit for fig (A)
RTh = Rab = 6 Ω || 3 Ω = 2 Ω
For the circuit of fig (B), as obtained in previous solution.
RTh = 3 Ω
SOL 5.1.30 Option (C) is correct.
ww
w.E
asy
En
Using current division
I1 =
(5 + 1)
(5 + 1) + (3 + 1)
(12) = 6 (12)
6+4
gin
= 7.2 A
V1 = I1 # 1 = 7.2 V
I2 = ee
(3 + 1)
(3 + 1) + (5 + 1)
(12) = 4.8 A
rin
V2 = 5I2 = 5 # 4.8 = 24 V
VTh + V1 − V2 = 0 g.n (KVL)
SOL 5.1.31
VTh = V2 − V1 = 24 − 7.2 = 16.8 V
Option (B) is correct. et
We obtain Thevenin’s resistance across a -b and then use source transformation of
Thevenin’s circuit to obtain equivalent Norton circuit.
RTh = (5 + 1) || (3 + 1) = 6 || 4 = 2.4 Ω
Thevenin’s equivalent is
Norton equivalent
ww
w.E
SOL 5.1.32 Option (B) is correct.
asy
En
gin
The current source connected in parallel with load does not affect Thevenin
ee
equivalent circuit. Thus, Thevenin equivalent circuit will contain its usual form of
a voltage source in series with a resistor.
rin
g.n
SOL 5.1.33 Option (C) is correct.
The network consists of resistor and dependent sources because if it has independent
et
source then there will be an open circuit Thevenin voltage present.
SOL 5.1.34 Option (D) is correct.
Current I can be easily calculated by Thevenin’s equivalent across 6 Ω.
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
− VTh − 12I2 + 3 = 0
VTh = 3 − (12) (1) =− 9 V
Thevenin Resistance :
asy
En
I = ginVTh = − 9 =− 9 =− 0.5 A
RTh + 6 12 + 6
ee 18
Note: The problem can be solved easily by a single node equation. Take the nodes
rin
connecting the top 4 Ω, 3 V and 4 Ω as supernode and apply KCL.
SOL 5.1.35 Option (D) is correct.
Thevenin voltage (Open circuit voltage) : g.n
et
Applying KCL at top middle node
VTh − 2Vx + VTh + 1 = 0
3 6
VTh − 2VTh + VTh + 1 = 0 (VTh = Vx )
3 6
− 2VTh + VTh + 6 = 0
VTh = 6 volt
Thevenin Resistance :
Open circuit voltage VTh
RTh = =
Short circuit current Isc
To obtain Thevenin resistance, first we find short circuit current through a -b
w.E 3 6 3
− 2Vx + Vx + 6 + 2Vx = 0
asy Vx =− 6 volt
Isc = Vx − 0 =− 6 =− 2 A
En 3 3
Thevenin’s resistance, RTh = VTh =− 6 =− 3 Ω
gin Isc 2
Direct Method :
ee rin
Since dependent source is present in the circuit, we put a test source across a -b to
obtain Thevenin’s equivalent.
g.n
et
By applying KCL at top middle node
Vx − 2Vx + Vx + 1 + Vx − Vtest = 0
3 6 3
− 2Vx + Vx + 6 + 2Vx − 2Vtest = 0
2Vtest − Vx = 6 ...(i)
ww Vtest − VTh
RTh
= Itest
w.E Vtest
Comparing equation
= VTh + RTh Itest
(ii) and (iii)
...(iii)
En
We obtain Thevenin’s equivalent across R.
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
gin
ee rin
g.n
Applying KVL
18 − 6Ix − 2Ix − (1) Ix = 0
Ix = 18 = 2 A
et
9
VTh = (1) Ix = (1) (2) = 2 V
Thevenin Resistance :
RTh = VTh Isc " Short circuit current
Isc
Isc = 18 = 3 A
6
ww Thevenin resistance,
RTh = VTh = 2 Ω
Isc 3
asy
En
gin
I = ee
2+R
3
2 =3
rin
2 = 2 + 3R
R =0 g.n
SOL 5.1.37 Option (D) is correct.
et
8 = VTh b 8 l ...(ii)
8 + RTh
ww
SOL 5.1.38 Option (C) is correct.
Norton current : (Short circuit current)
The Norton equivalent current is equal to the short-circuit current that would flow
asy
En
gin
Applying KCL at node a
a
I N + I1 + 2 = 0ee
I1 = 0 − 20 =− 5 A rin
So, IN − 5 + 2 = 0
6
24
IN =− 7 A
6
g.n
Norton resistance :
6
et
Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit current sources and short
circuit voltage sources) to obtain Norton’s equivalent resistance RN .
RN = 24 Ω
SOL 5.1.39 Option (C) is correct.
Using source transformation of 1 A source
ww
w.E Adding parallel current sources
asy
En
gin
SOL 5.1.40 Option (C) is correct. ee
Alternate Method: Try to solve the problem using superposition method.
RN = 6 + 3 = 9 Ω
ww
w.E
asy
The voltage across load terminal is simply Vs and it is independent of any other
current or voltage. So, Thevenin equivalent is VTh = Vs and RTh = 0 (Voltage source
is ideal).
En
SOL 5.1.42 Option (B) is correct. gin
The Norton equivalent does not exist because of parallel connected voltage source.
ee rin
g.n
et
The output current from the network is equal to the series connected current source
only, so IN = Is . Thus, effect of all other component in the network does not change
IN .
In this case Thevenin’s equivalent is not feasible because of the series connected
current source.
SOL 5.1.43 Option (C) is correct.
Norton current : (Short circuit current)
ww 3+3 N
6
− 4 + 1 + IN = 0
IN = 3 A
asy
En
gin RN = Rab = 6 || (3 + 3) = 6 || 6 = 3 Ω
ee
So, Norton equivalent will be
rin
g.n
SOL 5.1.44 Option (C) is correct.
et
We obtain Thevenin’s equivalent across R. By source transformation of both
voltage sources
ww
w.E Here, VTh = 5.4 V , RTh = 60 Ω
asy
For maximum power transfer
R = RTh = 60 Ω
En
gin
ee rin
Maximum Power absorbed by R
P =
^VTh h2
=
(5.4) 2
= 121.5 mW g.n
4R 4 # 60
et
Alternate Method: Thevenin voltage (open circuit voltage) may be obtained using
node voltage method also.
SOL 5.1.45 Option (B) is correct.
V = Vs b
Rs + R L l
RL
Power absorbed by RL
(V) 2 2
PL = = V s RL 2
RL (Rs + RL)
From above expression, it is known that power is maximum when Rs = 0
Note :
Do not get confused with maximum power transfer theorem. According to maximum
power transfer theorem if RL is variable and Rs is fixed then power dissipated by
RL is maximum when RL = Rs .
SOL 5.1.46 Option (C) is correct.
We solve this problem using maximum power transfer theorem. First, obtain
Thevenin equivalent across RL .
Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
ww
w.E
asy
Using source transformation
En
gin
Using nodal analysis
ee rin
VTh − 24 + VTh − 24 = 0
6 2+4
2VTh − 48 = 0 & VTh = 24 V
g.n
Thevenin resistance : et
RTh = 6 Ω || 6 Ω = 3 Ω
Circuit becomes as
ww
SOL 5.1.47 Option (D) is correct.
This can be solved by reciprocity theorem. But we have to take care that the
w.E polarity of voltage source have the same correspondence with branch current in
each of the circuit.
In figure (B) and figure (C), polarity of voltage source is reversed with respect to
asy
direction of branch current so
V1 =−V2 =−V3
En
I1 I2 I3
I2 = I 3 =− 2 A
SOL 5.1.48 Option (C) is correct.
gin
According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single
ee
voltage source Va in branch a produces a current Ib in branches b, then if the
rin
voltage source Va is removed(i.e. branch a is short circuited) and inserted in branch
b, then it will produce a current Ib in branch a.
So, I2 = I1 = 20 mA
Option (A) is correct. g.n
et
SOL 5.1.49
According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single
current source Ia in branch a produces a voltage Vb in branches b, then if the
current source Ia is removed(i.e. branch a is open circuited) and inserted in branch
b, then it will produce a voltage Vb in branch a.
So, V2 = 2 volt
SOL 5.1.50 Option (A) is correct.
We use Millman’s theorem to obtain equivalent resistance and voltage across a -b.
− 96 + 40 + − 80
Vab = 240 200 800 =− 144 =− 28.8 V
1 + 1 + 1 5
240 200 800
The equivalent resistance
Rab = 1 = 96 Ω
1 + 1 + 1
240 200 800
Now, the circuit is reduced as
ww
w.E I = 28.8 = 100 mA
96 + 192
SOL 5.1.51
asy
Option (C) is correct.
First we obtain equivalent voltage and resistance across terminal a -b using
En
Millman’s theorem.
gin
ee rin
− 60 + b− 120 l + 20 g.n
Vab =
15 15
1 + 1 +1
15 15 5
1
5
=− 24 V
et
Rab = = 3Ω
1 + 1 +1
15 15 5
So, the circuit is reduced as
I = 24 = 3 A
3+5
***********
SOLUTIONS 5.2
asy
En
gin
Open circuit voltage = V1
ww V = 50 (V ) = 1 V
100 + 50 2 3 2
(using voltage division)
w.E So, B =1
3
asy
Due to source I 3 only : (short circuit sources V1 and V2 )
En
gin
ee rin
V = I 3 [100 || 100 || 100] = I 3 b 100 l
3
So, C = 100
3
g.n
Alternate Method: Try to solve by nodal method, taking a supernode corresponding
SOL 5.2.4
to voltage source V2 .
Option (D) is correct.
et
We solve this problem using linearity and taking assumption that I = 1 A .
w.E
asy
En
Is = 6 = 6 = 0.6 mA
gin
6 + 6 || 12 6 + 4
I1 = 6 (Is) = 6 # 0.6 = 0.2 mA
6 + 12
(Using current division)
ee 18
Due to 2 mA source only : (Short circuit 6 V source) :
rin
g.n
et
Combining resistances,
6 kΩ || 6 kΩ = 3 kΩ
3 kΩ + 6 kΩ = 9 kΩ
= 0.2 − 1.2 =− 1 mA
Alternate Method: Try to solve the problem using source conversion.
SOL 5.2.6 Option (D) is correct.
We find Thevenin equivalent across a -b.
ww IL = VTh
RTh + RL
asy RTh + 2
6 = VTh
RTh + 10
...(ii)
En
Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get
10 = RTh + 10
gin
6 RTh + 2
10RTh + 20 = 6RTh + 60
ee
4RTh = 40 & RTh = 10 Ω
Substituting RTh into equation (i)
10 = VTh rin
10 + 2
VTh = 10 (12) = 120 V g.n
SOL 5.2.7
For RL = 20 Ω ,
IL = VTh
Option (A) is correct.
= 120 = 4 A
RTh + RL 10 + 20
et
RTh = Vtest
Itest
Using KVL,
Vtest − 4Itest − 2Itest − kVx − 4Itest = 0
asyk =4
SOL 5.2.8 Option (D) is correct.
En
To calculate maximum power transfer, first we will find Thevenin equivalent across
load terminals.
gin
Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage)
ee rin
g.n
using source transformation et
ww RTh = 1 + 2 || 2 = 1 + 1 = 2 kΩ
circuit becomes as
w.E
asy
En
gin
VL = RL V
RTh + RL Th
ee
For maximum power transfer RL = RTh
VL = VTh # RTh = VTh
2RTh
So maximum power absorbed by RL
2
rin
2 2
Pmax = V L = VTh =
(12) 2
= 18 mW g.n
SOL 5.2.9 Option (C) is correct.
RL 4RTh
So, IN + I = V
RN
I = V − IN (General form)
RN
From the given graph, the equation of line
I = 2V − 6
Comparing with general form
1 = 2 or R = 0.5 Ω
N
RN
IN = 6 A
SOL 5.2.10 Option (D) is correct.
Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage)
ww VTh = 4 + ^2 # 2h = 4 + 4 = 8 V
asy
En
gin
RTh = 2 + 3 = 5 Ω = RN
Norton current:
ee
IN = VTh = 8 A
RTh 5 rin
SOL 5.2.11 Option (A) is correct.
g.n
If we solve this circuit directly by nodal analysis, then we have to deal with three
et
variables. We can replace the left most and write most circuit by their Thevenin
equivalent as shown below.
ww V1 + 4 + V1 + V1 − 12 = 0
2 6 3
En
gin
ee
When RL = 50 Ω , power absorbed in load will be rin
b R +s 50 Is l 50 = 20 kW
s
R 2
g.n ...(i)
When RL = 200 Ω , power absorbed in load will be
b Rs + 200 Is l 200 = 20 kW
Rs 2
et ...(ii)
Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we have
(Rs + 200) 2 = 4 (Rs + 50) 2
Rs = 100 Ω and Is = 30 A
From maximum power transfer, the power supplied by source current Is will be
maximum when load resistance is equal to source resistance i.e. RL = Rs . Maximum
power is given as
2
(30) 2 # 100
Pmax = I s Rs = = 22.5 kW
4 4
SOL 5.2.13 Option (C) is correct.
Norton current, IN = 0 because there is no independent source present in the circuit.
To obtain Norton resistance we put a 1 A test source across the load terminal as
shown in figure.
asy
Vtest − 5 − 15 = 0
RN = Vtest = 20 Ω
1
SOL 5.2.14
En
Option (C) is correct.
In circuit (b) transforming the 3 A source in to 18 V source all source are 1.5 times
gin
of that in circuit (a) as shown in figure.
ee rin
g.n
et
Using principal of linearity, Ib = 1.5Ia
SOL 5.2.15 Option (B) is correct.
6 Ω and 3 Ω resistors are in parallel, which is equivalent to 2 Ω.
ww
w.E
asy
En
Adding series resistors and sources on the left
gin
ee rin
g.n
Source transformation of 48 V source et
I = 12 + 72 + Vs
19 + 9
Vs = (28 # I) − 12 − 72
= (28 # 5) − 12 − 72
ww
SOL 5.2.16
= 56 V
Option (A) is correct.
asy
En
gin
Applying KVL
ee
24 − 6I1 − 3I1 − 3I1 = 0
I1 = 24 = 2 A rin
12
Due to 6 A source only : (Short circuit 24 V source) g.n
et
ww I = VTh
R + RTh
asy1.6 = VTh
5 + RTh
...(ii)
En
Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get
2 = 5 + RTh
1.6 3 + RTh
gin
6 + 2RTh = 8 + 1.6RTh
0.4RTh = 2
ee
RTh = 5 Ω
Substituting RTh into equation (i)
2 = VTh rin
3+5
VTh = 2 (8) = 16 V g.n
SOL 5.2.18 Option (D) is correct.
We have, I = VTh
RTh + R
et
VTh = 16 V , RTh = 5 Ω
I = 16 = 1
5+R
16 = 5 + R
R = 11 Ω
SOL 5.2.19 Option (B) is correct.
asy
En
gin
Using KVL,
6 ee
Applying KCL at top left node
24 = Vx & Vx = 144 V
rin
Vx − 8I − Vx − Voc = 0
2 g.n
144 − 0 − 144 = Voc
2
Voc = 72 V
et
Short circuit current (Isc ):
Vx = 8I
sc
2
Vx = 16Isc
KCL at the top left node
V − Vx /2
24 = Vx + x
6 8
24 = Vx + Vx
6 16
Vx = 1152 V
11
Isc = Vx = 1152 = 72 A
16 11 # 16 11
ww RTh = Voc = 72 = 11 Ω
Isc
b 11 l
72
asy
current sources and short circuit voltage sources) and put a test source Vtest between
terminal a -b as shown
En
gin
ee rin
RTh = Vtest
Itest
g.n
6I + 8I − Vx − Vtest = 0
2
14I − I − Vtest = 0
6
2
et (KVL)
So RTh = Vtest = 11 Ω
Itest
SOL 5.2.21 Option (C) is correct.
We solve this problem using linearity and assumption that I = 1 A .
V1 = 4I + 2I (Using KVL)
=6V
I 2 = I1 + I (Using KCL)
= V1 + I = 6 + 1 = 2.5 A
4 4
V2 = 4I2 + V1 (Using KVL)
= 4 (2.5) + 6 = 16 V
Is + I 3 = I 2 (Using KCL)
Is − V2 = I
4 + 12 2
ww When Is = 3.5 A ,
Is = 16 + 2.5 = 3.5 A
16
I = 1A
w.E
SOL 5.2.22
But Is = 14 A , so
Option (A) is correct.
I = .1 # 14 = 4 A
3.5
asy
To obtain V -I equation we find the Thevenin equivalent across the terminal at
which X is connected.
En
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
gin
ee rin
g.n
V1 = 6 # 1 = 6 V
12 + V1 − V3 = 0
V3 = 12 + 6 = 18 V
et
(KVL in outer mesh)
RTh = 1 + 1 = 2 Ω
Now, the circuit becomes as
I = V − VTh
RTh
ww so
V = RTh I + VTh
A = RTh = 2 Ω
asy
En
gin
ee
In the mesh ABCDEA, we have KVL equation as
rin
V − 1 (I + 2) − 1 (I + 6) − 12 = 0
V = 2I + 20 g.n
SOL 5.2.23
So,
ww
w.E
asy
En
RTh = 1 + 1 = 2 Ω
circuit becomes as
gin
ee rin
g.n
I = 12 − VTh =
RTh
Power supplied by 12 V source
12 − (− 8)
2
= 10 A et
P12 V = 10 # 12 = 120 W
Alternate Method:
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Applying nodal analysis at center node
IN + 2 = 24
ee
4
IN = 6 − 2 = 4 A
Norton Resistance :
rin
g.n
et
RN = 4 Ω (Both 2 Ω resistor are short circuited)
Now, the circuit becomes as
IN = V + I
RN
4 =V +I
4
16 = V + 4I
or V =− 4I + 16
w.E
SOL 5.2.25 Option (A) is correct.
For maximum power transfer RL = RTh . To obtain Thevenin resistance set all
asy
independent sources to zero and put a test source across load terminals.
En
gin
eeRTh = Vtest
Writing KCL at the top center node
Itest
rin
Vtest + Vtest − 2Vx = I
Also,
2k 1k
Vtest + Vx = 0
test
g.n ...(i)
(KVL in left mesh)
so Vx =− Vtest
Substituting Vx =− Vtest into equation (i)
Vtest + Vtest − 2 (− Vtest) = I
et
test
2k 1k
Vtest + 6Vtest = 2Itest
I = VTh − V
RTh
or, V =− RTh I + VTh (General form)
From the given graph
V =− 4I + 8
So, by comparing
RTh = 4 kΩ , VTh = 8 V
For maximum power transfer RL = RTh
Maximum power absorbed by RL
2 2
(8)
Pmax = VTh = = 4 mW
ww
SOL 5.2.27 Option (C) is correct.
4RTh 4#4
To fine out Thevenin equivalent of the circuit put a test source between node a
w.E and b,
asy
En
gin
ee
RTh = Vtest
Writing node equation at V1
V1 − αIx + V1 = I
Itest
rin
1 1 x
P = b VTh l R
2
(Single network N )
RTh + R
2
Pl = VTh
f R + RTh p
R (Two N are added)
2
ww = 4b l
2
VTh
R
2R + RTh
Thus P < Pl < 4P
w.E
SOL 5.2.29 Option (C) is correct.
I1 = P1 and I =
2
P2
asy
Using superposition
R
I = I1 ! I 2
R
En
= P1 ! P2
gin
R R
I R = ( P1 ! P2 ) 2
2
g.n
current through it and voltage across it as the original branch.
The voltage across the branch in the original circuit
et
40 || 60
V = (20) (using voltage division)
(40 || 60) + 16
= 24 # 20 = 12 V
40
Current entering terminal a -b is
I = V = 12 = 200 mA
R 60
In fig(B), to maintain same voltage V = 12 V current through 240 Ω resistor must
be
IR = 12 = 50 mA
240
By using KCL at terminal a , as shown
ww I = I R + IS
200 = 50 + Is
w.E
SOL 5.2.31
Is = 150 mA ,
Option (B) is correct.
down wards
asy
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
In the given problem, we use mesh analysis method to obtain Thevenin voltage
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
Writing mesh equations
Mesh 1:
I3 = 0
et (a -b is open circuit)
− 6 :0 − 7 D − 20 :0 − 1 D − VTh = 0
3 2
14 + 10 = VTh
VTh = 24 volt
Thevenin Resistance :
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee
RTh = (20 + 4) || 24 Ω rin
= 24 Ω || 24 Ω
= 12 Ω g.n
SOL 5.2.32
at center node.
Option (C) is correct.
et
Alternate Method: VTh can be obtained by writing nodal equation at node a and
Ix = 5 A
Using KVL
2Ix − 4Ix − VTh = 0
2 (5) − 4 (5) = VTh
VTh =− 10 volt
Thevenin Resistance :
First we find short circuit current through a -b
ww
w.E Using KCL at top left node
asy 5 = Ix + Isc
Ix = 5 − Isc
En
Applying KVL in the right mesh
2Ix − 4Ix + 0 = 0
So, gin
Ix = 0
5 − Isc = 0 or Isc = 5 A
Thevenin resistance,
ee
RTh = VTh =− 10 =− 2 Ω
Isc
Now, the circuit becomes as
5
rin
g.n
et
V = VTh b
R + RL l
R (Using voltage division)
So, V = VTh =− 10 volt
R = RTh =− 2 Ω
SOL 5.2.33 Option (C) is correct.
We obtain Thevenin equivalent across the load terminals
Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
VTh = Va − Vb
w.E
asy
En
I1 =gin340 (40)
340 + 60
(Current division)
Similarly,
= 34 A
ee
Va = 20I1 = 20 # 34 = 680 V
rin (Ohm’s Law)
I2 = 60
60 + 340
(40) = 6 A
g.n (Current division)
Vb = 100I2 = 100 # 6 = 600 V
Thevenin voltage VTh = 680 − 600 = 80 V
Thevenin Resistance :
et (Ohm’s Law)
ww (V ) 2
Pmax = Th =
4RL
(80) 2
4 # 100
w.E
SOL 5.2.34
= 16 W
Option (A) is correct.
asy
We use source transformation as follows
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et
I = 36 − 12 = 3 A
6+2
Power supplied by 36 V source
P36 V = 3 # 36 = 108 W
SOL 5.2.35 Option (D) is correct.
Now, we do source transformation from left to right as shown
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et
Vs = (27 + 1.5) (4 Ω || 2 Ω)
= 28.5 # 4
3
= 38 V
Power supplied by 27 A source
P27 A = Vs # 27 = 38 # 27
= 1026 W
SOL 5.2.36 Option (C) is correct.
First, we find current I in the 4 Ω resistors using superposition.
ww I1 = 18 = 4.5 A
4
w.E Due to 12 V source only : (Open circuit 4 A and short circuit 18 V source)
asy
En
gin
ee rin
I2 =− 12 =− 3 A
4
g.n
Due to 4 A source only : (Short circuit 12 V and 18 V sources)
et
asy
En
gin
RTh = Vtest
ee rin
For the super node
Itest
g.n
V1 − Vtest = 2000Ix
V1 − Vtest = 2000 b V1 l
4000
V1 = V or V = 2V
et ^Ix = V1 /4000h
test 1 test
2
Applying KCL to the super node
V1 − 0 + V1 + Vtest = I
test
4k 4k 4k
2V1 + Vtest = 4 # 103 Itest
2 (2Vtest) + Vtest = 4 # 103 Itest (V1 = 2Vtest)
Vtest = 4 # 103 = 800 Ω
Itest 5
SOL 5.2.38 Option (C) is correct.
Using, Thevenin equivalent circuit
Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
ww − 24 − (1) Ix − VTh = 0
VTh =− 24 + 4 =− 20 V
w.E
Thevenin resistance :
open circuit voltage Voc
RTh = =
short circuit current Isc
En
gin
ee rin
Ix=− 24 =− 24 A g.n
Ix + 4
− 24 + 4
Isc
= Isc
= Isc
1
=− 20 A
et (using KCL)
RTh = − 20 = 1 Ω
− 20
The circuit is as shown below
ww
w.E
asy
En
Ix = 1 A, Vx = Vtest
gin
Writing mesh equation for bottom right mesh.
Vtest = 100 (1 − 2Ix ) + 300 (1 − 2Ix − 0.01Vx ) + 800 = 100 V
RTh = Vtest = 100 Ω
SOL 5.2.40 Option (D) is correct.
1
ee
For RL = 10 kΩ , Vab1 = 10k # 3.6m = 6 V
rin
For RL = 30 kΩ , Vab2 = 30k # 4.8m = 12 V
Vab1 = 10 V = 6
10 + RTh Th
g.n ...(i)
Vab2 = 30 V = 12
30 + RTh Th et
Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get RTh = 30 kΩ . Maximum power will be
...(ii)
ww 5 b l VTh − 3VTh = 18
2
3
10VTh − 9VTh = 54
bVx = 3 VTh l
2
asy
When a dependent source is present in the circuit the best way to obtain Thevenin
resistance is to remove all independent sources and put a test source across a -b
En
terminals as shown in figure.
gin
ee rin
RTh = Vtest
g.n
KCL at the top node
Vx + I = Vtest
40 test
Itest
20 + 30
et
Vx + I = Vtest ...(i)
test
40 50
Vx = 30 (Vtest) (using voltage division)
30 + 20
= 3 Vtest
5
Substituting Vx into equation (i), we get
3Vtest + I = Vtest
test
5 (40) 50
Itest = Vtest b 1 − 3 l = Vtest
50 200 200
RTh = Vtest = 200 Ω
Itest
I = V − VTh = V − 54
RTh 200
ww
SOL 5.2.42
V = 200I + 54
Option (D) is correct.
w.E To obtain Thevenin resistance put a test source across the terminal a , b as shown.
asy
En
gin
ee
Vtest = Vx , Itest = Ix
By writing loop equation for the circuit rin
g.n
Vtest = 600 (I1 − I2) + 300 (I1 − I 3) + 900 (I1)
Vtest = (600 + 300 + 900) I1 − 600I2 − 300I 3
Vtest = 1800I1 − 600I2 − 300I 3
The loop current are given as, et
I1 = Itest , I2 = 0.3Vs , and I 3 = 3Itest + 0.2Vs
...(i)
***********
SOLUTIONS 5.3
ww
w.E
asy
En
Now, we obtain Thevenin equivalent for the circuit seen at load terminal, let
gin
Thevenin voltage is VTh, 10 V with 10 V applied at port A and Thevenin resistance is
RTh .
ee rin
g.n
IL =
VTh,10 V
RTh + RL
et
For RL = 1 Ω , IL = 3 A
VTh,10 V
3= ...(i)
RTh + 1
For RL = 2.5 Ω , IL = 2 A
V
2 = Th,10 V ...(ii)
RTh + 2.5
Dividing above two
3 = RTh + 2.5
2 RTh + 1
3RTh + 3 = 2RTh + 5
RTh = 2 Ω
Substituting RTh into equation (i)
VTh,10 V = 3 (2 + 1) = 9 V
Note that it is a non reciprocal two port network. Thevenin voltage seen at port B
depends on the voltage connected at port A. Therefore we took subscript VTh,10 V .
This is Thevenin voltage only when 10 V source is connected at input port A. If the
voltage connected to port A is different, then Thevenin voltage will be different.
However, Thevenin’s resistance remains same.
Now, the circuit is
ww
w.E For RL = 7 Ω , IL =
VTh,10 V
= 9 = 1A
2 + RL 2 + 7
SOL 5.3.2
asy
Option (B) is correct.
Now, when 6 V connected at port A let Thevenin voltage seen at port B is VTh,6 V .
En
Here RL = 1 Ω and IL = 7 A
3
gin
ee rin
VTh, 6 V = RTh # 7 + 1 # 7 = 2 # 7 + 7 = 7 V
g.n
3 3 3 3
This is a linear network, so VTh at port B can be written as
VTh = V1 α + β
et
where V1 is the input applied at port A.
We have V1 = 10 V , VTh,10 V = 9 V
` 9 = 10α + β ...(i)
When V1 = 6 V , VTh, 6 V = 9 V
` 7 = 6α + β ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii)
α = 0.5 , β = 4
Thus, with any voltage V1 applied at port A, Thevenin voltage or open circuit
voltage at port B will be
So, VTh, V = 0.5V1 + 4
1
For V1 = 8 V
VTh,8 V = 0.5 # 8 + 4 = 8 = Voc (open circuit voltage)
ww
w.E
SOL 5.3.4
RTh = ^10 || 10h + 10 = 10 # 10 + 10 = 15 Ω
asy
For maximum power transfer, the load resistance RL must be equal to Thevenin
resistance RTh seen at the load terminals. i.e. RL = RTh . Thevenin resistance is
given by
En Open circuit voltage Voc
gin
RTh = =
Short circuit current Isc
The open circuit voltage can be obtained using the circuit shown below
ee rin
g.n
et
The open circuit voltage is Voc = 100 V. Short circuit current is determined using
following circuit
ww Here VTh
RTh =
Open circuit voltage (Voc) VTh
Short circuit current (Isc)
=
Isc
is voltage across node also. Applying nodal analysis we get
w.E
asy
En
2 1 gin
VTh + VTh + VTh − 2i = 2
1
From the circuit,
Therefore,
ee
i = VTh = VTh
1
rin
VTh + VTh + VTh − 2VTh = 2
2 1 1
VTh = 4 volt g.n
et
or,
From the figure shown below it may be easily seen that the short circuit current at
terminal XY is Isc = 2 A because i = 0 due to short circuit of 1 Ω resistor and all
current will pass through short circuit.
2 (10) 2
Pmax = VTh = = 0.25 W
4R 4 # 100
SOL 5.3.7 Option (B) is correct.
Open circuit voltage VTh
RTh = =
Short circuit current Isc
Thevenin voltage (Open circuit voltage):
ww
w.E Applying KCL at node we get
VTh + VTh − 10 = 1
5 5
or,
asy
Short Circuit Current:
VTh = 7.5
En
Short circuit current through terminal a , b is obtained as follows.
gin
ee Isc = 1 + 10 = 3 A
rin
5
ww
w.E
asy
Isc = 0.5I1 − I1 =− 0.5I1
but En
I1 =− 50 =− 1.25 A
gin
40
Isc =− 0.5 # − 12.5 = 0.625 A
Rth = VTh = 10 = 16 Ω
So,
Alternate Method: ee
Isc 0.625
rin
Thevenin resistance can be obtained by setting all independent source to zero and
put a test source across the load terminals as shown.
g.n
et
Writing KCL at top node
Vtest + Vtest = I + 0.5I
test 1
20 40
b 40 l
3 V = I + 0.5 Vtest
40 test test ^I1 = Vtest /40h
b 40 80 l test
3 − 1 V =I
test
1 V =I
16 test test
Thevenin resistance,
RTh = Vtest = 16 Ω
Itest
SOL 5.3.9 Option (C) is correct.
This can be solved by reciprocity theorem. But we have to take care that the
polarity of voltage source have the same correspondence with branch current in
each of the circuit.
In figure (B) and figure (C), polarity of voltage source is reversed with respect to
direction of branch current so
V1 =−V2
I1 I2
ww 10 = − 20
2 I
I =− 4 A
w.E
SOL 5.3.10 Option (C) is correct.
For maximum power transfer RL should be equal to RTh at same terminal. To
asy
obtain RTh set all independent sources to zero as shown below
En
gin
ee
RTh = ^5 Ω || 20 Ωh + 4 Ω
rin
= 5 # 20 + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8 Ω
5 + 20
g.n
et
SOL 5.3.11 Option (A) is correct.
Superposition theorem is applicable to only linear circuits.
SOL 5.3.12 Option (D) is correct.
V can not be determined without knowing the elements in box.
SOL 5.3.13 Option ( ) is correct.
Thevenin Voltage (open circuit voltage) :
Writing KCL
VTh − 10 = 4V
s
2
VTh = 8Vs + 10 ...(i)
10 − VTh = Vs ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
VTh = 8 ^10 − VTh h + 10 = 80 − 8VTh + 10 = 10 V
Thevenin resistance :
RTh = VTh
Isc
Isc is short circuit current through terminal A, B
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Isc = 10 − Vs
4
...(iii)
ee
Writing KCL at top center node
Vs + 4V = I
rin
s sc
2
9V = I
2 s
g.n
sc
Vs = 2 Isc
9
Substituting Vs into equation (iii)
4Isc = 10 − 2 Isc
9
et
Substituting Vs in to equation (i)
4Isc = 10 − 2 Isc
9
38 I = 10
9 sc
Isc = 90 A
38
RTh = 10 = 38 A
90/38 9
None of the option is correct.
SOL 5.3.14 Option (B) is correct.
Using source transformation
ww
w.E So,
asy IN = 2 A
RN = 4.5 Ω
SOL 5.3.15
En
Option (B) is correct.
Using source transformation
gin
ee rin
g.n
Adding parallel connected current source and combining the resistance
I = 10 − 5 = 5 A
6 4 12
R = 12 Ω = 2.4 Ω
5
et
RTh = Vtest
Itest
Simplifying above circuit we have
ww
w.E
asy
Writing node equation at top right node
Vtest + 3VAB + Vtest = I
1k
En 1k
Vtest + 3Vtest + Vtest = I
test
^VAB = Vtest h
1000
gin
1000 test
5Vtest = 1000Itest
rin
g.n
Thevenin voltage or open circuit voltage across A, B can be computed using the
circuit below.
et
Writing node equation at node x
^VTh + 3VAB h − 5 VTh + 3VAB VTh
+ + =0
2k 2k 1k
VTh + 3VAB − 5 + VTh + 3VAB + 2VTh =0
10VTh − 5 =0 ^VAB = VTh h
VTh = 0.5 V
SOL 5.3.18 Option (B) is correct.
V + I = 100 ...(i)
w.E P = I 2 RL = b 10
RTh + RL l
2
RL
asy
For maximum power transfer RTh , should be minimum.
RTh = 6R = 0
6+R
Note :
R =0
En
gin
Do not get confused with maximum power transfer theorem. According to maximum
power transfer theorem if RL is variable and RTh is fixed then power dissipated by
rin
Let Thevenin equivalent voltage of dc network is VTh and Thevenin resistance is
RTh .
g.n
et
VR = R V
R + RTh Th
20 = 10 V ...(i)
10 + RTh Th
30 = 20 V ...(ii)
20 + RTh Th
Dividing equation (i) and (ii)
2 = 10 c 20 + RTh m
3 20 10 + RTh
40 + 4RTh = 60 + 3RTh
RTh = 20 Ω
Substituting RTh into equation (i)
20 = 10 VTh
10 + 20
VTh = 60 V
For R = 80 Ω , VR = 80 ^60h = 48 V
80 + 20
SOL 5.3.21 Option (C) is correct.
We obtain Thevenin equivalent across R.
Thevenin voltage (Open circuit voltage) :
ww
w.E
asy
VTh = ^6 # 1h + 10 = 16 V
En
Thevenin resistance :
gin
RTh = 1 Ω
ee rin
For maximum power transfer
R = RTh = 1 Ω g.n
The maximum power will be
2
Pmax = VTh =
4RTh
^16h2
4
= 64 W
et
SOL 5.3.22 Option (B) is correct.
Transforming the 5 A current source into equivalent voltage source
ww
w.E Short circuit current Isc = 75 mA
asy
En
gin
ee
Isc = VTh = 75 mA
RTh
rin ...(i)
Vt = 0.6 , I = 70 mA
g.n
et
I = VTh − 0.6 = 70 mA
RTh
VTh − 0.6 = 70 # 10−3 RTh ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
75 # 10−3 RTh − 0.6 = 70 # 10−3 RTh
5 # 10−3 RTh = 0.6
RTh = 120 Ω
ww I = 10 − 3 = 7
2 + RL 2 + RL
w.E
Power delivered from source to load will be sum of power absorbed by RL and
power absorbed by 3 V source
P = c 7 m RL + c 7 m # 3
2
asy =
2 + RL 2 + RL
49RL + 21 ^2 + RL h
^2 + RL h2
En=
^42 + 70RL h
^2 + RL h2
gin
For maximum power transfer dP = 0
dRL
ee
^2 + RL h 60 + 70@ − ^42 + 70RL h64 ^2 + RL h@
2
^2 + RL h4
=0
rin
^2 + RL h^70h − ^42 + 70RL h^2 h = 0
140 + 70RL − 84 − 140RL = 0
g.n
RL = 4 = 0.8 Ω
SOL 5.3.25 Option (A) is correct.
Transforming 10 V source into equivalent current source
5
et
10 Ω || 10 Ω = 5 Ω
10 A − 1 A = 9 A
5 + 10 ^ h
I = 5 9 (Using current division)
= 3A
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