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GATE CLOUD

NETWORK ANALYSIS
Vol 1
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GATE CLOUD

NETWORK ANALYSIS
Vol 1
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R. K. Kanodia gin
Ashish Murolia
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JHUNJHUNUWALA
JAIPUR

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Exclusive Sales Counter & BO:


NODIA & COMPANY
55, Suryalok Complex, Gunfoundry, Abids, Hyderabad - 500001.
Phone : 040 - 64582577

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GATE CLOUD Network Analysis Vol 1, 1e
En
gin
R. K. Kanodia, Ashish Murolia

CC1015
Copyright ã by Jhunjhunuwala
ISBN 9-788192-34834-6
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Information contained in this book has been obtained by author, from sources believes to be reliable.
However, neither Jhunjhunuwala nor its author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any
et
information herein, and Jhunjhunuwala nor its author shall be responsible for any error, omissions,
or damages arising out of use of this information. This book is published with the understanding that
Jhunjhunuwala and its author are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering
or other professional services.

JHUNJHUNUWALA
B-8, Dhanshree Tower Ist, Central Spine, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur – 302023
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Printed By: Nodia and Company, Jaipur

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Preface to First Edition

GATE CLOUD caters a versatile collection of Multiple Choice Questions to the students who are preparing
for GATE (Gratitude Aptitude Test in Engineering) examination. This book contains over 1500 multiple
choice solved problems for the subject of Network Analysis, which has a significant weightage in the GATE
examination of Electronics and Communication Engineering. The GATE examination is based on multiple
choice problems which are tricky, conceptual and tests the basic understanding of the subject. So, the
problems included in the book are designed to be as exam-like as possible. The solutions are presented using
step by step methodology which enhance your problem solving skills.

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The book is categorized into fifteen chapters covering all the topics of syllabus of the examination. Each
chapter contains :
Ÿ Exercise 1 : Level 1

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Ÿ Exercise 2 : Level 2
Ÿ Exercise 3 : Mixed Questions Taken form Previous Examinations of GATE.
Ÿ Detailed Solutions to Exercise 1, 2 and 3.

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Although we have put a vigorous effort in preparing this book, some errors may have crept in. We shall

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appreciate and greatly acknowledge the comments, criticism and suggestion from the users of this book
which leads to some improvement.

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You may write to us at rajkumar.kanodia@gmail.com and ashish.murolia@gmail.com.

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Wish you all the success in conquering GATE.

rin Authors

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SYLLABUS

GATE ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING


Networks:
Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental
circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition,

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Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state
sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain

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analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency
domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions.
State equations for networks.
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IES ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Networks Theory:
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Network analysis techniques; Network theorems, transient response, steady state sinusoidal

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response; Network graphs and their applications in network analysis; Tellegen’s theorem. Two port
networks; Z, Y, h and transmission parameters. Combination of two ports, analysis of common two

et
ports. Network functions : parts of network functions, obtaining a network function from a given
part. Transmission criteria : delay and rise time, Elmore’s and other definitions effect of cascading.
Elements of network synthesis.

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CONTENTS

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*******
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CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT THEOREMS

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266 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

EXERCISE 5.1

MCQ 5.1.1 In the network of figure for Vs = V0 , I = 1 A then what is the value of I1 , if Vs = 2V0 ?

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(A) 2 A
asy (B) 1.5 A
(C) 3 A

En (D) 2.5 A

In the network of figure, If Is = I 0 then V = 1 volt. What is the value of I1 if Is = 2I 0 ?

gin
MCQ 5.1.2

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MCQ 5.1.3
(A) 1.5 A
(C) 4.5 A
(B) 2 A
(D) 3 A et
The linear network in the figure contains resistors and dependent sources only.
When Vs = 10 V , the power supplied by the voltage source is 40 W. What will be
the power supplied by the source if Vs = 5 V ?

(A) 20 W (B) 10 W
(C) 40 W (D) can not be determined

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 267

MCQ 5.1.4 In the circuit below, it is given that when Vs = 20 V , IL = 200 mA . What values of
IL and Vs will be required such that power absorbed by RL is 2.5 W ?

(A) 1 A , 2.5 V (B) 0.5 A, 2 V

ww
MCQ 5.1.5
(C) 0.5 A, 50 V (D) 2 A, 1.25 V

For the circuit shown in figure below, some measurements are made and listed in

w.E the table.

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gin
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Which of the following equation is true for IL ? rin
(A) IL = 0.6Vs + 0.4Is
(B) IL = 0.2Vs − 0.3Is g.n
(C) IL = 0.2Vs + 0.3Is
(D) IL = 0.4Vs − 0.6Is
et
MCQ 5.1.6 In the circuit below, the voltage drop across the resistance R2 will be equal to

(A) 46 volt (B) 38 volt


(C) 22 volt (D) 14 volt

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268 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.1.7 In the circuit below, the voltage V across the 40 Ω resistor would be equal to

(A) 80 volt (B) 40 volt


(C) 160 volt (D) zero

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MCQ 5.1.8 In the circuit below, current I = I1 + I2 + I 3 , where I1 , I2 and I 3 are currents due
to 60 A, 30 A and 30 V sources acting alone. The values of I1 , I2 and I 3 are

w.E respectively

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(A) 8 A, 8 A, − 4 A
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(B) 12 A, 12 A, − 5 A
(C) 4 A, 4 A, − 1 A g.n
MCQ 5.1.9
(D) 2 A, 2 A, − 4 A
et
The value of current I flowing through 2 Ω resistance in the circuit below, equals to

(A) 10 A (B) 5 A
(C) 4 A (D) zero

MCQ 5.1.10 In the circuit below, current I is equal to sum of two currents I1 and I2 . What are
the values of I1 and I2 ?

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 269

(A) 6 A, 1 A (B) 9 A, 6 A
(C) 3 A, 1 A (D) 3 A, 4 A

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MCQ 5.1.11 A network consists only of independent current sources and resistors. If the values
of all the current sources are doubled, then values of node voltages

w.E (A) remains same


(C) will be halved
(B) will be doubled
(D) changes in some other way.

MCQ 5.1.12
asy
Consider a network which consists of resistors and voltage sources only. If the
values of all the voltage sources are doubled, then the values of mesh current will be
(A) doubled
(C) halved En (B) same
(D) none of these

MCQ 5.1.13 gin


In the circuit shown in the figure below, the value of current I will be be given by

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(A) 1.5 A (B) − 0.3 A
(C) 0.05 A (D) − 0.5 A

MCQ 5.1.14 What is the value of current I in the following network ?

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270 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

(A) 4 A (B) 6 A
(C) 2 A (D) 1 A

MCQ 5.1.15 In the given network if V1 = V2 = 0 , then what is the value of Vo ?

ww
w.E (A) 3.2 V
(B) 8 V
(C) 5.33 V
(D) zero asy
MCQ 5.1.16 En
The value of current I in the circuit below is equal to

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(A) 2
7

(B) 1 A
(C) 2 A
A
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(D) 4 A

MCQ 5.1.17 What is the value of current I in the circuit shown below ?

(A) 8.5 A (B) 4.5 A


(C) 1.5 A (D) 5.5 A

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 271

MCQ 5.1.18 In the circuit below, the 12 V source

(A) absorbs 36 W (B) delivers 4 W

ww (C) absorbs 100 W (D) delivers 36 W

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MCQ 5.1.19 Which of the following circuits is equivalent to the circuit shown below ?

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MCQ 5.1.20 Consider a dependent current source shown in figure below.

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272 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

The source transformation of above is given by

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MCQ 5.1.21

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Consider a circuit shown in the figure

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Which of the following circuit is equivalent to the above circuit ?

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 273

MCQ 5.1.22 How much power is being dissipated by the 4 kΩ resistor in the network ?

ww (A) 0 W
(C) 9 mW
(B) 2.25 mW
(D) 4 mW

w.E
MCQ 5.1.23 For the circuit shown in the figure the Thevenin voltage and resistance seen from
the terminal a -b are respectively

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(A) 34 V, 0 Ω
(B) 20 V , 24 Ω
(C) 14 V, 0 Ω
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(D) − 14 V , 24 Ω
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MCQ 5.1.24
circuit is et
The Thevenin equivalent resistance RTh between the nodes a and b in the following

(A) 3 Ω
(B) 16 Ω
(C) 12 Ω
(D) 4 Ω

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274 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.1.25 In the following circuit, Thevenin voltage and resistance across terminal a and b
respectively are

ww (A) 10 V, 18 Ω
(C) 10 V, 18.67 Ω
(B) 2 V, 18 Ω
(D) 2 V, 18.67 Ω

w.E
MCQ 5.1.26 The value of RTh and VTh such that the circuit of figure (B) is the Thevenin
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in figure (A), will be equal to

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gin
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(A) RTh = 6 Ω , VTh = 4 V rin
(B) RTh = 6 Ω , VTh = 28 V
(C) RTh = 2 Ω , VTh = 24 V
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(D) RTh = 10 Ω , VTh = 14 V

MCQ 5.1.27
circuit of figure (A) ? et
What values of RTh and VTh will cause the circuit of figure (B) to be the equivalent

(A) 2.4 Ω, − 24 V (B) 3 Ω, 16 V


(C) 10 Ω, 24 V (D) 10 Ω, − 24 V

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 275

Common Data for Q. 28 to 29 :


Consider the two circuits shown in figure (A) and figure (B) below

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MCQ 5.1.28 The value of Thevenin voltage across terminals a -b of figure (A) and figure (B)
respectively are

w.E (A) 30 V, 36 V
(C) 18 V, 12 V
(B) 28 V, − 12 V
(D) 30 V, − 12 V

MCQ 5.1.29
asy
The value of Thevenin resistance across terminals a -b of figure (A) and figure (B)
respectively are
(A) zero, 3 Ω
En (B) 9 Ω, 16 Ω
(C) 2 Ω, 3 Ω
gin (D) zero, 16 Ω

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Statement for linked Questions 30 and 31 :
Consider the circuit shown in the figure.
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MCQ 5.1.30 The equivalent Thevenin voltage across terminal a -b is
(A) 31.2 V (B) 19.2 V
(C) 16.8 V (D) 24 V

MCQ 5.1.31 The Norton equivalent current with respect to terminal a -b is


(A) 13 A (B) 7 A
(C) 8 A (D) 10 A

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276 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.1.32 For a network having resistors and independent sources, it is desired to obtain
Thevenin equivalent across the load which is in parallel with an ideal current
source. Then which of the following statement is true ?
(A) The Thevenin equivalent circuit is simply that of a voltage source.
(B) The Thevenin equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source and a series resistor.
(C) The Thevenin equivalent circuit does not exist but the Norton equivalent does
exist.
(D) None of these

MCQ 5.1.33 The Thevenin equivalent circuit of a network consists only of a resistor (Thevenin

ww voltage is zero). Then which of the following elements might be contained in the
network ?

w.E (A) resistor and independent sources


(B) resistor only
(C) resistor and dependent sources

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(D) resistor, independent sources and dependent sources.

MCQ 5.1.34
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In the following network, value of current I through 6 Ω resistor is given by

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(A) 0.83 A
(C) 1 A
(B) 2 A
(D) − 0.5 A
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MCQ 5.1.35 For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin’s voltage and resistance looking
into a -b are

(A) 2 V, 3 Ω (B) 2 V, 2 Ω
(C) 6 V, − 9 Ω (D) 6 V, − 3 Ω

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 277

MCQ 5.1.36 For the circuit below, what value of R will cause I = 3 A ?

(A) 2/3 Ω (B) 4 Ω


(C) zero (D) none of these

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MCQ 5.1.37 For the following circuit, values of voltage V for different values of R are given in
the table.

w.E
asy
En
gin
The Thevenin voltage and resistance of the unknown circuit are respectively.
(A) 14 V, 4 Ω
(B) 4 V, 1 Ω
(C) 14 V, 6 Ω
ee rin
(D) 10 V, 2 Ω

MCQ 5.1.38 g.n


In the circuit shown below, the Norton equivalent current and resistance with
respect to terminal a -b is
et

(A) 17
6 A, 0 Ω
(B) 2 A, 24 Ω
(C) − 76 A , 24 Ω
(D) − 2 A , 24 Ω

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278 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.1.39 The Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in figure is given by

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asy
En
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MCQ 5.1.40
ee
What are the values of equivalent Norton current source (IN ) and equivalent

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resistance (RN ) across the load terminal of the circuit shown in figure ?

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IN RN
(A) 10 A 2Ω
(B) 10 A 9Ω
(C) 3.33 A 9Ω
(D) 6.66 A 2Ω
MCQ 5.1.41 For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired to
obtain Thevenin’s or Norton’s equivalent across a load which is in parallel with an
ideal voltage sources.
Consider the following statements :

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 279

1. Thevenin equivalent circuit across this terminal does not exist.


2. The Thevenin equivalent circuit exists and it is simply that of a voltage source.
3. The Norton equivalent circuit for this terminal does not exist.
Which of the above statements is/are true ?
(A) 1 and 3 (B) 1 only
(C) 2 and 3 (D) 3 only

MCQ 5.1.42 For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired to
obtain Thevenin’s or Norton’s equivalent across a load which is in series with an
ideal current sources.

ww Consider the following statements


1. Norton equivalent across this terminal is not feasible.

w.E 2.
3.
Norton equivalent circuit exists and it is simply that of a current source only.
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across this terminal is not feasible.

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Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
(A) 1 and 3
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 only En
(D) 3 only
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MCQ 5.1.43
a -b, is ee
The Norton equivalent circuit of the given network with respect to the terminal

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280 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.1.44 The maximum power that can be transferred to the resistance R in the circuit is

(A) 486 mW
(B) 243 mW

ww (C) 121.5 mW
(D) 225 mW

w.E
MCQ 5.1.45 In the circuit below, if RL is fixed and Rs is variable then for what value of Rs
power dissipated in RL will be maximum ?

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En
gin
(A) RS = RL
(B) RS = 0
(C) RS = RL /2
ee rin
(D) RS = 2RL
g.n
MCQ 5.1.46
et
In the circuit shown below the maximum power transferred to RL is Pmax , then

(A) RL = 12 Ω , Pmax = 12 W
(B) RL = 3 Ω , Pmax = 96 W
(C) RL = 3 Ω , Pmax = 48 W
(D) RL = 12 Ω , Pmax = 24 W

MCQ 5.1.47 In the circuit shown in figure (A) if current I1 = 2 A , then current I2 and I 3 in
figure (B) and figure (C) respectively are

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 281

ww
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(A) 2 A, 2 A asy (B) − 2 A , 2 A
(C) 2 A, − 2 A
En (D) − 2 A , − 2 A

MCQ 5.1.48

gin
In the circuit of figure (A), if I1 = 20 mA , then what is the value of current I2 in
the circuit of figure (B) ?

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(A) 40 mA (B) − 20 mA
(C) 20 mA (D) R1 , R2 and R 3 must be known

MCQ 5.1.49 If V1 = 2 V in the circuit of figure (A), then what is the value of V2 in the circuit
of figure (B) ?

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282 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

(A) 2 V (B) − 2 V
(C) 4 V (D) R1 , R2 and R 3 must be known

MCQ 5.1.50 The value of current I in the circuit below is equal to

ww (A) 100 mA (B) 10 mA

w.E
MCQ 5.1.51
(C) 233.34 mA (D) none of these

The value of current I in the following circuit is equal to

asy
En
gin
(A) 1 A
ee (B) 6 A
rin
(C) 3 A (D) 2 A
g.n
*********** et

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 283

EXERCISE 5.2

MCQ 5.2.1 A simple equivalent circuit of the two-terminal network shown in figure is

ww
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asy
En
gin
ee rin
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MCQ 5.2.2 For the following circuit the value of RTh is

(A) 3 Ω (B) 12 Ω
(C) 6 Ω (D) 3

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284 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.2.3 If V = AV1 + BV2 + CI 3 in the following circuit, then values of A, B and C
respectively are

(A) 2 , 2 , 1 (B) 1 , 1 , 100


3 3 3 3 3 3

ww (C) 1 , 1 , 1
2 2 3
(D) 1 , 2 , 100
3 3 3

w.E
MCQ 5.2.4 What is the value of current I in the network of figure ?

asy
En
(A) 0.67 A gin (B) 2 A

MCQ 5.2.5
(C) 1.34 A
ee
The value of current I in the figure is
(D) 0.5 A

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et
(A) − 1 mA (B) 1.4 mA
(C) 1.8 mA (D) − 1.2 mA

MCQ 5.2.6 For the circuit of figure, some measurements were made at the terminals a -b and
given in the table below.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 285

What is the value of IL for RL = 20 Ω ?


(A) 3 A (B) 12 A
(C) 2 A (D) 4 A

MCQ 5.2.7 In the circuit below, for what value of k , load RL = 2 Ω absorbs maximum power ?

ww
w.E (A) 4
(C) 2
(B) 7
(D) 6

MCQ 5.2.8
RL is equal to asy
In the circuit shown below, the maximum power that can be delivered to the load

En
gin
ee rin
(A) 72 mW
(C) 24 mW
(B) 36 mW
(D) 18 mW g.n
MCQ 5.2.9
et
For the linear network shown below, V -I characteristic is also given in the figure.
The value of Norton equivalent current and resistance respectively are

(A) 3 A, 2 Ω (B) 6 Ω, 2 Ω
(C) 6 A, 0.5 Ω (D) 3 A, 0.5 Ω

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286 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.2.10 In the following circuit a network and its Thevenin and Norton equivalent are
given.

The value of the parameter are

ww (A)
VTh
4V
RTh

IN
2A
RN

w.E (B)
(C)
4V
8V

1.2 Ω

2A
30
3 A

1.2 Ω

asy
8
(D) 8V 5 A

MCQ 5.2.11 In the following circuit the value of voltage V1 is

En
gin
(A) 6 V
ee (B) 7 V
rin
(C) 8 V (D) 10 V
g.n
MCQ 5.2.12
load. The maximum power, that can drawn from it, is
(A) 22.5 kW (B) 45 kW
et
A practical DC current source provide 20 kW to a 50 Ω load and 20 kW to a 200 Ω

(C) 30.3 kW (D) 40 kW

MCQ 5.2.13 For the following circuit the value of equivalent Norton current IN and resistance
RN are

(A) 2 A, 20 Ω (B) 2 A, − 20 Ω
(C) 0 A, 20 Ω (D) 0 A, − 20 Ω

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 287

MCQ 5.2.14 Consider the following circuits shown below

ww
w.E The relation between Ia and Ib is
(A) Ib = Ia + 6
(C) Ib = 1.5Ia
(B) Ib = Ia + 2
(D) Ib = Ia

MCQ 5.2.15 asy


If I = 5 A in the circuit below, then what is the value of voltage source Vs ?

En
gin
ee rin
g.n
(A) 28 V (B) 56 V
et
(C) 200 V (D) 224 V

MCQ 5.2.16 For the following circuit, value of current I is given by

(A) 0.5 A (B) 3.5 A


(C) 1 A (D) 2 A

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288 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Statement for Linked Questions


In the following circuit, some measurements were made at the terminals a , b and
given in the table below.

ww
MCQ 5.2.17 The Thevenin equivalent of the unknown network across terminal a -b is
(A) 3 Ω, 14 V (B) 5 Ω, 16 V

w.E
MCQ 5.2.18
(C) 16 Ω, 38 V (D) 10 Ω, 26 V

The value of R that will cause I to be 1 A, is


(A) 22 Ω
(C) 8 Ω asy (B) 16 Ω
(D) 11 Ω

MCQ 5.2.19
En
In the circuit shown in fig (a) if current I1 = 2.5 A then current I2 and I 3 in fig (B)

gin
and (C) respectively are

ee rin
g.n
et

(A) 5 A, 10 A (B) − 5 A , 10 A
(C) 5 A, − 10 A (D) − 5 A , − 10 A

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 289

MCQ 5.2.20 The Thevenin equivalent resistance between terminal a and b in the following
circuit is

ww (A) 22 Ω
(B) 11 Ω

w.E (C) 17 Ω
(D) 1 Ω

MCQ 5.2.21
asy
In the circuit shown below, the value of current I will be given by

En
gin
(A) 2.5 A
ee rin
(B) 1.5 A
g.n
MCQ 5.2.22
(C) 4 A
(D) 2 A
et
The V -I relation of the unknown element X in the given network is V = AI + B .
The value of A (in ohm) and B (in volt) respectively are

(A) 2, 20 (B) 2, 8
(C) 0.5, 4 (D) 0.5, 16

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290 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.2.23 The power delivered by 12 V source in the following network is

(A) 24 W (B) 96 W

ww
MCQ 5.2.24
(C) 120 W (D) 48 W

For the following network the V -I curve with respect to terminals a -b, is given by

w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 291

MCQ 5.2.25 In the circuit shown, what value of RL maximizes the power delivered to RL ?

(A) 286 Ω (B) 350 Ω


(C) zero (D) 500 Ω

ww
MCQ 5.2.26 The V -I relation for the circuit below is plotted in the figure. The maximum power
that can be transferred to the load RL will be

w.E
asy
En
gin
(A) 4 mW
(C) 2 mW
ee (B) 8 mW
(D) 16 mW
rin
MCQ 5.2.27
RTh = 3 Ω . The value of α is g.n
In the following circuit equivalent Thevenin resistance between nodes a and b is

et
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 3 (D) 4

MCQ 5.2.28 A network N feeds a resistance R as shown in circuit below. Let the power consumed
by R be P . If an identical network is added as shown in figure, the power consumed
by R will be

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292 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

(A) equal to P (B) less than P


(C) between P and 4P (D) more than 4P

MCQ 5.2.29 A certain network consists of a large number of ideal linear resistors, one of which
is R and two constant ideal source. The power consumed by R is P1 when only the
first source is active, and P2 when only the second source is active. If both sources

ww are active simultaneously, then the power consumed by R is


(A) P1 ! P2 (B) P1 ! P2

w.E (C) ( P1 ! P2 ) 2 (D) (P1 ! P2) 2

If the 60 Ω resistance in the circuit of figure (A) is to be replaced with a current

asy
MCQ 5.2.30
source Is and 240 Ω shunt resistor as shown in figure (B), then magnitude and
direction of required current source would be

En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et
(A) 200 mA, upward (B) 150 mA, downward
(C) 50 mA, downward (D) 150 mA, upward

MCQ 5.2.31 The Thevenin’s equivalent of the circuit shown in the figure is

(A) 4 V, 48 Ω (B) 24 V, 12 Ω
(C) 24 V, 24 Ω (D) 12 V, 12 Ω

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 293

MCQ 5.2.32 The voltage VL across the load resistance in the figure is given by
VL = V b RL l
R + RL
V and R will be equal to

ww (A) − 10 V , 2 Ω
(C) − 10 V , − 2 Ω
(B) 10 V, 2 Ω
(D) none of these

w.E
MCQ 5.2.33 The maximum power that can be transferred to the load resistor RL from the
current source in the figure is

asy
En
gin
ee rin
(A) 4 W (B) 8 W
g.n
(C) 16 W

Common data for Q. 34 to Q. 35


(D) 2 W
et
An electric circuit is fed by two independent sources as shown in figure.

MCQ 5.2.34 The power supplied by 36 V source will be


(A) 108 W (B) 162 W
(C) 129.6 W (D) 216 W

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294 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.2.35 The power supplied by 27 A source will be


(A) 972 W (B) 1083 W
(C) 1458 W (D) 1026 W

MCQ 5.2.36 In the circuit shown in the figure, power dissipated in 4 Ω resistor is

ww
w.E (A) 225 W
(C) 9 W asy (B) 121 W
(D) none of these

MCQ 5.2.37
En
In the circuit given below, viewed from a -b, the circuit can be reduced to an

gin
equivalent circuit as

ee rin
g.n
(A) 10 volt source in series with 2 kΩ resistor
(B) 1250 Ω resistor only
et
(C) 20 V source in series with 1333.34 Ω resistor
(D) 800 Ω resistor only

MCQ 5.2.38 What is the value of voltage V in the following network ?

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 295

(A) 14 V (B) 28 V
(C) − 10 V (D) none of these

MCQ 5.2.39 For the circuit shown in figure below the value of RTh is

ww
w.E (A) 100 Ω
(C) 200 Ω
(B) 136.4 Ω
(D) 272.8 Ω

MCQ 5.2.40 asy


Consider the network shown below :

En
gin
ee
The power absorbed by load resistance RL is shown in table :
rin
RL 10 kΩ 30 kΩ
g.n
P 3.6 mW 4.8 mW
The value of RL , that would absorb maximum power, is
(A) 60 kΩ (B) 100 Ω
et
(C) 300 Ω (D) 30 kΩ

MCQ 5.2.41 The V -I equation for the network shown in figure, is given by

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296 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

(A) 7V = 200I + 54 (B) V = 100I + 36


(C) V = 200I + 54 (D) V = 50I + 54

MCQ 5.2.42 In the following circuit the value of open circuit voltage and Thevenin resistance
at terminals a, b are

ww
w.E (A) Voc = 100 V , RTh = 1800 Ω

asy
(B) Voc = 0 V , RTh = 270 Ω
(C) Voc = 100 V , RTh = 90 Ω

En
(D) Voc = 0 V , RTh = 90 Ω

gin
ee ***********

rin
g.n
et

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 297

EXERCISE 5.3

Common Data for Questions 1 and 2 :

ww
GATE EC 2012
With 10 V dc connected at port A in the linear nonreciprocal two-port network
shown below, the following were observed :

w.E
GATE EE 2012
(i) 1 Ω connected at port B draws a current of 3 A
(ii) 2.5 Ω connected at port B draws a current of 2 A

asy
En
MCQ 5.3.1 gin
With 10 V dc connected at port A, the current drawn by 7 Ω connected at port B
is
(A) 3/7 A
(C) 1 A
ee (B) 5/7 A
(D) 9/7 A rin
MCQ 5.3.2 g.n
For the same network, with 6 V dc connected at port A, 1 Ω connected at port B

(C) 8 V
(B) 7 V
(D) 9 V
et
draws 7/3 A. If 8 V dc is connected to port A, the open circuit voltage at port B is
(A) 6 V

MCQ 5.3.3 In the circuit shown below, the value of RL such that the power transferred to RL
GATE EC 2011 is maximum is

(A) 5 Ω (B) 10 Ω
(C) 15 Ω (D) 20 Ω

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298 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

MCQ 5.3.4 In the circuit shown, what value of RL maximizes the power delivered to RL ?
GATE EC 2009

ww (A) 2.4 Ω (B) 8 Ω


3

w.E (C) 4 Ω (D) 6 Ω

asy
MCQ 5.3.5 For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin voltage and resistance looking
GATE EC 2007 into X -Y are

En
gin
(A) 4
3 V, 2 Ω
ee rin
(B) 4 V, 23 Ω
(C) 4
3 V, Ω
2
3 (D) 4 V, 2 Ω
g.n
MCQ 5.3.6
GATE EC 2005 voltage source in the figure is et
The maximum power that can be transferred to the load resistor RL from the

(A) 1 W (B) 10 W
(C) 0.25 W (D) 0.5 W

MCQ 5.3.7 For the circuit shown in the figure, Thevenin’s voltage and Thevenin’s equivalent
GATE EC 2005 resistance at terminals a -b is

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 299

(A) 5 V and 2 Ω (B) 7.5 V and 2.5 Ω


(C) 4 V and 2 Ω (D) 3 V and 2.5 Ω

MCQ 5.3.8 In the network of the figure, the maximum power is delivered to RL if its value is

ww
GATE EC 2002

w.E
asy
(A) 16 Ω
(C) 60 Ω En (B) 403 Ω
(D) 20 Ω

MCQ 5.3.9
gin
Use the data of the figure (a). The current i in the circuit of the figure (b)
GATE EC 2000

ee rin
g.n
et
(A) − 2 A (B) 2 A
(C) − 4 A (D) 4 A

MCQ 5.3.10 The value of R (in ohms) required for maximum power transfer in the network
GATE EC 1999 shown in the given figure is

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300 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 8 (D) 16

MCQ 5.3.11 Superposition theorem is NOT applicable to networks containing


GATE EC 1998 (A) nonlinear elements (B) dependent voltage sources
(C) dependent current sources (D) transformers

MCQ 5.3.12 The voltage V in the figure is always equal to


GATE EC 1997

ww
w.E (A) 9 V (B) 5 V

MCQ 5.3.13
(C) 1 V

asy (D) None of the above

The Thevenin voltage and resistance about AB for the circuit shown in figure
GATE EE 1997 respectively are
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
(A) 10 V, − 29 Ω
(C) 10 V, 12
5 Ω
(B) 0 V, − 29 Ω
(D) 0 V, 12
5 Ωet
MCQ 5.3.14 For the circuit shown in figure, the Norton equivalent source current value and and
GATE EE 1997 its resistance is

(A) ^2 A, 32 Ωh (B) ^2 A, 92 Ωh
(C) ^4 A, 32 Ωh (D) ^4 A, 34 Ωh

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 301

MCQ 5.3.15 Viewed from the terminals A-B , the following circuit shown in figure can be reduced
GATE EE 1998 to an equivalent circuit of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor with
the following parameters

(A) 5 volt source in series with 10 Ω resistor


ww (B) 1 volt source in series with 2.4 Ω resistor

w.E (C) 15 volt source in series with 2.4 Ω resistor


(D) 1 volt source in series with 10 Ω resistor

asy
Statement for Linked Answer Question 16 and 17 :

En
gin
ee rin
MCQ 5.3.16
GATE EE 2009 B is g.n
For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s resistance across the terminals A and

(A) 0.5 kΩ
(C) 1 kΩ
(B) 0.2 kΩ
(D) 0.11 kΩ et
MCQ 5.3.17 For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s voltage across the terminals A and B is
GATE EE 2009 (A) 1.25 V (B) 0.25 V
(C) 1 V (D) 0.5 V

MCQ 5.3.18 As shown in the figure, a 1 Ω resistance is connected across a source that has a load
GATE EE 2010 line V + I = 100 . The current through the resistance is

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302 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

(A) 25 A (B) 50 A
(C) 100 A (C) 200 A

MCQ 5.3.19 In the circuit given below, the value of R required for the transfer of maximum
GATE EE 2011 power to the load having a resistance of 3 Ω is

ww (B) 3 Ω
w.E (A) zero
(C) 6 Ω (D) infinity

MCQ 5.3.20
GATE IN 2000
asy
For the circuit shown in figure VR = 20 V when R = 10 Ω and VR = 30 V when
R = 20 Ω . For R = 80 Ω ,VR will read as

En
gin
(A) 48 V
ee (B) 60 V rin
(C) 120 V (D) 160 V
g.n
MCQ 5.3.21
GATE IN 2000 to it. The maximum power transferred is et
For the circuit shown in figure R is adjusted to have maximum power transferred

(A) 16 W (B) 32 W
(C) 64 W (D) 100 W

MCQ 5.3.22 In the circuit shown in figure, current through the 5 Ω resistor is
GATE IN 2001

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 303

(A) zero (B) 2 A


(C) 3 A (D) 7 A

MCQ 5.3.23 In full sunlight, a solar cell has a short circuit current of 75 mA and a current of
GATE IN 2007 70 mA for a terminal voltage of 0.6 with a given load. The Thevenin resistance of

ww the solar cell is


(A) 8 Ω (B) 8.6 Ω

w.E
MCQ 5.3.24
(C) 120 Ω (D) 240 Ω

The source network S is connected to the load network L as shown by dashed lines.
GATE IN 2009
asy
The power transferred from S to L would be maximum when RL is

En
gin
ee rin
(A) 0 Ω
(C) 0.8 Ω
(B) 0.6 Ω
(D) 2 Ω g.n
MCQ 5.3.25
GATE IN 2011
The current I shown in the circuit given below is equal to
et

(A) 3 A (B) 3.67 A


(C) 6 A (D) 9 A

***********

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304 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

SOLUTIONS 5.1

SOL 5.1.1 Option (C) is correct.


We solve this problem using principal of linearity.

ww
w.E
asy
In the left, 4 Ω and 2 Ω are in series and has same current I = 1 A .

EnV3 = 4I + 2I
= 6I = 6 V
(using KVL)

gin
I 3 = V3 = 6 = 2 A (using ohm’s law)

ee
3
I2 = I3 + I
3

= 2+1 = 3A
V1 = (1) I2 + V3 rin
(using KCL)

= 3+6 = 9V
g.n (using KVL)

I1 = V1 = 9 = 3 A
6 6 2
Applying principal of linearity
et (using ohm’s law)

For Vs = V0 , I1 = 3 A
2
So for Vs = 2V0 , I1 = 3 # 2 = 3 A
2
SOL 5.1.2 Option (D) is correct.
We solve this problem using principal of linearity.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 305

I =V = 1 = 1A (using ohm’s law)


1 1
V2 = 2I + (1) I (using KVL)
=3V

I2 = V2 = 3 = 1 A (using ohm’s law)


6 6 2
I1 = I 2 + I (using KCL)
= 1+1 = 3 A
2 2
Applying principal of superposition
When Is = I 0 , and V = 1 V , I1 = 3 A
ww So, if Is = 2I 0 ,
2
I1 = 3 # 2 = 3 A
2

w.E
SOL 5.1.3 Option (B) is correct.

asy
En
gin
Vs = 10 V , P = 40 W

ee
For,
So, Is = P = 40 = 4 A
Now,
Vs 10
Vsl = 5 V , so Isl= 2 A rin (From linearity)
New value of the power supplied by source is
Psl = VslIsl= 5 # 2 = 10 W g.n
SOL 5.1.4
Note: Linearity does not apply to power calculations.
Option (C) is correct.
From linearity, we know that in the circuit Vs ratio remains constant
et
IL
Vs = 20 = 100
IL 200 # 10−3
Let current through load is ILl when the power absorbed is 2.5 W, so
PL = (ILl) 2 RL
2.5 = (ILl) 2 # 10
ILl = 0.5 A
Vs = Vsl = 100
IL ILl
So, Vsl = 100ILl= 100 # 0.5 = 50 V
Thus required values are
ILl = 0.5 A , Vsl= 50 V

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306 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

SOL 5.1.5 Option (D ) is correct.


From linearity,
IL = AVs + BIs , A and B are constants
From the table
2 = 14A + 6B ...(i)
6 = 18A + 2B ...(ii)
Solving equation (i) & (ii)
A = 0.4 , B =− 0.6
So, IL = 0.4Vs − 0.6Is
SOL 5.1.6 Option (B) is correct.

ww The circuit has 3 independent sources, so we apply superposition theorem to obtain


the voltage drop.

w.E Due to 16 V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source and Short circuit 32 V source)
Let voltage across R2 due to 16 V source only is V1 .

asy
En
gin
Using voltage division
V1 =−
ee 8 (16)
24 + 8 rin
=− 4 V
g.n
Due to 5 A source only : (Short circuit both the 16 V and 32 V sources)
Let voltage across R2 due to 5 A source only is V2 .
et

V2 = (24 Ω || 16 Ω || 16 Ω) # 5
= 6 # 5 = 30 volt
Due to 32 V source only : (Short circuit 16 V source and open circuit 5 A source)
Let voltage across R2 due to 32 V source only is V3

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 307

Using voltage division


V3 = 9.6 (32) = 12 V
16 + 9.6
By superposition, the net voltage across R2 is

ww V = V1 + V2 + V3 =− 4 + 30 + 12 = 38 volt
Alternate Method: The problem may be solved by applying a node equation at the

w.E
SOL 5.1.7
top node.
Option (C) is correct.
We solve this problem using superposition.

asy
Due to 9 A source only : (Open circuit 6 A source)

En
gin
Using current division
ee rin
V1 =
40
20
20 + (40 + 30)
(9) & V1 = 80 volt
g.n
Due to 6 A source only : (Open circuit 9 A source)
et
Using current division,
V2 = 30 (6) & V2 = 80 volt
40 30 + (40 + 20)
From superposition,
V = V1 + V2 = 80 + 80 = 160 volt
Alternate Method: The problem may be solved by transforming both the current
sources into equivalent voltage sources and then applying voltage division.
CONCEPT: Superposition
SOL 5.1.8 Option (C) is correct

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308 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Due to 60 A source only : (Open circuit 30 A and short circuit 30 V sources)

12 Ω || 6 Ω = 4 Ω

ww
w.E
asy
Using current division

EnIa = 2 (60) = 12 A
2+8

gin
Again, Ia will be distributed between parallel combination of 12 Ω and 6 Ω
I1 = 6 (12) = 4 A
12 + 6

ee
Due to 30 A source only : (Open circuit 60 A and short circuit 30 V sources)

rin
g.n
et
Using current division
Ib = 4 (30) = 12 A
4+6
Ib will be distributed between parallel combination of 12 Ω and 6 Ω
I2 = 6 (12) = 4 A
12 + 6
Due to 30 V source only : (Open circuit 60 A and 30 A sources)

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 309

Using source transformation

ww
w.E Using current division
I 3 =− 3 (5) =− 1 A

SOL 5.1.9
asy
Option (B) is correct.
12 + 3

En
Using super position, we obtain I .
Due to 10 V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source)

gin
ee rin
I1 = 10 = 5 A
2 g.n
Due to 5 A source only : (Short circuit 10 V source)
et
I2 = 0
I = I1 + I 2 = 5 + 0 = 5 A

Alternatively :
We can see that voltage source is in parallel with resistor and current source so
voltage across parallel branches will be 10 V and I = 10/2 = 5 A

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310 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

SOL 5.1.10 Option (C) is correct.


Using superposition, I = I1 + I 2
Let I1 is the current due to 9 A source only. (i.e. short 18 V source)

ww
w.E I1 = 6 (9) = 3 A
6 + 12
(current division)
Let I2 is the current due to 18 V source only (i.e. open 9 A source)

asy
En
gin
ee rin
I2 = 18 = 1 A
6 + 12
g.n
SOL 5.1.11
So, I1 = 3 A , I 2 = 1 A
Option (B) is correct. et
From superposition theorem, it is known that if all source values are doubled, then
node voltages also be doubled.
SOL 5.1.12 Option (A) is correct.
From the principal of superposition, doubling the values of voltage source doubles
the mesh currents.
SOL 5.1.13 Option (D) is correct.
Applying superposition,
Due to 6 V source only : (Open circuit 2 A current source)

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 311

I1 = 6 = 0.5 A
6+6
Due to 2 A source only : (Short circuit 6 V source)

ww
w.E
asy
En 6 (− 2)
I2 =
gin
6+6
=− 1 A
(using current division)

ee
I = I1 + I2 = 0.5 − 1 =− 0.5 A

rin
Alternate Method: This problem may be solved by using a single KVL equation
around the outer loop.
SOL 5.1.14 Option (A) is correct.
Applying superposition, g.n
et
Due to 24 V source only : (Open circuit 2 A and short circuit 20 V source)

I1 = 24 = 3 A
8

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312 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Due to 20 V source only : (Short circuit 24 V and open circuit 2 A source)

ww So I2 = 0 (Due to short circuit)


Due to 2 A source only : (Short circuit 24 V and 20 V sources)

w.E
asy
En
gin
ee
I3 = 4 (2) (using current division)
4+4

So
= 1A
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 3 + 0 + 1 = 4 A rin
g.n
Alternate Method: We can see that current in the middle 4 Ω resistor is I − 2 ,
therefore I can be obtained by applying KVL in the bottom left mesh.
SOL 5.1.15 Option (D) is correct.
V1 = V2 = 0 et
(short circuit both sources)

Vo = 0
SOL 5.1.16 Option (C) is correct.
Using source transformation, we can obtain I in following steps.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 313

ww
w.E I = 6 + 8 = 14 = 2 A
3+4 7

asy
Alternate Method: Try to solve the problem by obtaining Thevenin equivalent for
right half of the circuit.
SOL 5.1.17
En
Option (C) is correct.
Using source transformation of 48 V source and the 24 V source

gin
ee rin
g.n
using parallel resistances combination
et

Source transformation of 8 A and 6 A sources

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314 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Writing KVL around anticlock wise direction


− 12 − 2I + 40 − 4I − 2I − 16 = 0
12 − 8I = 0
I = 12 = 1.5 A
8
SOL 5.1.18 Option (D) is correct.
Using source transformation of 4 A and 6 V source.

ww
w.E Adding parallel current sources

asy
En
gin
ee
Source transformation of 5 A source

rin
g.n
Applying KVL around the anticlock wise direction
et
− 5 − I + 8 − 2I − 12 = 0
− 9 − 3I = 0
I =− 3 A
Power absorbed by 12 V source
P12 V = 12 # I (Passive sign convention)
= 12 # − 3
=− 36 W
or, 12 V source supplies 36 W power.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 315

SOL 5.1.19 Option (B) is correct.


We know that source transformation also exists for dependent source, so

Current source values


Is = 6Ix = 3Ix (downward)

ww 2
Rs = 2 Ω

w.E
SOL 5.1.20 Option (C) is correct.
We know that source transformation is applicable to dependent source also.

asy
Values of equivalent voltage source
Vs = (4Ix ) (5) = 20Ix
Rs = 5 Ω

En
gin
ee rin
SOL 5.1.21 Option (C) is correct.
g.n
Combining the parallel resistance and adding the parallel connected current sources.
9 A − 3 A = 6 A (upward)
3 Ω || 6 Ω = 2 Ω et

Source transformation of 6 A source

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316 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

SOL 5.1.22 Option (B) is correct.


We apply source transformation as follows.

ww Transforming 3 mA source into equivalent voltage source and 18 V source into


equivalent current source.

w.E
asy
En
gin
6 kΩ and 3 kΩ resistors are in parallel and equivalent to 2 Ω.

ee rin
g.n
et
Again transforming 3 mA source

I = 6+6 = 3 mA
2+8+4+2 4
P4 kΩ = I 2 (4 # 103)

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 317

= b 3 l # 4 = 2.25 mW
2

4
SOL 5.1.23 Option (D) is correct.
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
The open circuit voltage between a -b can be obtained as

ww Writing KCL at node a

w.E VTh − 10 + 1 = 0
24
VTh − 10 + 24 = 0

asyVTh =− 14 volt
Thevenin Resistance :

En
To obtain Thevenin’s resistance, we set all independent sources to zero i.e., short

gin
circuit all the voltage sources and open circuit all the current sources.

ee rin
g.n
SOL 5.1.24
RTh = 24 Ω
Option (A) is correct. et
Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit current sources and short
circuit voltage sources) to obtain RTh

RTh = 12 Ω || 4 Ω = 3 Ω
SOL 5.1.25 Option (B) is correct.
Thevenin voltage :

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318 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Using voltage division


V1 = 20 (10) = 4 volt

ww and,
20 + 30
V2 = 15 (10) = 6 volt
15 + 10

w.E Applying KVL


V1 − V2 + Vab = 0

asy
4 − 6 + Vab = 0
VTh = Vab =− 2 volt

En
Thevenin Resistance :

gin
ee rin
g.n
Rab = [20 Ω || 30 Ω] + [15 Ω || 10 Ω]
= 12 Ω + 6 Ω = 18 Ω
et
RTh = Rab = 18 Ω
SOL 5.1.26 Option (A) is a correct.
Using source transformation of 24 V source

Adding parallel connected sources

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 319

ww
w.E So, VTh = 4 V , RTh = 6 Ω
SOL 5.1.27
asy
Option (A) is correct.
Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage)

En
gin
ee rin
VTh = 6 (− 40)
6+4
=− 24 volt
g.n
(using voltage division)

Thevenin resistance :
et

RTh = 6 Ω || 4 Ω = 6 # 4 = 2.4 Ω
6+4
SOL 5.1.28 Option (B) is correct.
For the circuit of figure (A)

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320 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

VTh = Va − Vb
Va = 24 V
Vb = 6 (− 6) =− 4 V (Voltage division)
6+3
VTh = 24 − (− 4) = 28 V
ww For the circuit of figure (B), using source transformation

w.E
asy
En
Combining parallel resistances,
12 Ω || 4 Ω = 3 Ω

gin
Adding parallel current sources,
8 − 4 = 4 A (downward)

ee rin
g.n
VTh =− 12 V
et
SOL 5.1.29 Option (C) is correct.
For the circuit for fig (A)

RTh = Rab = 6 Ω || 3 Ω = 2 Ω
For the circuit of fig (B), as obtained in previous solution.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 321

RTh = 3 Ω
SOL 5.1.30 Option (C) is correct.

ww
w.E
asy
En
Using current division
I1 =
(5 + 1)
(5 + 1) + (3 + 1)
(12) = 6 (12)
6+4
gin
= 7.2 A
V1 = I1 # 1 = 7.2 V

I2 = ee
(3 + 1)
(3 + 1) + (5 + 1)
(12) = 4.8 A
rin
V2 = 5I2 = 5 # 4.8 = 24 V
VTh + V1 − V2 = 0 g.n (KVL)

SOL 5.1.31
VTh = V2 − V1 = 24 − 7.2 = 16.8 V
Option (B) is correct. et
We obtain Thevenin’s resistance across a -b and then use source transformation of
Thevenin’s circuit to obtain equivalent Norton circuit.

RTh = (5 + 1) || (3 + 1) = 6 || 4 = 2.4 Ω
Thevenin’s equivalent is

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322 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Norton equivalent

ww
w.E
SOL 5.1.32 Option (B) is correct.

asy
En
gin
The current source connected in parallel with load does not affect Thevenin

ee
equivalent circuit. Thus, Thevenin equivalent circuit will contain its usual form of
a voltage source in series with a resistor.
rin
g.n
SOL 5.1.33 Option (C) is correct.
The network consists of resistor and dependent sources because if it has independent

et
source then there will be an open circuit Thevenin voltage present.
SOL 5.1.34 Option (D) is correct.
Current I can be easily calculated by Thevenin’s equivalent across 6 Ω.
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)

In the bottom mesh


I2 = 1 A
In the bottom left mesh

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 323

− VTh − 12I2 + 3 = 0
VTh = 3 − (12) (1) =− 9 V
Thevenin Resistance :

ww RTh = 12 Ω (both 4 Ω resistors are short circuit)

w.E so, circuit becomes as

asy
En
I = ginVTh = − 9 =− 9 =− 0.5 A
RTh + 6 12 + 6
ee 18
Note: The problem can be solved easily by a single node equation. Take the nodes

rin
connecting the top 4 Ω, 3 V and 4 Ω as supernode and apply KCL.
SOL 5.1.35 Option (D) is correct.
Thevenin voltage (Open circuit voltage) : g.n
et
Applying KCL at top middle node
VTh − 2Vx + VTh + 1 = 0
3 6
VTh − 2VTh + VTh + 1 = 0 (VTh = Vx )
3 6
− 2VTh + VTh + 6 = 0
VTh = 6 volt

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324 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Thevenin Resistance :
Open circuit voltage VTh
RTh = =
Short circuit current Isc
To obtain Thevenin resistance, first we find short circuit current through a -b

ww Writing KCL at top middle node


Vx − 2Vx + Vx + 1 + Vx − 0 = 0

w.E 3 6 3
− 2Vx + Vx + 6 + 2Vx = 0

asy Vx =− 6 volt

Isc = Vx − 0 =− 6 =− 2 A

En 3 3
Thevenin’s resistance, RTh = VTh =− 6 =− 3 Ω

gin Isc 2

Direct Method :
ee rin
Since dependent source is present in the circuit, we put a test source across a -b to
obtain Thevenin’s equivalent.

g.n
et
By applying KCL at top middle node
Vx − 2Vx + Vx + 1 + Vx − Vtest = 0
3 6 3
− 2Vx + Vx + 6 + 2Vx − 2Vtest = 0
2Vtest − Vx = 6 ...(i)

We have Itest = Vtest − Vx


3
3Itest = Vtest − Vx
Vx = Vtest − 3Itest
Put Vx into equation (i)

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 325

2Vtest − (Vtest − 3Itest) = 6


2Vtest − Vtest + 3Itest = 6
Vtest = 6 − 3Itest ...(ii)
For Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

ww Vtest − VTh
RTh
= Itest

w.E Vtest
Comparing equation
= VTh + RTh Itest
(ii) and (iii)
...(iii)

SOL 5.1.36 asy


VTh
Option (C) is correct.
= 6 V , RTh =− 3 Ω

En
We obtain Thevenin’s equivalent across R.
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)

gin
ee rin
g.n
Applying KVL
18 − 6Ix − 2Ix − (1) Ix = 0

Ix = 18 = 2 A
et
9
VTh = (1) Ix = (1) (2) = 2 V
Thevenin Resistance :
RTh = VTh Isc " Short circuit current
Isc

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326 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Ix = 0 (Due to short circuit)


So dependent source also becomes zero.

Isc = 18 = 3 A
6

ww Thevenin resistance,
RTh = VTh = 2 Ω
Isc 3

w.E Now, the circuit becomes as

asy
En
gin
I = ee
2+R
3
2 =3

rin
2 = 2 + 3R
R =0 g.n
SOL 5.1.37 Option (D) is correct.
et

Using voltage division


V = VTh b
R + RTh l
R

From the table,


6 = VTh b
3 + RTh l
3 ...(i)

8 = VTh b 8 l ...(ii)
8 + RTh

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 327

Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get


6 = 3 (8 + RTh)
8 8 (3 + RTh)
6 + 2RTh = 8 + RTh
RTh = 2 Ω
Substituting RTh into equation (i)
6 = VTh b 3 l
3+2
VTh = 10 V

ww
SOL 5.1.38 Option (C) is correct.
Norton current : (Short circuit current)
The Norton equivalent current is equal to the short-circuit current that would flow

w.E when the load replaced by a short circuit as shown below

asy
En
gin
Applying KCL at node a

a
I N + I1 + 2 = 0ee
I1 = 0 − 20 =− 5 A rin
So, IN − 5 + 2 = 0
6
24

IN =− 7 A
6
g.n
Norton resistance :
6
et
Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit current sources and short
circuit voltage sources) to obtain Norton’s equivalent resistance RN .

RN = 24 Ω
SOL 5.1.39 Option (C) is correct.
Using source transformation of 1 A source

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328 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Again, source transformation of 2 V source

ww
w.E Adding parallel current sources

asy
En
gin
SOL 5.1.40 Option (C) is correct. ee
Alternate Method: Try to solve the problem using superposition method.

Short circuit current across terminal a -b is rin


g.n
et
For simplicity circuit can be redrawn as

IN = 3 (10) (Current division)


3+6
= 3.33 A

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 329

Norton’s equivalent resistance

RN = 6 + 3 = 9 Ω

SOL 5.1.41 Option (C) is correct.

ww
w.E
asy
The voltage across load terminal is simply Vs and it is independent of any other
current or voltage. So, Thevenin equivalent is VTh = Vs and RTh = 0 (Voltage source
is ideal).
En
SOL 5.1.42 Option (B) is correct. gin
The Norton equivalent does not exist because of parallel connected voltage source.

ee rin
g.n
et
The output current from the network is equal to the series connected current source
only, so IN = Is . Thus, effect of all other component in the network does not change
IN .
In this case Thevenin’s equivalent is not feasible because of the series connected
current source.
SOL 5.1.43 Option (C) is correct.
Norton current : (Short circuit current)

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330 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Using source transformation

Nodal equation at top center node


0 − 24 + 0 − (− 6) + I = 0

ww 3+3 N
6
− 4 + 1 + IN = 0
IN = 3 A

w.E Norton Resistance :

asy
En
gin RN = Rab = 6 || (3 + 3) = 6 || 6 = 3 Ω

ee
So, Norton equivalent will be

rin
g.n
SOL 5.1.44 Option (C) is correct.
et
We obtain Thevenin’s equivalent across R. By source transformation of both
voltage sources

Adding parallel sources and combining parallel resistances

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 331

ww
w.E Here, VTh = 5.4 V , RTh = 60 Ω

asy
For maximum power transfer
R = RTh = 60 Ω

En
gin
ee rin
Maximum Power absorbed by R
P =
^VTh h2
=
(5.4) 2
= 121.5 mW g.n
4R 4 # 60
et
Alternate Method: Thevenin voltage (open circuit voltage) may be obtained using
node voltage method also.
SOL 5.1.45 Option (B) is correct.

V = Vs b
Rs + R L l
RL

Power absorbed by RL
(V) 2 2
PL = = V s RL 2
RL (Rs + RL)
From above expression, it is known that power is maximum when Rs = 0

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332 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Note :
Do not get confused with maximum power transfer theorem. According to maximum
power transfer theorem if RL is variable and Rs is fixed then power dissipated by
RL is maximum when RL = Rs .
SOL 5.1.46 Option (C) is correct.
We solve this problem using maximum power transfer theorem. First, obtain
Thevenin equivalent across RL .
Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)

ww
w.E
asy
Using source transformation

En
gin
Using nodal analysis
ee rin
VTh − 24 + VTh − 24 = 0
6 2+4
2VTh − 48 = 0 & VTh = 24 V
g.n
Thevenin resistance : et

RTh = 6 Ω || 6 Ω = 3 Ω
Circuit becomes as

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 333

For maximum power transfer


RL = RTh = 3 Ω
Value of maximum power
(V ) 2 (24) 2
Pmax = Th = = 48 W
4RL 4#3

ww
SOL 5.1.47 Option (D) is correct.
This can be solved by reciprocity theorem. But we have to take care that the

w.E polarity of voltage source have the same correspondence with branch current in
each of the circuit.
In figure (B) and figure (C), polarity of voltage source is reversed with respect to

asy
direction of branch current so
V1 =−V2 =−V3

En
I1 I2 I3
I2 = I 3 =− 2 A
SOL 5.1.48 Option (C) is correct.
gin
According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single

ee
voltage source Va in branch a produces a current Ib in branches b, then if the

rin
voltage source Va is removed(i.e. branch a is short circuited) and inserted in branch
b, then it will produce a current Ib in branch a.
So, I2 = I1 = 20 mA
Option (A) is correct. g.n
et
SOL 5.1.49
According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single
current source Ia in branch a produces a voltage Vb in branches b, then if the
current source Ia is removed(i.e. branch a is open circuited) and inserted in branch
b, then it will produce a voltage Vb in branch a.

So, V2 = 2 volt
SOL 5.1.50 Option (A) is correct.
We use Millman’s theorem to obtain equivalent resistance and voltage across a -b.

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334 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

− 96 + 40 + − 80
Vab = 240 200 800 =− 144 =− 28.8 V
1 + 1 + 1 5
240 200 800
The equivalent resistance
Rab = 1 = 96 Ω
1 + 1 + 1
240 200 800
Now, the circuit is reduced as

ww
w.E I = 28.8 = 100 mA
96 + 192

SOL 5.1.51
asy
Option (C) is correct.
First we obtain equivalent voltage and resistance across terminal a -b using

En
Millman’s theorem.

gin
ee rin
− 60 + b− 120 l + 20 g.n
Vab =
15 15
1 + 1 +1
15 15 5
1
5
=− 24 V
et
Rab = = 3Ω
1 + 1 +1
15 15 5
So, the circuit is reduced as

I = 24 = 3 A
3+5

***********

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 335

SOLUTIONS 5.2

SOL 5.2.1 Option (B) is correct.


Thevenin Voltage: (Open circuit voltage):
The open circuit voltage will be equal to V , i.e. VTh = V
ww Thevenin Resistance:
Set all independent sources to zero i.e. open circuit the current source and short

w.E circuit the voltage source as shown in figure

asy
En
gin
Open circuit voltage = V1

SOL 5.2.2 Option (C) is correct. ee


Set all independent sources to zero as shown, rin
g.n
et
RTh = 6 Ω

SOL 5.2.3 Option (B) is correct.


V is obtained using super position.
Due to source V1 only : (Open circuit source I 3 and short circuit source V2 )

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336 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

V = 50 (V ) = 1 V (using voltage division)


100 + 50 1 3 1
so, A=1
3
Due to source V2 only : (Open circuit source I 3 and short circuit source V1 )

ww V = 50 (V ) = 1 V
100 + 50 2 3 2
(using voltage division)

w.E So, B =1
3

asy
Due to source I 3 only : (short circuit sources V1 and V2 )

En
gin
ee rin
V = I 3 [100 || 100 || 100] = I 3 b 100 l
3
So, C = 100
3
g.n
Alternate Method: Try to solve by nodal method, taking a supernode corresponding

SOL 5.2.4
to voltage source V2 .
Option (D) is correct.
et
We solve this problem using linearity and taking assumption that I = 1 A .

In the circuit, V2 = 4I = 4 V (Using Ohm’s law)


I 2 = I + I1 (Using KCL)
= 1 + V2 = 1 + 4 = 4 A
4+8 12 3

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 337

V3 = 3I2 + V2 (Using KVL)


= 3# 4 +4 = 8V
3
Is = I 3 + I 2 (Using KCL)
= V3 + I2 = 8 + 4 = 4 A
3 3 3
Applying superposition
When Is = 4 A , I = 1 A
But actually Is = 2 A , So I = 1 # 2 = 0.5 A
4
SOL 5.2.5 Option (A) is correct.

ww Solving with superposition,


Due to 6 V source only : (Open circuit 2 mA source)

w.E
asy
En
Is = 6 = 6 = 0.6 mA

gin
6 + 6 || 12 6 + 4
I1 = 6 (Is) = 6 # 0.6 = 0.2 mA
6 + 12
(Using current division)

ee 18
Due to 2 mA source only : (Short circuit 6 V source) :

rin
g.n
et
Combining resistances,
6 kΩ || 6 kΩ = 3 kΩ
3 kΩ + 6 kΩ = 9 kΩ

I2 = 9 (− 2) =− 1.2 mA (Current division)


9+6
I = I1 + I 2 (Using superposition)

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338 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

= 0.2 − 1.2 =− 1 mA
Alternate Method: Try to solve the problem using source conversion.
SOL 5.2.6 Option (D) is correct.
We find Thevenin equivalent across a -b.

ww IL = VTh
RTh + RL

w.E From the data given in table


10 = VTh ...(i)

asy RTh + 2
6 = VTh
RTh + 10
...(ii)

En
Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get
10 = RTh + 10

gin
6 RTh + 2
10RTh + 20 = 6RTh + 60

ee
4RTh = 40 & RTh = 10 Ω
Substituting RTh into equation (i)
10 = VTh rin
10 + 2
VTh = 10 (12) = 120 V g.n
SOL 5.2.7
For RL = 20 Ω ,
IL = VTh
Option (A) is correct.
= 120 = 4 A
RTh + RL 10 + 20
et

For maximum power transfer


RTh = RL = 2 Ω
To obtain RTh set all independent sources to zero and put a test source across the
load terminals.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 339

RTh = Vtest
Itest
Using KVL,
Vtest − 4Itest − 2Itest − kVx − 4Itest = 0

ww Vtest − 10Itest − k (− 2Itest) = 0


Vtest = (10 − 2k) Itest
(Vx =− 2Itest )

w.E RTh = Vtest = 10 − 2k = 2


Itest
8 = 2k

asyk =4
SOL 5.2.8 Option (D) is correct.
En
To calculate maximum power transfer, first we will find Thevenin equivalent across
load terminals.
gin
Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage)

ee rin
g.n
using source transformation et

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340 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

VTh = 2 (24) (using voltage division)


2+2
= 12 V
Thevenin resistance :

ww RTh = 1 + 2 || 2 = 1 + 1 = 2 kΩ
circuit becomes as

w.E
asy
En
gin
VL = RL V
RTh + RL Th

ee
For maximum power transfer RL = RTh
VL = VTh # RTh = VTh
2RTh
So maximum power absorbed by RL
2
rin
2 2
Pmax = V L = VTh =
(12) 2
= 18 mW g.n
SOL 5.2.9 Option (C) is correct.
RL 4RTh

The circuit with Norton equivalent


4#2
et

So, IN + I = V
RN
I = V − IN (General form)
RN
From the given graph, the equation of line
I = 2V − 6
Comparing with general form

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 341

1 = 2 or R = 0.5 Ω
N
RN
IN = 6 A
SOL 5.2.10 Option (D) is correct.
Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage)

ww VTh = 4 + ^2 # 2h = 4 + 4 = 8 V

w.E Thevenin Resistance:

asy
En
gin
RTh = 2 + 3 = 5 Ω = RN
Norton current:
ee
IN = VTh = 8 A
RTh 5 rin
SOL 5.2.11 Option (A) is correct.
g.n
If we solve this circuit directly by nodal analysis, then we have to deal with three

et
variables. We can replace the left most and write most circuit by their Thevenin
equivalent as shown below.

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342 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Now the circuit becomes as shown

Writing node equation at the top center node


V1 − 4 + V1 + V1 − 12 = 0
1+1 6 1+2

ww V1 + 4 + V1 + V1 − 12 = 0
2 6 3

w.E 3V1 − 12 + V1 + 2V1 − 24 = 0


6V1 = 36
V1 = 6 V
SOL 5.2.12
asy
Option (A) is correct.
The circuit is as shown below

En
gin
ee
When RL = 50 Ω , power absorbed in load will be rin
b R +s 50 Is l 50 = 20 kW
s
R 2

g.n ...(i)
When RL = 200 Ω , power absorbed in load will be
b Rs + 200 Is l 200 = 20 kW
Rs 2
et ...(ii)
Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we have
(Rs + 200) 2 = 4 (Rs + 50) 2
Rs = 100 Ω and Is = 30 A
From maximum power transfer, the power supplied by source current Is will be
maximum when load resistance is equal to source resistance i.e. RL = Rs . Maximum
power is given as
2
(30) 2 # 100
Pmax = I s Rs = = 22.5 kW
4 4
SOL 5.2.13 Option (C) is correct.
Norton current, IN = 0 because there is no independent source present in the circuit.
To obtain Norton resistance we put a 1 A test source across the load terminal as
shown in figure.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 343

Norton or Thevenin resistance


RN = Vtest
1
Writing KVL in the left mesh
20I1 + 10 ^1 − I1h − 30I1 = 0

ww 20I1 − 10I1 − 30I1 + 10 = 0

Writing KVL in the right mesh


I1 = 0.5 A

w.E Vtest − 5 ^1 h − 30I1 = 0


Vtest − 5 − 30 ^0.5h = 0

asy
Vtest − 5 − 15 = 0
RN = Vtest = 20 Ω
1
SOL 5.2.14
En
Option (C) is correct.
In circuit (b) transforming the 3 A source in to 18 V source all source are 1.5 times

gin
of that in circuit (a) as shown in figure.

ee rin
g.n
et
Using principal of linearity, Ib = 1.5Ia
SOL 5.2.15 Option (B) is correct.
6 Ω and 3 Ω resistors are in parallel, which is equivalent to 2 Ω.

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344 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Using source transformation of 6 A source

Source transform of 4 A source

ww
w.E
asy
En
Adding series resistors and sources on the left

gin
ee rin
g.n
Source transformation of 48 V source et

Source transformation of 4 A source.


3

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 345

I = 12 + 72 + Vs
19 + 9
Vs = (28 # I) − 12 − 72
= (28 # 5) − 12 − 72

ww
SOL 5.2.16
= 56 V
Option (A) is correct.

w.E We obtain I using superposition.


Due to 24 V source only : (Open circuit 6 A)

asy
En
gin
Applying KVL
ee
24 − 6I1 − 3I1 − 3I1 = 0
I1 = 24 = 2 A rin
12
Due to 6 A source only : (Short circuit 24 V source) g.n
et

Applying KVL to supermesh


− 6I2 − 3 (6 + I2) − 3I2 = 0
6I2 + 18 + 3I2 + 3I2 = 0
I2 =− 18 =− 3 A
12 2
From superposition, I = I1 + I 2
= 2−3 = 1 A
2 2

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346 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Alternate Method: Note that current in 3 Ω resistor is ^I + 6h A, so by applying


KVL around the outer loop, we can find current I .
SOL 5.2.17 Option (B) is correct.

ww I = VTh
R + RTh

w.E From the table,


2= VTh
3 + RTh
...(i)

asy1.6 = VTh
5 + RTh
...(ii)

En
Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get
2 = 5 + RTh
1.6 3 + RTh

gin
6 + 2RTh = 8 + 1.6RTh
0.4RTh = 2

ee
RTh = 5 Ω
Substituting RTh into equation (i)
2 = VTh rin
3+5
VTh = 2 (8) = 16 V g.n
SOL 5.2.18 Option (D) is correct.
We have, I = VTh
RTh + R
et
VTh = 16 V , RTh = 5 Ω

I = 16 = 1
5+R
16 = 5 + R
R = 11 Ω
SOL 5.2.19 Option (B) is correct.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 347

It can be solved by reciprocity theorem. Polarity of voltage source should have


same correspondence with branch current in each of the circuit. Polarity of voltage
source and current direction are shown below
So, V1 =−V2 = V3
I1 I2 I3
10 =− 20 = 40
2.5 I2 I3
I2 =− 5 A
I 3 = 10 A
SOL 5.2.20 Option (B) is correct.
Open circuit voltage
RTh = Voc =
ww Isc short circuit
Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage Voc )

w.E Using source transformation of the dependent source

asy
En
gin
Using KVL,
6 ee
Applying KCL at top left node
24 = Vx & Vx = 144 V

rin
Vx − 8I − Vx − Voc = 0
2 g.n
144 − 0 − 144 = Voc
2
Voc = 72 V
et
Short circuit current (Isc ):

Applying KVL in the right mesh


Vx − 8Isc − Vx = 0
2

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348 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Vx = 8I
sc
2
Vx = 16Isc
KCL at the top left node
V − Vx /2
24 = Vx + x
6 8
24 = Vx + Vx
6 16
Vx = 1152 V
11
Isc = Vx = 1152 = 72 A
16 11 # 16 11

ww RTh = Voc = 72 = 11 Ω
Isc
b 11 l
72

w.E Alternate method :


We can obtain Thevenin equivalent resistance without calculating the Thevenin
voltage (open circuit voltage). Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit

asy
current sources and short circuit voltage sources) and put a test source Vtest between
terminal a -b as shown

En
gin
ee rin
RTh = Vtest
Itest
g.n
6I + 8I − Vx − Vtest = 0
2
14I − I − Vtest = 0
6
2
et (KVL)

Vx = 6Itest (Using Ohm’s law)


11I = Vtest

So RTh = Vtest = 11 Ω
Itest
SOL 5.2.21 Option (C) is correct.
We solve this problem using linearity and assumption that I = 1 A .

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 349

V1 = 4I + 2I (Using KVL)
=6V
I 2 = I1 + I (Using KCL)
= V1 + I = 6 + 1 = 2.5 A
4 4
V2 = 4I2 + V1 (Using KVL)
= 4 (2.5) + 6 = 16 V
Is + I 3 = I 2 (Using KCL)

Is − V2 = I
4 + 12 2

ww When Is = 3.5 A ,
Is = 16 + 2.5 = 3.5 A
16
I = 1A

w.E
SOL 5.2.22
But Is = 14 A , so
Option (A) is correct.
I = .1 # 14 = 4 A
3.5

asy
To obtain V -I equation we find the Thevenin equivalent across the terminal at
which X is connected.

En
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)

gin
ee rin
g.n
V1 = 6 # 1 = 6 V
12 + V1 − V3 = 0
V3 = 12 + 6 = 18 V
et
(KVL in outer mesh)

VTh − V2 − V3 = 0 (KVL in Bottom right mesh)


VTh = V2 + V3 (V2 = 2 # 1 = 2 V)
VTh = 2 + 18 = 20 V
Thevenin Resistance :

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350 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

RTh = 1 + 1 = 2 Ω
Now, the circuit becomes as

I = V − VTh
RTh

ww so
V = RTh I + VTh
A = RTh = 2 Ω

w.E Alternate Method:


B = VTh = 20 V

asy
En
gin
ee
In the mesh ABCDEA, we have KVL equation as
rin
V − 1 (I + 2) − 1 (I + 6) − 12 = 0
V = 2I + 20 g.n
SOL 5.2.23
So,

Option (C) is correct.


A = 2, B = 2
et
This problem will easy to solve if we obtain Thevenin equivalent across the 12 V
source.
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 351

Mesh currents are


Mesh 1: I1 = 0 (due to open circuit)
Mesh 2: I1 − I 3 = 2 or I 3 =− 2 A
Mesh 3: I 3 − I2 = 4 or I2 =− 6 A
Mesh equation for outer loop
VTh − 1 # I 3 − 1 # I2 = 0
VTh − (− 2) − (− 6) = 0
VTh + 2 + 6 = 0
VTh =− 8 V
Thevenin resistance :

ww
w.E
asy
En
RTh = 1 + 1 = 2 Ω
circuit becomes as
gin
ee rin
g.n
I = 12 − VTh =
RTh
Power supplied by 12 V source
12 − (− 8)
2
= 10 A et
P12 V = 10 # 12 = 120 W
Alternate Method:

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352 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

KVL in the loop ABCDA


12 − 1 (I − 2) − 1 (I − 6) = 0
2I = 20
I = 10 A
Power supplied by 12 V source
P12 V = 10 # 12 = 120 W
SOL 5.2.24 Option (A) is correct.
To obtain V -I relation, we obtain either Norton equivalent or Thevenin equivalent
across terminal a -b.
Norton Current (short circuit current) :

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Applying nodal analysis at center node
IN + 2 = 24

ee
4
IN = 6 − 2 = 4 A
Norton Resistance :
rin
g.n
et
RN = 4 Ω (Both 2 Ω resistor are short circuited)
Now, the circuit becomes as

IN = V + I
RN

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 353

4 =V +I
4
16 = V + 4I
or V =− 4I + 16

ww Alternate Method: Solve by writing nodal equation at the center node.

w.E
SOL 5.2.25 Option (A) is correct.
For maximum power transfer RL = RTh . To obtain Thevenin resistance set all

asy
independent sources to zero and put a test source across load terminals.

En
gin
eeRTh = Vtest
Writing KCL at the top center node
Itest

rin
Vtest + Vtest − 2Vx = I

Also,
2k 1k
Vtest + Vx = 0
test

g.n ...(i)
(KVL in left mesh)
so Vx =− Vtest
Substituting Vx =− Vtest into equation (i)
Vtest + Vtest − 2 (− Vtest) = I
et
test
2k 1k
Vtest + 6Vtest = 2Itest

RTh = Vtest = 2 kΩ - 286 Ω


Itest 7
SOL 5.2.26 Option (A) is correct.
Redrawing the circuit in Thevenin equivalent form

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354 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

I = VTh − V
RTh
or, V =− RTh I + VTh (General form)
From the given graph
V =− 4I + 8
So, by comparing
RTh = 4 kΩ , VTh = 8 V
For maximum power transfer RL = RTh
Maximum power absorbed by RL
2 2
(8)
Pmax = VTh = = 4 mW

ww
SOL 5.2.27 Option (C) is correct.
4RTh 4#4

To fine out Thevenin equivalent of the circuit put a test source between node a

w.E and b,

asy
En
gin
ee
RTh = Vtest
Writing node equation at V1
V1 − αIx + V1 = I
Itest

rin
1 1 x

2V1 = ^1 + αh Ix g.n ...(i)


Ix is the branch current in 1 Ω resistor given as
Ix = Vtest − V1
1
et
V1 = Vtest − Ix
Substituting V1 into equation (i)
2 ^Vtest − Ix h = ^1 + αh Ix
2Vtest = ^3 + αh Ix
2Vtest = ^3 + αh Itest ^Ix = Itest h
RTh = Vtest = 3 + α = 3
Itest 2
3+α = 6
α = 3Ω
SOL 5.2.28 Option (C) is correct.
Let Thevenin equivalent of both networks are as shown below.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 355

P = b VTh l R
2
(Single network N )
RTh + R
2
Pl = VTh
f R + RTh p
R (Two N are added)
2

ww = 4b l
2
VTh
R
2R + RTh
Thus P < Pl < 4P

w.E
SOL 5.2.29 Option (C) is correct.
I1 = P1 and I =
2
P2

asy
Using superposition
R

I = I1 ! I 2
R

En
= P1 ! P2

gin
R R
I R = ( P1 ! P2 ) 2
2

SOL 5.2.30 Option (B) is correct.


ee rin
From the substitution theorem we know that any branch within a circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent branch provided that replacement branch has the same

g.n
current through it and voltage across it as the original branch.
The voltage across the branch in the original circuit

et
40 || 60
V = (20) (using voltage division)
(40 || 60) + 16
= 24 # 20 = 12 V
40
Current entering terminal a -b is
I = V = 12 = 200 mA
R 60
In fig(B), to maintain same voltage V = 12 V current through 240 Ω resistor must

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356 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

be
IR = 12 = 50 mA
240
By using KCL at terminal a , as shown

ww I = I R + IS
200 = 50 + Is

w.E
SOL 5.2.31
Is = 150 mA ,
Option (B) is correct.
down wards

asy
Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
In the given problem, we use mesh analysis method to obtain Thevenin voltage

En
gin
ee rin
g.n
Writing mesh equations
Mesh 1:
I3 = 0
et (a -b is open circuit)

36 − 12 (I1 − I2) − 6 (I1 − I 3) =0


36 − 12I1 + 12I2 − 6I1 =0 (I 3 = 0)
3I1 − 2I2 =6 ...(i)
Mesh 2:
− 24I2 − 20 (I2 − I 3) − 12 (I2 − I1) =0
− 24I2 − 20I2 − 12I2 + 12I1 =0 (I 3 = 0)
14I2 = 3I1 ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
I1 = 7 A, I2 = 1 A
3 2
Mesh 3:
− 6 (I 3 − I1) − 20 (I 3 − I2) − VTh =0

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 357

− 6 :0 − 7 D − 20 :0 − 1 D − VTh = 0
3 2
14 + 10 = VTh
VTh = 24 volt
Thevenin Resistance :

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee
RTh = (20 + 4) || 24 Ω rin
= 24 Ω || 24 Ω
= 12 Ω g.n
SOL 5.2.32
at center node.
Option (C) is correct.
et
Alternate Method: VTh can be obtained by writing nodal equation at node a and

We obtain Thevenin’s equivalent across load terminal.


Thevenin voltage : (Open circuit voltage)

Using KCL at top left node


5 = Ix + 0

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358 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Ix = 5 A
Using KVL
2Ix − 4Ix − VTh = 0
2 (5) − 4 (5) = VTh
VTh =− 10 volt
Thevenin Resistance :
First we find short circuit current through a -b

ww
w.E Using KCL at top left node

asy 5 = Ix + Isc
Ix = 5 − Isc

En
Applying KVL in the right mesh
2Ix − 4Ix + 0 = 0

So, gin
Ix = 0
5 − Isc = 0 or Isc = 5 A
Thevenin resistance,
ee
RTh = VTh =− 10 =− 2 Ω
Isc
Now, the circuit becomes as
5
rin
g.n
et
V = VTh b
R + RL l
R (Using voltage division)
So, V = VTh =− 10 volt
R = RTh =− 2 Ω
SOL 5.2.33 Option (C) is correct.
We obtain Thevenin equivalent across the load terminals
Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 359

VTh = Va − Vb

ww Rotating the circuit, makes it simple

w.E
asy
En
I1 =gin340 (40)
340 + 60
(Current division)

Similarly,
= 34 A
ee
Va = 20I1 = 20 # 34 = 680 V
rin (Ohm’s Law)

I2 = 60
60 + 340
(40) = 6 A
g.n (Current division)
Vb = 100I2 = 100 # 6 = 600 V
Thevenin voltage VTh = 680 − 600 = 80 V
Thevenin Resistance :
et (Ohm’s Law)

RTh = 16 + (240 + 40) || (20 + 100)


= 16 + (280 || 120) = 16 + 84
= 100 Ω

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360 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Now, circuit reduced as

For maximum power transfer


RL = RTh = 100 Ω
Maximum power transferred to RL

ww (V ) 2
Pmax = Th =
4RL
(80) 2
4 # 100

w.E
SOL 5.2.34
= 16 W
Option (A) is correct.

asy
We use source transformation as follows

En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 361

I = 36 − 12 = 3 A
6+2
Power supplied by 36 V source
P36 V = 3 # 36 = 108 W
SOL 5.2.35 Option (D) is correct.
Now, we do source transformation from left to right as shown

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et
Vs = (27 + 1.5) (4 Ω || 2 Ω)
= 28.5 # 4
3
= 38 V
Power supplied by 27 A source
P27 A = Vs # 27 = 38 # 27
= 1026 W
SOL 5.2.36 Option (C) is correct.
First, we find current I in the 4 Ω resistors using superposition.

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362 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Due to 18 V source only : (Open circuit 4 A and short circuit 12 V source)

ww I1 = 18 = 4.5 A
4

w.E Due to 12 V source only : (Open circuit 4 A and short circuit 18 V source)

asy
En
gin
ee rin
I2 =− 12 =− 3 A
4
g.n
Due to 4 A source only : (Short circuit 12 V and 18 V sources)
et

I3 = 0 (Due to short circuit)


So, I = I1 + I2 + I 3 = 4.5 − 3 + 0 = 1.5 A
Power dissipated in 4 Ω resistor
P4 Ω = I 2 (4) = (1.5) 2 # 4 = 9 W

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 363

Alternate Method: Let current in 4 Ω resistor is I , then by applying KVL around


the outer loop
18 − 12 − 4I = 0
I = 6 = 1.5 A
4
So, power dissipated in 4 Ω resistor
P4 Ω = I 2 (4) = (1.5) 2 # 4 = 9 W
SOL 5.2.37 Option (D) is correct.
We obtain Thevenin equivalent across terminal a -b.
Thevenin Voltage :

ww Since there is no independent source present in the network, Thevenin voltage is


simply zero.
VTh = 0

w.E Thevenin Resistance :


Put a test source across terminal a -b

asy
En
gin
RTh = Vtest
ee rin
For the super node
Itest
g.n
V1 − Vtest = 2000Ix
V1 − Vtest = 2000 b V1 l
4000
V1 = V or V = 2V
et ^Ix = V1 /4000h

test 1 test
2
Applying KCL to the super node
V1 − 0 + V1 + Vtest = I
test
4k 4k 4k
2V1 + Vtest = 4 # 103 Itest
2 (2Vtest) + Vtest = 4 # 103 Itest (V1 = 2Vtest)
Vtest = 4 # 103 = 800 Ω
Itest 5
SOL 5.2.38 Option (C) is correct.
Using, Thevenin equivalent circuit
Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)

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364 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Ix =− 4 A (due to open circuit)


Writing KVL in bottom right mesh

ww − 24 − (1) Ix − VTh = 0
VTh =− 24 + 4 =− 20 V

w.E
Thevenin resistance :
open circuit voltage Voc
RTh = =
short circuit current Isc

asy Voc = VTh =− 20 V


Isc is obtained as follows

En
gin
ee rin
Ix=− 24 =− 24 A g.n
Ix + 4
− 24 + 4
Isc
= Isc
= Isc
1

=− 20 A
et (using KCL)

RTh = − 20 = 1 Ω
− 20
The circuit is as shown below

V = 1 (V ) = 1 (− 20)=− 10 volt (Using voltage division)


1 + RTh Th 1+1
Alternate Method: Note that current in bottom right most 1 Ω resistor is ^Ix + 4h,

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 365

so applying KVL around the bottom right mesh,


− 24 − Ix − ^Ix + 4h = 0
Ix =− 14 A
So, V = 1 # ^Ix + 4h =− 14 + 4 =− 10 V
SOL 5.2.39 Option (A) is correct.
Writing currents into 100 Ω and 300 Ω resistors by using KCL as shown in figure.

ww
w.E
asy
En
Ix = 1 A, Vx = Vtest

gin
Writing mesh equation for bottom right mesh.
Vtest = 100 (1 − 2Ix ) + 300 (1 − 2Ix − 0.01Vx ) + 800 = 100 V
RTh = Vtest = 100 Ω
SOL 5.2.40 Option (D) is correct.
1
ee
For RL = 10 kΩ , Vab1 = 10k # 3.6m = 6 V
rin
For RL = 30 kΩ , Vab2 = 30k # 4.8m = 12 V
Vab1 = 10 V = 6
10 + RTh Th
g.n ...(i)

Vab2 = 30 V = 12
30 + RTh Th et
Dividing equation (i) and (ii), we get RTh = 30 kΩ . Maximum power will be
...(ii)

transferred when RL = RTh = 30 kΩ .


SOL 5.2.41 Option (C) is correct.
Equation for V -I can be obtained with Thevenin equivalent across a -b terminals.
Thevenin Voltage: (Open circuit voltage)

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366 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Writing KCL at the top node


Vx = VTh − Vx
40 20
Vx = 2VTh − 2Vx
3Vx = 2VTh & Vx = 2 VTh
3
KCL at the center node
Vx − VTh + Vx = 0.3
20 30
3Vx − 3VTh + 2Vx = 18
5Vx − 3VTh = 18

ww 5 b l VTh − 3VTh = 18
2
3
10VTh − 9VTh = 54
bVx = 3 VTh l
2

w.E VTh = 54 volt


Thevenin resistance :

asy
When a dependent source is present in the circuit the best way to obtain Thevenin
resistance is to remove all independent sources and put a test source across a -b

En
terminals as shown in figure.

gin
ee rin
RTh = Vtest
g.n
KCL at the top node
Vx + I = Vtest
40 test
Itest

20 + 30
et
Vx + I = Vtest ...(i)
test
40 50
Vx = 30 (Vtest) (using voltage division)
30 + 20
= 3 Vtest
5
Substituting Vx into equation (i), we get
3Vtest + I = Vtest
test
5 (40) 50
Itest = Vtest b 1 − 3 l = Vtest
50 200 200
RTh = Vtest = 200 Ω
Itest

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 367

The circuit now reduced as

I = V − VTh = V − 54
RTh 200

ww
SOL 5.2.42
V = 200I + 54
Option (D) is correct.

w.E To obtain Thevenin resistance put a test source across the terminal a , b as shown.

asy
En
gin
ee
Vtest = Vx , Itest = Ix
By writing loop equation for the circuit rin
g.n
Vtest = 600 (I1 − I2) + 300 (I1 − I 3) + 900 (I1)
Vtest = (600 + 300 + 900) I1 − 600I2 − 300I 3
Vtest = 1800I1 − 600I2 − 300I 3
The loop current are given as, et
I1 = Itest , I2 = 0.3Vs , and I 3 = 3Itest + 0.2Vs
...(i)

Substituing theses values into equation (i),


Vtest = 1800Itest − 600 (0.01Vs) − 300 (3Itest + 0.01Vs)
Vtest = 1800Itest − 6Vs − 900Itest − 3Vs
10Vtest = 900Itest ,
Vtest = 90Itest
Thevenin resistance
RTh = Vtest = 90 Ω
Itest
Thevenin voltage or open circuit voltage will be zero because there is no independent
source present in the network, i.e. Voc = 0 V

***********

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368 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

SOLUTIONS 5.3

SOL 5.3.1 Option (C) is correct.


When 10 V is connected at port A the network is

ww
w.E
asy
En
Now, we obtain Thevenin equivalent for the circuit seen at load terminal, let

gin
Thevenin voltage is VTh, 10 V with 10 V applied at port A and Thevenin resistance is
RTh .

ee rin
g.n
IL =
VTh,10 V
RTh + RL
et
For RL = 1 Ω , IL = 3 A
VTh,10 V
3= ...(i)
RTh + 1
For RL = 2.5 Ω , IL = 2 A
V
2 = Th,10 V ...(ii)
RTh + 2.5
Dividing above two
3 = RTh + 2.5
2 RTh + 1
3RTh + 3 = 2RTh + 5
RTh = 2 Ω
Substituting RTh into equation (i)

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 369

VTh,10 V = 3 (2 + 1) = 9 V
Note that it is a non reciprocal two port network. Thevenin voltage seen at port B
depends on the voltage connected at port A. Therefore we took subscript VTh,10 V .
This is Thevenin voltage only when 10 V source is connected at input port A. If the
voltage connected to port A is different, then Thevenin voltage will be different.
However, Thevenin’s resistance remains same.
Now, the circuit is

ww
w.E For RL = 7 Ω , IL =
VTh,10 V
= 9 = 1A
2 + RL 2 + 7
SOL 5.3.2
asy
Option (B) is correct.
Now, when 6 V connected at port A let Thevenin voltage seen at port B is VTh,6 V .

En
Here RL = 1 Ω and IL = 7 A
3

gin
ee rin
VTh, 6 V = RTh # 7 + 1 # 7 = 2 # 7 + 7 = 7 V
g.n
3 3 3 3
This is a linear network, so VTh at port B can be written as
VTh = V1 α + β
et
where V1 is the input applied at port A.
We have V1 = 10 V , VTh,10 V = 9 V
` 9 = 10α + β ...(i)
When V1 = 6 V , VTh, 6 V = 9 V
` 7 = 6α + β ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii)
α = 0.5 , β = 4
Thus, with any voltage V1 applied at port A, Thevenin voltage or open circuit
voltage at port B will be
So, VTh, V = 0.5V1 + 4
1

For V1 = 8 V
VTh,8 V = 0.5 # 8 + 4 = 8 = Voc (open circuit voltage)

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370 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

SOL 5.3.3 Option (C) is correct.


Power transferred to RL will be maximum when RL is equal to the Thevenin
resistance seen at the load terminals. To obtain Thevenin resistance, we set all
independent sources zero(i.e. short circuit voltage source and open circuit current
source) as shown in figure.

ww
w.E
SOL 5.3.4
RTh = ^10 || 10h + 10 = 10 # 10 + 10 = 15 Ω

Option (C) is correct.


10 + 10

asy
For maximum power transfer, the load resistance RL must be equal to Thevenin
resistance RTh seen at the load terminals. i.e. RL = RTh . Thevenin resistance is
given by
En Open circuit voltage Voc

gin
RTh = =
Short circuit current Isc
The open circuit voltage can be obtained using the circuit shown below

ee rin
g.n
et
The open circuit voltage is Voc = 100 V. Short circuit current is determined using
following circuit

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 371

From figure, I1 = 100 = 12.5 A


8
Vx =− 4 # 12.5 =− 50 V

I2 = 100 + Vx = 100 − 50 = 12.5 A


4 4
Isc = I1 + I2 = 25 A
So, RTh = Voc = 100 = 4 Ω
Isc 25
Thus, for maximum power transfer RL = RTh = 4 Ω .
SOL 5.3.5 Option (D) is correct.

ww Here VTh
RTh =
Open circuit voltage (Voc) VTh
Short circuit current (Isc)
=
Isc
is voltage across node also. Applying nodal analysis we get

w.E
asy
En
2 1 gin
VTh + VTh + VTh − 2i = 2
1
From the circuit,
Therefore,
ee
i = VTh = VTh
1

rin
VTh + VTh + VTh − 2VTh = 2
2 1 1
VTh = 4 volt g.n
et
or,
From the figure shown below it may be easily seen that the short circuit current at
terminal XY is Isc = 2 A because i = 0 due to short circuit of 1 Ω resistor and all
current will pass through short circuit.

Therefore Rth = VTh = 4 = 2 Ω


Isc 2
SOL 5.3.6 Option (C) is correct.
Maximum power will be transferred when RL = RTh = 100 Ω
In this case voltage across RL is 5 V, therefore

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372 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

2 (10) 2
Pmax = VTh = = 0.25 W
4R 4 # 100
SOL 5.3.7 Option (B) is correct.
Open circuit voltage VTh
RTh = =
Short circuit current Isc
Thevenin voltage (Open circuit voltage):

ww
w.E Applying KCL at node we get
VTh + VTh − 10 = 1
5 5
or,
asy
Short Circuit Current:
VTh = 7.5

En
Short circuit current through terminal a , b is obtained as follows.

gin
ee Isc = 1 + 10 = 3 A

rin
5

Thevenin resistance, g.n


RTh = VTh = 7.5 = 2.5 Ω
Isc 3
et
Note: Here current source being in series with dependent voltage source makes it
ineffective.
SOL 5.3.8 Option (A) is correct.
For maximum power delivered, load resistance RL must be equal to Thevenin
resistance RTh seen from the load terminals.
Open circuit voltage (Voc) VTh
RTh = =
Short circuit current (Isc) Isc

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 373

Applying KCL at Node, we get


0.5I1 = VTh + I1
20
or VTh + 10I1 = 0
but I1 = VTh − 50
40
Thus, VTh + VTh − 50 = 0
4
or VTh = 10 V
For Isc the circuit is shown in figure below.

ww
w.E
asy
Isc = 0.5I1 − I1 =− 0.5I1
but En
I1 =− 50 =− 1.25 A

gin
40
Isc =− 0.5 # − 12.5 = 0.625 A
Rth = VTh = 10 = 16 Ω
So,
Alternate Method: ee
Isc 0.625

rin
Thevenin resistance can be obtained by setting all independent source to zero and
put a test source across the load terminals as shown.
g.n
et
Writing KCL at top node
Vtest + Vtest = I + 0.5I
test 1
20 40
b 40 l
3 V = I + 0.5 Vtest
40 test test ^I1 = Vtest /40h

b 40 80 l test
3 − 1 V =I
test

1 V =I
16 test test

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374 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Thevenin resistance,
RTh = Vtest = 16 Ω
Itest
SOL 5.3.9 Option (C) is correct.
This can be solved by reciprocity theorem. But we have to take care that the
polarity of voltage source have the same correspondence with branch current in
each of the circuit.
In figure (B) and figure (C), polarity of voltage source is reversed with respect to
direction of branch current so
V1 =−V2
I1 I2

ww 10 = − 20
2 I
I =− 4 A

w.E
SOL 5.3.10 Option (C) is correct.
For maximum power transfer RL should be equal to RTh at same terminal. To

asy
obtain RTh set all independent sources to zero as shown below

En
gin
ee
RTh = ^5 Ω || 20 Ωh + 4 Ω
rin
= 5 # 20 + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8 Ω
5 + 20
g.n
et
SOL 5.3.11 Option (A) is correct.
Superposition theorem is applicable to only linear circuits.
SOL 5.3.12 Option (D) is correct.
V can not be determined without knowing the elements in box.
SOL 5.3.13 Option ( ) is correct.
Thevenin Voltage (open circuit voltage) :

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 375

Writing KCL
VTh − 10 = 4V
s
2
VTh = 8Vs + 10 ...(i)
10 − VTh = Vs ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
VTh = 8 ^10 − VTh h + 10 = 80 − 8VTh + 10 = 10 V
Thevenin resistance :
RTh = VTh
Isc
Isc is short circuit current through terminal A, B

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Isc = 10 − Vs
4
...(iii)

ee
Writing KCL at top center node
Vs + 4V = I

rin
s sc
2
9V = I
2 s
g.n
sc

Vs = 2 Isc
9
Substituting Vs into equation (iii)
4Isc = 10 − 2 Isc
9
et
Substituting Vs in to equation (i)
4Isc = 10 − 2 Isc
9
38 I = 10
9 sc
Isc = 90 A
38
RTh = 10 = 38 A
90/38 9
None of the option is correct.
SOL 5.3.14 Option (B) is correct.
Using source transformation

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376 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

ww
w.E So,
asy IN = 2 A
RN = 4.5 Ω
SOL 5.3.15
En
Option (B) is correct.
Using source transformation

gin
ee rin
g.n
Adding parallel connected current source and combining the resistance
I = 10 − 5 = 5 A
6 4 12
R = 12 Ω = 2.4 Ω
5
et

SOL 5.3.16 Option (B) is correct.


To obtain equivalent Thevenin resistance put a test source across A, B and set
independent source to zero.

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 377

RTh = Vtest
Itest
Simplifying above circuit we have

ww
w.E
asy
Writing node equation at top right node
Vtest + 3VAB + Vtest = I
1k
En 1k
Vtest + 3Vtest + Vtest = I
test

^VAB = Vtest h
1000
gin
1000 test

5Vtest = 1000Itest

SOL 5.3.17 Option (D) is correct.


ee
RTh = Vtest = 200 Ω = 0.2 kΩ
Itest

rin
g.n
Thevenin voltage or open circuit voltage across A, B can be computed using the
circuit below.

et
Writing node equation at node x
^VTh + 3VAB h − 5 VTh + 3VAB VTh
+ + =0
2k 2k 1k
VTh + 3VAB − 5 + VTh + 3VAB + 2VTh =0
10VTh − 5 =0 ^VAB = VTh h
VTh = 0.5 V
SOL 5.3.18 Option (B) is correct.
V + I = 100 ...(i)

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378 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

Applying KVL in the loop


V − 1I = 0 ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
2I = 100 & I = 50 A
SOL 5.3.19 Option (A) is correct.

ww Power transferred to the load

w.E P = I 2 RL = b 10
RTh + RL l
2
RL

asy
For maximum power transfer RTh , should be minimum.
RTh = 6R = 0
6+R

Note :
R =0
En
gin
Do not get confused with maximum power transfer theorem. According to maximum
power transfer theorem if RL is variable and RTh is fixed then power dissipated by

SOL 5.3.20 Option (A) is correct.


ee
RL is maximum when RL = RTh .

rin
Let Thevenin equivalent voltage of dc network is VTh and Thevenin resistance is
RTh .
g.n
et
VR = R V
R + RTh Th
20 = 10 V ...(i)
10 + RTh Th
30 = 20 V ...(ii)
20 + RTh Th
Dividing equation (i) and (ii)
2 = 10 c 20 + RTh m
3 20 10 + RTh
40 + 4RTh = 60 + 3RTh

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 379

RTh = 20 Ω
Substituting RTh into equation (i)
20 = 10 VTh
10 + 20
VTh = 60 V
For R = 80 Ω , VR = 80 ^60h = 48 V
80 + 20
SOL 5.3.21 Option (C) is correct.
We obtain Thevenin equivalent across R.
Thevenin voltage (Open circuit voltage) :

ww
w.E
asy
VTh = ^6 # 1h + 10 = 16 V

En
Thevenin resistance :

gin
RTh = 1 Ω
ee rin
For maximum power transfer
R = RTh = 1 Ω g.n
The maximum power will be
2
Pmax = VTh =
4RTh
^16h2
4
= 64 W
et
SOL 5.3.22 Option (B) is correct.
Transforming the 5 A current source into equivalent voltage source

Writing node equation


V1 − 10 + V1 = 2
12 5

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380 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

5V1 − 50 + 12V1 = 120


17V1 = 170
V1 = 10 V
Current in 5 Ω resistor
I5 Ω = V1 = 10 = 2 A
5 5
SOL 5.3.23 Option (C) is correct.
Let the circuit is

ww
w.E Short circuit current Isc = 75 mA

asy
En
gin
ee
Isc = VTh = 75 mA
RTh
rin ...(i)
Vt = 0.6 , I = 70 mA

g.n
et
I = VTh − 0.6 = 70 mA
RTh
VTh − 0.6 = 70 # 10−3 RTh ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
75 # 10−3 RTh − 0.6 = 70 # 10−3 RTh
5 # 10−3 RTh = 0.6
RTh = 120 Ω

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Chap 5 Circuit Theorems 381

SOL 5.3.24 Option (C) is correct.

Current in the circuit

ww I = 10 − 3 = 7
2 + RL 2 + RL

w.E
Power delivered from source to load will be sum of power absorbed by RL and
power absorbed by 3 V source
P = c 7 m RL + c 7 m # 3
2

asy =
2 + RL 2 + RL
49RL + 21 ^2 + RL h
^2 + RL h2
En=
^42 + 70RL h
^2 + RL h2
gin
For maximum power transfer dP = 0
dRL

ee
^2 + RL h 60 + 70@ − ^42 + 70RL h64 ^2 + RL h@
2

^2 + RL h4
=0

rin
^2 + RL h^70h − ^42 + 70RL h^2 h = 0
140 + 70RL − 84 − 140RL = 0
g.n
RL = 4 = 0.8 Ω
SOL 5.3.25 Option (A) is correct.
Transforming 10 V source into equivalent current source
5
et

10 Ω || 10 Ω = 5 Ω
10 A − 1 A = 9 A

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382 Circuit Theorems Chap 5

5 + 10 ^ h
I = 5 9 (Using current division)
= 3A

***********

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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