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All of us are/were television, internet or computer games addicts at some
point of times in our lives. It is up to us to convert this kind of addiction
into distraction or a utility e.g., I was a TV addict during early days of my
life, but today it is more or less a utility for me. I use TV, Movies etc., for
recreation purposes when I am mentally tired. Infact these two elements
(TV shows and Movies) work as energy boosters for my body.
Scientifically frames in a movie or a TV show change
faster that the functioning rate of our brain. That’s why
our real thinking power decreases up to a large extent
while watching these. Actually our brain works only
over those directions reaching to it via our eyes while
watching a movie or a TV show. Thus, keeping other
portions of our brain at minimum functional level, this
in turn provides relief up to a large extent to our tired
functional brain. On the other hand, watching TV and
Movies may affect our body in negative manner also.
Their over exposure is always hazardous to our eyes
and other body parts.
The journey to IIT is too long. It seems like walking on the top of a
moving object which is rough, slippery and narrow too. Walking on
such an object’s top requires ultimate skills, courage, consistency and
determination as key players. One ‘slip’ can easily deviate you from the
track. The word ‘slip’ here signifies ‘Distraction’. There will be all
kinds of things like TV, movies, internet, phone, friends, ‘Bad’ habits
(smoking, drinking etc.,), crushes/infatuations, the pressure of looking
good, the desire of being noticed in social circle etc., which can be
categorised to distractions or stumbling block for your progress.
Sometimes, a mode of recreation also becomes a distraction.
THE REAL STUMBLING BLOCKS
From the example given above, it must be clear in your mind that
controlled exposure to gadgets like TV, internet etc., may not distract
you, but uncontrolled exposure certainly distract you just like a
hydrogen bomb which demolished your studies completely. Hence, I
strongly suggest every JEE aspirant to analyse and remove from his
path such stumbling blocks which can be one of the following or
something else
TELEVISION
Let’s begin with TV, ‘DOORDARSHAN’ which have the capability of
converting a normal human being into ‘Buddhu’ or an ‘idiot’. That’s why
some of us also call it ‘Buddhu Baksa’ or ‘idiot box’. For one kind of people
this can be the source of entertainment through reality shows, serials etc.,
while for others it provides entertainment through games like IPL, IHL,
FIFA, Grand slams, ICC world cups etc.
Thus, something or the other always visible on the screen and pulling you
away from your books just like spider webs. For a person like my son, it was
even a bigger problem because he (and many more like him) equally fits in
both the categories. Likewise his younger cousin says that he used to be
glued to the television every time Virat stepped out to bat, just like a normal
cricket fan. First watching a match and then the guilt of wasting time is a
great distraction for him.
To overcome this kind of problem, you really need to have burning
desire to hit your target. Once you are involved with such attractions, it
will be hard to come back. Suppose you decided to sit for an hour in front of
the TV and ended up watching a 3 hour T20 match. This in turn followed by
wasting another hour in discussing the outcomes of match or feeling guilty.
Everybody understands the fact that it is almost impossible to be passive
emotionally during this tenure of 2 years. There will be ups and downs
signifying good and bad times during this tenure. These up and downs are
in fact the ‘Testing Times’ for us. I consider these times as the eliminators as
these are the indicators of our success and failures. What would give you more
happiness – a good rank in JEE or India lifting the World Cup 2015 in
cricket? Think about this question and your heart would give good rank in
JEE as the answer.
You can, or rather should, surely watch programs of your interest but it is
better to fix up a time for TV and try to follow it honestly. Be stiff with
yourself. Build the road map of your priorities in such a way to get
maximum help from it in ensuring your success.
INTERNET
Internet entered in our life as a time saving connecting tool which provides
manifold help in increasing our exposure towards the real world. Although
internet has something for everybody, but amazingly everyone among us is using
it for the same purpose i.e. Social Networking means everybody is running
towards social networking through many apps like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram
etc., including you, your parents, your siblings and even your pets may have an
account. Your worth is judged by the number of friends or followers you have.
You are called COOL, if you have a good collection of songs or movies else you
stand nowhere. For most people, social networking is not a requirement, but just
an addiction.
I realised it when I lost my account for a month due to some reason. In real sense,
when you don’t have anything to post, you don’t even expect a comment also. Just
try to deactivate your account once, then only you will realise the worth of life
without such social networking. In real sense it is much – much better than the
one you are living with Facebook or Instagram. In a very recent research, this was
disclosed that addiction of this kind of social media is more prone in those
persons, which have some sort of insecurities in their relations. The solution of
these kinds of distractions lies in your determination and commitment for
success. So, I prefer the usage of internet could be the best, if students use it for
• The purpose of clearing their study related doubts
• For online tutorials/classes
• For reading e-books
• For exploring new horizons in different fields etc.
Likewise, if their parents use it for
• Office automation,
• Accounting purposes,
• Financial operations like bank accounts,
• Online shopping i.e., e–commerce, and
• So many other useful things.
MOBILE PHONE
I consider it a dragon that always stays in your pocket and literally grabs the peace
of your life. I always prefer its limited usage as it left me unnecessarily exhausted.
It is suggestive to switch off your mobiles when you are studying. Try to avoid its
use in your ‘relaxation time’ too i.e., your own time in which
• You can have a chat with your family members or
• You can play some outdoor games, or
• You can take a walk in the park to rejuvenate your exhausted body
• You can listen to some music to re-energize yourself.
Simply, this means the time of your personal usage, which must be used for
constructive purposes. Some of you may be of the opinion that the usage of
mobile phone is necessary to increase and maintain their social circle. But as per
my understanding an increase in ‘social circle’ does not necessarily means an
increase in number of ‘friends’. Likewise, its size has inverse relation with your
success.
REMEMBER!
The day you compromise with your success for them, they will
compromise on their ‘friendship’ for you. In simple words, they are
not your true friends rather they want to gain something from your
success. Hence, when you make compromises with your success
they may leave you. So limit your social circle only to the people,
who know the worth of your time.
“‘Always bear in mind that your resolution to succeed is
more important than any other one thing.”
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CRUSHES AND INFATUATIONS
Crushes and infatuations are the part of every adolescent’s life.
Attraction to opposite sex at this age is very common, but at the
same time its proper incorporation in life is essential. At such
times, when each minute has its own value and requires proper
planning, don’t even think of having a girlfriend or a boyfriend
for time pass. Their presence is acceptable only if, they do not
deviate you from what you are supposed to do? Crushes may keep
on changing every month i.e., you can fall in love 24 times or
more in these 2 years, but you won’t allowed to appear 24 times to
crack JEE. So you have two options i.e., either learn to handle both
the things simultaneously or become a saint until you crack the
JEE.
In my opinion the second option is better as at your age
nobody is mature enough to handle both the things
simultaneously.
ATTENTION SEEKERS
Seeking attention may also be considered as a distraction. See, if
looking good makes you feel ‘confident’, then it is fine, but if it
makes you feel ‘acceptable’, then it is wrong. Try to please
everyone with your result and not with your so called personality.
My perception is, in your age personality keeps on changing in
days or weeks. Accept yourself as a future star, who can do much
more than the rest without following their ways. Love yourself
and respect your uniqueness. Let people judge you, but what you
think about yourself matters the most. Just decide what appeals
you the most - a ‘show man’ or a ‘show stopper’.
All the above written distractions are those common factors which
everyone among us faces or faced in his/her life. You are not alone
the only victim of these.
REMEMBER!
For clearing JEE, you need not at all isolate yourself
from your friends, family or any modes of recreation.
Rather, it is very necessary to give them the time they
deserve. Play for half an hour or talk to your
parents or play with your siblings or watch TV,
chat, dance, sing, sketch etc., in short, do whatever,
which makes you forget that you are up for a job, but
with a restriction. In the early days of my career, I had
a student who was very fond of cricket. He got his
selection to IIT with a marvelous rank of 325. Just
imagine, he was playing a cricket match 4 days before
his IIT-JEE, in which he got this rank. This was a
lesson for me regarding distractions. If we analyse
this incident properly, we can easily understand the
difference between stumbling blocks and utilisation
of above written distractions with focused approach.
That’s why I mentioned above, do whatever you like,
but be focused in your approach. See how beautifully
Abraham Lincoln connected these distractions with
destiny
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Wave Motion and Oscillation

WAVE MOTION
G
A kind of disturbance which travels through the Relation between Wave Velocity, Time Period and
medium due to repeated periodic motion of Wavelength
particles of the medium about their mean Wavelength
positions, such that the medium does not travel Wave velocity =
Time period
along the disturbance.
nλ nλω 2π 1
G
There are two types of wave motion: or v= = , where K = and n =
T K λ T
(a) Transverse wave motion and
(b) Longitudinal wave motion Velocity of Transverse Waves
G
Velocity of transverse waves in a solid of modulus of rigidity η and
(a) Transverse Wave Motion density ρ is given by, v = η /ρ
A wave motion in which the particles of the medium G
Velocity of transverse waves in a string of mass per unit length m and
vibrate about their mean position in a direction
T
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the stretched under tension T is given by v = .
m
wave. e.g. Stretched string of sitar, sonometer, light,
waves, etc.
Equation of a Plane Progressive Waves
(b) Longitudinal Wave Motion G
During the propagation of a progressive wave, the particle of the
A wave motion in which the particles of the medium medium perform SHM about their mean position, then the wave is
vibrate about their mean position along the known as harmonic progressive wave.
direction of propagation of the wave. G
The general equation of a plane progressive wave with initial phase
e.g. Sound waves in air, clamped rod by pulling it is
along its length, organ pipes, etc. Oscillating term
Phase
Characteristics of Harmonic Wave
y(x,t)= a sin (ωt±Kx±φ0)
(i) Amplitude (a) The maximum displacement of Initial phase
the particle on either side of its mean position. Displacement Position
(ii) Frequency (n) or (ν) The number of vibrations Propagation
Amplitude
performed by a particle in one second. constant
Angular
(iii) Wavelength (λ) The distance travelled by the frequency
wave in one time period, i.e. T seconds is G
Angular frequency, ω = Coefficient of t.
called wavelength.
G
Propagation constant, K = Coefficient of x.
(iv) Time period (T) This is the time required to
Coefficient of t ω
complete one vibration. G
Wave speed, v = =
Coefficient of x K
(v) Velocity (v) The distance travelled by the
wave in one second is defined as velocity. 2π 2π
G
Wavelength, λ = =
Coefficient of x K

4
Organ Pipe Principle of Superposition
It is the simplest musical instrument in which sound is produced by G
When a number of waves travel through a medium
setting an air column into vibrations. Longitudinal stationary waves simultaneously, then resultant displacement at any
are formed on account of superposition of incident and reflected point of the medium is equal to the vector sum of the
longitudinal waves. displacement of the individual waves.
G
If y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 , .... y n are the displacements of n
Modes of Vibrations of Closed Organ Pipe waves superimposing each other at a point, then the
(a) For fundamental mode, resultant displacement at that point will be
v γp y = y1 + y2 + ..... + y n
λ1 = 4 L , ν1 = = =ν
λ1 ρ G
Important applications of superposition principle
4L are as follows :
(b) For second mode, λ 2 = , ν2 = 3 ν
3 (a) Interference of waves adding waves that differ
i.e. third harmonic or first overtone in phase.
4L (b) Formation of Beats adding waves that differ in
(c) For third mode, λ3 = = ν3 = 5 ν
5 frequency.
i.e. fifth harmonic or second overtone (c) Formation of stationary waves adding waves
4L that differ in direction.
(d) For nth mode, λ n = = v n = (2 n − 1)ν
(2 n − 1)
i.e (2 n − 1)th harmonic or (n − 1)th overtone
Note ν1 : ν 2 : ν 3 : ν 4 = 1 : 3 : 5 : 7 (only odd harmonics).
■
A periodic wave is that in which displacement repeats itself
after a distance equal to the wavelength (λ) or after a time
Modes of Vibrations of Open Organ Pipe equal to the period (T ) of the wave.
■
Mechanical waves can exist in material medium and they are
v 1 γp
(a) For fundamental mode, λ′1 = 2L, ν′1 = = =ν governed by Newton’s laws. When the prongs of tuning fork is
2L 2L ρ slightly loaded with wax its frequency of vibration decreases.
(b) For second mode, λ′2 = L, ν′2 = 2 ν (second harmonic or first ■
The beats are not heard, if the difference in frequencies of the
overtone) two sounding notes is greater than 10. In a pipe open at both
2L ′ the ends, the frequency of fundamental note produced is twice
(c) For third mode, λ′3 = , ν3 = 3 ν (third harmonic or second
3 as that produced by a closed pipe of the same length.
overtone)
■
Doppler’s effect in sound in asymmetric but in light it is
symmetric.
Note If an open pipe is half submerged in water, then it will become a closed ■
The light received from the distant stars and galaxies shows a
pipe of the length half that of open pipe. Now its frequency becomes, red shift (increase in wavelength.)
v v ■
Standing wave is an example of interference. Node means
ν= =
4( l /2 ) 2 l destructive interference and antinodes means constructive
interference.
(d) For nth mode , when the string vibrates in n loops,
n T Doppler Effect in Sound
νn = = nν
2L m The apparent change in frequency of sound heard by
i.e nth harmonic or (n − 1)th overtone where, m is mass per unit an observer due to a relative motion between the
length and T is tension on string. observer and the source of sound. The expression for
the apparent frequencies as follows:
TIPS & TRICKS (a) Source approaching a stationary observer
■
The stretched string illustrates the two properties necessary for any mechanical ⎛ v ⎞
ν1 = ν ⎜ ⎟ where, ν = real frequency
system to support wave motion inertia (mass) and elastic (restoring) forces ⎝ v − us ⎠
that are necessary for individual pieces of the system to oscillate.
■
In a stationary wave, v = velocity of sound and us = velocity of source
(a) the disturbance (crests and troughs or compressions and rarefactions) (b) Source receding from a stationary observer
does not move forward or backward. ⎛ v ⎞
ν2 = ν ⎜ ⎟
(b) the time period of periodic motions of all the particles of the medium is ⎝ v + us ⎠
same, except those at the nodes. (c) Observer approaching a stationary source of
(c) direction of motion of the particles is reversed after half a vibration or sound
half time-period. v + u0 ⎞
(d) there is no transmission of energy. ν3 = ν ⎛⎜ ⎟
⎝ v ⎠
■
The strain is maximum at nodes and minimum at antinodes.
where, u0 = velocity of observer

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(d) Observer receding from a stationary source of sound ⎛ v − u0 ⎞
ν7 = ν ⎜ ⎟
v − u0 ⎞
ν4 = ν ⎛⎜ ⎟ ⎝ v − us ⎠
⎝ v ⎠
(h) Observer approaching a receding source
(e) Both approaching each other ⎛ v + u0 ⎞
⎛ v + u0 ⎞ ν8 = ν ⎜ ⎟
ν5 = ν ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ v + us ⎠
⎝ v − us ⎠
Note I If the source of sound moves, the apparent change in
(f) Both receding from each other
frequency is due to change in wavelength, then the speed
⎛ v − u0 ⎞
ν6 = ν ⎜ ⎟ of sound remaining the same.
⎝ v + us ⎠ I If the observer moves, the apparent change in frequency is
due to change in the speed of sound relative to the observer
(g) Source approaching a receding observer but the wavelength of sound remaining the same.

1. A train whistling at constant frequency is moving 4. Air is blown at the mouth of a tube of length 25 cm and
towards a station at a constant speed v. The train goes diameter equal to 2 cm open at both ends. If the
past a stationary observer on the station. The frequency velocity of sound in air is 330 m/s, the sound emitted
n of the sound as heard by the observer is plotted as a will have all the frequencies in the group
function of time (t ) as shown in the figure. Identify the (a) 330, 990, 1690 Hz
expected curve. (b) 302, 664, 1980 Hz
n′ n′ (c) 660, 1320, 1980 Hz
(d) 660, 100, 3300 Hz
(a) (b) v 330
Hint Fundamental frequency, n = = = 660 Hz.
2 l 2 × 0.25
Frequency of overtones are 2 n, 3 n, 4 n, ... = 1320, 1980, 2640 Hz
t t
n′ n′ 5. A wire stretched between two rigid supports vibrates in
its fundamental mode with a frequency of 45 Hz. The
(c) (d) mass of the wire is 3.5 × 10 − 2 kg and its linear mass
density is 4.0 × 10 − 2 kg/m. What is (i) the speed of a
transverse wave on the string (ii) the tension in the
t t
string
Hint Whistling train is the source of sound, v s = v. (a) (i) 80 m/s and (ii) 250 N
Before crossing a stationary observer on station, frequency heard (b) (i) 88 m/s and (ii) 208 N
vn vn (c) (i) 90 m/s and (ii) 249 N
is n ′ = = = constant and n ′ > n.
(v − v s ) v − v (d) (i) 78.75 m/s and (ii) 248 N
Here, v is velocity of sound in air and n is actual frequency of whistle.
6. A wave of frequency 100 Hz is sent along a string
After crossing the stationary observer, frequency heard is
vn vn towards a fixed end. When this wave travels back, after
n′ = = = constant and n ′ < n. reflection, a node is formed at a distance of 10 cm from
( v + v s ) ( v + v)
the fixed end of the string. The speeds of incident (and
2. Beats are produced by two travelling waves each of reflected) waves are
loudness I and nearly equal frequencies n1 and n2 . The (a) 5 ms −1 (b) 20 ms −1 (c) 10 ms −1 (d) 40 ms −1
beat frequency will be ... and maximum loudness heard
will be… 7. A metre long tube open at one end, with a movable
piston at the other end, shows a resonance, with a fixed
(a) ( n1 − n2 ),2 I(b) ( n1 − n2 ), 4I (c) ( n1 − n2 ), 3I (d) ( n1 − n2 ), I
frequency source (a tuning fork of frequency 340 Hz)
Hint Beat frequency = number of beats per second = ( n1 − n 2 )
when the tube length is 25.5 cm or 79.3 cm. Estimate
and maximum loudness = ( 2 a + 2 a )2 = 4 a 2 = 4 I.
the speed of sound in air at the temperature of
3. Two uniform wires are vibrating simultaneously in experiment. (The edge effect may be neglected)
their fundamental notes. The tension, lengths, (a) 336 m/s (b) 331 m/s (c) 356 m/s (d) 366 m/s
diameter and the densities of the two wires are in the Hint ∴ Wavelength, λ = 2 ( l2 − l1 )
ratio 8 : 1, 36 : 35, 4 : 1 and 1 : 2, respectively. If the note of = 2(79.3 − 25.5) = 107.6 × 10 − 2 m
the higher pitch has a frequency 360 Hz, the number of = 1.076 m
beats produced per second is Using, v = ν ⋅ λ ; ν = 340 Hz
(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 10 (d) 20 ∴ Speed of sound in air, v = 340 × (1.076) m/s = 365.84 ~
− 366 m/s

6 https://vk.com/readinglecture
 8. If n1 , n2 and n3 are the fundamental frequencies of (c) the number of waves striking the surface per second is
three segments into which a string is divided, then the ⎡c + v ⎤
original fundamental frequency n of the string is given ⎢⎣ c ⎥⎦
by (d) the number of beats heard by a stationary listener to the left
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎡ nv ⎤
(a) = + + (b) = + + to the reflecting surface is ⎢ ⎥
n n1 n2 n3 n n1 n2 n3 ⎣c − v ⎦
(c) n = n1 + n2 + n3 (d) n = n1 + n2 + n3 Hint Large vertical plane acts as listener moving per second.
1 1 1 1 1 1 (c + v )
Hint As, n ∝ or l ∝ and l = l1 + l2 + l3 ⇒ = + + ∴ n′ = ⋅n
l n n n1 n 2 n 3 c
This is the number of waves striking the surface per second.

Conditions for No Doppler’s Effect 11. A source of sound of frequency 500 Hz is moving
towards an observer with velocity 30 ms − 1 . The speed
■
When source (S ) and listener (L) both are at rest. of sound is 330 ms −1 . The frequency heard by the
■
When medium alone is moving. observer will be
■
When S and L move in such a way that distance between S and L
(a) 545 Hz (b) 580 Hz (c) 558.3 Hz (d) 550 Hz
remains constant.
u ×ν
■
When source (S ) and listener (L), are moving in mutually perpendicular Hint From Doppler’s effect ν ′ =
u −u s
directions.
■
If the velocity of source and listener is equal to or greater than the 12. The amplitude of wave disturbance propagating in the
sound velocity, then doppler effect is not seen. 1
positive direction of X-axis is given by y = at t = 0
1 + x2
9. In Melde’s experiment, the string vibrates in 4 loops 1
and by y = at t = 2s, where x and y are in
when a 50 kg-wt is placed in the pan of weight 1 + (x − 1)2
15 kg-wt. To make the string vibrate in 6 loops, the
metres. The shape of the wave does not change during
weight that has to be removed from the pan is
propagation. The velocity of the wave is
approximately
(a) 0.5 ms −1 (b) 2.0 ms −1 (c) 1.0 ms −1 (d) 4.0 ms −1
(a) 7 kg-wt (b) 36 kg-wt
Hint In a wave equation, x and t must be related in the form of
(c) 21 kg-wt (d) 29 kg-wt 1
( x − vt ). Therefore, we rewrite the given equation as y =
Hint As, P T = constant 1 + ( x − vt )2

10. A sound wave of frequency n travels horizontally to the 13. The wavelength of special line for a given element in
right. It is reflected from a large vertical plane surface light received from a distant star is increased by 0.32%.
moving to the left with speed v. The speed of the sound Velocity of the star is
in the medium is c. Then, (a) 4.8 × 10 5 ms −1, away from the earth
⎡c + v ⎤ (b) 9.6 × 10 5 ms −1, towards the earth
(a) the frequency of the reflected wave is ⎢ ⎥
⎣c − v ⎦ (c) 4.8 × 10 4 ms −1, receding from the earth
⎡ + v⎤ (d) 9.6 × 10 5 ms −1, away from the earth
(b) the wavelength of the reflected wave is ⎡ ⎤ ⎢
c c
⎢⎣ n ⎥⎦ ⎣ c − v ⎥⎦ Hint From,
ν dλ
= , [where, dλ = change in wavelength]
c λ

OSCILLATION
G
Periodic Motion is a motion that repeat itself over and over
again after regular intervals of time. The least time after
which the periodic motion repeats itself is called period (T)
or time period of periodic motion. Mathematically, for a
periodic motion, f(t ) = f(t + T) = f(t + 2T) = K
G
Any periodic motion in which a body moves back and forth
repeatedly about an equilibrium position is called an
oscillatory motion or vibrational motion.
G
Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but every periodic
motion need not to be oscillatory. e.g. motion of the planet
around the Sun is periodic but not oscillatory, body
undergoing periodic motion has an equilibrium position
somewhere inside its path.
Note There is no significant difference between oscillations and
vibrations. When to and fro motion of the body about a fixed
position has small frequency, called as oscillation while to and
fro motion of the body about a fixed position has high
frequency, called as vibration such as vibration of a musical
instrument.
G
The periodic functions which can be represented by a sine
or cosine curve are called harmonic functions. All
harmonic functions are necessarily periodic but all
periodic functions are not harmonic.
G
A general oscillation can be said as Simple Harmonic
Motion (SHM) if it follows basic conditions:

7
 (a) The oscillation amplitude of a particle must be very Velocity of particle is maximum and it is v max = Aω.
small as compared to its surrounding dimensions π
At extreme position (y = ± A and θ = ωt = ), velocity of
(dimensions of bodies with which it can interact) 2
(b) During oscillation, the acceleration of the particle oscillating particle is zero, i.e. v = 0
towards mean position. Due to net restoring force
(F ) must be directly proportional to its displacement Acceleration (a)
for mean position (x). G
The acceleration of the particle executing SHM at any instant
Then, restoring force ∝ displacement is defined as the rate of change of its velocity at that instant.
dv
or F = − kx ∴ a= = − ω2 Asinωt = − ω2 y [∴y = Asinωt ]
where, k is a force constant or spring factor and dt
negative sign shows that the restoring force acts in G
At mean position or equilibrium position (y = 0), acceleration is
the opposite direction of displacement x. zero.
G
At extreme position , acceleration is maximum (at y = ± A).
Hence, |a max| = ω2 A when |sinωt| = 1
Characteristics of SHM As table below shows comparative study of displacement,
velocity and acceleration in SHM.
Amplitude (A)
G
Maximum (positive or negative) values of Physical quantity Equilibrium position Extreme position
displacement from equilibrium position. Displacement, y = A sinω t Minimum = 0 Maximum = A
G
Since, maximum and minimum values of sine function Maximum = ω A Minimum = 0
Velocity, v = ω A 2 − y 2
are respectively +1 and −1. The maximum and
minimum values of y in the equation y = Asin(ωt + φ) Acceleration| a | = ω y
2
Minimum = 0 Maximum = ω 2 A
are respectively + A and − A, where A is called
amplitude. Phase (φ)
G
A physical quantity which completely expresses the position
Time Period (T ) and direction of motion of the particle at that instant w.r.t mean
G
The smallest time interval after which the oscillation position.
repeats itself. G
An equation of motion of the vibrating particle, we get
G
In other words, the displacement repeats itself after a
2π⎞ 2π y = asin(ωt + φ0 )
time interval of ⎛⎜ ⎟ , so time period (T) = where, ω
⎝ ω⎠ ω where, θ = ωt + φ0 is a phase of vibrating particle
is angular frequency of the motion.
Energy in SHM
Frequency (f ) G
If a particle of mass m executes SHM, then at a displacement x
G
The number of oscillations made by the particle in one from mean position, the particle possesses potential and
second is called frequency of oscillations. kinetic energy.
1 ω At any displacement x,
i.e. f= =
T 2π (i) Potential energy,
where, ω is the angular frequency of the oscillating 1 1 1
U = mω2 x2 = kx2 = kA2 cos2 (ωt + φ)
particle. 2 2 2
The unit of frequency are s −1 or cycle per second (cps) 1
(ii) Kinetic energy, K = mω2 ( A2 − x2 )
or hertz (Hz). For high frequencies, the units such as 2
kilohertz (kHz) or megahertz (MHz) are used. 1 1
= k( A − x2 ) = kA2 sin2 (ωt + φ)
2
2 2
Velocity (v) 1 1
(iii) Total energy, E = U + K = kA2 = mω2 A2
G
Velocity of the particle executing SHM at any instant is 2 2
defined as the rate of change of its displacement at that
Simple Pendulum
instant. G
A simple pendulum consists of a heavy but small sized metallic
G
In case of SHM, when motion is considered from the bob suspended by a light, inextensible and flexible string. The
equilibrium position, displacement y = Asinωt motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic, whose time
dy
∴ v= = Aω cos ωt period and frequency are given by
dt
l 1 g
= Aω 1 − sin2 ωt = ω A2 − y2 T = 2π and ν =
g 2π l
G
At mean position or equilibrium position (y = 0 and where, l = length of pendulum and
θ = ωt = 0),
g = acceleration due to gravity.

8
G
If a pendulum is in a lift or some other carriage moving vertically G
Here a body continues to oscillate with constant
with an acceleration a, then effective value of acceleration due to amplitude and fixed frequency.
gravity becomes (g ± a) and hence, time period is given by Damping force, Fd = − bv
l where, v is the velocity of the oscillator and b is a
T = 2π
g± a damping constant.
G
The displacement of the oscillator is given by
Here positive sign is taken for upward accelerated motion and
negative sign is taken for downward accelerated motion. x(t ) = Ae− bt / 2 m cos (ωt + φ)
G
If the mass is once pulled so as to stretch the spring and released, where, ω = angular frequency
the spring pendulum oscillates simple harmonically having time G
The mechanical energy E of the oscillator is given by
1
period and frequency, then it is given by E(t ) = kA2 e− bt / 2 m
m 1 k 2
T = 2π and ν =
k 2π m

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY ■

All oscillatory motions are periodic but all periodic motions are
FREQUENCY AND TIME PERIOD OF SHM not oscillatory.
■
The SHM is executed by the projection of the revolving particle
Step I When a particle is in its equilibrium position, balance all forces
on the diameter of the circle. The motion of revolving particle is
acting on it and locate the equilibrium position mathematically.
only periodic in nature.
Step II From the equilibrium position, displace the particle slightly by a
displacement y and find the expression of net restoring force on
■
If the length of a simple pendulum is increased by x%. Then, its
x
it. time period will increase by %.
Step III To express the net restoring force acting on a particle as a 2
proportional function of its displacement from mean position, i.e.
■
In the absence of resistive force, the work done by a simple
F = − ky pendulum in one complete oscillation is zero.
Here, we put negative sign as direction of F is opposite to the r
■
At a distance from the mean position, the kinetic energy of
displacement y. 2
Step IV Comparing this equation with the basic differential equation of simple harmonic oscillators is equal to the potential energy.
k k
■
If a body executes SHM of time period T , under the influence of
SHM, we get ω 2 = ⇒ ω = the force, F 1 and of time periodT 2 under the influence of force F 2 .
m m
Then its time period under the influence of both the forces F 1 and
As ω is the angular frequency of the particle in SHM its time period T 1.T 2
F 2 acting simultaneously is given by T = .
2π m
of oscillation can be given as T = = 2π T 12 + T 22
ω k

Oscillations due to spring

G
If two springs of spring constants k1 and k2 are joined in series
(horizontally and vertically), then their equivalent spring
constant k S is given by
1 1 1 k ⋅k
= + ⇒ kS = 1 2
k S k1 k2 k1 + k2
m m(k1 + k2 )
∴ T = 2π = 2π
ks k1 k2
G
If two springs of spring constants k1 and k2 are joined in parallel,
then their equivalent spring constant, k P = k1 + k2 . Such that
m m
T = 2π = 2π
kp k1 + k2
G
If a body, capable of oscillation is slightly displaced from its
position of equilibrium and then released it starts oscillating
with a frequency of its own. Such oscillations are called free
vibration. The frequency with which a body oscillates is called
natural frequency and is given by
1 k
ν0 =
2π m

9
14. A coin is placed on a horizontal platform, which 17. An object suspended from a
undergoes horizontal SHM about a mean position O. spring exhibits oscillations
The coin placed on platform does not slip, coefficient of of period T. Now, the spring
friction between the coin and the platform is μ. The is cut in two halves and the
amplitude of oscillation is gradually increased. The same object is suspended
coin will begin to slip on the platform the first time with two halves as shown in
m m
(a) at the mean position figure. The new time period
(b) at the extreme position of oscillations of oscillation will become
(c) for an amplitude of μ g/ω 2 (a)
T
(b)
T
(c)
T
(d) 2T
(d) for an amplitude of g/μω 2 2 2 2 2
Hint The coin will slip if, x = maximum = amplitude A. Hint Let, k be the spring constant of each half part of the spring.
So, for a complete spring, the spring constant should be k ′ = k / 2
mAω = μ mg 2
(spring in series). When two splitted parts of a spring are
μg connected to the body, then spring are in parallel.
or A= 2
ω Their effective spring constant ( k ′ ) = ( k + k ) = 2 k
m 1
15. Figure shows the circular motion of a particle. The As, T =2π or T ∝ (for a fixed value of m)
k k
radius of the circle, the period, sense of revolution and
T′ k /2 1 T
the initial position are indicated on the figure. The ∴ = = or T ′ =
simple harmonic motion of the x-projection of the T 2k 2 2
radius vector of the rotating particle P is 18. A mass 1 kg suspended from a spring whose force
Y P (t=0) constant is 400 Nm−1 , executes simple harmonic
motion. When the total energy of the oscillator is 2 J,
B T=30s
X the maximum acceleration experienced by the mass
O will be
2 πt ⎞ πt (a) 2 ms − 2 (b) 4 ms − 2 (c) 40 ms − 2 (d) 400 ms − 2
(a) x(t ) = B sin ⎛⎜ ⎟ (b) x(t ) = B cos ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ Hint As, energy stored = work done by a spring
⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠
1
πt π πt π ⇒ E = kr 2 (where, r = displacement)
(c) x(t ) = B sin ⎛⎜ + ⎞⎟ (d) x(t ) = B cos ⎛⎜ + ⎞⎟ 2
⎝ 15 2⎠ ⎝ 15 2⎠
2E 2 ×2 1
Hint Then, ∠POQ = ωt = ∠OQR. P(t=0) or r= = = m
k 400 10
The projection of radius OQ Q 2
on X-axis will be OR = x(t ), say; ⎛ k⎞ 1 ⎛ 400⎞ 1 −2
ωt ωt
Now, a = ω 2 r = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 10 = ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ × 10 = 40 ms
⎝ m⎠
x(t )
In ΔOQR, sin ωt = O x(t) R X
B
or x(t ) = B sin ωt = B sin
2π
= B sin
2π
t.
TIPS & TRICKS
T 30 ■
When the amplitude of a simple harmonic oscillator is doubled, then
16. Two springs of force constants k and 2k are connected (i) its maximum velocity gets doubled,
to a mass as shown in figure below. The frequency of (ii) its total energy becomes four times and
oscillation of the mass is (iii) its time period remains unaffected.
■
A clock is said to run slow, when the time period of its pendulum
k 2k increases. On the other hand, it is said to run fast, if the time period
m of the pendulum decreases.
■
If a simple pendulum is taken to a planet, where the acceleration due
x
to gravity increased by x % then, its time period will decrease by %.
1 1 2
(a) k/m (b) 2k/m
2π 2π ■
For a body executing SHM in a tunnel dug along any chord of the
1 3k 1 m R
(c) (d) Earth. Time period,T = 2 π e = 84. 6 min; where, R e is the radius
2π m 2π k g
1 k effective of the Earth.
Hint As, n =
2π m ■
If the simple pendulum is placed in some non-inertial frame of
1 (k + 2 k ) 1 3k reference like an accelerated life, g is replaced by g eff whose value
= = can be computed by considering the inertial force. These equilibrium
2π m 2π m
positions may also change.

10
19. Four pendulums A, B, C and Hint Density of mercury column = ρ
D are suspended from the Area of
cross-section (A)
same elastic support as
shown in the figure. A and C
are of the same length, while B 2h
C A
B is smaller than A and D is
D
larger than A. If A is
(a) D will vibrate with maximum amplitude
(b) C will vibrate with maximum amplitude
(c) B will vibrate with maximum amplitude
(d) All the four will oscillate with equal amplitude Acceleration due to gravity = g
l ⇒ Restoring force, F = − Weight of mercury column in excess of
Hint Since, length of pendulum A and C is same and T = 2π ,
g one arm
hence, their time period is same and they will have same frequency = − (Volume × Density × g ) = − ( A × 2 h × ρ × g )
of vibration. Due to it, a resonance will take place and the = − 2 Aρgh = − k × Displacement in one arm ( h )
pendulum C will vibrate with maximum amplitude. ⇒ Clearly, 2 Aρg = constant = k (say) [As, F = − kx]
20. A simple pendulum of length l has a bob of mass m, F∝−h
which has a charge of q on it. A vertical sheet of charge, Hence, the motion in SHM, k = 2 Aρg
with surface charge density σ passes through the point
of suspension. At equilibrium, the spring makes an 23. A mass M is attached to a
angle θ with the vertical. Its time period of oscillation is horizontal spring of
m
T in this position. Then, force constant k fixed on k
σq σq one side to a rigid M
(a) tan θ = (b) tan θ = support as shown in
2 ε0mg ε0 mg
figure. The mass
l l
(c) T > 2 π (d) T = 2 π oscillates on a frictionless surface with time period T
g g and amplitude A. When the mass is in equilibrium
Hint As, the bob is in equilibrium, so O position, another mass m is gently placed on it. What
mg F T
θ
will be the new amplitude of oscillation?
= =
OC CB BO ⎛ M ⎞ ⎛ M − m⎞
T
CB F B F (a) A ⎜ ⎟ (b) A ⎜ ⎟
Therefore tan θ = = C ⎝ M − m⎠ ⎝ M ⎠
OC mg
⎛ M ⎞ ⎛ M + m⎞
1 σq mg (c) A ⎜ ⎟ (d) A ⎜ ⎟
2 ε0 σq ⎝ M + m⎠ ⎝ M ⎠
= = Sheet of
mg 2 ε 0 mg charge Hint Let, v = velocity of mass M while passing through the mean
position.
21. A ball of mass (m) 0.5 kg is attached v′ = velocity of mass ( M + m ) while passing through the mean
to the end of a string have length (L) position.
0.5m. The ball is rotated on a According to law of conservation of linear momentum i.e.
horizontal circular path about L
M ⋅ v = ( M + m) ⋅ v′
vertical axis. The maximum tension
At mean position, v = Aω and v ′ = A′ ω ′
that string can is 324 N. The
⎛ M ⎞ ω M
maximum possible angular velocity ∴ MAω = ( M + m ) A′ ω ′ or A′ = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ A ⇒ A′ = A
of ball (in rad/s) is m 0 ⎝ M + m⎠ ω ′ (M + m)

(a) 9 (b) 18 (c) 27 (d) 36 24. The bob of a pendulum of length l is pulled a side from
Hint From the figure, T sin θ = mL sin θ ω 2 its equilibrium position through an angle θ and then
⇒ 324 = 0.5 × 0.5 × ω 2 released. The bob will then pass through its
equilibrium position with a speed v, where v equals
324 324 18
⇒ ω2 = ⇒ω = = = 36 rad/s (a) 2 gl (1 − cos θ) (b) 2 gl (1 + sin θ)
0.5 × 0.5 0.5 × 0.5 0.5
(c) 2 gl (1 − sinθ) (d) 2 gl (1 + cos θ)
22. One end of a U-tube containing mercury is connected
Hint When the bob of pendulum is brought to a position making
to a suction pump and the other end to atmosphere. A
an angle θ with the equilibrium position, then height of bob of a
small pressure difference is maintained between the pendulum will be, h = l − l cos θ = l(1 − cos θ). Taking, free fall of the
two columns. The suction pump is removed, the u = 0; a = g; g = h = l (1 − cos θ); v = ?
column of mercury in the U-tube will show
Now, v 2 = u 2 + 2 gh = 0 + 2 gl (1 − cos θ ) f
(a) periodic motion (b) oscillation
(c) simple harmonic motion (d) None of these or v = 2 gl (1 − cos θ )

11
25. A uniform cylinder of length l and mass m having What is the maximum frictional force on the body when
cross-sectional area A is suspended with its vertical the platform is oscillating with an amplitude 0.2 m?
length, from a fixed point by a massless spring, such Assume π2 = 10 = g.
that it is half submerged in a liquid of density d at (a) 0.5 N (b) 1 N (c) 1.5 N (d) 2 N
equilibrium position. When released, it starts Hint Maximum force on body while in SHM = mω 2 a
oscillating vertically with a small amplitude. If the = 0.5 (2 π / 2 )2 × 0.2 = 1 N
force constant of the spring is k, the frequency of
Maximum force of friction = μmg = 0.3 × 0.5 × 10 = 1.5 N
oscillation of the cylinder is
27. A point particle of mass 0.1 kg is executing SHM of
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 ⎛ k − Adg ⎞ 1 ⎛ k + Adg ⎞
(a) ⎜ ⎟ (b) ⎜ ⎟
2π ⎝ M ⎠ 2π ⎝ M ⎠ amplitude 0.1 m when the particle passes through the
1 ⎛ k − dgl ⎞
1/ 2
1 ⎛ k + Agl ⎞ mean position, its kinetic energy is 8 × 10 − 3 J. The
(c) ⎜ ⎟ (d) ⎜ ⎟ equation of motion of this particle, if its initial phase of
2π ⎝ M ⎠ 2π ⎝ Adg ⎠
oscillation is 45°, then
Hint When the cylinder is given a small downward displacement, π π
(a) y = 0.1 sin ⎛⎜ + ⎞⎟ (b) y = 0.1 sin ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟
t t
say y, the additional restoring force is due to (i) additional
⎝4 4⎠ ⎝2 4⎠
extension y, which is, F1 = ky (ii) additional buoyancy which is
π π
F2 = Aydg. (c) y = 0.1 sin ⎛⎜ 4 t − ⎞⎟ (d) y = 0.1 sin ⎛⎜ 4 t + ⎞⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
Total restoring force ( − F ) = F1 + F2 = ( k + Adg ) y
= new force constant Hint Kinetic energy at mean position
1
1 k′ 1 k + Adg = mω 2 a 2 = 8 × 10 − 3 J
∴ n= = 2
2π k 2π m 1/ 2 1/ 2
⎛ 2 × 8 × 10 − 3 ⎞ ⎡ 2 × 8 × 10 − 3 ⎤
26. A horizontal platform vibrates with simple harmonic or ω=⎜ ⎟ =⎢ 2 ⎥
=4
⎝ ma 2 ⎠ ⎣ 0.1 × ( 0.1) ⎦
motion in the horizontal direction with a period of 2s.
A body of mass 0.5 kg is placed on the platform. The Hence, equation of SHM is, y = a sin(ωt + θ)
coefficient of static friction between the body and ⎛ π⎞
platform is 0.3. ⇒ y = 0.1sin ⎜ 4 t + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠

Answers
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (d)

MASTER
1. The displacement x (in metre) of a particle performing Hint Resonance occurs when amplitude is maximum i.e. when the
simple harmonic motion is related to time t (in second) denominator of this equation is minimum.
π
as x = 0.05 cos ⎛⎜ 4πt + ⎞⎟ . The frequency of the motion 3. A horizontal plank has a rectangular block placed on it.
⎝ 4⎠ The plank starts oscillating vertically and simple
will be harmonically with an amplitude of 40 cm. The block
(a) 0.5 Hz (b) 1.0 Hz (c) 1.5 Hz (d) 2.0 Hz just loses contact with the plank when the later is
Hint Comparing the given equation with the standard form momentarily at rest. Then,
2 πt 2 πx ⎤
y = r cos ⎡ − , we get, 2π
(a) the period of oscillation is s
⎢⎣ T λ ⎥⎦ 5
2π (b) the block weighs double its weight when the plank is at one
⇒ Coefficient of t = = 2 πn = 4 π,
T of the positions of momentary at rest
Hence, n = 2Hz (c) the block weighs 1.5 times its weight on the plank half-way
down
c
2. The amplitude of a wave is given by A = . (d) the block weighs its true weight on the plank, when the latter
(a + b − c) moves fastest.
Resonance will occur when Hint At one of the extreme position, weight of block = restoring
c a force. At the other extreme position, weight of block and the
(a) b = − (b) b = −
2 2 restoring force both act downward direction. So, the force on
(c) b = 0, a = c (d) None of these blocks is doubled than its weight.

12
 2
4. The acceleration d 2x of a particle varies with 8. A tuning fork of frequency 512 Hz is used to produce
dt vibrations in a sonometer wire of natural frequency
d2 x 256 Hz. The wire will vibrate in
displacement x as 2 = − kx, where k is a constant of
dt (a) one segment (b) two segments
the motion. The time period T of the motion is equal to (c) four segments (d) three segments
(a) 2 πk (b) 2 πκ k (c) 2 π / k (d) 2 π/ k Hint As, the wire is forced to have a frequency
d 2x Displacement = 512 = 2 × 256 = 2 n
Hint As, = − kx and T = 2 π
dt 2 Acceleration Therefore, it must vibrate in two segments.

So, T =2π
x
=2π
1 9. A point mass is subjected to two simultaneous
kx k sinusoidal displacement in X-direction x1 (t ) = A sin ωt
2π⎞
5. A particle of mass m is v (x) and x2 (t ) = A sin ⎛⎜ ωt + ⎟ . When adding a third
released from rest and follows ⎝ 3 ⎠
a parabolic path as shown in sinusoidal displacement x3 (t ) = B sin (ωt + φ) brings the
the figure below. Assuming mass to a complete rest. The value of B and φ is
that the displacement of the 3π 4π 5π π
(a) 2 A, (b) A, (c) 3 A, (d) A,
mass from the origin is small. 4 3 6 3
O (x)
Which graph correctly depicts Hint
4.9
the position of the particle as
a function of time?
x (t) x (t) 120º
240º A
B=A
(a) O t (b) O t

A
4π
x (t) x (t) It is clear from figure, that B = A and φ = 240 ° = .
3
10. A mass m is suspended separately by two
(c) (d) O different springs in a successive order,
O t t
then time periods are t1 and t2 , k1 k2
respectively. If m is connected by both
springs as shown in the figure, then time
Hint Motion given here is SHM (Simple Harmonic Motion) starting period is t0 , the correct relation is m
from rest. (a) t 02 = t 12 + t 22 (b) t 0− 2 = t 1− 2 + t 2− 2
6. The amplitude of damped oscillator becomes 1 times in (c) t 0− 1 = t 1−1 + t 2− 1 (d) t 0 = t 1 + t 2
3
m
1 Hint As, t1 = 2 π
2 s. Its amplitude after 6 s is times the original. Then, k1
n
n is equal to 11. The displacement-time graphs for two sound waves A
(a) 2 3 (b) 3 2 (c) 31/ 3 (d) 3 3 and B shown in figure. Then, the ratio of their
Hint For damped motion a = a 0 e − bt intensities I A / I B is equal to
a0 1
For first case = a 0 e − b × 2 or = e − 2b 2
3 3 A
3
a 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
For second case 0 = a 0 e − b × 6 or = e − 6b = (e − 2b )3 = ⎜ ⎟
n n ⎝ 3⎠ B
O
n =3 3

7. A sine wave has an amplitude A and a wavelength λ. –1

C
Let, v be the wave velocity and v ′ be maximum velocity –2
of a particle in the medium.
(a) v ′ cannot be equal to v (b) v ′ = v , if A = λ / 2 π
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 16 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1
(c) v ′ = v , if A = 2 πλ (d) v ′ = v , if λ = A / π
Hint As, intensity ∝ a 2 ω 2
ω 2π ω
Hint Wave velocity, v = nλ = × = 2 2
2π k k aA 2 ω 1 I ⎛2 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
here, = and A = ⇒ A =⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
Maximum particle velocity, v ′ = Aω aB 1 ωB 2 IB ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
ω 1 ⎛ λ ⎞
For v ′ = v; = Aω or A = = ⎜ ⎟ To be Continued at Page 68
k k ⎝2 π ⎠

13
 Paper 1
Section 1
G
This section contains eight questions.
G
The answer to each question is a single digit integer ranging
from 0 to 9, both inclusive.
1. A totally reflecting, small plane mirror placed
horizontally faces a parallel beam of light as shown in
the figure. The mass of the mirror is 20 g. Assume that
there is no absorption in the lens and that 30% of the
light emitted by the source goes through the lens. Find
the power (in ´ 108 W) of the source needed to support
the weight of the mirror. (Take g = 10 m/ s2 )
S
2. A monochromatic light of l = 500 Å is incident on two
identical slits separated by a distance of 5 ´ 10 -4 m. The
interference pattern is seen on a screen placed at a
distance of 1 m from the plane of slits. A thin glass plate
of thickness 15 . ´ 10 -6 m and refractive index m = 15 . is
placed between one of the slits and the screen. Find the
intensity at the centre of the slit now.
3. The average life time for the n = 3 excited state of a
hydrogen-like atom is 4.8 ´ 10 -8 s and that for the n = 2
state is 12.8 ´ 10 -8 s. The ratio of the average number of
revolutions made in the n = 2 state to the average
number of revolutions made in the n = 3 state before any
transitions can take place from these states is
16
4. A freshly prepared sample of a radio isotope of half-life
1386 s has activity 103 disintegrations per second.
Given that : ln 2 = 0.693, the fraction of the initial
number of nuclei (expressed in nearest integer
percentage) that will decay in the first 80 s after
preparation of the sample is
5. An extended object of size 2 mm is placed on the
principal axis of a converging lens of focal length
10 cm. It is found that when the object is placed
perpendicular to the principal axis, the image formed
is 4 mm in size. Find the size of image (in mm) when it
is placed along the principal axis.
6. A uniform disc of mass m and radius R is pivoted
smoothly at its centre of mass. A light spring of stifness
k is attached with the disc tangentially as shown in the
figure. Find the angular frequency in rad/s of torsional
oscillations of the disc. (Take m = 5 kg and k = 10 N/m)
m
R
7. Two sound sources are moving away from a stationary
observer in opposite directions with velocities v1 and
v2 (v1 > v2 ). The frequency of both the sources is
900 Hz. v1 and v2 are both quite less than the speed
of sound, v = 300 m/s. Find the value of (v1 - v2 ), so
that the beat frequency observed by a observer is 9 Hz,
(in m/s)
 8. A solid ball of mass m and m 12. A horizontal rod of mass m and length L is pivoted at
radius r spinning with an one end. The rod’s other end is supported by a spring of
angular velocity w falls on a m force constant k. The rod is displaced by a small angle q
horizontal slab of mass M with from its horizontal equilibrium position and released.
rough upper surface The angular frequency of the subsequent Simple
(coefficient of friction m) and M
v Harmonic Motion (SHM) is
smooth lower surface.
Immediately after collision, Pivot
the normal component of θ
K
velocity of the ball remains half of its value just before
collision and it stops spinning. Find the velocity of the
sphere in horizontal direction immediately after the
impact. (Given Rw = 5)
3k k
(a) (b)
Section 2 m 3m
This section contains ten questions. 3k 3g k
G
(c) + (d)
G
Each question has four options (a), (b), (c) and (d), one or m 2L m
more than one of these four option (s) is (are) correct. 13. A thin film of refractive index 1.75 is placed on a sheet
9. A cavity of radius R / 2 is made inside a solid sphere of of glass of refractive index 1.5. At room temperature
radius R. The centre of the cavity is located at a (20° C ), this film is just thick enough for light with
distance R/ 2 from the centre of the sphere. The wavelength 600 nm reflected off the top of the film to be
gravitational force on a particle of mass m at a distance cancelled by light reflected from the top of the glass.
R/ 2 from the centre of the sphere on the line joining After the glass is placed in an oven and slowly heated
both the centres of the sphere and the cavity is opposite to 170° C, the film conceals reflected with wavelength
to the centre of the cavity. 606 nm. The coefficient of linear expansion of the film
is (ignore any changes in the refractive index of the
(Here, g = GM / R2, where M is the mass of the sphere)
mg 3mg
film due to the temperature change).
(a) (b) (a) 3.3 ´ 10 -5 ° C -1 (b) 6.6 ´ 10 -5 ° C -1
2 8
mg (c) 9.9 ´ 10 -5 ° C -1 (d) 2.2 ´ 10 -5 ° C -1
(c) (d) None of these
16 14. Three objects A, B and C are kept in a straight line on a
10. For the figure shown frictionless horizontal surface. These have masses m,
mass of both, the 2m and m, respectively. The object A moves towards B
R
spherical body and with a speed 9 m/s, and makes an elastic collision with
the block is m. 2R it. Thereafter, B makes completely inelastic collision
Moment of inertia of with C. All the motions occur on the same straight line.
the spherical body Find the final speed (in m/s) of the object C.
about the centre of
mass is 2 mR2. The m 2m m
spherical body rolls A B C
on the horizontal surface. There is no slipping at any
surfaces in contact. The ratio of kinetic energy of the (a) 3 m/s (b) 4 m/s
(c) 5 m/s (d) 1 m/s
spherical body to that of block is
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/3 15. A coil of wire having finite inductance and resistance
(c) 2/3 (d) 1/2 has a conducting ring placed co-axially within it. The
coil is connected to a battery at time t = 0, so that a
11. Two moles of an ideal gas at temperature T0 = 300 K time-dependent current I1 (t ) starts flowing through the
was cooled isochorically, so that the pressure was coil. If I2 (t ) is the current induced in the ring and B(t ) is
reduced to half. Then, in an isobaric process, the gas the magnetic field at the axis of the coil due to I1 (t ), then
expanded till its temperature got back to the initial as a function of time (t > 0), the product I2 (t ). B(t ) is
value. Find the total amount of heat absorbed by the (a) increases with time
gas in the process. (b) decreases with time
(a) 2490 J (b) 2900 J (c) does not vary with time
(c) 3400 J (d) None of these (d) passes through a maximum

17
16. Two tangent galvanometers A and B have coils of radii Column I Column II
8 cm and 16 cm respectively, and resistance 8 W each. C. If electron is going from lower R. Proportional to 2
1
They are connected in parallel with a cell of emf 4 V energy level to higher energy n
and negligible internal resistance. The deflections level, then velocity of electron will
produced in the tangent galvanometers A and B are 30° D. If electron is going from lower S. Proportional to n2
and 60°, respectively. If A has 2 turns, then B must have energy level to higher energy
(a) 18 turns level, then total energy of electron
(b) 12 turns will
1
(c) 6 turns T. is proportional to 5
n
(d) 2 turns
Codes
17. A uniform magnetic field B = 12
. mT is directed
A B C D A B C D
vertically upward throughout the volume of a (a) S T Q P (b) P R S Q
laboratory chamber. A proton (mp = 167 . ´ 10 -27 kg) (c) R Q P T (d) Q P T R
enters the laboratory horizontally from South to North.
20. In a photoelectric experimental arrangement, light of
Calculate the magnitude of centripetal acceleration of
frequency (f) is incident on a metal target whose work
the proton if its speed is 3 ´ 107 m/s. hf
(a) 3.45 ´ 10 12
m/s 2
(b) 1.67 ´ 1012
m/s 2 function is f = as shown. In Column I, kinetic energy
3
(c) 5.25 ´ 1012 m/s 2 (d) 2.75 ´ 1012 m/s 2 of photoelectron is mentioned at various locations or
18. A nucleus at rest undergoes a-decay emitting an instants and in Column II, the corresponding values.
a-particle of de-Broglie wavelength l = 5.76 ´ 10 -15 m.
If the mass of the daughter nucleus is 223.610 amu
Collector
and that of the a-particle is 4.002 amu, determine the Vacuum C
total kinetic energy in the final state. T P
Hence, obtain the mass of parent nucleus in amu Target
(1 amu =931.470 MeV c-2 )
(a) 249.470 amu (b) 421.701 amu
(c) 227.605 amu (d) 347.512 amu Match the entries of Column I with the entries of
Column II.
Section 3
Column I Column II
G
This section contains two questions.
A. Maximum kinetic energy of P. Zero
G
Each question contains two columns, Column I and photoelectrons just after emission
Column II. from target
G
Column I has four entries A, B, C and D. B. Kinetic energy of electrons just Q. hf
G
Column II has five entries P, Q, R, S and T. after emission from target 3
C. Kinetic energy of photoelectrons R. hf
G
Match the entries in Column I with the entries in Column II.
when they are half-way betweenthe 2
G
One or more entries in Column I may match with one or more target and collector
entries in Column II. 2 hf
D. Kinetic energy of photoelectrons as S.
19. Match the entries of Column I with the entries of they reach the collector 3
Column II. T. 3hf
4
Column I Column II
A. Radius of an orbit depends on P. Increase Codes
principal quantum number as A B C D
B. Due to orbital motion of electron, Q. Decrease (a) Q (P,Q,R,S) (P,R,S) (Q,R,S)
magnetic field arises at the centre (b) S (P,Q,R,S) (Q,R,S) (P,R,S)
of nucleus is proportional to the (c) R (P,Q,R,S) (P,Q,R) (S,R,Q)
principal quantum number as (d) P (P,Q,R,S) (Q,R,S) (Q,R,S)

The Speed Of Light’ Isn’t Constant, i.e. Most people will have heard about the speed of light
(c. 671 million miles per hour), which according to all accepted laws of Physics is the fastest that
anything can travel. In actual fact, this figure refers only to the speed of light in a vacuum. Really,
light is slowed whenever it passes through something, being measured travelling as slowly as just
38 miles per hour at absolute zero (–273.15C) through ultra-cooled rubidium.

18
 Paper 2
Section 1 6. A circular wire loop of radius R is placed in the X-Y
G
This section contains eight questions. plane centered at the origin O. A square loop of side a
G
The answer to each question is a single digit integer ranging (a < < R) having two turns is placed with its centre at
from 0 to 9, both inclusive. z = 3R along the axis of the circular wire loop
as shown in figure. The plane of the square loop makes
1. The potential difference (VA - VB ) for the circuit shown
an angle of 45° with respect to the Z-axis. If the mutual
in figure is - (22 / x ) V. Find the value of x.
m0 a2
1V 1V 1V 1V inductance between the loop is given by P/ , then
B 2 2R
the value of P is
1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω Z
1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω
45º

a √3R
1V 1V 1V 1V

2. A radioactive sample decays through two different

decay processes a-decay and b-decay. Half-life time for R
O
Y
a-decay is 3 h and half-life time for b-decay is 6 h. What
will be the ratio of number of initial radioactive nuclei X
to the number of radioactive nuclei present after 6 h?
7. A uniform circular disc of mass 1.5 kg and radius 0.5 m
3. The radius of an a-particle moving in a circle in a is initially at rest on a horizontal frictionless surface.
constant magnetic field is half of the radius of an
Three forces of equal magnitude F = 0.5 N are applied
electron moving in circular path in the same field. The
de-Broglie wavelength of a-particle is n times that of simultaneously along the three sides of an equilateral
the electron. Find the value of n. triangle XYZ its vertices on the perimeter of the disc
(see figure). One second after applying the forces, the
4. In Young’s
angular speed of the disc in rads -1 is
Double Slit P Y
Experiment S1 F
X
(YDSE) set up,
X
source S of S
wavelength 50 1 mm
nm illuminates
two slits S1 and S2
O
S2 which act as
1m 2m
two coherent F
Y Z
sources. The source S oscillates about its own position
according to the equation:Y = 0.5 sinpt, where Y is in F
nm and t in seconds. The minimum value of time t for
8. Two rectangular blocks having identical dimensions
which the intensity at point P on the screen exactly in
can be arranged either in configuration I or in
front of the upper slit becomes minimum is
configuration II as shown in the figure, one of the
5. A solid cylinder with r = 01
. F blocks has thermal conductivity K and the other 2K.
m and mass M = 2 kg is The temperature difference between the ends along
placed such that it is in the X-axis is the same in both the configurations. It
contact with the vertical d takes 9 s to transport a certain amount of heat from the
and a horizontal surface as B O hot end to the cold end in the configuration I. The time
shown in the figure. The to transport the same amount in the configuration II is
coefficient of static friction
Configuration II
is m = 1 / 3 for both the
surfaces. Find the distance A Configuration I
d (in cm) from the centre of 2K
the cylinder at which a force F = 40 N should be applied K 2K K
vertically, so that the cylinder just starts rotating in X
anti-clockwise direction.

19
Section 2 12. When photons of wavelength l1 are incident on an
G
This section contains eight questions. isolated sphere suspended by an insulated thread, the
corresponding stopping potential is found to be V.
G
Each question has four options (a), (b), (c) and (d). One or
When photons of wavelength l 2 are used, the
more than one of these four option(s) is (are) correct.
corresponding stopping potential was thrice the above
9. A capacitor of capacitance C0 is charged to a potential value. If light of wavelength l 3 is used. Calculate the
V0 and then isolated. A small capacitor C is then stopping potential for this case.
charged from C0 , discharged and charged again, the hc é 1 1 1ù hc é 1 1 3 ù
(a) + - (b) + -
process being repeated n times. Due to this, the e êë l 3 2 l 2 l1 úû e êë l 3 2 l 2 2 l1 úû
potential of the larger capacitor is decreased to V. The
hc é 1 1 1ù hc é 1 1 1ù
value of C is (c) + - (d) - -
e êë l 3 l 2 l1 úû e êë l 3 l 2 l1 úû
1/ n é V 1/ n ù
(a) C 0 æç 0 ö÷ (b) C 0 ê æç 0 ö÷ - 1ú
V
èVø è V ø 13. Two equal charges q of opposite sign separated by a
êë úû
distance 2a constitute an electric dipole of dipole
éæ V ö ù
n
éæ V ön ù
(c) C 0 ê ç ÷ - 1ú (d) C 0 ê ç ÷ + 1ú moment p. If P is a point at a distance r from the centre
ë è V0 ø û êë è V0 ø úû of the dipole and the line joining the centre of the
dipole to this point makes an angle q with the axis of
10. Light is incident at an angle f with the normal to a the dipole, then the potential at P is given by (r > > 2 a).
plane containing two slits of separation d. Select the (where p = 2 qa )
expression that correctly describes the positions of the p × cos q p × cos q
(a) V = (b)V =
interference maxima in terms of the incoming angle f 4pe 0 r 2 4pe 0 r
and outgoing angle q. p × sin q p × cos q
(c) V = (d) V =
4pe 0 r 2 pe 0 r 2

14. A wire of length L is hanging from a fixed support. The

length charges to L1 and L2 when masses M1 and M2 ,
d are suspended respectively from its free end. Then, L is
equal to
φ θ L1 + L2
(a) (b) L1 L2
2
L1M 2 + L2M1 L1M 2 - L2M1
(c) (d)
M1 + M 2 M 2 - M1
1 l
(a) sin f + sin q = æç m + ö÷
è 2ø d 15. A black body is at a temperature of 2880 K. The energy
(b) d sin q = ml of radiation emitted by this object with wavelength
l between 499 nm and 500 nm is U1 , between 999 nm and
(c) sin f - sin q = ( m + 1)
d 1000 nm is U2 and between 1499 nm and 1500 nm is U3 .
l The Wien’s constant b = 2.88 ´ 106 nmK. Then,
(d) sin f + sin q = m
d (a) U1 = 0 (b) U 3 = 0
11. Light of intensity I is incident perpendicularly on a (c) U1 > U 2 (d) U 2 > U1
perfectly reflecting plate of area A kept in a gravity free 16. A particle of mass m is attached to one end of a massless
space. If the photons strike the plate symmetrically and spring of force constant k lying on a frictionless
initially the spring was at its natural length, find the horizontal plane. The other end of the spring is fixed.
maximum compression in the springs. The particle starts moving horizontally from its
equilibrium position at time t = 0 with an initial velocity
k u 0 . When the speed of the particle is 0.5 u 0, it collides
k
elastically with a rigid wall. After this collision,
(a) the time at which the particle passes through the equilibrium
k position is u 0.
Fixed (b) the time at which the maximum compression of the spring
4p m
occurs is t = .
Smooth surface 3 k
(a) IA/kc (c) the time at which the particle passes throughout the
(b) 2 IA/3kc 5p m
equilibrium position for the second time is t =
(c) 3IA/kc 3 k
(d) 4 IA/3kc (d) None of the above

20
Section 3 18. If the mass of the particle is m = 10
. ´ 10 -30 kg and the
G
This section contains two paragraphs. a = 6.6 nm, the energy of the particle in its ground state
G
Based on each paragraph, there will be two questions. is closest to
(a) 0.8 meV (b) 8 meV (c) 80 meV (d) 800 meV
G
Each question has four options (a), (b), (c) and (d). One or
more than one of these option(s) is are correct. Paragraph 2
Paragraph 1 In the graph shown, the Potential Energy (PE) of earth
satellite system is shown by a solid line as a function of
When a particle is restricted to move along X-axis between
distance r (the separation between the earth’s centre and
x = 0 and x = a, where a is nanometre dimension, its
satellite). The total energy of the two objects which may or
energy can take only certain specific values. The allowed
may not be bounded to the earth as shown in the figure by
energies of the particle moving in such a restricted region,
dotted lines.
corresponding to the formation of standing waves with
nodes at its ends x = 0 and x = a. The wavelength of this
standing wave is related to the linear momentum p of the E2 E2 total
particle according to the de-Broglie relation. The energy r0
of the particle of mass m is related to its linear momentum r

Energy
p2
E= . Thus, the energy of the particle can be denoted by E1 E1 total
2m V (r)
a quantum number n taking values 1, 2, 3,... (n = 1, called
the ground state) corresponding to the number of loops in
Based on the above information, answer the following
the standing wave.
questions.
Use the model described above to answer the following
19. Mark the correct statement(s):
two questions, for a particle moving in the line x = 0 to
(a) The object having the total energy E1 is bounded one.
x = a. Take h = 6.6 ´ 10-34 Js and e = 16
. ´ 10-19 C. (b) The object having the total energy E 2 is bounded one.
(c) Both the objects are bounded.
17. The allowed energy for the particle value of n is (d) Both the objects are unbounded.
proportional to
(a) a -2 20. If the object having total energy E1 is having the same
(b) a -3/ 2 potential energy curve as shown in the figure, then
(c) a -1 (a) r0 is maximum distance of the object from the earth’s centre.
(b) this object and the earth system is bounded one.
(d) a 2 (c) the kinetic energy of the object is zero when r = r0
(d) All of the above

Answers
Paper 1
1. (1) 2. (0) 3. (9) 4. (4) 5. (8) 6. (2) 7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (b)

Paper 2
1. (9) 2. (8) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (6) 6. (7) 7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d)

Physicists Discover New Type of Material that may Speed Computing

Physicists have discovered a topological metal, PtSn4 (platinum and tin), with a unique electronic structure that
may someday lead to energy efficient computers with increased processor speeds and data storage. The
electrons in topological quantum materials can travel close to speed of light thanks to unique property called
Dirac dispersion. Up until now, only isolated points, called Dirac points, with relatively small numbers of
conduction electrons, were known to exist in such materials. In PtSn4, the scientists not only discovered a high
density of conduction electrons, but also large number of closely positioned Dirac points forming extended lines
or Dirac node arcs.

21
 Paper 1
Section 1 4. A string of length 20 cm and linear mass density
G
This section contains eight questions. 0.40 g/cm is fixed at both ends and is kept under a
G
The answer to each question is a single digit integer ranging tension of 16 N. A wave pulse is produced at t = 0 near
from 0 to 9, both inclusive. an end as shown in the figure, which travels towards
1. A telescope has an objective lens of 10 cm diameter and the other end.
is situated at a distance of 1 km from two objects. The
minimum distance between these two objects, which
can be resolved by the telescope, when the mean 20 cm
wavelength of light is 5000 Å, is of the order (in mm)
2. A rod of mass m and length l is hinged at one end is When will the string have the shape shown in the
connected by two spring constants k1 and k2 , so that it is figure again? (in ´ 10 -2 s).
horizontal at equilibrium. What is the angular frequency
of the system (in rad/s)? (Take l = 1 m, b = 1/ 4 m, k1 = 16 5. The average power transmitted across a cross-section
N/m, k2 = 61 N/m). by two sound waves moving in the same direction are
equal. The wavelengths of two sound waves are in the
ratio of 1 :2, then find the ratio of their pressure
k1 amplitudes.
O 6. Two small particles of equal masses start moving in
opposite directions from point A in a horizontal
b
l circular orbit. Their tangential velocities are v and 2v,
k2
respectively, as shown in the figure. Between
collisions, the particles move with constant speeds.
After making how many elastic collisions, other
3. A metal rod AB of length 10x has its one end A in ice at
than that of A, these two particles will again reach the
0°C and the other end B in water at 100°C. If a point P on
point A.
the rod is maintained at 400°C, then it is found that
v
equal amounts of water and ice evaporate and melt per A
unit time. The latent heat of melting of ice is 80 cal/g. If 2v
the point P is at a distance of lx from the ice end A, find
the value of l. (Neglect any heat loss to the
surrounding).

22
 7. A rocket is moving in a gravity free space with a
constant acceleration of 2 m/s2 along + x direction (see
figure). The length of a chamber inside the rocket is 4
m. A ball is thrown from the left end of the chamber in
+ x-direction with a speed of 0.3 ms - 1 relative to the
rocket. At the same time, another ball is thrown in
- x-direction with a speed of 0.2 ms - 1 from its right end
relative to the rocket. The time (in seconds) when the
two balls hit each other is?
a=2 ms–2
0.3 ms–1 0.2 ms–1
4m
8. A cylindrical cavity of diameter a exists inside a
cylinder of diameter 2a shown in the figure. Both the
cylinder and the cavity are infinitely long. A uniform
current density J flows along the length. If the
magnitude of the magnetic field at the point P is given
N is (in cm of Hg)
by m0 a J, then the value of N is?
12
(c) Both A and B only absorb radiations until they attain
temperature T.
(d) Both A and B only emit radiations until they attain
temperature T.
11. A planet of radius R= (1 / 10) ´ (radius of Earth) has the
same mass density as Earth. Scientists dig a well of
depth R/5 on it and lower a wire of the same length and
of linear mass density 10 - 3 kgm - 1 into it. If the wire is
not touching anywhere, the force applied at the top of
the wire by a person holding it in place is (take the
radius of Earth = 6 ´ 106 m and the acceleration due to
gravity on Earth is 10 ms - 2 ).
(a) 96 N (b) 108 N
(c) 120 N (d) 150 N
12. A horizontal uniform glass tube of 100 cm, length sealed
at both ends contain 10 cm mercury column in the
middle. The temperature and pressure of air on the either
side of mercury column are respectively 81°C and 76 cm
of mercury. If the air column at one end is kept at 0°C and
the other end at 273°C, the pressure of air which is at 0°C
Hg

P O a

10 cm
100 cm

(a) 76 (b) 68.2 (c) 102.4 (d) 122

2a
13. A rod of length L is composed of a uniform length 1/2 L
Section 2 of wood whose mass is mw and a uniform length 1/2 L of
G
This section contains ten questions. brass whose mass is mb . The moment of inertia I of the
rod about an axis perpendicular to the rod and through
G
Each question has four options (a), (b), (c) and (d), one or
its centre is equal to
more than one of these four option(s) is (are) correct.
L2 L2
9. If a simple pendulum has significant amplitude (up to (a) ( mw + mb ) × (b) ( mw + mb ) ×
12 6
a factor of 1/e of original) only in the period between
L2 L2
t = 0 s to t = t s, then t may be called the average life of (c) ( mw + mb ) × (d) ( mw + mb ) ×
3 2
the pendulum. When the spherical bob of the
pendulum suffers a retardation (due to the viscous 14. A wooden wheel of radius R is made
drag) proportional to its velocity, with b as the constant up of two semi-circular parts (see
of proportionality, the average life-time of the figure). The two parts are held
pendulum is (assuming damping is small) in seconds. together by a ring made of a metal R
(a) 0.693/b (b) b (c) 1/b (d) 2/b strip of cross-sectional area S and
length L. L is slightly less than 2pR.
10. Two identical objects A and B at temperatures TA and
To fit the ring on the wheel, it is
TB , respectively. Both objects are placed in a room with
heated so that its temperature rises
perfectly absorbing walls maintained at temperature T
by DT as it just steps over the wheel. As it cools down to
(TA > T > TB ). The objects A and B attain temperature T
surrounding temperature, it presses the semi-circular
eventually. Which one of the following is a correct parts together. If the coefficient of linear expansion of the
statement? metal is a and the Young’s modulus is Y, the force that
(a) A only emits radiations while B only absorbs them until both one part of the wheel applies on the other part is
attain temperature. (a) 2 pSYa DT (b) SYa DT
(b) A loses more radiations than it absorbs while B absorbs
(c) pSYa DT (d) 2SYa DT
more radiations than it emits until temperature T is attained.

23
15. The potential difference across 8 W resistance is 48 V as 19. Match the statements in Column I to the appropriate
shown in the figure. The value of potential difference statement(s) from Column II.
across the X and Y points will be
Column I Column II
3Ω A. Stability of nucleus is P. Negative
X
decided by
B. Four radioactive substance Q. Binding energy per
20 Ω 30 Ω 60 Ω
spontaneously decays nucleon is minimum
because its
24 Ω 8Ω 48 V
C. For the stable orbit or bound R. Neutron-Proton ratio
orbit, total energy is
Y D. Stopping potential S. Packing fraction
1Ω
T. Mass defect
(a) 160 V (b) 128 V
(c) 80 V (d) 62 V Codes
A B C D A B C D
16. A sample of radioactive material decays (a) (R,S,T) Q P P (b) (P,S,T) Q R R
simultaneously by two processes A and B with (c)(Q,S,T) R Q Q (d) (T,S,T) S S S
half-lives 1/ 2 and 1/ 4 h, respectively. For the first half 20. Two transparent media of refractive indices m1 and m3
hour, it decays with the process A, next one hour with have a solid lens shaped transparent material of
the process B, and for further half an hour with both A refractive index m 2 between them as shown in figures
and B. If originally, there were N0 nuclei, find the in Column II. A ray traversing these media is also
number of nuclei after 2 h of each decay is shown in the figures. In Column I different
N0 N0
(a) (b) relationships between m 1 , m 2 and m 3 are given. Match
(2 )8 (2 )4
them to the ray diagram shown in Column II.
N0 N0
(c) (d)
(2 )6 (2 )5 Column I Column II
A. m1 < m 2 P.
17. The two thin parallel slits are made in an opaque sheet
of film when a monochromatic beam of light is shone
through them at normal incidence. The first bright μ3 μ2 μ1
fringes in the transmitted light occur at ±45° with the
original direction of the light beam on a distant screen
when the apparatus is in air. When the apparatus is B. m1 > m 2 Q.
immersed in a liquid, the same bright fringes now
occur at ± 30°. The index of refraction of the liquid is
4 3 μ3 μ2 μ1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d)
3 2
18. Which of the following facts about the photoelectric C. m2 = m3 R.
effect can be understood without invoking the
quantum concept of light propagation?
(a) The rate of photoelectrons emission, when they are emitted, μ3 μ2 μ1
increases with the intensity of light used.
(b) There is a threshold frequency, below which no
photoelectrons are emitted, no matter how long the light is D. m2 < m3 S.
thrown on the metallic surface.
(c) Once the frequency of light is more than the threshold
frequency, photoelectrons are emitted almost μ3 μ2 μ1
instantaneously no matter how weak the light intensity is
(d) For each frequency of light, exceeding the threshold frequency, T.
there is a maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons.
Section 3
μ3 μ2 μ1
G
This section contains two questions.
G
Each question contain two columns, Column I and Column II.
G
Column I has four entries A, B, C and D. Codes
G
Column II has five entries P, Q, R, S and T. A B C D
(a) (Q,S) (P,R,T) (Q,S,T) (P,R)
G
Match the entries in Column I with the entries in Column II.
(b) (P,R) (Q,S,T) (P,R,T) (Q,S)
G
One or more entries in Column I may match with one or more (c) (P,Q) (P,Q,T) (R,P,S) (P,R)
entries in Column II. (d) (R,S) (T,Q,S) (S,P,Q) (P,Q)

24
 Paper 2
Section 1
G
This section contains eight questions.
G
The answer to each question is a single digit integer ranging
from 0 to 9, both inclusive.
1. In a certain hypothetical radioactive decay process,
species A decays into species B and species B decays into
species C according to the reactions.
A ® 2 B + Particles + Energy
B ® 2 C + Particles + Energy
The decay constant for species A is l1 = 1 s - 1 and that for
species B is l 2 = 100 s - 1 . Initially, 104 moles of species of
A were present while there was none of B and C. It was
found that species B reaches its maximum number at a
time t0 = 2 ln 10 s. Calculate the value of maximum
number of moles of B.
Section 2
G
This section contains eight questions.
G
Each question has four options (a), (b), (c) and (d). One or
more than one of these four option(s) is (are) correct.
9. Suppose an electron is attracted towards the origin
by a force k / r where k is a constant and r is the
distance of the electron from the origin. By applying
Bohr’s model to this system, the radius of the nth
orbital of the electron is found to be rn and the kinetic
energy of the electron to be Tn, then which of the
following is true?
1
(a) Tn is independent of n, rn µ n (b) Tn µ , rn µ n
n
1 1
(c) Tn µ , rn µ n2 (d) Tn µ 2 , rn µ n2
n n

2. A hydrogen-like atom of atomic number Z is an excited 10. The work-function of metals A and B are in the ratio
state of quantum number 2n. It can emit a maximum 1 : 2. If light of frequencies f and 2f are incident on the
energy photon of 204 eV. If it makes a transition to the surfaces of A and B respectively, the ratio of the
quantum state n, a photon of energy 40.8 eV is emitted. maximum kinetic energies of photoelectrons emitted
Then, the value of n is is (f is greater than the threshold frequency of A, 2f is
3. Unpolarized light of intensity 32 Wm- 2 passes through greater than threshold frequency of B)
three polarizers such that transmission axes of the first (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 :2 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 4
and second polarizer makes an angle 30° with each other 11. Two short bar magnet of length 1 cm each have
and the transmission axis of the last polarizer is crossed magnetic moments 1.20 Am2 , respectively. They are
with that of the first. The intensity of final emerging light placed on a horizontal table parallel to the each other
will be? with their N poles pointing towards the South. They
4. An extended object of size 2 mm is placed on the have a common magnetic equator and are separated
principal axis of a converging lens of focal length 10 cm. by a distance of 20 cm. The value of the resultant
It is found that when the object is placed perpendicular to horizontal magnetic induction at the mid-point O of
the principal axis, the image formed is 4 mm in size. The the line joining their centres is close to (Horizontal
size of image when it is placed along the principal axis is component of Earth’s magnetic induction is
3.6 ´ 10 - 5 Wb/m2 )
5. A solid sphere of mass 3kg is kept on a horizontal surface. (a) 3.6 ´ 10 - 5 Wb /m2 (b) 2.56 ´ 10 - 4 Wb /m2
The coefficient of static friction between the surfaces in -4
the contact is 2/7. What maximum force can be applied at (c) 3.50 ´ 10 Wb /m 2
(d) 5.80 ´ 10 - 4 Wb /m2
the highest point in the horizontal direction, so that the 12. A rectangular loop with B
sphere does not slip on the surface? (in N)? a sliding connector of
6. A simple pendulum has a time-period T1 when on the length l = 1.0 m is 6Ω v 3Ω

earth’s surface and T2 when taken to a height R above the
earth’s surface, where R is the radius of the earth. Find
T perpendicular to the
the value of 2 .
T1
7. A vessel of volume 0.2 m3 contains hydrogen gas at
temperature 300 K and pressure 1 bar. Find the heat (in
Kcal) required to raise the temperature to 400 K. The
molar heat capacity of hydrogen at constant volume is
5 cal/mol-K.
8. Two spherical bodies A (radius 6 cm) and B (radius
18 cm) are at temperatures T1 and T2 , respectively. The
maximum intensity in emission spectrum of A is at
500 nm and in that of B is at 1500 nm. Considering them
to be black bodies, what will be the ratio of the rate of
total energy radiated by A to that of B?
situated in a uniform
magnetic field B = 2 T
plane of loop. Resistance of connector is r = 2 W. Two
resistors of 6 W and 3 W are connected as shown in
figure. The external force required to keep the
connector moving with a constant velocity v = 2 m/s is
(a) 6 N (b) 4 N (c) 2 N (d) 1 N
13. A small piece of wire bent into an L shape with
upright and the horizontal portions of equal lengths,
is placed with the horizontal portion along the axis of
the concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 10
cm. If the bend is 20 cm from the pole of the mirror,
then the ratio of the lengths of the images of the
upright and horizontal portions of the wire is
(a) 1 :2 (b) 3 :1 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 2 :1

25
14. Two identical radiators have a separation of d = l/4, 17. A diatomic molecule has moment of inertia I. By
where l is the wavelength of the waves emitted by either Bohr’s quantization condition, its rotational energy
source. The initial phase difference between the sources in the nth level (n = 0 is not allowed) is
is p/4. Then, the intensity on the screen at a distant point 1 æ h2 ö 1 æ h2 ö æ h2 ö æ h2 ö
(a) 2
ç 2 ÷ (b) ç 2 ÷ (c) nç 2 ÷ (d) n2 ç 2 ÷
situated at an angle q= 30° from the radiators is (here I0 n è 8p I ø n è 8p I ø è 8p I ø è 8p I ø
is intensity at that point due to one radiator alone).
18. It is found that the excitation frequency from ground
(a) I0 (b) 2 I0 (c) 3I0 (d) 4I0
to the first excited state of rotation for the CO
15. A cannon ball is fired with a velocity 200 m/s, at an angle molecule is close to 4 / p ´ 1011 Hz. Then, the moment
of 60° with the horizontal. At the highest point of its of inertia of CO molecule about its centre of mass is
flight, it explodes into 3 equal fragments, one going close to
vertically upwards with a velocity of 100 m/s, the second (Take h = 2 p ´ 10 - 34 Js)
one falling vertically downwards with a velocity 100 m/s. (a) 2.76 ´ 10 - 46 kg-m2 (b) 1.87 ´ 10 - 46 kg-m2
The third fragment will be moving with a velocity (c) 4.67 ´ 10 - 47 kg-m2 (d) 1.17 ´ 10 - 47 kg-m2
(a) 100 m/s in the horizontal direction
(b) 300 m/s in the horizontal direction Paragraph 2
(c) 300 m/s in a direction making an angle of 60° with the When light of sufficiently high frequency is incident on
horizontal metallic surface, electrons are emitted from the surface,
(d) 200 m/s in a direction making an angle of 60° with the
horizontal
kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons depends on the
wavelength of incident light and is independent of the
16. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion (SHM), intensity of light. Number of emitted photoelectrons
the displacement x is given by x = A cos wt . Identify the depends on the intensity. (hn - f) is the maximum
graph which represents the variation of potential energy kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons (where f is the
(PE) as a function of time t and the displacement x. work-function of metallic surface). Reverse effect of
PE PE photoemission produces X-ray. X-ray is not deflected by
I II electric and magnetic fields. Wavelength of continuous
III X-ray depends on potential difference across the tube.
IV Wavelength of characteristic X-ray depends on atomic
t t number.
x
19. If frequency (n > n0 ) of incident light becomes n times
(a) I, III (b) II, IV (c) II, III (d) I, IV the initial frequency n, then kinetic energy of the
emitted photoelectron becomes (n0 threshold
Section 3
frequency).
G
This section contains two paragraphs. (a) n times of the initial kinetic energy
G
Based on each paragraph, there will be two questions. (b) More than n times of the initial kinetic energy
G
Each question has four options (a), (b), (c) and (d). One or more (c) Less than n times of the initial kinetic energy
than one of these four option(s) is (are) correct. (d) Kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons remains
unchanged
Paragraph 1 20. A monochromatic light is used in a photoelectric
The key feature of Bohr’s theory of spectrum of hydrogen experiment on photoelectric effect. The stopping
atom is the quantization of angular momentum, when an potential
(a) is related to mean wavelength
electron is revolving around a proton. We will extend this to
(b) is related to shortest wavelength
a general rotational motion to find quantized rotational (c) is related to the maximum kinetic energy of emitted
energy of a diatomic molecule assuming it to be rigid. The photoelectrons
rule to be applied is Bohr’s quantization condition. (d) intensity of incident light

Answers
Paper 1
1. (5) 2. (8) 3. (9) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (5) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)

Paper 2
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (8) 5. (2) 6. (2) 7. (4) 8. (9) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)

26
 Paper 1
Section 1
G
This section contains eight questions.
G
The answer to each question is a single digit integer
ranging from 0 to 9, both inclusive.
1. A narrow monochromatic beam of light of intensity I
is incident on a glass of plate 1 as shown in figure.
Another identical glass plate is kept close to the first
one and parallel to it. Each plate of glass reflects 25%
of the light incident on it and transmits the
I max.
remaining. Find the ratio , the interference
I min.
pattern formed by two beams obtained after one
reflection at each plate.
f
e
c d
b of the radioactive sample remains constant in time?
a 5. Two uniform ropes having linear mass
1 2
2. A convex lens of focal length 1.5 m is placed in a
system of a coordinate axis such that its optical
centre is at origin and the principal axis coinciding
with the X-axis. An object and a plane mirror are
arranged on the principal axis as shown in the
figure. Find the value of d (in m) so that y-coordinate
of image (after refraction and reflection) is 0.3 m.
(Take tan q= 0.3)
28
(–2, 0.1)
θ
0.1 m
(0, 0)
2m d
3. A silver sphere of radius 1 cm and work-function 4.7 eV is
suspended from an insulating thread in free space. It is
under continuous illumination of 200 nm wavelength
light. As the photoelectrons are emitted, the sphere gets
charged and acquires a potential. The maximum number
of photoelectrons emitted from the sphere is A ´ 10 z
(where 1 < A < 10). The value of Z is?
4. A radioactive sample decays with an average life of
20 m/s. A capacitor of capacitance 100 mF is charged to
some potential and then the plates are connected through
a resistance R. What should be the value of R (in ´ 102 W), so
that the ratio of the charge on the capacitor to the activity
densities m and 4m are joined to form a
closed loop. The loop is hanging over a
fixed frictionless small pulley with the l l
m
lighter rope as shown in the figure (In the
figure, equilibrium position is shown). A B
Now, if point A (joint) is slightly displaced
4m
in the downward direction and released. It l l
is found that the loop reforms SHM with
the period of oscillation equal to N. Find
150 m
the value of N. (Take l = , g = 10 m/s2 )
4 p2
 6. The density of a newly discovered planet is twice that
of the earth. The acceleration due to gravity at the
surface of the planet is equal to that at the surface of the
earth. If the radius of the earth is R and the radius of the
planet is R¢. Then, what is the value of R/ R¢?
7. A railway flat car, whose mass together with the artillery
gun is M= 2m, moves at a speed v. The gun barrel makes
an angle a = 60° with the horizontal. A shell of mass m
leaves the barrel at a speed v = 12 ms - 1 relative to the
barrel. Find the speed of the flat car v (in ms - 1 ) in order
that it may stop after the firing.
8. A 5 m potentiometer wire having 3 W resistance per
metre is connected to a storage cell of steady emf 2 V
and the internal resistance 1 W. A primary cell is
balanced against 3.5 cm of it. When a resistance of
32/ n W is put in series with the storage cell, the null
point shifts to the centre of the last wire, i.e. 4.5 m.
What is the value of n?
Section 2
G
This section contains ten questions.
G
Each question has four options (a), (b), (c) and (d), one or
more than one of these four option(s) is (are) correct.
9. In the circuit shown in the figure, there are two parallel
plate capacitors each of capacitance C. The switch S1 is
pressed first to fully charge the capacitor C1 and then
released. The switch S2 is then pressed to charge the
capacitor C2 . After some time, S2 is released and then S3
is pressed. After some time,
S1 S2 S3
2V0 C1 C2 V0
(a) the charge on the upper plate of C1 is 3 CV0.
(b) the charge on the upper plate of C1 is CV0.
(c) the charge on the upper plate of C 2 is 0.
(d) the charge on the upper plate of C 2 is - 2CV0.
10. A meter-bridge is set-up as shown to determine an
unknown resistance X using a standard 10 W resistor.
The galvanometer shows null point when tapping key
is at 52 cm mark. The end corrections are 1 cm and
2 cm, respectively for the ends A and B. The
determined value of X is
X 10 Ω
B
A
(a) 10.2 W (b) 10.6 W
(c) 10.8 W (d) 11.1 W
11. A conductor lies along the Z-axis at - 1.5 £ z £ 1.5 m
and carries a fixed current of 10 A in - a$ z direction (see
figure). For a field B = 3.0 ´ 10 - 4 e- 0.2 x a$ y T. Find the
power required to move the conductor at constant
speed to x = 2.0 m, y = 0 m in 5 ´ 10 - 3 s. Assume
parallel motion along the X-axis.
Z
1.5
I
Y
B
–1.5
2.0
X
(a) 1.57 W (b) 2.97 W
(c) 14.85 W (d) 29.7 W
12. A vessel at rest explodes breaking it into three pieces.
Two pieces having equal mass fly off perpendicular to
one another with the same speed of 30 m/s. The third
piece has three times the mass of each of the other two
pieces. What is the direction (wrt the pieces having
equal masses) and magnitude of its velocity
immediately after the explosion?
(a) 10 2 , 135° (b) 10 2 , 90°
(c) 10 2 , 60° (d) 10 2 , 30°
13. An X-ray pulse of wavelength 4.9 Å is sent through
a section of Wilson cloud chamber containing a
supersaturated gas and tracks of photoelectron ejected
from the gaseous atoms are observed. Two groups of
tracks of lengths 1.40 cm and 2.02 cm are noted. If the
range energy relation for cloud chamber is given by
R = aE with a = 1 cm/keV, obtain the binding energies
of the two levels from which electrons are emitted.
(Given h = 6.63 ´ 10 - 34 J-s, e = 1.6 ´ 10 - 19 J).
(a) 0.52 keV (b) 0.75 eV
(c) 0.52 eV (d) 0.75 keV
14. A compound microscope is used to enlarge an object
kept at a distance 0.03 m from its objective which
consists of several convex lenses in contact and has
focal length 0.02 m. If a lens of focal length 0.1 m is
removed from the objective, then by what distance the
eye-piece of the microscope must be moved to refocus
the image?
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 15 cm (d) 9 cm
15. In changing the state of a gas adiabatically from an
equilibrium state A to another equilibrium state B, an
amount of work equal to 22.3 J is done on the system. If
the gas is taken from state A to B via a process in which
the net heat absorbed by the system is 9.35 calories, the
net workdone by the system in latter case will be
(a) 5.9 J (b) 16.9 J (c) 9.3 J (d) 4.6 J
29
16. The electric field part of an electromagnetic wave in a 19. Match the system in Column I with the result they
medium is represented by Ex = 0, produce in Column II.
é - 2 rad. ö ù
cos ê çæ2 p ´ 106
N rad. ö æ
Ey = 2.5 ÷ t - ç p ´ 10 ÷x ,
C ëè m ø è m ø úû Column I Column II
A. Nuclear fusion P. Satisfies E = mc 2
Ez = 0. The wave is
(a) moving along the Y-direction with frequency 2 p ´ 10 6 Hz B. Nuclear fission Q. Generally possible for nuclei
and wavelength 200 m. with low atomic number
(b) moving along the X-direction with frequency 10 6 Hz and C. b-decay R. Generally possible for nuclei
wavelength 100 m. with higher atomic number
(c) moving along the X-direction with frequency 10 6 Hz and and unstable
wavelength 200 m.
(d) moving along the X-direction with frequency 10 6 Hz and D. Exothermic nuclear S. Essentially proceeds by weak
wavelength 200 m. reaction nuclear forces

17. A particle of mass m is attached to three identical T. Significant momentum

springs A, B and C, each of force constant k as shown in conservation
the figure. If the particle of mass m is pushed slightly Codes
against the spring A and released then the time period A B C D
of oscillation is (a) (P,Q,T) (P,R) S (Q,S)
(b) (R,S,T) (Q,S) P (P,R)
(c) (R,P,T) (R,S) Q (P,Q)
C B (d) (P,S,T) (P,S) R (Q,R)
90º
20. A particle is moving with a speed of v = 2t 2 on the
O m circumference of circle of radius R. Match the
quantities in Column I with corresponding results in
Column II.
Column I Column II
A
A. Magnitude of tangential P. Decreases with time
2m m m m
(a) 2 p (b) 2 p (c) 2 p (d) 2 p acceleration of particle.
k 2k k 2k
B. Magnitude of centripetal Q. Increases with time
18. A satellite is moving with a constant speed v in a acceleration of particle.
circular orbit about the earth. An object of mass m is C. Magnitude of angular speed of R. Remains constant
ejected from the satellite such that it just escapes from particle with respect to centre
the gravitational pull of the earth. At the time of its of circle.
ejection, the kinetic energy of the object is D. Value of tan q, where q is angle S. Proportional to R
1
(a) mv 2 (b) mv 2 between the total acceleration
2 vector and the centripetal
3
(c) mv 2 (d) 2 mv 2 acceleration vector of particle.
2
T. Inversely proportional
Section 3 to R
G
This section contains two questions. Codes
G
Each question contain two columns, Column I and Column II. A B C D
G
Column I has four entries A, B, C and D. (a) (P) (R,T) (Q,T) (P,S)
G
Column II has five entries P, Q, R, S and T. (b) (Q) (Q,T) (Q,T) (P,S)
G
Match the entries in Column I with the entries in Column II. (c) (S) (P,S) (Q,S) (R,S)
(d) (R) (R,S) (P,S) (Q,P)
G
One or more entries in Column I may match with one or more
entries in Column II.

Complete Humanity Could Fit in a Sugar Cube i.e. remember when you learned all about the basic
structure of the atom – protons, neutrons, electrons? You might recall there was a lot of empty space, and
you’d be right. Most of atoms is just empty space, so much so that if you gathered the entire human race
together and removed the empty space of all the atoms that make them up you would be left with
something no larger than a sugar cube.

30
 Paper 2
Section 1
G
This section contains eight questions.
G
The answer to each question is a single digit integer ranging
from 0 to 9, both inclusive.
1. Water (with refractive index = 4 ) in a tank is 18 cm
3 90º
7
deep. Oil of refractive index lies on water making a
4
convex surface of radius of curvature R = 6 cm as shown
in the figure given below. Consider oil to act as a thin
lens. An object S is placed 24 cm above water surface.
The location of its image is at x cm above the bottom of
the tank. Then, x is
S
R=6 cm μ=1.0
μ=7/4
μ=4/3
2. A galvanometer gives full scale deflection with 0.006 A
current. By connecting it to a 4990 W resistance, it can
be converted into a voltmeter of range 0 -30 V. If
2n
connected to a W resistance, it becomes an
249
ammeter of range 0–1.5 A. The value of n is?
3. A wire of length L and 3 identical cells of negligible
internal resistances are connected in series. Due to the
current, the temperature of the wire is raised by DT in a
time t. A number N of similar cells is now connected in
series with a wire of the same material and
cross-section but of length 2L. The temperature of the
wire is raised by the same amount DT in the same time.
The value of N is?
4. The activity of a freshly prepared radioactive sample is
1010 disintegration per second, whose mean-life is109 s.
The mass of an atom of this radio isotope is 10 - 25 kg.
The mass (in mg) of the radioactive sample is?
5. A particle of mass m is subjected to an attractive central
k (a) 1.9 m/s
force of magnitude , k being a constant. If at the
r2
instant when the particle is at an extreme position in its
closed orbit, at a distance a from the centre of force, its
speed is (k/2ma), if the distance of other extreme
position is b. Find the value of a/ b.
6. For the figure as shown, a light incident normally on
one face of the prism. A liquid of refractive index m is
placed on the horizontal face AC. The refractive index
of prism is 3/2. If the total internal reflection taken
place on face AC, m should be less than
I 3
, where I is
4
an integer. Find the value of I?
A C
60º 30º
B
7. An electron is an H-atom kept at rest, jumps from the
mth shell to the nth shell (m>n). Suppose instead of
emitting the electromagnetic wave, the energy
released is converted into the kinetic energy of the
atom. Assume the Bohr’s model and conservation of
angular momentum are valid. If I is the moment of
inertia, the angular velocity of the atom about the
nucleus is 4(m - n)h / kI. Calculate the k?
8. Figure shows two squares, X and Y, cut from a sheet of
metal of uniform thickness (t ). X and Y have sides of
length (L) and (2L), respectively. The resistances R x and
R y of the squares are measured between the opposite
faces shaded in the figure. What is the value of R x / R y ?
2L
t
L
t 2L
L
X
Y
(a) (b)
Section 2
G
This section contains eight questions.
G
Each question has four options a, b, c and d. One or more than
one of these four option(s) is (are) correct.
9. A transverse wave on a string has an amplitude of 0.2 m
and a frequency of 175 Hz. Consider a particle of the
string at X = 0. It begins with a displacement Y = 0, at
t = 0, according to the equation Y = 0.2 sin(kx ± wt ).
How much time passes between the first two instant
when this particle has a displacement of a Y = 0.1 m?
(b) 3.9 m/s
(c) 2.4 m/s
(d) 0.5 m/s
10. A glass tube of uniform internal radius r has a valve
separating the two identical ends. Initially, the value is
in a tightly closed position. End 1 has a hemispherical
soap bubble of radius r. End 2 has sub-hemispherical
soap bubble as shown in the figure. Just after opening
the valve
31
 14. In an interference arrangement similar to Young’s
double slit experiment, the slit S1 and S2 are
illuminated with coherent microwave sources, each of
frequency 106 Hz. The sources are synchronized to
have zero phase difference. The slits are separated by a
2 1 distance d = 150 m. The intensity I(q) is measured as a
(a) air from end 1 flows towards end 2. No change in the function of q, where q is defined as shown in figure. If I0
volume of the soap bubbles. is the maximum intensity, then I(q) for 0 £ q £ 90° is
(b) air from end 1 flows towards end 2. volume of the soap given by
bubble at end 1 decreases.
(c) no change occurs.
(d) air from end 2 flows towards end 1. volume of the soap
bubble at end 1 increases. S1

11. A satellite of mass m in an elliptical orbit around the d/2

θ
earth. The speed of the satellite is at its nearest position
is 6 GMe /5r, where r is the perigee (nearest point) d/2
distance from the centre of the earth. It is desired to S2
transfer the satellite to the circular orbit of radius equal
to its apogee (farthest point) distance from the centre of
the earth. The change in orbital speed required for this (a) I( q) = I0 / 2 for q = 30 °.
purpose is (b) I( q) = I0 / 4 for q = 90 °.
GMe GMe (c) I( q) = I0 for q = 0 °.
(a) 0.35 (b) 0.085
r r (d) I( q) is constant for all values of q.
2GMe
(c) (d) zero 15. A pair of parallel conducting rails lie at right angles to
r
a uniform magnetic field magnetic field of 2.0 T as
12. A circular ring of radius R and mass m made of a shown in figure. Two resistors 10 W and 5 W are to slide
uniform wire of cross-sectional A is rotated about a without friction along the rail. The distance between
stationary vertical axis passing through its centre and the conducting rails is 0.1m. Then,
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. If the breaking
stress of the material of the ring is sb , then determine
the maximum angular speed wmax. at which the ring
may be rotated without failure. B
2 ps b A
(a) 5Ω 10 Ω
mR
9ps b A
(b)
mR
4ps b R
(c)
mA 1
(a) Induced current = A directed clockwise if 10 W resistor
(d) None of these 150
is pulled to the right with speed 0.5 ms - 1 and 5 W resistor is
13. Gold -
79 Au undergoes b -decay to an excited state of
198
held fixed.
198
80 Hg. If the excited state decays by emission of a 1
(b) Induced current = A directed anti-clockwise if 10 W
g-photon with energy 0.412 MeV, then the maximum 300
kinetic energy of the electron emitted in the decay is resistor is pulled to the right with speed 0.5 ms - 1 and 5 W
(This maximum occurs when the anti-neutrino has resistor is held fixed.
negligible energy). The recoil energy of the 198 1
80 Hg (c) Induced current = A directed clockwise if 5 W resistor is
nucleus can be ignored. The masses of the neutral 300
pulled to the left at 0.5 ms - 1 and 10 W resistor is held at rest.
atoms in their ground states are 197.968225u for 198
79 Au
1
and the 197.966752u from 198
79 Hg. (d) Induced current = A directed anti-clockwise if 5 W
150
(a) 0.412 MeV (b) 1.371 MeV resistor is pulled to the left at 0.5 ms - 1 and 10 W resistor is
(c) 0.959 MeV (d) 1.473 MeV held at rest.

32
16. In the figure given below, find the potential difference 17. Find the fringe width for the pattern obtained under
between the points A and B and between B and C given arrangement on the screen.
respectively in steady state. lf lf tf tf
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 μF 1 μF
2t t l 2l
B
18. The expression for the number of visible maxima which
are obtained through above said arrangement will turn
3 μF 1 μF
out to be
Lt 2 2 Lt 2
(a) (b)
1 μF lf 2
lf 2
10 Ω Lt Lt 2
100 V (c) (d)
20 Ω
2 lf 2 2 lf 2
A + – C
(a) VAB = VBC = 100 V Paragraph 2
(b) VAB = 75V, VBC = 25 V A point charge Q is moving in a circular orbit of radius R in
(c) VAB = 25V, VBC = 75 V
the X-Y plane with an angular velocity w. This can be
(d) VAB = VBC = 50 V
considered as a equivalent to a loop carrying a steady
Section 3 current
Qw
. A uniform magnetic field along the positive
G
This section contains two paragraphs. 2p
G
Based on each paragraph, there will be two questions. Z-axis is now switched on, which increases at a constant
G
Each question has four options (a), (b), (c) and (d). One or rate from O to B in 1 s. Assume that the radius of the orbit
more than one of these four option(s) is (are) correct. remains constant. The application of the magnetic field
induces an emf in the orbit. The induced emf is defined as
Paragraph 1 the workdone by an induced electric field in moving a unit
A lens of focal length f is cut along the diameter into two positive charge around a closed loop. It is known that for
identical halves. In this process, a layer of the lens t in an orbitting charge, the magnetic dipole moment is
thickness is lost, then the halves are put together to form a proportional to the angular momentum with a
composite lens. In between the focal plane and the proportionally constant g.
composite lens, a narrow slit is placed near the focal
plane. The slit is emitting monochromatic light with 19. The magnitude of the induced electric field in the orbit
wavelength l. Behind the lens, a screen is located at a at any instant of time during the time interval of the
distance L from it. magnetic field change is
(a) BR/4 (b) BR/2 (c) BR (d) 2BR
S1 20. The change in the magnetic dipole moment associated
with the orbit, at the end of the time interval of the
S magnetic field changes is
d BQR 2
(a) - gBQR 2 (b) - g
S2 2
u<ƒ L BQR 2
v (c) g (d) gBQR 2
D
2

Answers
Paper 1
1. (7) 2. (5) 3. (7) 4. (0) 5. (5) 6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (7) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)

Paper 2
1. (2) 2. (5) 3. (6) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (3) 7. (8) 8. (1) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b)

33
 General Instructions
● All questions are compulsory.
● Question number 1 to 5 are very short
answer questions and carry 1 mark each.
● Question number 6 to 10 are short
answer questions and carry 2 marks
each.
● Question number 11 to 22 are also short
answer questions and carry 3 marks
each.
● Question number 23 is a value based
question and carry 4 marks.
● Question number 24 to 26 are long answer
questions and carry 5 marks each.
● Use log tables, if necessary, use of
calculators is not allowed.

1. In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic 6. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron
material different from that of a paramagnetic, orbitting in the n = 2 states of hydrogen atom.
when kept in an external magnetic field?
7. A battery of emf 12 V and internal resistance 2 Ω is
2. The plot of the variation of connected to a 4 Ω resistor as shown in the figure.
potential difference 6 V
V
across a combination of
three identical cells in
series versus current is V 12 V 2Ω

shown below. What is the

emf and internal I 1A
resistance of each cell?
3. Why does sun appear red at sunrise and sunset? 4Ω A
4. A charge q is moved from a point A above a dipole of (i) Show that a voltmeter when placed across the
dipole moment p to a point B below the dipole in cell and across the resistor, in turn, gives the
equatorial plane without acceleration. Find the same reading.
work done in the process.
(ii) To record the voltage and the current in the
A
circuit, why is voltmeter placed in parallel and
ammeter in series in the circuit?
8. Define ionisation energy.
How would the ionisation energy change when
–q +q
electron in hydrogen atom is replaced by a particle
of mass 200 times that of the electron but having the
same charge?
Or
B
Calculate the shortest wavelength of the spectral
5. Name the essential components of a communication lines emitted in Balmer series. [Given, Rydberg
system. constant, R = 107 m − 1]

38
 9. Define modulation index. Why is it kept low? What
is the role of a band pass filter?
10. A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA
is refracted in the prism BAC made of material of
refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray
through the prism. From which face will the ray
emerge? Justify your answer.
A
P
Q and after refraction focuses on the focal point of the
60°
B C
11. (i) Derive an expression for drift velocity of free
electrons.
(ii) How does drift velocity of electrons in a metallic
conductor vary with increase in temperature?
Explain.
12. (i) Write the basic nuclear process involved in the
emission of β + in a symbolic form by a
radioactive nucleus.
(ii) In the reactions given below:
6 C → yB + x + ν
(a) 11 z
6 C→6 C
12 12 20 c
(b) + a Ne + b He
Find the values of x, y and z and a, b and c.
13. Sketch the graphs showing variation of stopping
potential with frequency of incident radiations for
two photosensitive materials A and B having
threshold frequencies ν A > ν B .
(i) In which case is the stopping potential more and
why?
(ii) Does the slope of the graph depend on the
nature of the material used? Explain.
14. (i) State law of Malus.
(ii) Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity
(I ) of polarised light transmitted by an analyser
with angle (θ) between polariser and analyser.
(iii) What is the value of refractive index of a medium
of polarising angle 60°?
15. Define an equipotential surface. Draw
equipotential surfaces:
(i) in the case of a single point charge and
(ii) in a constant electric field in Z-direction.
Why the equipotential surfaces about a single
charge are not equidistant?
(iii) Can electric field exist tangential to an
equipotential surface? Give reason.
16. Use Biot-Savart’s law to derive the expression for
the magnetic field on the axis of a current carrying
circular loop of radius R. Draw the magnetic field
lines due to a circular wire carrying current (I ).
17. Define the term wavefront. State Huygens’
principle.
Consider a plane wavefront incident on a thin
convex lens. Draw a proper diagram to show how
the incident wavefront traverses through the lens
lens, giving the shape of the emergent wavefront.
Or
Explain the following giving reasons :
(i) When monochromatic light is incident on a
surface separating two media, then both
reflected and refracted light have the same
frequency as the incident frequency.
(ii) When light travels from a rarer to a denser
medium, then speed decreases. Does this
decrease in speed imply a reduction in the
energy carried by the wave?
(iii) In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is
determined by the square of the amplitude of the
wave. What determines the intensity in the
photon picture of light?
18. For a CE-transistor amplifier, the audio signal
voltage across the collector resistance of 2 kΩ is 2 V.
Suppose the current amplification factor of the
transistor is 100, find the input signal voltage and
base current, if the base resistance is 1 kΩ.
19. (i) Identify the part of the electromagnetic
spectrum which is
(a) suitable for radar system used in aircraft
navigation,
(b) produced by bombarding a metal target by
high speed electrons.
(ii) Why does a galvanometer show a momentary
deflection at the time of charging or discharging
a capacitor? Write the necessary expression to
explain this observation.
20. (i) Which mode of propagation is used by
shortwave broadcast services having frequency
range from a few MHz upto 30 MHz? Explain
diagrammatically how long distance communi-
cation can be achieved by this mode.
(ii) Why is there an upper limit to frequency of
waves used in this mode?
21. (i) Explain with the help of a diagram the formation
of depletion region and barrier potential in a p-n
junction.
(ii) Draw the circuit diagram of a half-wave rectifier
and explain its working.
39
22. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal
inductor, show that the average power supplied
by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with an inductor
and an AC source. What happens to the
brightness of the lamp
L
when the key is plugged
in and an iron rod is
inserted inside the
inductor? Explain.
23. Ram is a student of class X in a village school. His
uncle gifted him a bicycle with a dynamo fitted in it.
He was very excited to get it. While cycling during
night, he could light the bulb and see the objects on
the road. However, he did not know how this device
works. He asked this question to his teacher. The
teacher considered it an opportunity to explain the
working to the whole class.
Answer the following questions:
(i) State the principle and working of a dynamo.
(ii) Write two values each displayed by Ram and his
school teacher.
24. (i) Derive the mathematical relation between
refractive indices n1 and n2 of two radii and
radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex
spherical surface. Consider the object to be a
point since lying on the principal axis in rarer
medium of refractive index n1 and a real image
formed in the denser medium of refractive index
n2 . Hence, derive lens maker ’s formula.
(ii) Light from a point source in air falls on a convex
spherical glass surface of refractive index
1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance
of light source from the glass surface is 100 cm.
At what position is the image formed?
Or
(i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real
image formed by an astronomical telescope in
normal adjustment position. Define its
magnifying power.
(ii) You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D
and 10 D to design a telescope.
(a) Which lenses should be used as objective
and eyepiece? Justify your answer.
(b) Why is the aperture of the objective preferred
to be large?
You Could Be A Walking H-Bomb i.e. The First Law of Thermodynamics holds that in any situation,
the total amount of energy in will equal the exact same amount of energy out. As well as meaning that
you can’t create energy out of nothing, this law means that you also can not destroy energy. So what
happened to all the energy that came from what you put in your own body? The short answer is that most
of it remains stored within your body, an average of 7×1018 joules – this amount of energy, if released all
at once, would have the same power as 30 hydrogen bombs.
40
25. (i) Use Gauss’s law to find the electric field due to a
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. What is
the direction of field for positive and negative
charge densities?
(ii) Find the ratio of the potential differences that
must be applied across the parallel and series
combination of two capacitors C1 and C2 with their
capacitances in the ratio 1 : 2 so that the energy
stored in the two cases becomes the same.
Or
(i) If two similar large plates, each of area A having
surface charge densities + σ and − σ are
separated by a distance d in air, find the
expressions for
(a) field at points between the two plates and on
outer side of the plates. Specify the direction
of the field in each case.
(b) the potential difference between the plates.
(c) the capacitance of the capacitor so formed.
(ii) Two metallic spheres of radii R and 2R are
charged so that both of these have same surface
charge density σ. If they are connected to each
other with a conducting wire, in which direction
will the charge flow and why?
26. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-down
transformer. State the principle of its working.
(ii) Express the turn ratio in terms of voltages.
(iii) Find the ratio of primary and secondary currents
in an ideal transformer.
(iv) How much current is drawn by the primary of a
transformer connected to 220 V supply when it
delivers power to a 110 V to 550 V refrigerator?
Or
(i) Explain the meaning of the term mutual
inductance. Consider two concentric circular
coils, one of the radius r1 and the other of radius
r2 (r1 < r2 ) placed coaxially with centres
coinciding with each other. Obtain the
expression for the mutual inductance of the
arrangement.
(ii) A rectangular coil of area A, having number of
turns N is rotated at f revolutions per second in a
uniform magnetic field B, the field being
perpendicular to the coil. Prove that the
maximum emf induced in the coil is 2πf NBA.
 Answers with Explanation
1. When paramagnetic materials are placed in external magnetic 6.62 × 10 −34
=
field, these are feebly magnetised in the direction of the applied 10 × 10 −25
external magnetic field whereas in case of diamagnetic materials,
= 0.662 × 10 −9
these are feebly magnetised opposite to that of applied external
magnetic field. = 6.62 × 10 −10
2. According to question, = 6.62 Å
Maximum potential of three cells each of emf E is given in graph 7. According to question,
(i.e. 6 V)
V
So, 3E = 6 V
6
E = =2 V
3
Internal resistance of three cells each of resistance r can be 12 V, 2 Ω
calculated as
V = I × 3r [all are in series]
V 6
⇒ 3r = =
I 1 A
⇒ r =2 Ω 4Ω

3. During sunrise and sunset, the rays have to travel a larger part of (i) Net current in the circuit
the atmosphere because they are very close to the horizon. 12
= =2 A
Therefore, light rays other than red is mostly scattered away. Most 6
of the red light, which is the least scattered, enters our eyes. Voltage across the battery,
Hence, the sun appears red at sunrise and sunset.
Vb = 12 − 2 × 2 = 8 V
4. According to questions, Voltage across the resistance
A
Vr = IR = 2 × 4 = 8 V
(ii) In order to measure the device's voltage for a voltmeter, it must
r r be connected in parallel to that device. This is necessary
y because device in parallel experiences the same potential
difference.
–q +q
x x An ammeter is connected in series with the circuit because the
purpose of the ammeter is to measure the current through the
circuit. Since, the ammeter is a low impedance device.
B Connecting in parallel with the circuit would cause a
short-circuit, damaging the ammeter of the circuit.
Total potential at point A due to +q charge,
VA =
kq
=
kq 8. The ionisation energy (IE) is qualitatively defined as the amount of
r 1 energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the
( x 2 + y 2 )2 valence electron of an isolated gaseous atom to form a cation.
Total potential at point A due to − q charge, Since, total energy is directly proportional to the mass of electron.
− kq − kq So, the ionisation energy becomes 200 times on replacing an
VA′ = =
r 1 electron by a particle of mass 200 times of the electron and of
( x 2 + y 2 )2 same charge.
So, net potential = VA + VA′ = 0 Or
According to question, shortest wavelength of the spectral lines
Similarly at point B, potential will be 0. emitted in Balmer series is given by
So, net work done = ΔV × q = 0 . 1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
=R −
5. The essential components of a communication system are λ ⎣⎢ 2 2 ∞ 2 ⎦⎥
Transmitter, channel and receivers. 1 10 7 4
⇒ = ⇒ λ= [Q R = 10 7 ]
6. Energy of electron at n = 2 states is λ 4 10 7
− 13.6 − 13.6 = 4 × 10 −7m = 4000 Å
E = = = − 3.4 eV
n2 (2 )2
9. The modulation index or modulation depth of a modulation
Now, de-Broglie wavelength of electron is given by scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the
h h h carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. It is the ratio of
λ= = = [Q| K|= | E |] modulation amplitude to the carrier amplitude.
p 2 mK 2 mE
Modulation index is kept low so that no distortion occurs in the
6.62 × 10 −34
= modulated wave. The role of band pass filter is to limit the
2 × 9.1 × 10 −31 × 3.4 × 1.6 × 10 −19 bandwidth of the output signal.

MAY 2016 41
10. Given, refractive index of the material of the prism, μ = 1.5 13. Variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiation.
A

Stopping
30° potential
P
Q νA νB

60° ν(frequency)
30°
VA

μ=1.5
VB
60°
B C

∴ Critical angle for the material (i) In case of material B, stopping potential is more because the
1 1 threshold frequency is more for material B.
sin c = = =2 /3
μ 1. 5 (ii) For two different materials A and B these graphs are parallel
⎛2 ⎞ lines, i.e. they have same slopes. But the threshold
⇒ c = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ~− 42 °.
⎝ 3⎠ frequencies are different for the two metals.
From the ray diagram, it is clear that angle of incidence i = 30 ° < c . 14. (i) According to law of Malus, when a beam of completely plane
Therefore the ray incident at the face AC will not suffer total internal polarised light is incident on an analyser, the resultant intensity
reflection and merges out through this face. of light I transmitted from the analyser varies directly as the
square of the cosine of the angle θ between the plane of
11. (i) If τ be the average time between two successive collision, the
transmission of analyser and polariser.
distance during this period is
1 i.e. I ∝ cos 2 θ
l = a( τ )2 This rule is also called cosine squared rule.
2
1 ⎛ eE ⎞ ∴ I = I0 cos 2 θ
= ⎜ ⎟ ( τ )2
2 ⎝ m⎠ where, I 0 is the intensity of the polarised light after passing
l 1 eE τ 2 through P1 the above discussion.
Drift velocity, vd = = (ii) Variation of intensity with angle θ
τ 2 m τ
eE
vd = τ
2m I0 I=I0 cos2θ
(ii) As the temperature of a conductor is increased, the thermal
Intensity
agitation increases and the collisions become more frequent.
(I)
The average time τ between the successive collisions
decreases and hence the drift speed decreases. Thus, the
conductivity decreases and the resistivity of the conductor
90° 180° 270°
increases.
θ
12. (i) The basic nuclear process involved in the emission of β +
during radioactivity is given by (iii) As we know,
A
Z X ⎯→ A
Z −1
Y +β+ + ν μ = tan i p
where, i p = polarising angle,
(ii) (a) According to question,
11 z μ = refractive index
6 C ⎯→ yB + x + ν …(i)
μ = tan 60 ° = 3
For β + -decay
X A ⎯→ A
+β+ + ν …(ii)
15. Any surface that has same electric potential at every point on it is
Z Z −1 Y
called equipotential surface.
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (i) Equipotential surface in case of single point charge
y = 5, z = 11
and x =β+
(b) 126 C + 126C ⎯→ 20
a Ne + cHe
b
… (i)
Helium have 4 mass number and 2 charge number.
So reaction will be E +q Equipotential
12
+ 12 20 4 surfaces
6C 6 C ⎯→ 10 Ne + He
2 … (ii)
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a = 10, b = 2 and c = 4

42
 (ii) Equipotential surfaces when the electric field is in z-direction. μ 0 Ia 2
or B=
Y Equipotential 2 ( r + a 2 )3/ 2
2

surfaces
μ 0 N Ia 2
For N turns, B=
2 ( r 2 + a 2 )3/ 2

Z
The diagram of magnetic field lines due to a circular wire carrying
E current I is.

X I
The equipotential surfaces due to a single point charge is
represented by concentric spherical shells of increasing
radius, so they are not equidistant.
(iii) No, the electric field does not exist tangentially to an
equipotential surface because no work is done in moving a
charge from one point to other on equipotential surface. This
indicates that the component of electric field along the 17. Wavefornt A wavefront is the locus of points (wavelets) having the
equipotential surface is zero. Hence, the equipotential surface same phase (a surface of constant phase) of oscillations. A wavelet
is perpendicular to field lines. is the point of disturbance due to propagation of light.
A line perpendicular to a wavefront is called a ray.
16. Let us consider a circular loop of radius a with centre C. Let the
According to Huygens’ principle,
plane of the coil be perpendicular to the plane of the paper and
current I be flowing in the direction as shown in the figure. (i) Every point on the given wavefront (called primary wavefront)
Suppose P is any point on the axis at a direction r from the centre. acts as a fresh source of new disturbance called secondary
wavelets, which travel in all directions with the velocity of light
L dl Q
dB cos φ

in the medium.
dB
√r 2 + a 2 (ii) A source touching these secondary wavelets tangentially in the
a φ forward direction at any instant gives the new wavefront at that
φ P instant. This is called secondary wavefront.
I C dB sin φ
r φ dB sin φ When a point source is placed at the focus of a convex lens, the
I φ rays emerging from the lens are parallel. Therefore, the wavefront
dB cos φ must be plane wavefront.
dB
M Q′
dl Plane
F wavefront
Now, consider a current element Idl on top ( L ) where current Source
comes out of paper normally, whereas at bottom ( M ) enters into the
plane of paper normally.
Lens
Q LP ⊥ Idl Or
Also, MP ⊥ Idl (i) Frequency is the characteristic of the sources while
wavelength is the characteristic of the medium. When
Q LP = MP = r 2 + a 2
monochromatic light travels from one medium to another, its
The magnetic field at point P due to current element Idl. speed changes, so its wavelength changes but frequency
According to Biot-Savart’s law, remains same.
μ Idl sin 90 °
dB = 0 ⋅ (ii) No, the reduction in the speed of light does not imply the
4π ( r 2 + a 2 ) reduction in the energy of the light wave because the energy
where, a = radius of circular loop carried by a wave depends on the amplitude of the wave.
r = distance of point P from centre along the axis. (iii) In the photon picture of light, intensity of a light point is
determined by the number of photons incident per unit area.
The direction of dB is perpendicular to LP and along PQ, where
PQ ⊥ LP. Similarly, the same magnitude of magnetic field is 18. According to question,
obtained due to current element Idl at the bottom and direction is RC = 2 kΩ = 2 × 10 3 Ω,
along PQ ′, where PQ ′ ⊥ MP.
β = 100 , VBB = 2 V
Now, resolving dB due to current element at L and M dB cos φ
components balance each other and net magnetic field is given by RB = 1 kΩ = 1 × 10 3 Ω,[symbols have usual meanings]
μ ⎛ Idl ⎞ a IC =
VBB
=
2
= 1 mA
B = ∫dB sin φ = ∫ 0 ⎜ ⎟⋅ Now,
4π ⎝ r 2 + a 2 ⎠ RC 2 × 10 3
r 2 + a2
I I
⎡ ⎤ β = C ⇒ IB = C
a IB β
⎢Q InΔPCL , sin φ = ⎥
⎢⎣ r 2 + a 2 ⎥⎦ 1 mA
= = 0.01 mA
μ Ia μ Ia 100
= 0
4 π ( r 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 ∫ dl = 4 π0 ( r 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 (2 πa ) Input signal voltage = IB × RB = 0.01 × 1 × 10 3
= 10 Ω

43
19. (i) (a) Microwaves are used in radar system for aircraft navigation
due to their short wavelength.
(b) X-rays are produced by bombarding a metal target by high
speed electrons.
(ii) During charging and discharging of the capacitor, there is a
flow of charge from the battery towards the plate of the
capacitor, which produces a conduction current in the circuit.
Hence, the galvanometer present in the circuit shows
momentary deflection. Maxwell modified Ampere’s circuital
law in order to make it logically consistent. He started
Ampere’s circuital law in the form of
⎡ dφ ⎤
∫ B ⋅ d l = μ 0 [ I + ID ] = μ 0 ⎢⎣ I + ε 0 dtE ⎥⎦
dφ
where, = rate of change of magnetic flux between the plates
dt
of the capacitor.
20. (i) Sky wave propagation is used by shortwave broadcast
services having frequency range from a few MHz upto 30 MHz.
This set up potential difference across the junction and an
internal electric field E i directed from n-side to p-side. The
equilibrium is established when the field E i becomes strong
enough to stop further diffusion of the majority charge carriers
(however it helps the minority charge carriers to diffuse across
the junction).
The region on either side of the junction which becomes
depleted (free) from the mobile charge carriers is called
depletion region or depletion layer. The width of depletion
region is of the order of 10 −6 m.
The potential difference developed across the depletion
region is called the potential barrier. Potential barrier depends
on dopant concentration in the semiconductor and
temperature of the junction.
(ii) If the AC voltage to be rectified is connected to the primary coil
of a step-down transformer. Secondary coil is connected to the
diode through resistors RL across which, output is obtained.
Transformer
A X

e
her Primary Secondary RL
osp
Ion

Sky waves
B Y
R1 R2
Earth’s surface
R3 During positive half cycle of the input AC, the p-n junction is
forward biased. Thus, the resistance in p-n junction becomes
Sky wave can travel very long distances and can even travels low and current flows. Hence, we get output across the load.
round the earth.
Q Refractive index of ionosphere X is less than of free space (a)
Voltage at A

X 0, i.e. X < X0 Input AC

As we go high, the electron density decreases and therefore X
decreases. The refraction occurs till it reaches critical angle
and afterwards, it reflects electromagnetic wave back on the
earth’s surface. t
Voltage across R L

The critical frequency is given by νc = 9 ( Nmax )1 / 2

(ii) In general, 30 MHz > νc > 5 MHz, when frequency is greater
Output voltage
than νc , then it crosses the ionosphere and never reflects back
on the surface of the earth. The ranges of critical frequency
upto few MHz sets an upper limit to frequency of waves used in
this mode. (b) t
21. (i) In an n-type semiconductor, the concentration of electrons is During negative half cycle of the input AC, the p-n junction is
more than concentration of holes. Similarly, in a p-type reverse biased. Thus, the resistance of p-n junction is high and
semiconductor, the concentration of holes is more than that of current does not flow. Hence, no output is in the load.
concentration of electrons. During formation of p-n junction
and due to the concentration gradient across p and n-sides, 22. (i) According to question,
holes diffuse from p-side to n-side ( p → n ) and electrons Let V = V0 sin ω t
diffuse from n-side to p-side ( n → p). So, instantaneous current,
The diffused charge carriers combine with their counterparts in I = I0 sin( ωt − π / 2 ) [current lags voltage by π / 2]
the immediate vicinity of the junction and neutralise each other. ⎛π ⎞
Thus, near the junction positive charge is built on n-side and = − I0 sin ⎜ − ωt⎟ = − I0 cos ωt
⎝2 ⎠
negative charge on p-side.
Work done in small time dt is
Electron diffusion
Electron drift dW = Pdt = − V0I0 sin ωt cos ωt dt
VI
= − 0 0 sin 2 ωt dt
2
p n
The average power over complete cycle is
W 1 T
Pav = = ∫ W
T T 0
Depletion region
−V I T
Hole diffusion = 0 0 ∫ sin 2 ωt dt
Hole drift 2T 0

44
 T T MN
V0I0 ⎡ cos 2 ωt ⎤ VI ⎡ 4π ⎤ So, ∠NOM =
=+ = 0 0 cos t
2 T ⎢⎣ 2 ω ⎥⎦ 0 4 Tω ⎢⎣ T ⎥⎦ 0
OM
MN
VI ∠NCM =
= 0 0 [cos 4 π − cos 0 °] MC
4 Tω MN
∠NIM =
=0 MI
(ii) When the iron rod is inserted into the coil, its inductance L For ΔNOC , i is the exterior angle.
increases μ r times. Consequently, its reactance X L = 2 π f L ∴ i = ∠ NOM + ∠ NCM
increases. Hence, the impedance of the circuit increases, MN MN
which decreases the current in the circuit and also the glow of = + …(i)
OM MC
the bulb.
For ΔNIC, ∠ NCM is the exterior angle.
∴ ∠NCM = r + ∠NIM
L or r = ∠ NCM − ∠ NIM
MN MN
i.e. r= − …(ii)
MC MI
By Snell's law, n1 sin i = n 2 sin r
For small angles, n1 i = n 2r
Substituting the values of i and r from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain
⎛ MN MN ⎞ ⎛ MN MN ⎞
V n1 ⎜ + ⎟ = n2 ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ OM MC ⎠ ⎝ MC MI ⎠
23. (i) The working of dynamo is based on the principle of Faraday’s n1 n n − n1
laws of electromagnetic induction. or + 2 = 2 …(iii)
OM MI MC
The electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic
fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct Applying new cartesian sign conventions,
electric current according to Faraday’s law of induction. The OM = − u ⇒ MI = + v
motion of the wire within magnetic field causes the field to MC = + R
push on electrons in the metal, producing an electric current in Substituting these values in Eq. (iii), we obtain
the wire. n 2 n1 n 2 − n1
(ii) Ram is intelligent and a good learner. He has awareness of − = …(iv)
v u R
technologies. This equation holds for any curved spherical surface.
His school teacher shows the value of presence of mind Lens Maker’s formula
knowledge of subject, concern for his students, etc.
If a convex lens is made up of two convex spherical refracting
24. (i) A refracting surface which forms a part of a sphere of transparent surfaces. The final images formed after two refractions. Let n 2
refracting material is called a spherical refracting surface. be the refractive index of the material of the lens and n1 be the
refractive index of the rarer medium around the lens.
N
n1 N n2 n1 n1
i
n2 C
r O
I I1
v
O C I
u R v1
M
R
Let R1 be the radius of curvature of second surface of the lens,
u v
I1 would have been a real image of O formed after refraction,
The above figure shows the geometry of formation of image I of then from Eq. (iv),
an object O and the principal axis of a spherical surface with n 2 n1 n 2 − n1
− = … (v)
centre of curvature C and radius of curvature R . v1 u R1
Assumptions Let R2 be radius of curvature of the second surface of the lens.
(a) The aperture of the surface is small as compared to other Refraction is now taking place from denser to rarer medium
distance involved. n1 n 2 n 2 − n1
− = … (vi)
(b) NM will be taken to be nearly equal to the length of the v v1 R2
perpendicular from the point N on the principal axis. Adding Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get
MN n1 n1 ⎛1 1⎞
tan ∠NOM = − = ( n 2 − n1 ) ⎜ − ⎟ … (vii)
OM v u ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
MN
tan ∠NCM = n2
MC Put = n = refractive index of material of the lens with respect
n1
MN
tan ∠NIM = to surrounding medium
MI
1 1 ⎛ n2 ⎞ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
For small angles, tan θ ≈ sin θ ≈ θ − =⎜ − 1⎟ − … (viii)
v u ⎝ n1 ⎠ ⎢⎣ R1 R2 ⎥⎦

45
 When object on the left of lens is at infinity, then image is ∧ ∧
n n
formed at the principal focus of the lens.
∴ When u = ∞, v = f = focal length of the lens.
E E
1 ⎡1 1 ⎤
∴ = ( n − 1) − ∧ ∧
f ⎢ ⎥ n Q n
⎣ R1 R2 ⎦
n n
This is the lens maker’s formula. r r
(ii) According to question,
n1 = 1 [Given]
We take a cylinder of cross-sectional area A and length 2 r as
n 2 = 1.5
the Gaussian surface.
R = 20 cm
On the curved surface of the cylinder, E and n$ are perpendicular
u = − 100 cm
to each other. Therefore, flux through curved surface is zero.
So, from surface formula
Flux through the flat surfaces = E A + E A = 2 E A
n 2 n1 n 2 − n1
− = ∴ Total electric flux over the entire surface of cylinder,
v u R
φE = 2 E A
1.5 1 1.5 − 1
⇒ + = Total charge enclosed by the cylinder, q = σA
v 100 20
q
⇒
1.5 0.5
= −
1 According to Gauss’s law, φ E =
v 20 100 ε0
1.5 5 1 σA σ
⇒ = − ∴ 2 EA = or E =
v 200 100 ε0 2 ε0
1.5 5 − 2 3 E is independent of r, the distance of the point from the plane
⇒ = =
v 200 200 charged sheet.
1.5 3 It means that the electric field intensity is same for all
=
v 200 pointsclose to the plane sheet of charge E at any point is
200 × 1.5 300 directed away from the sheet carrying positive charge and
⇒ v= = directed towards the sheet in case of negative charge.
3 3
= 100 cm (ii) According to question, in parallel combination energy stored in
the capacitor
Or
1 1
(i) In astronomical telescope for normal adjustment final image is = C1V12 + C 2V12
2 2
formed at infinity and it is virtual. The labelled ray diagram to
obtain one of the real image formed by the astronomical In series combination energy stored in the capacitor
telescope is as follows. 1 C1C 2
= V22
fo fe 2 (C1 + C 2 )

Parallel rays Energy in both the cases is same so,

from
object at in ⎛1 1 ⎞ 2 C1 C 2
finity ⎜ C1 + C 2⎟ V1 = V22
fe fo ⎝2 2 ⎠ 2 (C1 + C 2 )
α B′′
α β
B′ V12 C1 C 2 × 2
C1 C2 ⇒ =
V22 2 (C1 + C 2 )(C1 + C 2 )
Eye
V1 C1 C 2
(Virtual imag
e) ⇒ =
V2 C1 + C 2
A′′
C1 1
But, = ⇒ C 2 = 2 C1
Magnifying power is defined as the ratio of the angle C2 2
subtended at the eye by the focal image as seen through the
telescope to the angle subtended at the eye by the object seen V1 C1 × 2 C1 2 C1 2
So, = = =
directly, when both the image and the object lies at infinity. V2 C1 + 2 C1 3 C1 3
(ii) (a) We know objective lens of a telescope should have larger Or
focal length and eyepiece lens should have smaller focal (i) According to questions
length. And focal length is inverse of power, so lens of + –
power
1 0 D can be used as eyepiece and lens of power 0.5 D can + –
be used as objective lens. + –
(b) The objective lens of a telescope should have larger aperture, in E
order to form bright image of an distant objects, so that it can + –
P Q
gather sufficient light rays from the distant objects. + –
25. (i) Let σ be the surface charge density of the sheet. From + –
symmetry, E on either side of the sheet must be perpendicular
to the plane of the sheet, having same magnitude at all points + –
equidistant from the sheet. A d A

46
 σ (iii) Assuming the efficiency to be 100% for ideal so, transformer,
(a) Electric field due to plate of positive charge atpoint P =
2 ε0 IP VP = IS VS (Power input = power output)
σ IP VS NS
= =
Electric field due to other plate = So,
2 ε0 IS VP N P
NS
Since, they have same direction so, = turn ratio
σ σ σ NP
E net = + =
2 ε0 2 ε0 ε0 (iv) According to question,
Outside the plate electric field will be zero because of Primary voltage ( VP ) = 220 V
opposite direction. Secondary voltage ( VS ) = 110 V
(b) Potential difference between the plates is given by P 550
Secondary current ( IS ) = = = 5A
σd ⎛ σ⎞ V 110
V = Ed = ⎜Q E = ⎟ Ip VS
ε0 ⎝ ε0 ⎠ So, =
IS VP
(c) Capacitance of the capacitor is given by (QQ = CV )
VS
Q σA ε A ⇒ IP = × IS
C= = ε0 = 0 VP
V σd d
110
(ii) According to question, = × 5 = 2.5 A
220
2R Or
R
(i) According to question, let the current in big coil of radius r2 be I1
μ I
so, magnetic field at point O due to this coil will be 0 1 .
2 r2
I1

Potential at the surface of radius R ,

kq
= [Qq = σ × 4 πR 2 ] r1
R
kσ4 πR 2 O
⇒ = σk 4 πR = 4kσπR
R
Potential at the surface of radius 2 R , r2
kq
= [Qq = σ × 4 π (2 R )2 = 16 σπ R 2 ]
2R
Change in magnetic flux in the coil of radius r1 is
kσ16 πR 2 μ I
So, = 8 kσπR φ = B A = 0 1 × πr12
2R 2 r2
Since, the potential of bigger sphere is more.
φ μ 0I1π r12
So, charge will flow from sphere of radius 2 R to sphere of Mutual inductance, M = =
I1 2 r2 × I1
radius R.
μ 0π r12
26. (i) The labelled diagram of a step-down transformer is =
2 r2
This is the required expression.
(ii) According to question, if the coil rotates with an angular
AC
source
∼ P S
To
load
velocity of ω and N turns through an angle θ in time t, thus
θ = ωt
∴ φ = BAcos θ
= BAcos ωt
As the coil rotates, the magnetic flux linked with it changes. An
Laminated iron core
induced emf is set up in the coil which is given by
−dφ − d
Working principle e= = ( BAcos ωt )
The principle of step-down transformer is based on mutual dt dt
induction. = BAω sin ωt
(ii) As we know, for a transformer For N number of turns,
dφ e = NBAω sin ωt
VS = − NS
dt For maximum value of emf ωt must be equals to 90°.
dφ So, maximum emf induced is
VP = − N P
dt = NBAω
VS NS e = NBA2 πf [Q ω = 2 πf ]
So, = i.e.
VP N P

47
 Least count It is the distance moved by the tip of the screw,
Experiment 1
G

when the screw is turned through 1 division of the head scale,

To measure the internal and external diameter of a vessel i.e. Least count
using vernier callipers. Pitch
1 =
G
Used to measure accurately upto th of a millimetre of a Total number of divisions on the circular scale
scale. 10 G
Zero error It is the error when the reading of the linear scale
and circular scale is not zero.
Types of Scale
G
Vernier scale(v) It is also called auxiliary scale and is Theory
movable. When the wire or sheet is kept between plane faces A and B and
G
Main scale(s) It is fixed and measured in cm and mm. edge of the cap lies ahead of Nth division of linear scale.
G
Least count It is the smallest value of a physical quantity Then, Linear Scale Reading (LSR) = N.
that can be measured accurately with an instrument. If nth division of circular scale lies over reference line.
i.e. LC
Magnitude of smallest division on the main scale Then, Circular Scale Reading (CSR) = n × LC,
=
Total number of smallest division on the vernier scale where, LC = least count of screw gauge.

Theory
Experiment 3
If the body is kept between jaws and zero of vernier scale
To study dissipation of energy of a simple pendulum by plotting
lies ahead of Nth division of the main scale, then MSR
a graph between square of amplitude and time.
(Main Scale Reading) = N.
If nth division of vernier scale coincides with any division Theory
of main scale, then Vernier Scale Reading (VSR) = n × LC ,
When a simple pendulum oscillates, the whole of its energy
where LC = least count of vernier callipers.
remains in the form of kinetic energy at mean position P and in
Total reading = MSR + VSR = N + n × LC the form of potential energy at extreme positions Q and R. If we
consider any position between P and Q or P and R, say A and B,
Experiment 2 then total energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energies.
To determine the thickness or diameter of a thin sheet or T
wire using screw gauge.
G
It is based on the principle of micrometer screw.
l
G
It is used for measuring accurately the diameter of a thin
wire or the thickness of a metal sheet. d d
G
Pitch of the screw is the distance moved by the spindle Q R
per revolution. A B
P

50
At point A or B,
1 Experiment 6
G
Kinetic energy of the bob = mv2
2 To determine resistance per centimetre of a given wire using
mgd2 Ohm’s law or by plotting a graph of potential difference
G
Potential energy of the bob = mgh = versus current.
2l

G
Total energy of the bob =
1
mv2 +
mgd2 Theory
2 2l
If I be the current flowing through a conductor and V be the
potential difference across its ends. According to Ohm’s law,
Experiment 4 we have
To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given liquid by V ∝ I, V = RI
measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body. where, R is the constant of proportionality. It is known as
resistance of the conductor.
Theory
When a solid falls in a liquid, it experiences a resistive force Experiment 7
due to viscosity of the liquid. This is given by To comparing emf’s of two primary cells using potentiometer.
F = 6 πrηv
where, r = radius of spherical body, η = coefficient of viscosity
Theory
of fluid and v = velocity of a liquid. G
Potentiometer is a device which is used to measure voltage
Due to this resistive force, acceleration of the body decreases or emf of a cell accurately.
and after some time, it attains a constant velocity called G
Electromotive force (emf) is a chemical force which makes
terminal velocity which is given by the positive ions inside a cell to move from negative to
2 r2 (ρ − σ)g positive terminal inside the cell.
vt = G
Emf is independent of plate areas, plates separation and
9η
electrolyte quantity.
2 r2 (ρ − σ)g
Thus, η= G
Potential gradient is developed along the length of
9 vt the wire.
where, ρ = density of the material of the sphere E l
G
The formula is given by 1 = 1
σ = density of fluid E2 l2
v t = terminal velocity.
where, E1 and E2 are the emf’s of two given cells and l1 and l2
are the corresponding balancing lengths on potentiometer
Experiment 5 wire.
To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot
body and time by plotting a cooling curve. Experiment 8
To determine breakdown voltage across Zener diode.
Theory
Newton’s law of cooling states that rate of cooling of a body is Theory
directly proportional to the difference in temperature of the Zener diode is a semiconductor in which the n-type and the
body and its surroundings provided. p-type sections are heavily doped. It results in a low value of
dθ reverse breakdown voltage (BVR ).
i.e. − ∝ (θ − θ0 )
dt G
The reverse breakdown voltage of Zener diode is called
∴ (θ − θ0 ) = (θn − θ0 )e− Kt Zener voltage (VZ ). The reverse current that results after the
where, θ = temperature of the body breakdown is called Zener current (I Z ).
θ0 = temperature of surroundings
G
Initially as input voltage Vi is increased, input current I i
increases a little, then output voltage V0 increases.
θn = temperature of the body at 0°C.
G
At breakdown increases of Vi increase I i by large amount,
log(θ − θ0 ) = − Kt + C
so that V0 = Vi − Ri I i becomes constant. This constant value
Thus, graph between log(θ − θ0 ) and t will be a straight line. is called reverse breakdown voltage.

A Phenomenon known as quantum entanglement appears to break cosmic speed limits causes to
travel information faster than light.

51
Experiment 9 Experiment 12
To determine the resistance of a given wire using meter-bridge. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half
deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
Theory
Theory
Meter-bridge is the practical form of Wheatstone bridge.
G
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current offered by The resistance of the given galvanometer as found by half
deflection method, we have
the wire when connected across a source of potential
RS
difference. G=
R− S
G
For balanced Wheatstone bridge, a null deflection in
P R where, R is the resistance connected in series with the
galvanometer, we have =
Q S galvanometer and S is the shunt resistance.
E
G
At zero deflection, when resistance is introduced in the G
The figure of merit, K =
(R + G)θ
resistance box and the jockey is at some certain position, then
R(100 − l ) where, E is the emf of the cell and θ is the deflection across
the unknown resistance is given by X =
l resistance R.
where, l = position of the jockey in centimetre.
R = resistance introduced in the resistance box.
Experiment 13
To determine the mass of a given body using meter balance
Experiment 10 by the principle of moment.
To measure the time using simple pendulum. Theory
Theory The principle of moment states that an object is in
equilibrium, if the sum of all anti-clockwise moment about
G
An ideal simple pendulum consists of a point mass tied to one My
end of a perfectly flexible, inextensible and weightless string. the same pivot, which can be expressed as m = ,
x
G
Second pendulum is a pendulum which takes precisely one where, m = unknown mass, M = standard mass suspended
second to move from one extreme position to other.
x and y = distances of their loops from wedges.
G
Effective length of the pendulum is the distance between the
point of suspension and the centre of spherical bob can be
expressed as L = l + r + e
where, l = length of the string
e = length of the hook
r = radius of the bob.
G
Time period of simple pendulum is given by the relation,
L
T = 2π
g
where, L = length of the simple pendulum
g = acceleration due to gravity.

Experiment 11
To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise
method.

Theory
When a capillary of radius r is immersed in a liquid of density ρ,
the height h to which the liquid rises is given by

r ⎛⎜ h + ⎟⎞ ρg
r
⎝ 3 ⎠
T=
2 cos θ

r ⎛⎜ h + ⎞⎟ ρg
r
⎝ 3 ⎠
For water, T= as θ is very small.
2

52
1. On measuring the diameter of a spherical body using 6. In experiment for measuring surface tension by
vernier callipers, main scale reading = 13 . cm, 5th capillary tube rise method, readings for positions
vernier scale division is coinciding with any main scale A, B, C and D for internal diameter of capillary tube are
division and zero error is −0.33 cm, what will be the given as under. Mean internal radius of capillary is
corrected reading?
(a) 1.36 cm (b) 1.32 cm
(c) 1.35 cm (d) 1.38 cm A
Hint As, TR = MSR + n × LC = 1.3 + 5 × 0.01 = 1.35 cm
Zero error = − 0.03 cm C D
Zero correction = + 0.03 cm
Corrected reading = 1.35 + 0.03 = 1.38 cm B

2. If in a screw gauge, zero mark of the circular scale

remains on right of reference line and does not cross it (a) 0.002 cm A (cm) = 1,000
and 2nd division on circular scale comes on reference (b) 0.003 cm B (cm) = 1,000
line, then zero correction is (c) 0.004 cm C (cm) = 1,000
(a) + 0.02 mm (b) − 0.02 mm
(d) 0.005 cm D (cm) = 1,000
(c) + 0.002 mm (d) − 0.002 mm
Hint Here, AB = (1.009 − 1.006 ) = 0.003 cm
Hint Zero error = + 0.02 mm
∴ Zero correction = − 0.02 mm
7. In an experiment to determine the specific heat of a
given liquid by method of mixtures. If room
3. Six rotations are given to a screw to turn it through a temperature recorded by one thermometer is 29° C and
distance of 3 mm and there are 50 divisions on the
that by second thermometer is 27.5 ° C. If steady
circular scale. What is the least count of the system?
temperature of metal in hypsometer is 62° C. What will
(a) 0.01 cm (b) 0.02 cm (c) 0.001 cm (d) 0.001 mm
be the corrected temperature of metal?
3
Hint Pitch of screw = mm = 0.5 mm (a) 60° C (b) 60.5° C
6
(c) 61° C (d) 63.5° C
Least count of screw gauge
Hint Corrected temperature of metal
Pitch of screw 0.5
= = = 0.001 cm = 62 ° C + (29 ° C − 27.5 ° C) = 63.5 ° C
Number of divisions on circular scale 50
8. Two masses M and m are tied to two ends of a meter
4. On measuring diameter of a wire with the help of screw
scale. If a balanced point is obtained at point P and if
gauge, main scale reading is 1 mm and 6th division of
M > m , then
circular scale lying over reference line. On measuring
zero error, it is found that zero of circular scale has A B
advanced from reference line by 3 divisions on circular P
scale, then corrected diameter is
(a) 1.09 mm (b) 1.06 mm
m M
(c) 1.03 mm (d) 1.60 mm
(a) PA = PB (b) PA > PB
Hint Observed reading = 1 mm + 6 × 0.01 mm = 1.06 mm
(c) PB > PA (d) PA = 3PB
Zero error = − 0.03 mm
Hint In equilibrium,
Zero correction = + 0.03 mm m × PA = M × PB
Corrected reading = 1.06 + 0.03 = 1.09 mm PA M
or = >1
5. If m and M are the masses of two bodies that are tied at PB m
∴ PA > PB
the two ends of a meter scale that is balanced on a
sharp edge of a heavy broad wedge. If M = 20 g, its 9. In an experiment for determining the coefficient of
distance from centre = 30 cm and distance of mass m viscosity, one lead shot A is having radius r1 and the
from centre is 25 cm when meter scale is balanced, r1
other B is having radius . Which one will fall fast?
then m is 2
(a) 23 g (b) 24 g (c) 25 g (d) 26 g (a) A (b) B
Hint As, ma = Ma (principle of moments) (c) Both with the same speed (d) Can’t say
m × 25 = 20 × 30 Hint For lead shot : vt ∝ r 2
20 × 30 Hence, A will fall faster.
m= = 24 g
25

53
10. You are given two different vernier callipers A and B 13. When a glass capillary tube of radius 0.015 cm is
having 10 divisions on vernier scale that coincide with dipped in water, the water rises to a height of 15 cm
9 divisions on the main scale each. If 1 cm of main scale within it. Assuming contact angle between water and
A is divided into 10 parts and that of B in 20 parts, then glass to be 0°, the surface tension of water is
least count of A and B are (Take ρwater = 1000 kgm−3 and g = 9.81 ms −2 )
(a) 0.001 cm and 0.005 cm (a) 0.11 Nm−1 (b) 0.7 Nm−1
(b) 0.01 cm and 0.05 cm (c) 0.072 Nm−1 (d) None of these
(c) 0.01 cm and 0.005 cm Hint For liquid of meniscus
(d) 0.01 cm and 0.001 cm 2 πr × T cos θ = πr 2 hρg
Hint Least count of A =
(1 / 10 )
= 0.01 cm rhρg
⇒ T=
10 2
Least count of B =
(1 / 20 )
= 0.005 cm 0.015 × 10 −2 × 15 × 10 −2 × 1000 × 9.8
=
10 2
11. A rain drop of radius 0.2 cm is falling through air with a = 0.11 Nm −1
terminal velocity of 8.7 ms −1 . The viscosity of air in SI
14. A wide jar is filled with glycerine having specific
unit is
gravity 1.26, in this jar, a steel ball of radius 0.25 cm has
(take ρwater = 1000 kgm−3 and ρair = 1 kgm−3 )
been dropped. After sometime, it has been observed
(a) 10 −4 poise (b) 1 × 10 −3 poise that ball is taking equal interval of time 1.8 s to cover
(c) 8.6 × 10 −3 poise . × 10 −3 poise
(d) 102 equal successive distances of 20 cm.
2 gr 2(ρ − σ)
Hint As, η = (Take ρsteel = 7.8 × 103 kg- m−3 , g = 9.81 ms −2 )
9v
The viscosity of glycerine is (in N-s m−2 )
where, η = coefficient of viscosity.
(a) 0.802 (b) 1.67
Here, ρ = ρ water and σ = ρair
(c) 0.76 (d) 0.963
2 × 9.81 × ( 0 . 2 × 10 −2 )2 × 999
= = 1 × 10 −3 poise 2 r 2( ρ steel − ρglycerine ) × g
9 × 8.7 Hint As, η =
9v
12. The V - I characteristics for a p-n junction diode is where, v is terminal speed.
plotted as shown in the figure. From the plot, we can 0.2
conclude that ⇒ v= ms −1
I (mA)
1.8
Forward bias
2 × ( 0.25 × 10 −2 )2 × (7.8 − 1. 26 ) × 10 3 × 9.81
∴ η=
0.2
9×
Vb
0.8
V = 0.802 N-sm −2
VK
15. In the diagram, a plot between δ (deviation) versus i
(angle of incidence) for a triangular prism is given.
Reverse bias I (μA)
From the observed plot, some conclusions can be
(a) the forward bias resistance of diode is very high almost for drawn. Mark out the correct conclusions.
small values of V and after a certain value, it becomes very δ
low
(b) the reverse bias resistance of diode is very high in the
beginning upto a breakdown voltage is not achieved.
(Vb = Breakdown voltage) δ0
(c) Both forward and reverse bias resistances are same for all
voltages δm
(d) Both (a) and (b) are correct.
ΔV
Hint Resistance (DC or AC) r = (Straight line) i
ΔI 0 i0 π/2
For Forward Bias Mode Upto knee voltage, r is very high as
a particular change in V is not causing appreciable change in (a) The range of deviation for which the two angles of incidence
are possible with same deviation is (δ 0 − δ m ).
current, but after that small change in V causes a large
change in I. (b) The curve is unsymmetrical about i 0.
(c) For a given δ, i is unique.
For Reverse Bias Mode Upto breakdown voltage, current is
changed if we change the applied voltage but once (d) Both (a) and (b) are correct.
breakdown voltage is achieved, current increases even if Hint Clearly, curve is symmetrical about i 0 and range of two angles
there is no change in voltage. of incidence must be (δ 0 − δ m ).

54
16. While measuring surface tension of water using Hint Least count =
Value of MSD
capillary rise method, height of the lower meniscus Numberof divisions on vernier scale
from free surface of water is 3 cm while inner radius of 1 1 1° 1°
= MSD = × = = 1min
capillary tube is found to be 0.5 cm. Then, compute 30 30 2 60
surface tension of water using this data. (Take contact 20. While measuring surface tension of water using
angle between glass and water as 0° and g = 9.81 ms −2 ) capillarly rise method, the necessary precaution to be
(a) 0.72 Nm−1 (b) 0.77 Nm−1 taken is/are
(c) 1.67 Nm−1 (d) None of these (a) capillary tube should be clean while water should have
⎛ r⎞ same grease.
r ⎜ h + ⎟ ρg
⎝ 3⎠ (b) Both capillary tube and water should be clean.
Hint As, T =
2 cos θ (c) no need to take care of temperature of water.
⎛ 0.5⎞ (d) None of the above
0.5 × 10 −2 ⎜ 3 + −2
⎟ × 10 × 10 × 9.81
3
⎝ 3⎠ Hint In the experiment of capillary rise method, both capillary tube
=
2 and water should be clean.
= 0.77 Nm −1 21. While measuring viscosity of cater oil using terminal
17. A spectrometer gives the following reading when used velocity concept, the following observation table has
to measure the angle of a prism. been taken by a student.
Which one is the first correct reading which he should
Main scale reading : 58.5 degree
consider for the computation of terminal velocity?
Vernier scale reading : 09 divisions
Given that 1 division on main scale corresponds to S. No. Distance Time
0.5 degree. Total divisions on the vernier scale is 30 1. 20 cm 1s
and match with 29 divisions of the main scale. The 2. 20 cm 1.4 s
angle of the prism from the above data is 3. 20 cm 1.8 s
(a) 58.59° . °
(b) 5877 (c) 58.65° (d) 59° 4. 20 cm 1.81 s
29
Hint 1 Vernier Scale Division (VSD) = Main Scale Division (MSD) 5. 20 cm 1.82 s
30
29 ⎛ 29 ⎞ ° (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
⇒ 1 VSD = × 0.5° = ⎜ ⎟
30 ⎝ 60⎠ Hint From 3rd reading, the velocity of ball is almost constant. So,
∴ Least count = MSD − VSD this is the first correct reading which shows terminal speed is
acquired by ball.
⎛ 1⎞ ° ⎛ 29 ⎞ ° ⎛ 1 ⎞ °
=⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 60⎠ ⎝ 60⎠ 22. A heating curve has been plotted for a solid object as
So, Reading = Main Scale Reading + Vernier Scale Reading shown in the figure. If the mass of the object is 200 g,
= MSR + n × LC = 58.65° then latent heat of vaporization for the material of the
object is (power supplied to the object is constant and
18. A screw gauge gives the following reading when used equal to 1 kW).
to measure the diameter of wire.
Temperature (K)
Main scale reading : 0 mm
Circular scale reading : 52 divisions
Given that 1 mm on main scale corresponds to
100 divisions of the circular scale. 800
The diameter of the wire from the above is
(a) 0.052 cm (b) 0.026 cm (c) 0.005 cm (d) 0.52 cm 300
Hint Diameter of wire,
d = MSR + CSR × LC 0 500 1200 1800 2500
Time (s)
1
= 0 + 52 × = 0.52 mm (a) 4.5 × 10 6J kg −1 (b) 4.5 × 10 6cal g −1
100
= 0.052 cm (c) 4.5 × 10 8J kg −1 (d) 4.5 × 10 4 cal g −1

19. In an experiment, the angles are required to be 2500

measured using an instrument. 29 divisions of the

Hint As, ∫ P.dt = m ⋅ l v
1600
main scale exactly coincide with the 30 divisions of the where, P = power developed
vernier scale. If the smallest division of the main scale m = mass
is half-a-degree (i.e., 0.5 °), then the least count of the
and L v = latent heat of vaporization
instrument is
10 3 × 900 = 0.2 × l v (time duration is 166 s to 2500 s)
1 1°
(a) 1 min (b) min (c) 1° (d)
2 2 l v = 4.5 × 10 6 J kg −1

55
23. Two screw gauges A and B have equal number of 27. In the experiment of measuring speed of sound by
divisions on circular scale. A has pitch 1 mm and B has resonance tube, it is observed that for the tunning fork
pitch 0.5 mm. Which one is more accurate? of frequency ν = 480 Hz, length of air column
(a) A l1 = 30 cm, l2 = 70 cm, then v1 is equal to
(b) B (a) 338 ms −1 (b) 379 ms −1
(c) 384 ms −1 (d) 332 ms −1
(c) Both A and B
Hint As, v = 2 v( l 2 − l1 )
(d) None of these
(70 − 30 )
Hint B’s least count is half that of A, hence it is more accurate. = 2 × 480 × (convert cm in m)
100
24. For measuring depth of a beaker using vernier = 384 ms −1
callipers, observed readings are given as
28. If velocity of sound at room temperature is 35078 cm−1 ,
S. No. MSR (cm) VSD then the velocity of sound at 0° C
1. 0.5 8 (a) 33,200 cms −1
2. 0.5 4 (b) 33,286 cms −1
3. 0.5 6 (c) 33,296 cms −1
If zero error is −0.03 cm, then mean corrected depth is (d) 33,256 cms −1
(a) 0.56 cm 273
(b) 0.59 cm Hint v0 = v
273 + t
(c) 0.53 cm
= 33296 cms −1 (where, T = 273 + 25 = 298 K)
(d) 0.52 cm

Hint Mean corrected depth 29. The length of a wire of a potentiometer is 100 cm, and
( 0.58 + 0.03 ) + ( 0.54 + 0.03 ) + ( 0.56 + 0.03 ) the emf of its standard cell is E volt. It is employed to
=
3 measure the emf of a battery whose internal resistance
1. 73 is 0.5 Ω. If the balance point is obtained at l = 30 cm
= = 0.59cm
3 from the positive end, then the emf of the battery is
30E 100E
25. In a comparison of emf’s of two cells using (a) (b)
potentiometer, the balanced length for batteries 100 30
20E 50E
having emf’s E1 and E 2 are 60 cm and 20 cm, (c) (d)
respectively. Then 50 20
E1 E1 1 Hint Potentiometer’s formula, we have
(a) =3 (b) =
E2 E2 3 E1 l1
=
E E E2 l 2
(c) 1 = 60 (d) 1 = 20
E2 E2 where, E1 and E 2 are emf’s of two given cells and l1 and l 2 are
Hint For potentiometer, E ∝ l balanced lengths on potentiometer wire.
Given, E1 = E volt, l 2 = 30 cm
where, l = balanced length of potentiometer wire.
l1 = 100 cm
E ⎛ 60⎞
So, 1 = ⎜ ⎟ = 3 l 30 E
E 2 ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⇒ E 2 = E1 ⋅ 2 =
l1 100
26. The characteristic curve for a diode is shown in the
figure for forward bias mode. The cut-off voltage for 30. A meter bridge is used to determine the resistance of an
this diode is approximately unknown wire by measuring the balance point length l.
If the wire is replaced by another wire of same material
I (mA)
but with double the length and half the thickness, the
balancing point is expected to be
1 1
(a) (b)
8l 4l
(c) 8l (d) 16l
Hint In a meter bridge,
R l
N =
V (Volt) R′ l′
0.5 0.8
ρ ρ
(a) 0.5 V (b) 0.8 V Resistance, R = l = l2
A πr
(c) 1 V (d) > 1V If material remains same, ρ = ρ ′
Hint Cut-off voltage is the voltage applied across diode in forward ρ ′ ρ(2 l) 8ρ
bias mode to overcome the potential barrier region. In forward bias ∴ R′ = l , = l = 8R
A′ ⎛ r ⎞ 2 π r 2
voltage, current through diode is approx. zero. π⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠

56
31. A meter bridge is set up as shown in the figure, to 34. N divisions on the main scale of a vernier callipers
determine an unknown resistance X using a standard coincide with (N + 1) divisions of the vernier scale. In
10 Ω resistor. The galvanometer shows null point when each division of main scale is a units, then least count
tapping key is at 52 cm mark. The end corrections are of the instrument is
1 cm and 2 cm, respectively for the ends A and B. The a
(a)
determined value of X is ( N + 1)
+ – (b) a
X 10 Ω N
(c) ×a
( N + 1)
a
(d)
G N
A B
Hint According to the problem,
(a) 0 Ω N MSD = ( N + 1) VSD
(b) 10.6 Ω N
⇒ 1 VSD = MSD
(c) 12.8 Ω ( N + 1)
(d) 8.5 Ω Now, LC = 1 MSD −1 VSD
Hint From Wheatstone bridge principle, we have ⎛ N ⎞
= ⎜1 − ⎟ MSD
P R ⎝ N + 1⎠
=
Q S a
X 10 = units
⇒ = ( N + 1)
( 52 + 1) ( 48 + 2 )
10 × 53 35. In the measurement of V resistance of a wire using
⇒ X= = 10.6 Ω
50 Ohm’s law, the plot between V and I is drawn as shown.
The resistance of the wire is
32. The small thickness of base section of transistor is
because V (volt)
(a) it makes transistor light.
(b) it is always earthed.
(c) it collects holes on its surface.
(3, 3)
(d) it allows only 2 to 5% of charge carriers during their passage
through it. (1, 1.2) (2, 2.2)
Hint The base thickness is of the order of 10 micron (10 −5 m). The
small thickness allows the recombination of only 2 to 5 per cent of I (A)
charge carriers during their passage, through it. O

33. Two wires of the same material have equal lengths but (a) 0.833 Ω
A is thicker than the other B. Which of the two has (b) 0.9 Ω
greater value of Young’s modulus? (c) 1Ω
(a) A (d) None of the above
(b) B Hint We know that V-I curve for a linear device is a straight line
passing through origin. Due to some errors/carelessness on the
(c) Same
part of experiment all points may not come on the same line. In this
(d) Data insufficient situation, we draw the most appropriate curve.
Hint Young’s modulus does not depend on length or 3
cross-sectional area of the wire but it depends on property of the From the diagram, R = Ω = 1 Ω
3
material.

Answers
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (c)

The most powerful LASERs are made with Neodymium-doped Yttrium crystals. In a fraction of a
second, they produce more power than the whole United States.

57
 MASTER
1. The circuit arrangement to plot characteristic curves of 4. An experiment is performed to find the refractive index
diode in forward bias mode is represented by of glass using a travelling microscope. In this
– + experiment, distances are measured by
+ V +
(a) vernier scale from microscope
+ V – A A (b) a standard laboratory scale
(a) (b) (c) a meter scale provided on the microscope
– –
(d) a screw gauge provided on the microscope

5. A working transistor with its three legs marked P,Q and

+ – R is tested using a multimeter. No conduction is found
A
between P and Q. By connecting the common negative
+ V –
terminal of the multimeter to R and the other (positive)
(c) (d) None of these terminal to P or Q, some conduction is seen on the
multimeter. Which of the following is true for the
transistor?
(a) It is an n- p- n transistor with R as base.
Hint In an experimental set up, the correct circuit arrangement (b) It is an p- n- p transistor with R as collector.
in forward bias mode is best represented by option (a). (c) It is a p- n- p transistor with R as emitter.
2. For the following diagram (used to measure the length of (d) It is an n- p- n transistor with R as collector.
a small metal piece by using vernier callipers), determine Hint Since, no conduction is found when multimeter is
the length of the metal piece. (Least count of the vernier connected across P and Q. It means either one of P and Q are
callipers is 0.1 mm) n-type or p-type. So, it means R is zero. When R is connected to
10 15 20 mm common terminal and conductor is seen, when other terminal is
connected to P or Q.Therefore, option (a) is correct.

6. For common-emitter configuration of a transistor is

(a) input resistance is very small, while output resistance is very
large.
Vernier scale (b) input resistance is very large, while output resistance is very
small.
Object (c) Both input and output resistances are very small.
(a) 18 mm (d) Both input and output resistances are very large.
(b) 15.7 mm ΔVBE
Hint Ri =
(c) 12.6 mm Δ Ic
(d) None 1
=
Hint As, 6th VSD is coinciding with one of MSD, so reading of Slope of input characteristic curve
vernier callipers is and output resistance ( Ro )
= 12 + 6 × 0.1 ΔV
= CB
= 12 .6 mm Δ IC
3. Transfer characteristics for a transistor is plotted =
1
between Slope of output characteristic curve
(a) output current versus input current keeping output voltage ∴ Ri is very small, while Ro is very large.
constant
(b) output current versus input current keeping input voltage 7. The Zener diode normally operates under reverse bias
constant condition, the major use of this fact is in the
(c) output current versus input voltage keeping output voltage applications where we require
constant (a) large value of current
(d) input current versus output voltage keeping input voltage (b) a constant voltage
constant (c) a current that is increasing without any change in applied
Hint In transistor, output current versus input current keeps the voltage
output voltage constant. (d) All of the above

58
 Hint Circuit of Zener Diode Hint For simple pendulum KE is maximum at mean position.
R PE is maximum at extreme position.
+
∴ Curve in option (c) is correct.
Vo 10. A Zener diode is operating in its normal region, i.e. the
+ A breakdown region for which the circuit diagram is as
E –
– shown in the figure. Here, take Vz = 7 V and R = 10 kΩ.
+ For potential difference equal to 8 V across AB, what is
A μA
– the current through microammeter?
R
B
Once the diode attains breakdown voltage, there is no change in
Vz
voltage across diode even if we change the current by changing the
rheostat position. Therefore, voltage across Zener diode is + A
constant. E
–
+
8. The forward bias characteristics of two diodes D1 and A μA
D2 are shown, the knee voltages for D1 and D2 are –
respectively (approx).
B
I (mA) D1 D2
(a) 1000 μA (b) 1 mA
1000 (c) 10 μA (d) 100 μA

Hint According to KVL equation

750
= − VBA + IR + Vz = 0
500 ⇒ R = VBA − Vz = 8 − 7 = 1V
1V
or I= = 100 μA
250 10 k Ω

V (Volts) 11. On measuring the thickness of a given sheet, using

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
screw gauge, observed readings are
(a) 0.4 V and 0.7 V
(b) 0.6 V and 0.9 V Circular Scale Division
S.No. LSR (mm) Coinciding
(c) 0.6 V and 0.8 V
(d) 0.4 V and 0.9 V 1 1 4
Hint The forward voltage when current in circuit starts increasing 2 1 6
abruptly, is the knee voltage. 3 1 8
9. For a simple pendulum, when a graph is plotted If zero error is + 0.06 mm, then corrected thickness of
1
between the displacement d, KE = mv2 and PE the sheet in cm is
2
1 (a) 0.10 cm (b) 1.0 cm
= mgh, taking d along X-axis and mv2 and mgh (c) 0.01 cm (d) 0.11 cm
2
Hint Corrected thickness of sheet
along Y-axis, the graph comes as
( 0.14 − 0.06 ) + ( 0.16 − 0.06 ) + ( 0.18 − 0.06 )
=
(a) (b) 3
0.30
E E = = 0.10 cm
3
KE PE
PE KE 12. The following figure shows a meter bridge set up with
O d O d null detection in the galvanometer, the value of the
unknown resistor R is
55 Ω R
(c) (d)

KE
PE KE G

O O 20 cm
(a) 13.75 Ω (b) 220 Ω
PE
(c) 110 Ω (d) 55 Ω

59
 ⎛ P R⎞
Hint In Wheatstone bridge, we have ⎜ = ⎟
⎝Q S ⎠
Putting, P = 55 Ω, Q = unknown resistance

(0 –20) A
+ +
R = 20 Ω, S = 80 Ω, we have (a) E V (0–1V) A
– –
55 20
⇒ = ⇒ R = 220 Ω
R 80
13. If β is current gain of common-emitter transistor and α
is current gain of common-base transistor, then which
of the following statements is true?

(0–1000) mA
(a) β is very less than α + + +
(b) E V (0–2V) A
(b) β is equal to α – – –
(c) β is more than α
(d) β is very much less than one
Hint In a transistor,
Ic = Ie + Ib
As, Ic = 0.98 Ie , Ib = 0.02 Ie
I

(0–1000) mA
It makes ΔIb = 0.02 ΔIe or e = 50
Ib + + –
(c) E V (0–2V) A
Δ Ic ΔI – – +
Since, β= and α = c
Δ Ib Δ Ie
∴ β becomes 50 times more than α.

14. The small thickness of the base section of transistor is

because
(a) it makes transistor light

(0 –1000) mA
(b) it is always earthed + + +
(c) it collects holes on its surface (d) E V (0–2V) A
– – –
(d) it allows only 2 to 5% of charge carriers during their passage
through it
Hint Basic thickness is of the order of 10 micron, i.e. 10 −5 m.
Small thickness allows the recombination of only 2 to 5% of charge Hint For forward bias mode, the p-side of diode has to be at
carriers during their passage through it. higher potential than n-side. The meters used are DC, so we have
to be careful while connecting them w.r.t. polarity.
15. The pitch of a screw gauge is 1 mm and there are Last point is to decide the range of meters, the range of meters
100 divisions on its circular scale. When nothing is put has to be in such a way that we can have the readings which leads
in between its jaws, the zero of the circular scale lies 6 to plot on realistic scale. If we take the current of (0 to 20 A)
divisions below the reference line. When a wire is ammeter, then reading we read from this is tending to 0 to 5
placed between the jaws, 2 linear scale divisions are divisions which is not fruitful.
clearly visible while 62 divisions on circular scale
17. The circuit diagram below shows n-p-n transistor in CE
coincide with the reference line. Determine the
configuration. For this configuration, mark the correct
diameter of the wire.
statement(s).
(a) 2.96 mm (b) 2.56 mm (c) 3.02 mm (d) 3.10 mm
Hint Least Count (LC) – +
+
= =
P 1 mm
= 0.01 mm μA – mA
N 100
+
The instrument has a positive zero error, + +
e = + n (LC) = + 6 × 0.01 = 0.06 mm V V –
+ Input – Output –
Linear scale reading = 2 × (1 mm) = 2 mm side side
Circular scale reading –
= 62 × ( 0.01 mm ) = 0.62 mm
(a) The potential divider on input side is used to keep VCE
Measured reading = 2 + 0.62 = 2 .62 mm
constant while drawing input characteristics.
True reading = 2 .62 − 0.06 = 2 .56 mm
(b) The potential divider on output side is used to keep VCE
16. To plot the forward characteristic of p-n junction diode, constant while drawing output characteristics.
the correct circuit diagram is (in brackets the range of (c) The potential divider on input side is used to keep base
instruments shown): current constant while drawing output characteristics.
(d) Both (b) and (c) are correct.

60
 Hint Input characteristics is plotted between IB versus VBE for Capacitor and Resistor Both are two terminal devices.
different values of VCE . Output characteristics is plotted between IC Transistor It is a three-legged device, and of two types n-p-n
versus ICE for different values of IB . and p-n-p.
18. Input characteristics are shown for CE configuration of IC (Integrated Circuit) It is a device with many thousands to
millions of transistors packed in a slice of a semiconductor. These
n-p-n transistor for different output voltages. Here, have any number of pins greater than 3.
IB
VCE1 VCE2 21. A wide jar is filled with water in which a steel ball of
radius 0.25 cm has been dropped to measure the
viscosity of water by using terminal velocity concept.
(a) This method is appropriate
(b) This method is not appropriate
(c) If we take a jar of length 2 m, it will work
VBE (d) None of the above
O
(a) VCE1 > VCE 2 (b) VCE1 Hint As, water is having low viscosity, the terminal velocity will not
be acquired by steel ball very soon, so as to serve the purpose a
(c) VCE < VCE 2 (d) None of these
very long jar of approximately 1000 m, is needed which is not
Hint Clearly, VCE1 > VCE 2 suitable to perform the experiment.
19. Output characteristics of n-p-n transistor in CE 22. To identify whether the transistor is working or not,
configuration is shown. From the characteristics curve, using multimeter, which statement serves the purpose?
determine the current gain at VCE = 1V. (a) The common lead of multimeter is connected to base and
IC (MA) other lead to first emitter and then to collector, only first
IB = 200 μA connection shows the continuity.
(b) The common lead of multimeter is connected to base and
other lead to first emitter and then to collector, both
IB = 150 μA connections shows the continuity.
(c) The common lead of multimeter is connected to base and
4.7 other lead to first emitter and then to collector, none of the
4.5 connections shows the continuity.
IB = 100 μA
(d) All of the above
3.1 IB = 50 μA Hint Option (a) tells that transistor is not working, as there is no
3.0
connection between base and collector, i.e. there is some fault in
IB = 10 μA this part of transistor. Option (b) tells that transistor is having no
open circuit fault, i.e. its having the continuity.
Option (c) tells that transistor is faulty. Hence option (d) is correct.
1 1.2 VCE (Volt)
23. 12 cells each having same emf are connected in series
(a) 30. (b) 32 (c) 28 (d) 40 with some cells wrongly connected. The arrangement
Δ IC
Hint Current gain is defined as β = at constant VCE is connected in series with an ammeter and two cells
ΔIB which are in series. Current is 3A when cells and
( 4.5 − 3 ) mA 1.5 × 10 3 battery aid each other and is 2A when cells and battery
∴ Current gain at VCE = 1 V is = = 30.
50 μA 50 oppose each other. The number of cells wrongly
connected is
20. Mark the correct statement(s). (a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2
(a) Diode, LED and transistor are 2-leg devices.
Hint Total emf of cells when additional cells help battery
(b) Diode, LED and resistor are 2-leg devices.
= (12 - 2 n ) E + 2 E
(c) Transistor and IC are 3-leg devices.
Total resistance = 12 r + 2 r = 14 r
(d) IC and transistor are having same number of legs but not
(12 − 2 n ) E + 2 E
three. i.e. =3 …(i)
14 r
Hint Diode It is a two-terminal device and offers very high
Similarly, when additional cells oppose the battery
resistance when in reverse bias while very low resistance when in
(12 − 2 n ) E − 2 E
forward bias. = =2 …(ii)
14 r
LED It is a two terminal device and nothing but p-n junction
diode, operates in forward bias mode, one that emits light. Its Solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get n = 1
negative leg is longer than positive.

Answers
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b)

61
1. The linear velocity of a rotating body is given by 4. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of
v = ω × r, where ω is the angular velocity and r is the length L =
10
m is whirling in a circular path of radius L
radius vector. The angular velocity of a body is 3
ω = $i − 2 $j + 2 k$ and then radius vector r = 4 $j − 3 k$ , then in a vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum tension
|v| is in the string to the minimum tension in the string is 4
(a) 29 units (b) 31 units (c) 37 units (d) 41 units and if g is taken to be 10 m/s 2, the speed of the stone at
the highest point of the circle is
2. According to Newton, the viscous force acting between
Δv (a) 20 m/s (b) 10 3 m/s (c) 5 2 m/s (d) 10 m/s
liquid layers of area A and velocity gradient is given
Δz 5. A cyclic process ABCA as shown
Δv Y
by F = − ηA , where η is constant called coefficient of in V-T diagram in figure is C B
Δz performed with a constant mass
viscosity. The dimensions of η are of an ideal gas. Which of the
(a) [ML2T −2 ] (b) [ML−1T −1 ] (c) [ML−2T −2 ] (d) [M0 L0 T 0 ] following graphs given below
p
A
3. The given graph shows that the v represents the corresponding
process on a p-V diagram? X
variation of velocity with v V
0
displacement. Which one of the Y Y
graphs given below correctly A B A
represents the variation of x
acceleration with displacement? O x0
(a) p (b) p
a a
C B C
(a) O x (b) O x X X
V V
Y Y
A
a a A B

p (d) p
(c) O x (d) O x (c)
B C
C
X X
V V

62
6. The magnetic needle of an oscillation magnetometer 2Ω 3Ω
makes 10 oscillations per minute under the action of
the earth’s magnetic field alone. When a bar magnet is
placed at some distance along the axis of a needle, it
makes 14 oscillations per minute. If the bar magnet is 6Ω 4Ω
tarned, so that its poles interchange their position, then
the new frequency of oscillation of the needle is
(a) 30 calorie (b) 60 calorie
(a) 10 vib/min (b) 2 vib/min
(c) 100 calorie (d) 120 calorie
(c) 4 vib/min (d) 20 vib/min
13. The expression for thermo emf in thermocouple by the
7. A stone of mass m is projected with velocity u at an θ2
angle of θ above the horizontal, then relation E = 40 θ − , where θ is the temperature
20
(a) the magnitude of average value of torque of its weight about
mu 2 sin 2 θ
difference of two junctions. For this, the neutral
origin over its time of flight is temperature will be
4
(a) 100°C (b) 200°C
2 mu 3 sin2 θ ⋅ cos θ
(b) angular momentum about origin is . (c) 300°C (d) 400°C
3g
mu 2(1 + cos 2 θ)
14. An alternating electric field of frequency ν is applied
(c) kinetic energy at highest point of flight is across the dees (radius = R) of a cyclotron that is being
4
used to accelerate protons (mass = m). The operating
mu 2(1 − cos 2 θ) magnetic field B used in the cyclotron and the kinetic
(d) kinetic energy at highest point of flight is
4 energy (K) of the proton beam produced by it, are given
8. Two sources A and B are sending notes of frequency by
680 Hz. A listener moves from A and B with a constant mv
(a) B = and K = 2 mπ 2v 2R 2
velocity u. If the speed of sound in air is 340 ms−1 . What e
2 πmv
must be the value of u, so that he hears 10 beats per (b) B = and K = mπ 2vR 2
second? e
2 πmv
(a) 2.0 ms −1 (b) 2.5 ms −1 (c) B = and K = 2 mπ 2v 2R 2
−1 e
(c) 3.0 ms (d) 3.5 ms −1 mv
(d) B = and K = m2 πvR 2
9. 1 mole of an ideal monoatomic gas requires 210 J heat e
to raise the temperature by 10 K, when heated at 15. A charged particle with charge q enters a region of
constant temperature. If the same gas is heated at constant, uniform and mutually orthogonal fields
constant volume to raise the temperature by 10 K, then E and B with a velocity v perpendicular to both E and B
heat required is and comes out without any change in magnitude or
(a) 238 J (b) 126 J direction of v. then
(c) 210 J (d) 350 J
E ×B B×E
(a) v = (b) v =
10. If the terminal speed of a sphere of gold (density B 2
B2
= 19.5 kg/m3 ) is 0.2 m/s in a viscous liquid (density E ×B B×E
= 1.5 kg/m3 ), find the terminal speed of a sphere of (c) v = (d) v =
E2 E2
silver (density = 10.5 kg/m3 ) of the same size in the
same liquid. 16. The given diagram indicates the energy levels of a
(a) 0.133 m/s (b) 0.1 m/s (c) 0.2 m/s (d) 0.4 m/s certain atom when the system moves from 4E level to E.
A photon of wavelength λ1 is emitted. The wavelength
11. A certain number of spherical drops of a liquid of 7
of photon produced during its transition from E level
radius r coalesce to form a single drop of radius R and 3
volume V. If T is the surface tension of the liquid, then λ
to E is λ 2 . Then, the ratio 1 will be
(a) energy = 3VT ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ is released λ2
1 1
⎝ r R⎠
4E
(b) energy is neither released nor absorbed
(c) energy = 4VT ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ is released
1 1 7
E
⎝ r R⎠ 3

(d) energy = 3VT ⎛⎜ + ⎞⎟ is absorbed

1 1
⎝r R⎠ E

12. For the circuit as shown in the figure, the heat (a)
9
(b)
4
produced by 60 Ω resistance due to current flowing in it 4 9
is 60 calories per second. The heat generated across 3 7
(c) (d)
3 Ω resistance per second will be 2 3

63
17. The figure shows a graph between ln A n and ln|n.| 22. The Earth is assumed to be a sphere of radius R. A
A1 platform is arranged at a height R from the surface of
Where An is the area enclosed by the nth orbit in a the Earth. The escape velocity of a body from this
platform is fv , where v is its escape velocity from the
hydrogen like atom. The correct curve is
surface of the Earth. The value of f is
An 4
ln 1 1
A1 (a) (b)
3 2
4 3 1
2 (c) 2 (d)
1
2
2 23. A galvanometer of resistance 100 Ω is converted into a
voltmeter range of 10 V by connecting a resistance of
10 kΩ. The resistance required to convert the same
0 1 galvanometer to an ammeter of range 1 A is
ln|n|
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 (a) 0.4 Ω (b) 0.3 Ω
(c) 1.2 Ω (d) 0.1 Ω
18. The frequency of revolution of an electron in nth orbit is
fn. If the electron makes a transition from nth orbit to 24. The effective resistance between the points P and Q of
(n − 1)th orbit, then the relation between the frequency ν the electrical circuit shown in the figure is
of emitted photon and fn will be 2R 2R
1
(a) ν = fn2 (b) ν = fn (c) ν = (d) ν = fn
fn 2R
19. A neutron moving with a speed v makes a head-on P
r r
Q
collision with a hydrogen atom in ground state kept at
rest. The minimum kinetic energy (KE) of the neutron for 2R
2R 2R
which inelastic collision will take place is (assuming that
the mass of proton is nearly equal to the mass of proton)
2 Rr 8 R( R + r )
(a) 10.2 eV (b) 20.4 eV (c) 12.1 eV (d) 16.8 eV (a) (b)
(R + r ) ( 3R + r )
20. An X-ray pulse of wavelength 4.9 Å is sent through 5R
a section of Wilson cloud chamber containing a (c) 2 r + 4R (d)
(2 + 2 r )
supersaturated gas and tracks of photoelectron ejected
from the gaseous atoms are observed. Two groups of 25. The time-period of a freely suspended magnet is 4 s. If
tracks of lengths 1.40 cm and 2.02 cm are noted. If the it is broken in length into two equal parts and one part
range-energy relation for cloud chamber is given by is suspended in the same way, then its time-period
R = αE with α = 1 cm/keV, obtain the binding energies of will be
the two levels from which electrons are emitted. (a) 4 s (b) 2 s
(Given h = 6.63 × 10 −34 J/s, e = 1.6 × 10 −19 J) (c) 0.5 s (d) 0.25 s
(a) 0.52 keV (b) 0.75 eV (c) 0.52 eV (d) 0.75 keV 26. Two magnets are held together in a vibration
21. In the following arrangement Y = 10
. mm, d = 0.24 mm magnetometer and are allowed to oscillate in the
and D = 12. m. The work-function of the material of the Earth’s magnetic field. With the like poles together, 12
emitter is 2.2 eV. The stopping potential V needed to oscillations per minute are made but for unlike poles
stop the photocurrent will be together only 4 oscillations per minute are executed.
The ratio of their magnetic moments is
Bright (a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 3
(c) 3 : 5 (d) 5 : 4

Dark 27. A magnet is made to oscillate with a particular

frequency passing through a coil as shown in figure.
Y
S
The time-variation of the magnitude of emf generated
Bright d across the coil during one cycle is
S
N
Dark
A

Bright

D
(a) 0.9 V (b) 0.5 V (c) 0.4 V (d) 0.1 V V

64
 31. The voltage gain of the following amplifier is
emf

emf
(a) (b) 100 kΩ
t t

1 kΩ
–
+
Vi
emf

emf
(c) (d) V0
t t 10 kΩ

28. Two light sources with equal luminous intensity are

(a) 10 (b) 100
lying at a distance of 1.2 cm from each other. Where
should a screen be placed between them such that the (c) 1000 (d) 9.9
illuminance on one of its four times that on another 32. In case of n-p-n transistors, the collector current is
face always less than the emitter current because
(a) 0.2 m (b) 0.4 m (a) collector side is reverse biased and emitter side is forward
(c) 0.9 m (d) 1.6 m biased.
(b) after electrons are lost in the base and only remaining ones
29. Consider the optical system as shown in figure. The reach the collector.
point source of light S is having wavelength equal to λ. (c) collector side is forward biased and emitter side is reverse
The light is reaching screen only after reflection. For biased.
point P to be second maxima, the value of λ would be
(d) collector being reverse biased attracts less electrons.
[D >> d and d >> λ]
33. The force acting on a window of area 50 cm × 50 cm of a
P submarine at a depth of 2000 m in an ocean, interior of
d
which is maintained at sea-level atmospheric pressure
S is (Density of sea water = 103 kgm−3 , g = 10 m/s 2 )
(a) 10 6 N
3d (b) 25 × 10 6 N
(c) 5 × 10 6 N
(d) 5 × 10 5 N
D

12d 2 6d 2
34. In a capillary tube, water rises by 1.2 mm. The height of
(a) (b) water that will rise in another capillary tube having
D D
half the radius of the first is
3d 2 24 d 2
(c) (d) (a) 1.2 mm (b) 2.4 mm
D D
(c) 0.6 mm (d) 0.4 mm
30. A light ray travelling in glass medium is incident on
glass-air interface at an angle of incidence θ. The
35. A car travels 6 km towards North at an angle of 45° to
the East and then travels distance of 4 km towards
reflected R and the transmitted T intensities, both as a
North at an angle of 135° to the East. How far is the
function of θ, are plotted. The correct sketch is
point from the starting point. What angle does the
straight line joining its initial and final position makes
100 % 100 % with the East?
T
T (a) 50 km and tan−1( 5)
Intensity

Intensity

(a) (b)
(b) 10 km and tan−1( 5 )
R R (c) 52 km and tan−1( 5)
(d) 52 km and tan−1( 5 )
0 θ 90º 0 θ 90º
36. How many grams of a liquid of specific heat 0.2 at a
temperature 40°C must be mixed with 100 g of a liquid
100 % 100 % of specific heat of 0.5 at a temperature 20°C, so that the
T
T final temperature of the mixture becomes 32°C?
Intensity

Intensity

(c) (d)
(a) 175 g
R
(b) 300 g
R
(c) 255 g
0 θ 90º 0 θ 90º (d) 375 g

65
37. Cooking gas containers are kept in a lorry moving with
uniform speed. The temperature of the gas molecules
inside the container will
(a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) remain same
(d) decrease for some while increase for other
38. The Earth revolves about the Sun in an elliptical orbit
with mean radius 9.3 × 10 m in a period of 1 year.
7 down the plane compared to when it is rolling down
Assuming that there are no outside influences. Then
(a) the earth’s kinetic energy remains constant.
(b) the earth’s angular momentum remains constant.
(c) the earth’s potential energy remains constant.
(d) All are correct
39. A copper container of mass 0.30 kg contains 0.45 kg of
water. Container and water are initially at room
temperature of 20°C. A 1 kg block of metal is heated to
100°C and placed in the water in the calorimeter. The
final temperature of the system is 40°C. Find the
specific heat of the metal.
(a) 0.161 kcal/kg°C
(b) 0.159 kcal/kg°C
(c) 0.171 kcal/kg°C
(d) 0.181 kcal/kg°C
40. A wire of length 2 m is made from 10 cm3 of copper. A
force F is applied so that its length increases by 2 mm.
Another wire of length 8 m is made from the same
volume of copper. If the force F is applied to it, its
length will increase by
(a) 0.8 cm (b) 1.6 cm
(c) 2.4 cm (d) 3.2 cm
Directions (Q. Nos. 41 to 60) Read the Assertion and
Reason carefully to mark the correct option out of the
options given below:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If the Assertion and Reason both are false.
(e) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
41. Assertion The average velocity of the object over an
interval of time is either smaller than or equal to the
average speed of the object over the same interval.
Reason Velocity is a vector quantity and speed is a
scalar quantity.
42. Assertion A body of mass 1 kg is making 1 rps in a
circle of radius 1 m. The centrifugal force acting on it is
4 π2 N.
Reason Centrifugal force is given by
mv2
F= .
r
66
43. Assertion The workdone in bringing a body down
from the top to the base along a frictionless inclined
plane is the same as the workdone in bringing it down
the vertical side.
Reason The gravitational force on the body along the
inclined plane is the same as that along the vertical side.
44. Assertion The velocity of a body at the bottom of an
inclined plane of given height is more when it slides
the same plane.
Reason In rolling down, a body acquires both kinetic
energy of translation and rotation.
45. Assertion The change in Kinetic Energy (KE) of a
particle is equal to the workdone on it by the net force.
Reason Change in kinetic energy of particle is equal
to the workdone only in case of a system of one particle.
46. Assertion Workdone by or against the gravitational
force in moving a body from one point to another is
independent of the actual path followed between the
two points.
Reason Gravitational forces are conservative forces.
47. Assertion Even when orbit of a satellite is elliptical,
its plane of rotation passes through the centre of earth.
Reason According to the law of conservation of
angular momentum, the plane of rotation of satellite
always remain same.
48. Assertion The time-period of geostationary satellite
is 24 h.
Reason Geostationary satellite must have the same
time-period as the time taken by the earth to complete
one revolution about its axis.
49. Assertion A needle placed carefully on the surface
water may float, whereas a ball of the same material
will always sink.
Reason The buoyancy of an object depends both on
the material and shape of the object.
50. Assertion Equal masses of helium and oxygen gases
are given equal quantities of heat. There will be a
greater rise in the temperature of helium compared to
that of oxygen.
Reason The molecular weight of oxygen is more than
the molecular weight of helium.
51. Assertion In pressure-temperature (p-T) phase
diagram of water, the slope of the melting curve is
found to be negative.
Reason Ice contracts on melting to water.
52. Assertion The temperature of the surface of the Sun is
approximately 6000 K. If we take a big lens and focus
the Sun rays, we can produce a temperature of 8000 K.
Reason This highest temperature can be produced
according to the ‘Second Law of Thermodynamics.’
53. Assertion The equivalent thermal conductivity of two 1 μ1 − μ m ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎟
Reason = ⎜ −
plates of same thickness in contact (series) is less than μm ⎜R ⎟
f ⎝ 1 R2 ⎠
the smaller value of thermal conductivity.
Reason For two plates of equal thickness in contact 57. Assertion A
undergoes 2α-decays, 2β-decays and
ZX
(series) the equivalent thermal conductivity is given by 2γ-decays and the daughter product is Z − 2 Y A − 8 .
1
=
1
+
1 Reason In α-decay, the mass number decreases by 2.
K K1 K2 In β-decay, the mass number remains unchanged, but
atomic number increases by 1 only.
54. Assertion Water in a U-tube executes SHM, the time
period for mercury filled upto the same height in the 58. Assertion In photoelectric effect, on increasing the
U-tube be greater than that in case of water. intensity of light, both the number of electrons emitted
and kinetic energy of each of them get increased but
Reason The amplitude of an oscillating pendulum
goes on increasing. photoelectric current remains unchanged.
Reason The photoelectric current depends only on
55. Assertion In Young’s Double Slit Experiment
wavelength of light.
(YDSE), the two slits are at a distance d apart.
Interference pattern is observed on a screen at distance 59. Assertion A current I flows along the length of an
D from the slits. At a point on the screen when it is infinitely long straight and thin walled pipe. Then, the
directly opposite to one of the slits, a dark fringe is magnetic field at any point inside the pipe is zero.
observed. Then, the wavelength of wave is
proportional to square of distance of two slits.
Reason ∫ B ⋅ d l = μ0 I
Reason For a dark fringe, intensity is zero. 60. Assertion In Meter-Bridge experiment, a high
resistance is always connected in series with a
56. Assertion A double-convex lens ( μ = 1.5) has focal
galvanometer.
length 10 cm when the lens is immersed in water
⎛ 4⎞ Reason As resistance increases, current through the
⎜ μ = ⎟ , its focal length becomes 40 cm. circuit increases.
⎝ 3⎠

Answers
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (c)

67
 General Instructions
• This test consists of 30 questions.
• Each question is allotted 4 marks for correct response.
• Candidates will be awarded marks as stated above for
correct response of each question. 1 mark will be deducted
for indicating in correct response of each question. No
deduction from the total score will be made if no response
is indicated for an item in the answer sheet.
• There is only one correct response for each question. Filling
up more than one response in any question will be treated
as wrong response and marks for wrong response will be
deducted according as per instruction.
1. A student measures the time period of 100 oscillations of
a simple pendulum four times. The data set is 90s, 91s,
92s and 95s. If the minimum division in the measuring
clock is 1s, then the reported mean time should be
(a) ( 92 ± 2 ) s (b) ( 92 ± 5) s (c) ( 92 ± 8) s (d) ( 92 ± 3) s
2. A particle of mass m is moving along the side of a
square of side a, with a uniform speed v in the X-Y
plane as shown in the figure.
a
Y D v C
a v v a
A v
B
a
R
45º
O X

Which of the following statements is false for the

angular momentum L about the origin?
-mv
(a) L = R k$ when the particle is moving from A to B.
2
(b) L = mv æç ö
- a ÷ k$ when the particle is moving from C to D.
R
è 2 ø
æ ö
+ a ÷ k$ when the particle is moving from B to C.
R
(c) L = mv ç
è 2 ø
(d) L =
mv $
EXAM CRUX 2
R k when the particle is moving from D to A.

3. A point particle of mass m, P

• In physics paper, 17 questions were asked from class XII and 13 moves along the uniformly
questions from class XI. Most of the questions were asked from rough track PQR as shown h=2m
all chapters but more weightage given to semiconductor. in the figure. The coefficient
30º R
of friction, between the
• According to topicwise distribution, the number of questions were Horizontal Q
particle and the rough track
asked from class XI-Unit, Dimensions and Vectors (2) Work, Power surface
equals m. The particle is
and Energy (2), Rotation (2), Gravitation (1). Simple Harmonic released, from rest , from the point P and it comes to rest at a
Motion (1), Waves (2) and Heat and Thermodynamic (3). point R. The energies, lost by the ball, over the parts, PQ
• As per topic-wise distribution in class XII-Optics (3), Current and QR, of the track, are equal to each other, and no energy
electricity (1), Electrostatics (2). Magnetics (2), Electromagnetic is lost when particle changes direction from PQ to QR. The
induction and AC (3), Modern physics (3) and semiconductor (4). values of the coefficient of friction m and the distance x(=
• As per difficulty level, around 43% of questions can be considered QR), are respectively close to
to be easy overall, 47% of questions are relatively moderate and (a) 0.2 and 6.5 m (b) 0.2 and 3.5 m
10% questions are to be tough by Arihant Team. (c) 0.29 and 3.5 m (d) 0.29 and 6.5 m

70
4. A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a 9. n moles of an ideal gas undergoes a process A and B as
mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times. Assume shown in the figure. The maximum temperature of the
that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the gas during the process will be
mass is dissipated. How much fat will he use up p
considering the workdone only when the weight is
lifted up? Fat supplies 3.8 ´ 107 J of energy per kg 2 p0 A
which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20%
efficiency rate. (Take, g = 9.8 ms -2 )
p0 B
(a) 2.45 ´ 10 -3 kg
(b) 6.45 ´ 10 -3 kg
(c) 9.89 ´ 10 -3 kg V0 2V0
V
(d) 12.89 ´ 10 -3 kg
9 p0V0 3 p0V0 9 p0V0 9 p0V0
5. A roller is made by B D (a)
4 nR
(b)
2 nR
(c)
2 nR
(d)
nR
joining together two
corners at their vertices 10. A particle performs simple harmonic motion with
O. It is kept on two rails amplitude A. Its speed is trebled at the instant that it is
2
AB and CD which are at a distance A from equilibrium position. The new
O 3
placed asymmetrically
amplitude of the motion is
(see the figure), with its A 7
axis perpendicular to (a) 41 (b) 3 A (c) A 3 (d) A
A C 3 3
CD and its centre O at
the centre of line joining AB and CD (see the figure). It 11. A uniform string of length 20 m is suspended from a
is given a light path, so that it starts rolling with its rigid support. A short wave pulse is introduced at its
centre O moving parallel to CD in the direction shown. lowest end. It starts moving up the string. The time
As it moves, the roller will tend to taken to reach the support is (Take, g = 10 ms - 2 )
(a) turn left (b) turn right (a) 2 p 2 s (b) 2 s (c) 2 2 s (d) 2 s
(c) go straight (d) turn left and right alternately 12. The region between two
6. A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit at a height h concentric spheres of radii a and
from the Earth’s surface (radius of earth R, h < < R). b, respectively (see the figure),
A
The minimum increase in its orbital velocity required, has volume charge density r = , Q
a
so that the satellite could escape from the earth’s r
gravitational field, is close to (Neglect the effect of where, A is a constant and r is the
b
atmosphere) distance from the centre. At the
centre of the spheres is a point
(a) 2 gR (b) gR charge Q. The value of A such that the electric field in
(c) gR /2 (d) gR ( 2 - 1) the region between the spheres will be constant is
Q Q
7. A pendulum clock loses 12 s a day if the temperature is (a) (b)
2 pa 2 2 p( b 2 - a 2 )
40°C and gains 4 s a day if the temperature is 20°C. The
2Q 2Q
temperature at which the clock will show correct time, (c) (d) 2
and the coefficient of linear expansion (a of the metal p( a 2 - b 2 ) pa
of the pendulum shaft are, respectively.) 13. A combination of capacitors is set-up as shown in the
(a) 25°C, a = 1.85 ´ 10 -5 /° C figure. The magnitude of the electric field, due to a
(b) 60°C, a = 1.85 ´ 10 -4 /° C point charge Q (having a charge equal to the sum of the
(c) 30°C, a = 1.85 ´ 10 -3 /° C charges on the 4 mF and 9mF capacitors), at a point
(d) 55°C, a = 1.85 ´ 10 -2 /° C distant 30 m from it, would equal to
8. An ideal gas undergoes a quasistatic, reversible 3μF
4μF
process in which its molar heat capacity C remains
9μF
constant. If during this process the relation of pressure
p and volume V is given by pV n = constant, then n is
2μF
given by (Here C p and C V are molar specific heat at
constant pressure and constant volume, respectively)
Cp C - Cp + –
(a) n = (b) n =
CV C - CV 8V
Cp - C C - CV (a) 240 N/C (b) 360 N/C
(c) n = (d) n =
C - CV C - Cp (c) 420 N/C (d) 480 N/C

71
14. The temperature dependence of resistances of Cu and (a) a =
l2 æ 2 l2 ö
and bmin = ç ÷
undoped Si in the temperature range 300-400 K, is L è L ø
best described by æ 2 l2 ö
(a) linear increase for Cu, linear increase for Si (b) a = lL and bmin = ç ÷
(b) linear increase for Cu, exponential increase for Si è L ø
(c) linear increase for Cu, exponential decrease for Si (c) a = lL and bmin = 4lL
(d) linear decrease for Cu, linear decrease for Si l2
(d) a = and bmin = 4lL
15. Two identical wires A and B, each of length l, carry the L
same current I. Wire A is bent into a circle of radius R 21. Radiation of wavelength l, is incident on a photocell.
and wire B is bent to form a square of side a. If BA and BB
The fastest emitted electron has speed v. If the
are the values of magnetic field at the centres of the 3l
B wavelength is changed to , the speed of the fastest
circle and square respectively, then the ratio A is 4
BB
emitted electron will be
p2 p2 p2 p2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
(a) > v æç ö÷ (b) < v æç ö÷ (c) = v æç ö÷ (d) = v æç ö÷
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4 4 4 3
8 16 2 16 8 2 è 3ø è 3ø è 3ø è 4ø
16. Hysteresis loops for two magnetic materials A and B 22. Half-lives of two radioactive elements A and B are
are as given below:
20 min and 40 min, respectively. Initially, the samples
B B
have equal number of nuclei. After 80 min, the ratio of
decayed numbers of A and B nuclei will be
(a) 1 : 16 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 5 : 4
H H
23. If a, b, c and d are inputs to a gate and x is its output,
then, as per the following time graph, the gate is
(a) (b)
(A) (B)

These materials are used to make magnets for electric (c) (d)
generators, transformer core and electromagnet core.
(a) NOT (b) AND (c) OR (d) NAND
Then, it is proper to use
(a) A for electric generators and transformers 24. Choose the correct statement:
(b) A for electromagnets and B for electric generators (a) In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the high frequency
carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to the amplitude
(c) A for transformers and B for electric generators
of the audio signal.
(d) B for electromagnets and transformers
(b) In amplitude modulation, the frequency of the high
17. An arc lamp requires a direct current of 10 A at 80 V to frequency carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to the
function. If it is connected to a 220 V (rms), 50 Hz AC amplitude of the audio signal.
supply, the series inductor needed for it to work is (c) In frequency modulation, the amplitude of the high frequency
close to carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to the amplitude
(a) 80 H (b) 0.08 H of the audio signal.
(c) 0.044 H (d) 0.065 H (d) In frequency modulation, the amplitude of the high frequency
carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to the frequency
18. Arrange the following electromagnetic radiations per
of the audio signal.
quantum in the order of increasing energy.
A. Blue light B. Yellow light 25. A screw gauge with a pitch of 0.5 mm and a circular
scale with 50 divisions is used to measure the
C. X-ray D. Radio wave
thickness of a thin sheet of Aluminium. Before starting
(a) D, B, A, C (b) A, B, D, C
the measurement, it is found that when the two jaws of
(c) C, A, B, D (d) B, A, D, C
the screw gauge are brought in contact, the 45th
19. An observer looks at a distant tree of height 10 m with a division coincides with the main scale line and that the
telescope of magnifying power of 20. To observer the zero of the main scale is barely visible. What is the
tree apears thickness of the sheet, if the main scale reading is
(a) 10 times taller (b) 10 times nearer 0.5 mm and the 25th division coincides with the main
(c) 20 times taller (d) 20 times nearer scale line?
20. The box of a pin hole camera, of length L, has a hole of (a) 0.75 mm (b) 0.80 mm (c) 0.70 mm (d) 0.50 mm
radius a. It is assumed that when the hole is 26. A pipe open at both ends has a fundamental frequency
illuminated by a parallel beam of light of wavelength l f in air. The pipe is dipped vertically in water, so that
the spread of the spot (obtained on the opposite wall of half of it is in water. The fundamental frequency of the
the camera) is the sum of its geometrical spread and air column is now
the spread due to diffraction. The spot would then have f 3f
its minimum size (say bmin ) when (a) (b) (c) 2 f (d) f
2 4

72
 I I
27. A galvanometer having a coil resistance of 100 W gives
a full scale deflection when a current of 1 mA is passed Dark Resistance
through it. The value of the resistance which can
convert this galvanometer into ammeter giving a full (d)
(c) V V
scale deflection for a current of 10 A, is Intensity
(a) 0.01 W (b) 2 W (c) 0.1 W (d) 3 W of light
28. In an experiment for determination of refractive index Illuminated
of glass of a prism by i-d, plot, it was found that a ray
incident at an angle 35° suffers a deviation of 40° and (a) Simple diode, Zener diode, Solar cell, Light dependent
that it emerges at an angle 79°. In that case, which of resistance
the following is closest to the maximum possible value (b) Zener diode, Simple diode, Light dependent resistance,
of the refractive index? Solar cell
(a) 1.5 (b) 1.6 (c) 1.7 (d) 1.8 (c) Solar cell, Light dependent resistance, Zener diode, Simple
29. Identify the semiconductor devices whose character- diode
istics are as given below, in the order (a),(b),(c),(d). (d) Zener diode, Solar cell, Simple diode, Light dependent
resistance
I I
30. For a common-emitter configuration, if a and b have
their usual meanings, the incorrect relationship
between a and b is
(b) 1 1 b
(a) V V (a) = +1 (b) a =
a b 1- b
b b2
(c) a = (d) a =
1+ b 1+ b2

Answers with Explanation

1. (a) Arithmetic mean time of a oscillating simple pendulum 3. (d) Energy lost over path PQ = m mg cos q ´ 4
S xi 90 + 91 + 92 + 95 P
= = = 92
N 4
Mean deviation of a simple pendulum 4m
h=2m
S | x - xi| 2 + 1 + 3 + 0
= = = 1.5
N 4 30º
O 2 3m Q x R
Given, minimum division in the measuring clock, i.e. simple
pendulum = 1 s. Thus, the reported mean time of a Energy lost over path QR = m mg x
oscillating simple pendulum = ( 92 ± 2 ) s
i.e., m mg cos q ´ 4 = m mg x
2. (b, d) For a particle of mass m is moving along the side of a
x = 2 3 = 3.45 m
square of side a. Such that
From Q to R energy loss is half of the total energy loss.
Angular momentum L about the origin = L = r ´ p = rp sin q n$
1
or L = r ( p) n$ i.e. m mg x = ´ mgh
2
When a particle is moving from D to A,
Þ m = 0.29
mv( - k$ )
R
L= The values of the coefficient of friction m and the distance
2
x ( = Q R ) are 0.29.
A particle is moving from A to B,
4. (d) Given, potential energy burnt by lifting weight
mv( - k$ )
R
L= = mgh = 10 ´ 9. 8 ´ 1 ´ 1000
2
= 9. 8 ´ 10 4 J
and it moves from C to D,
If mass lost by a person be m, then energy dissipated
æ R ö
L=ç + a ÷ mv (k$ ) 2
è 2 ø =m´ ´ 3.8 ´ 10 7 J
10
For B to C, we have 1
æ R ö Þ 9.8 ´ 10 4 = m ´ ´ 3.8 ´ 10 7
L=ç + a ÷ mv (k$ ) 5
è 2 ø 5
Þ m= ´ 10 -3 ´ 9.8 = 12.89 ´ 10-3 kg
Hence, options 2 and 4 are incorrect. 3.8

73
 5. (a) As, the wheel rolls forward the radius of the wheel 8. (b) For polytropic process, specific heat for an ideal gas,
decreases along AB, hence for the same number of rotations R
C = + CV
it moves less distance along AB, hence it turns left. 1- n
6. (d) Given, a satellite is revolving in a circular orbit at a height h \
R
+ CV = C
from the Earth’s surface having radius of Earth R, i.e. h < < R. 1- n
Orbital velocity of a satellite, R
Þ = C - CV
GM GM 1- n
v = = as ( h < < R )
R
R + h R Þ = 1- n (where, R = C P - C V )
C - CV
Velocity required to escape,
Cp - CV
1
mv ¢ 2 =
GMm Þ = 1- n
2 R+ h C - CV
Cp - CV
2GM 2GM Þ n = 1-
v¢ = = (h < < R ) C - CV
R + h R
C - Cp
\ Minimum increase in its orbital velocity required to escape n=
C - CV
from the earth’s gravitational field.
Thus, number of moles n is given by
2 GM GM
v ¢- v = - C - Cp
R R n=
C - CV
= 2 gR - æ\ g = GM ö
gR ç ÷
è R2 ø 9. (a) As, T will be maximum temperature where product of pV is
maximum.
= gR ( 2 - 1)
p
7. (a) Key Idea Time period of a pendulum,
l
T = 2p 2p0 A
g
where l is length of pendulum and g is acceleration due to p0 B
gravity.
Such as change in time period of a pendulum,
V
DT 1 Dl V0 2V0
=
T 2 l
Equation of line AB, we have
When clock gain 12 s, we get y - y1
12 1 y - y1 = 2 ( x - x1 )
= a ( 40 - q) …(i) x2 - x1
T 2
2 p0 - p0
When clock loses 4 s, we get Þ p - p0 = ( V - 2 V0 )
V0 - 2 V0
4 1
= a ( q - 20) …(ii) - p0
T 2 Þ p - p0 = ( V - 2 V0 )
V0
Comparing Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get - p0
40 - q Þ p= V + 3 p0
3= V0
q - 20 - p0 2
pV = V + 3 p0V
Þ 3q - 60 = 40 - q V0
Þ 4q = 100 - p0 2
nRT = V + 3 p0V
Þ q = 25°C V0
Substitute the value of q in Eq. (i), we have 1 æ - p0 2 ö
T = ç V + 3 p0V ÷
12 1 nR è V0 ø
= a ( 40 - 25)
T 2 For maximum temperature,
Þ
12 1
= a (15) - p0
(2 V ) + 3 p0 = 0
24 ´ 3600 2 V0
24 - p0
a= (2 V ) = - 3 p0
24 ´ 3600 ´ 15 V0
a = 185. ´ 10 -5/°C Þ
3
V = V0
Thus, the coefficient of linear expansion in a pendulum clock, 2
(condition for maximum temperature)

74
 Thus, the maximum temperature of the gas during the 12. (a) As, Gaussian surface at distance r from centre,
process will be
1 æ - p0 9 2 3 ö
Tmax = ç ´ V0 + 3 p0 ´ V0 ÷
nR è V0 4 2 ø
1 æ 9
p0V0 ö÷ =
9 9 p0V0
= ç - p0V0 +
nR è 4 2 ø 4 nR a
Alternative Method Q
Since, initial and final temperature are equal, hence maximum
temperature is at the middle of line.
p b

2p0 T0
3p0
Tmax. r
2 A
p0 T0
Q+ ò r
4pr 2dr
a = E 4pr 2
V e0
V0 3V0 2V0
2 4p æ r 2 - a 2 ö
E 4p e 0 r 2 = Q + A ç ÷
æ 3 p ö æ 3V0 ö r2 è 2 ø
ç 0÷ ç ÷
è2 ø è 2 ø
i.e. pV = nRT Þ = Tmax. 1 éQ æ r 2 - a2 ö ù
nR E= ê 2 + A 2pç ÷ú
9 p0V0 4p e 0 ër è r
2
øû
= Tmax.
4 nR 1 æQ A 2 p a2 ö
E= ç 2 + A2 p - ÷
10. (d) Key Idea The velocity of a particle executing SHM at any 4p e 0 è r r2 ø
instant, is defined as the time rate of change of its
1
displacement at that instant. E= ´ A ´ 2p
4p e 0
v =w A -x 2 2

where, w is angular frequency, A is amplitude and x is At the centre of the spheres is a point charge Q. The value
displacement of a particle. of A such that the electric field in the region between the
spheres will be constant is
Suppose that the new amplitude of the motion be A¢.
Initial velocity of a particle perform SHM, As, Q = 2 pAa 2
Q
é 2A ù
2 i.e. A=
v 2 = w 2 ê A 2 - æç ö÷ ú ... (i) 2 pa 2
êë è 3 ø ú
û 13. (c) Resultant circuit,
where, A is initial amplitude and w is angular frequency. 3μF
Final velocity,
é 2 Aö ù
2
( 3v )2 = w 2 ê A ¢ 2 - æç ÷ ú ...(ii) 9μF
êë è 3 ø ú
û 4μF 4μF 12μF
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4 A2
A2 -
1 9 Þ A¢ = 7 A
= 3μF
9 4 A2 3
A¢ -
2
9 As, Charge on 3 mF = 3 mF ´ 8V = 24mC
11. (c) A uniform string of length 20 m is suspended from a rigid \ Charge on 4mF = Charge on 12 mF = 24 mC
support. Such that the time taken to reach the support,
Mgx Charge on 3 mF = 3 mF ´ 2 V = 6 mC
T =
l Charge on 9 mF = 9 mF ´ 2 V = 18 m C

So, velocity at point P =

Mgx Charge on 4mF + Charge on 9 mF
l (l,m) P dx
= (24 + 18)mF
m/ l x = 42mC
i.e. v = gx
\ Electric field at a point distant 30 m
dx 20 dx t

dt
= gx Þ ò0 x
= ò0 g dt
=
9 ´ 10 3 ´ 42 ´ 10 - 6
30 ´ 30
0 = 10 t Þ 2 20 = 10 t
[2 x ]20
t =2 2s = 420N/C

75
14. (c) As, we know Cu is conductor, so increase in For AC circuit, we have
temperature, resistance will increases. Then, Si is R=8 Ω L
semiconductor, so with increase in temperature, resistance
will decreases. 10A

15. (d) Magnetic field in case of circle of radius R, we have

m0 I
BA =
2R 220 V
V
I=
8 2 + X L2
O 220
BA
I
Þ 10 = Þ 64 + X L2 = 22
64 + X L2
R
Þ Squaring on both sides, we get
64 + X L2 = 484
X L2 = 484 - 64 = 420
As, 2 pR = l (l is length of a wire) X L = 420
l 2 p ´ wL = 420
R =
2p Series inductor on an arc lamp,
m0 I m Ip
BA = = 0 ...(i) 420
l l L= = 0.065 H
2 ´ (2 p ´ 50)
2p
hc
18. (a) As, we know energy liberated, E =
l
1
BB i.e. Eµ
a l
45º 45º So, lesser the wavelength, than greater will be energy
liberated by electromagnetic radiations per quantum.
As, order of wavelength is given by
Magnetic field in case of square of side a, we get X-ray, VIBGYOR, Radio waves
m I æ 1 1 ö (C) (A) (B) (D)
BB = 4 ´ 0 ´ ç + ÷
4p æ a ö è 2 2ø \ Order of electromagnetic radiations per quantum.
ç ÷
è2 ø Þ D<B<A<C

BB =
4Im 0
= 0
m 2 2I 19. (c) As, 20 times taller, as the angular magnification is 20 and
ap 2 ap we observe angular magnification. Option (c) would not be
l very correct as the telescope can be adjusted to form the
As, 4a = l, a = image anywhere between infinity and least distance for
4
distinct vision.
8 2 m0 I
BB = ... (ii) Suppose that the image is formed at infinity. Then, the
pl
observer will have to focus the eyes at infinity to observe the
Dividing Eq (i) by Eq (ii), we get image. Hence, it is incorrect to say that the image will be
BA p2 appear nearer to the observer.
=
BB 8 2 20. (c) In diffraction, first minima, we have
16. (d) Key Idea Area of hysteresis loop is proportional to the net l
sin q =
energy absorbed per unit volume by the material, as it is taken a
over a complete cycle of magnetisation.
For electromagnets and transformers, energy loss should be L λ/a
low.
i.e. Thin hysteresis curves. L a
Also,| B| ® 0 when H = 0 and| H| should be small when
B ® 0.
17. (d) Given, I = 10 A, V = 80 V,
V 80
R = = = 8W So, size of a spot
I 10
2 Ll
and w = 50 Hz B = 2a + …(i)
a

76
 Then, minimum size of a spot, we get 0 1 0 0 1
¶B Ll 0 1 0 1 1
= 0 Þ1 - 2 = 0
¶a a 0 1 1 0 1
Þ a = lL …(ii) 0 1 1 1 1
So, B min. = 2 lL + 2 lL 1 0 0 0 1
[by substituting for a from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i)]
= 4 lL 24. (b) As, we know, an amplitude modulated wave, the
4 bandwidth is twice the frequency of modulating signal.
So, the radius of the spot, lL = 4lL Therefore, amplitude modulation (AM), the frequency of the
2
high frequency carrier wave is made to vary in proportion to
21. (a) Key Idea According to the law of conservation of energy, the amplitude of the audio signal.
i.e. Energy of a photon ( hn) = Work function ( f) + Kinetic
25. (c) Given that the screw gauge has zero error.
energy of the photoelectron æç mvmax
2 ö
1
÷ 0.5
è2 ø So, least count of a screw gauge = mm.
50
According to Einstein’s photoelectric emission of light
Thickness of the sheet if the main scale reading is 0.5 mm
i.e. E = (KE) max + f
and the 25th division coincides with the main scale line,
hc
As, = (KE )max + f we have = 0.50 mm + (25.5) ´
0.5
mm
l 50
3l
If the wavelength of radiation is changed to , then = 0. 50 mm + 020
. mm = 070
. mm
4
4 hc æ 4 f 26. (d) For an open ends, fundamental frequency f in
Þ = ç (KE )max + ö÷ + f
3 l è3 3ø air, we have
1 l
(KE )max. for fastest emitted electron = mv ¢ 2 + f = l Þ l = 2l l
2 2
f v v
mv ¢ 2 = æç mv 2 ö÷ +
1 4 1 v= flÞf = = …(i)
Þ
2 3 è2 ø 3 l 2l
1/ 2 For a pipe is dipped vertically in water, so that half of it is in
v ¢ > v æç ö÷
4
i.e. water, we have
è 3ø
l ll l/2
= Þ l = 2l
22. (d) Given, 80 min. = 4 half lives of A = 2 half lives of B. 4 2 l
Let the initial number of nuclei in each sample be N. v v
Þ v = f¢l Þ f¢ = = =f …(ii)
For radioactive element A, l 2l
N Thus, the fundamental frequency of the air
NA after 80 min. = 4
2 column is now,
N 15 f = f ¢.
Þ Number of A nuclides decayed = N - = N
16 16 27. (a) Maximum voltage that can be applied across the
For radioactive element B, galvanometer coil = 100 W ´ 10 -3 A = 01
. V.
N
NB after 80 min. = 2 Þ Number of B nuclides decayed 100 Ω
Ammeter
2 1mA
N 3
=N- = N
4 4
Rs
\ Ratio of decayed numbers of A and B nuclei will be
(15 /16)N 5
=
( 3 / 4)N 4
If R s is the shunt resistance, then
23. (c) Output of OR gate is 0 when all inputs are 0 and output is 1 R s ´ 10A = 01 . V
when atleast one of the input is 1. Þ R s = 0.01 W.
Observing output x It is 0 when all inputs are 0 and it is 1
28. (a) Key Idea : If m is refractive index of material of prism, then
when atleast one of the input is 1.
from Snell’s law
\ The gate is OR.
sin i sin( A + d m )/2
Alternative Method m= =
sin r sin A /2
OR Gate
where, A is angle of prism and d m is minimum deviation
A B C D X through prism.
0 0 0 0 0 Given, i = 35° , d = 40° , e = 79°.
0 0 0 1 1
So, angle of deviation by a glass prism,
0 0 1 0 1
d = i + e - A Þ 40 ° = 35 ° + 79° - A
0 0 1 1 1
i.e. Angle of prism Þ A = 74°.

77
 Such that, r1 + r2 = A = 74°. 29. (a) Zener diode works in breakdown region.
Let us put m =15
. and check So, Simple diode ® (a)
A + dmin ö Zener diode ® (b)
sin æç ÷
è 2 ø Solar cell ® (c)
. =
15
sin A / 2 Light dependent resistance ® (d)
74° + dmin ö 30. (a, c) As, we know, In case of a common-emitter configuration,
sin æç ÷ Ic
è 2 ø DC current gain, a = .
Þ . =
15 Ie
sin 37°
Where, Ic is collector current and Ie is emitter current
d
Þ 0.9 = sin æç 37° + min ö÷ (sin 37° » 0.6 ) and AC current gain, b = c .
I
è 2 ø Ib
Using calculation, we get Where Ib is base current.
d Also Ie = Ib + Ic
37° + min = 64°
2 Dividing whole equation by Ic , we get
Þ dmin » 54° Ie I
Þ = b +1
This angle is greater than the 40° deviation angle already Ic Ic
given. For greater m, deviation will be even higher. Hence, m of Þ
1 1
= +1
the given prism should be lesser than 1.5. Hence, the closest a b
option will be 1.5. b
Using solving the given case, we get m = 1.3.1. Þ a=
1+ b

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H {RZVm ñVa JEE MAIN & ADVANCED Ho AZwê n h¡

78
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STUDY
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AVAILABLE IN
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1. A transparent solid cylindrical rod has a refractive 4. A proton, a deuteron and an α-particle having the same
2 momentum, enters a region of a uniform electric field
index of . It is surrounded by air. A light ray is
3 between the parallel plates of a capacitor. The electric
incident at the mid-point of one end of the rod as field is perpendicular to the initial path of the particles.
shown in the figure. Then, the ratio of deflections suffered by them is

–
θ

α P d
The incident angle θ for which the light ray grazes
along the wall of the rod is
+
⎛ 3⎞
(a) sin−1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
1
(b) sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ Screen
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ (a) 1 : 2 : 8 (b) 1 : 2 : 4
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ (c) 1 : 1 : 2 (d) None of these
(c) sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ (d) sin−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 5. Two radioactive nuclei P and Q, in a given sample
2. In a Young-double slit experiment, bi-chromatic light decay into a stable nucleus R. At time t = 0, number of P
of wavelengths 400 nm and 560 nm are used. The species are 4 N0 and that of Q are N0 . Half-life of P (for
distance between the slits is 0.1 mm and the distance conversion to R) is 1 minute whereas that of Q is 2
between the plane of the slits and the screen is 1m. The minutes. Initially, there are no nuclei of R present in
minimum distance between two successive regions of the sample. When number of nuclei of P and Q are
complete darkness is equal, the number of nuclei of R present in the sample
(a) 4 mm (b) 5.6 mm would be
(c) 14 mm (d) 28 mm 5 N0 9 N0
(a) (b) 2 N0 (c) 3 N0 (d)
3. In a Fresnel’s diffraction arrangement, the screen is at 2 2
a distance of 2 m from a circular aperture. It is found 6. A double charged lithium ion is equivalent to hydrogen
that for light of wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 , the radius of whose atomic number is 3. The wavelength of required
4th zone for λ1 coincides with the radius of 5th zone for radiation for emitting electron from first to third Bohr
λ 2 . Then, the ratio of λ1 : λ 2 is orbit in the Li + + will be
(a) 4 / 5 (b) 5 / 4 (Ionisation energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV).
(c) 5/4 (d) 4/5 (a) 182.51 Å (b) 177.17 Å (c) 142.25 Å (d) 11374
. Å

82
7. In the circuit shown in the given figure, the maximum q ⎛ 2 + 1⎞ q ⎛ 2 − 1⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (b) ⎜⎜ ⎟
output voltage (V0 ) will be 8 π ∈0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 8 π ∈0 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
Vi ⎛ 2 +
q 1⎞ q ⎛ 2 − 1⎞
+ (c) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (d) ⎜⎜ ⎟
10 V
D2 4 π ∈0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 π ∈0 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
D1
T 2k Ω 12. Three charges − q1 , + q2 and − q3 are placed as shown in
O
T/2
t the figure. The x-component of the force on −q1 is
V0
proportional to
2 kΩ Y
2 kΩ
–

5
(a) 0 V (b) 5 V (c) 10 V (d) V
2
θ
8. A conducting rod AC of length 4l is rotated about a a b
point O in a uniform magnetic field B directed into the
X
paper AO = l and OC = 3l . Then, – q1 +q2
× × × × × ×
q2 q3 q2 q3
B (a) − sinθ (b) − cosθ
b2 a2 b2 a2
× × × × × ×
q2 q3 q2 q3
A O C (c) + sinθ (d) + cosθ
b2 a2 b2 a2
× × × × × ×
ω 13. Two concentric conducting thin spherical shells A, and
× × × × × × B having radii rA and rB (rB > rA ) are charged to Q A and
2 −Q B (|Q B|> |Q A|). The electrical field along a line,
Bωl 7
(a) VA − V0 = (b) V0 − VC = Bωl2 (passing through the centre ) is
2 2
9 E E
(c) VA − VC = 4 Bωl2 (d) VC − V0 = Bωl2
2
(a) (b)
9. As shown in the figure in a circular loop of radius r and
resistance R. A variable magnetic field of induction
B = B0 e− t is established inside the coil. If the key (K) is O rA rB X O rA rB X
closed, the electrical power developed right after
closing the switch is equal to E E

B R (c) (d)
× ×
×
× × rB
× O rA rB X O X
× × rA
×
K
14. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same
B 2 πr 2 B πr 3 area as the plates of a parallel plate capacitor but has a
(a) 0 (b) 0
thickness ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ d, where d is the separation of the plates.
3
R R
⎝4⎠
B02 π 2r 4 R B02 π 2r 4
(c) (d) The ratio of the capacitance C (in the presence of the
5 R
dielectric) to the capacitance C O (in the absence of
10. An L-C-R series circuit with R = 100 Ω is connected to a
dielectric) is
200 V, 50 Hz AC source when only the capacitance is 3K 3 4K 4
removed, the current leads the voltage by 60°. When (a) (b) K (c) (d) K
K + 4 4 K + 3 3
only the inductance is removed, the current leads the
voltage by 60°. The current in the circuit is 15. Two identical short bar magnets, each having
(a) 2 A (b) 1 A magnetic moment M, are placed at distance of 2d apart
3 2 with axes perpendicular to each other in a horizontal
(c) A (d) A plane. The magnetic induction at a point mid-way
2 3
between them is
11. Two identical thin rings, each of radius 10 cm carrying μ0 M μ0 M
(a) ( 2 )⋅ 3 (b) ( 3 )⋅ 3
charges 10 C and 5 C are co-axially placed at a 4π d 4π d
distance 10 cm apart. The workdone in moving a charge 2μ μ
(c) ⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟ ⋅ 3
M M
q from the centre of the first ring to that of the second is (d) 0 ( 5 )⋅ 3
⎝ π ⎠ d 4π d

83
16. A vibration magnetometer, the time-period of a bar 21. Which of the following graphs correctly represents the
magnet oscillating in a horizontal component of earth's relation between lnE and lnT, where E is the amount of
magnetic field is 2 s. When a magnet is brought near radiation emitted per unit time from unit area of a body
and parallel to it, the time-period reduces to 1 s. The and T is the absolute temperature?
ratio H/F of the horizontal component H and the field In E In E
F due to the magnet will be
(a) 3 (b) 1/3 (a) (b)
(c) 3 (d) 1 / 3
17. In the circuit shown in the figure, reading of voltmeter InT InT
O O
is V1 when only S1 is closed, reading of voltmeter is V2
when only S2 is closed and reading of voltmeter is V3 In E In E
when both S1 and S2 are closed. Then,
(c) (d)
3R
R S1
O InT O InT
6R
S2
22. The diagrams represent the potential energy U of a
V
function of the inter-atomic distance r. Which diagram
corresponds to stable molecules found in nature?
E U U
(a) V3 > V2 > V1 (b) V2 > V1 > V3
(c) V3 > V1 > V2 (d) V1 > V2 > V3 (a) (b)
18. The two ends of a uniform conductor are joined to a cell
of emf E and some internal resistance. Starting from r r
the mid-point P of the conductor, we move in the
direction of current and return to P. The potential V at
every point on the path is plotted against the distance U U
covered (x). Which of the following graphs represent
the resulting curve? (c) (d)
V V
r r
(a)
E
(b)
<E 23. A U-tube in which the cross-sectional area of the limb
on the left is one quarter, the limb on the right contains
O x O x mercury (density is13.6g / cm3 ). The level of mercury in
the narrow limb is at a distance of 36 cm from the upper
V V end of the tube. What will be the rise in the level of
mercury in the right limb if the left limb is filled to the
(c) (d) <E
top with water?
E

O x O x Water

19. Two identical magnetic dipoles of magnetic moments

1.0 A-m2 each, placed at a separation of 2 m with their
axes perpendicular to each other. The resultant
Mercury
magnetic field at a point mid-way between the dipoles is
−7 −7
(a) 5 × 10 T (b) 5 × 10 T
(a) 1.2 cm (b) 2.35 cm (c) 0.56 cm (d) 0.8 cm
(c) 10 −7 T (d) None of these 24. Two cars A and B are travelling in the same direction
20. An asteroid of mass m is approaching earth, initially at with velocities v A and v B (v A > v B ). When the car A is at
a distance of 10R e with speed v i . It hits the earth with a a distance s behind car B, the driver of the car A apply
speed v f (R e and M e are radius and mass of earth), then the brakes producing a uniform retardation a, there
will be no collision when
2Gm ⎛ 1⎞ 2GMe ⎛1 + 1 ⎞
(a) v f2 = v i2 + ⎜1 − ⎟ (b) v f2 = v i2 + ⎜ ⎟ ( v A − v B )2 ( v A − v B )2
Me R ⎝ 10 ⎠ Re ⎝ 10 ⎠ (a) s < (b) s =
2a 2a
2GMe ⎛ 1⎞ 2Gm ⎛ 1⎞
(c) v f2 = v i2 + ⎜1 − ⎟ (d) v f2 = v i2 + ⎜1 − ⎟ ( v A − v B )2 ( v A − v B )2
Re ⎝ 10 ⎠ Re ⎝ 10 ⎠ (c) s ≥ (d) s ≤
2a 2a

84
25. A heavy small-sized sphere is suspended by a string of 31. If |A × B| = 3 A ⋅ B, then the value of |A + B| is
length l. The sphere rotates uniformly in a horizontal 1/ 2
⎛ AB ⎞
circle with the string making an angle θ with the (a) ⎜ A 2 + B2 + ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
vertical. Then, the time-period of this conical
pendulum is (b) A + B
l lsinθ (c) ( A 2 + B2 + 3 AB)1/ 2
(a) t = 2 π (b) t = 2 π
g g (d) ( A + B + AB)1/ 2
2 2

(c) t = 2 π
lcos θ
(d) t = 2 π
l 32. A point P moves in counter-clockwise direction on a
g g cos θ circular path as shown in the figure. The movement of P
is such that it sweeps out a length s = t 3 + 5, where s is
26. A student constructed a vernier callipers as shown in
in metres and t is in seconds. The radius of the path is
figure. He used two identical inclined and tried to
20 m. The acceleration of P when t = 2s is nearly
measure the length of line PQ. For this instrument,
determine the least count. Y
B
P (x, y)

20 m
P X
O
A
Q
l
(a) 14 m/s 2 (b) 13 m/s 2
l(1 − cos θ) l
(a) unit (b) unit (c) 12 m/s 2 (d) 7 m/s 2
cos θ cosθ
1 − cosθ 33. White light is incident on face AB of a glass prism. The
(c) l(1 − cos θ) unit (d) unit
l path of the green component is shown in the figure. If
27. How many 600 kHz waves can be on a 5 mile the green light is just totally internally reflected at face
transmission line simultaneously? AC as shown, the light emerging from face AC will
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 16
contain
28. An ideal gas is subjected to cyclic process involving A
four thermodynamic states, the amount of heat (Q) and
work (W) involved in each of these states.
White Green
Q1 = 6000 J, Q2 = − 5500 J, light
Q3 = − 3000 J, Q4 = 3500 J
W1 = 2500 J, W2 = − 1000 J, B C
W3 = − 1200 J, W4 = x J (a) yellow, orange and red colours
The ratio of the net workdone by the gas to the total (b) violet, indigo and blue colours
heat absorbed by the gas is η. The values of x and η, (c) all colours
respectively are (d) all colours except green
(a) 500, 7.5%
34. The ratio of the de-Broglie wavelengths of an electron
(b) 700, 10.5%
of energy 10 eV to that of person of mass 66 kg
(c) 1000, 21%
travelling at a speed of 100 km/h is of the order of
(d) 1500, 15%
(a) 10 34 (b) 10 27
29. A wire of density 9 × 103 kg /m3 is stretched between (c) 1017 (d) 10 −10
two clamps 1 m apart and is subjected to an extension 35. Solid targets of different elements are bombarded by
of 4.9 × 10 −4 cm. The lowest frequency of transverse highly energetic electron beams. The frequency (f) of
vibration in the wire is (Y = 9 × 1010 N/ m2 ) the characteristic X-rays emitted from different targets
(a) 40 Hz (b) 35 Hz varies with atomic number (Z) as
(c) 30 Hz (d) 25 Hz (a) f ∝ Z (b) f ∝ Z 2
30. 80 railway wagons all of same mass 5 × 103 kg are (c) f ∝ Z (d) f ∝ Z 3/ 2
pulled by an engine with a force of 4 × 105 N. The 36. The work-function of a metallic surface is 5.01 eV. The
tension in the coupling between 30th and 31st wagon
photoelectrons are emitted when a light of wavelength
from the engine is
4 2000 Å falls on it. The potential difference applied to
(a) 25 × 10 N
stop the fastest photoelectrons is
(b) 40 × 10 4 N
. × 10 −15 eV s)
(h = 414
(c) 20 × 10 4 N (a) 1.2 V (b) 2.24 V
(d) 32 × 10 4 N (c) 3.6 V (d) 4.8 V

85
37. Two bodies A and B of masses 10 kg and 15 kg (a) μ mg
⎡ P ⎤
respectively kept on a smooth, horizontal surface are (b) μ ⎢ mg + ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎥
tied to the ends of a light string. If T represents the ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
tension in the string when a horizontal force F = 500 N ⎡ ⎛ P⎞⎤
(c) μ ⎢ mg − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
is applied to A (as shown in the figure 1) and T ′ be the ⎣ ⎝2 ⎠⎦
tension when it is applied to B (figure 2), then which of ⎡ ⎛ 3P ⎞ ⎤
the following is true? (d) μ ⎢ mg − ⎜ ⎟⎥
10 kg 15 kg ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
F=500 N
A B
39. The dimensional formula of physical quantity is
[MaLb T c]. Then, that physical quantity is
Fig. 1 (a) surface tension if a = 1, b = 1, c = − 2
10 kg 15 kg
(b) force if a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
F=500 N
A B (c) angular frequency if a = 0, b = 0, c = − 1
(d) spring constant if a = 1, b = − 1, c = − 2
Fig. 2
40. When photons of energy 4.25 eV strike the surface of a
(a) T = T ′ = 500 N
metal, the ejected photoelectrons have a maximum
(b) T = T ′ = 250 N
kinetic energy EA = eV and de-Broglie wavelength λ A .
(c) T = 200 N, T ′ = 300 N
The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
(d) T = 300 N, T ′ = 200 N
liberated from another metal by photons of energy
38. A body of mass m rests on a horizontal surface. The 4.70 eV is EB = (EA − 1.50) eV. If the de-Broglie
coefficient of friction between the body and the surface is wavelength of these photoelectrons is λ B = 2 λ A , then
μ. If the mass is pulled by a force P as shown in the the
figure, the limiting friction between the body and (a) work-function of A is 2.90 eV
surface will be (b) work-function of B is 3.60 eV
P
30° (c) E A = 2.0 eV
m (d) None of the above

Answers
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (c)

PHYSICS
New State of Matter Detected in a Two-dimensional Material
n international team of researchers have found evidence of a mysterious new state of matter, first predicted 40
years ago, in a real material. This state, known as a quantum spin liquid, causes electrons - thought to be indivisible
building blocks of nature - to break into pieces. The researchers measured the first signatures of these fractional
particles, known as Majorana fermions, in a two-dimensional material with a structure similar to graphene. Their
experimental results successfully matched with one of the main theoretical models for a quantum spin liquid,
known as a Kitaev model. Quantum spin liquids are mysterious states of matter which are thought to be hiding in
certain magnetic materials, but had not been conclusively sighted in nature. The observation of one of their most
intriguing properties—electron splitting, or fractionalisation—in real materials is a breakthrough. The resulting
Majorana fermions may be used as building blocks of quantum computers, which would be far faster than
conventional computers and would be able to perform calculations that could not be done otherwise.
In a typical magnetic material, the electrons each behave like tiny bar magnets. And when a material is cooled to a
low enough temperature, the magnets will order themselves, so that all the North magnetic poles point in the same
direction, for example. But in a material containing a spin liquid state, even if that material is cooled to absolute
zero, the bar magnets would not align but form an entangled soup caused by quantum fluctuations.

86
• Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity states that time
stops at the speed of light. Do you know?
According to Einstein’s theory of special relativity, the speed of
light can never change-it’s always stuck at approximately
300,000,000 m/s, no matter who’s observing it. This in itself is
incredible enough, given that nothing can move faster than light,
but it’s still very theoretical. The important part of special relativity
is an idea called time dilation, which states that the faster you go,
the slower time passes for you relative to your surroundings.
Seriously, if you go to take a ride in your car for an hour, you will
have aged ever-so slightly less than if you had just sat at home on
the computer. The extra nanoseconds you get out of it might not
be worth the price of gas, but it’s an option.
• Do you know, how researchers observed photon in a fibre?
As light-based (photonic) circuits can potentially be faster and
consume less power as compared to electronic circuits. Photonic
circuits will require many of the same components found in
electronics, such as diodes, which allow light or currents to flow in
one direction only. In the prototype developed by the researchers,
the passage of individual photons through a fibre can be
controlled by their interaction with cold atoms trapped in the
vicinity of a nanometre-thin optical fibre. Proof-of-principle
experiments have revealed a roughly 20-fold difference in the
transmission of light moving in the two directions. The scheme
can work on a single photon, making it suitable for quantum
optical networks, which operate at low levels of light.
• Do you know, the fact behind the significance of SXT
telescope?
The Soft X-ray focusing Telescope (SXT) is India’s first X-ray
telescope based on doubly reflecting grazing incidence optics,
containing 320 mirrors assembled together in two sets of 40
co-axial shells. All the mirrors assembled at different radii from the
central axis were aligned perfectly to image a single point, and the
entire telescope was then further aligned with an X-ray camera. It
is designed to carry out simultaneous observations in the UV,
optical, low and high energies X-ray emission from celestial
objects and is expected to be a powerful tool for measuring the
spectral energy distribution and time variability of compact
sources such as white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes,
including the supermassive black holes at the centre of galaxies.
• The scientists observed methane in Mar’s atmosphere
which may hint the existence of life. Do you know?
The presence of methane in the Martian atmosphere has been
one of the exciting possibilities that explorations of Mars have
tried to verify. An international team of researchers has
discovered traces of methane in Martian meteorites, a possible
clue in the search for life on the red planet. The discovery hints at
the possibility that methane could be used as a food source by
rudimentary forms of life beneath the Martian surface. On the earth,
microbes do this in a range of environments. The findings are likely to
form the basis for astrobiologists in models and experiments aimed
at understanding whether life could survive below the surface of
Mars today.
• Do you know, the fact that an eye can detect a single photon?
Experiments have been shown that retina cells are remarkably efficient
detectors, able to respond even to very few photons. But these studies
have been carried out with attenuated classical light sources, which emit
a number of photons with a certain probability distribution. Exploiting
recent advances in single photon sources driven by quantum communi-
cation applications, researchers in Singapore have now carried out the
first experiments in which the retina was stimulated by a single photon.
The results provide unambiguous proof that rod cells in the retina are
sensitive to a single photon and allow a precise characterisation of their
quantum efficiency.
• A research works proved Magnesium Phosphide (MgP) as an
unexpected superconductor. Do you know?
Researchers have discovered the first manganese based
superconductor, a compound whose strong magnetism was thought to
prevent superconductivity Researchers in China have now discovered
that Manganese Phosphide (MnP) can be made superconducting by
application of a large pressure. Superconductivity in MnP seems to be
related to its exotic magnetic structure, based on a “helical” arrangement
of spins. The material is superconducting only at very low temperatures
and under pressure, but its discovery suggests higher temperature
superconductivity could be found in other helical magnets.
• Do you know, scientists discovered a new charge density wave
that has 3-D effect?
The 3-D effect that scientists observed, which occurs in a superconducting
material known as YBCO (Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide), is a newly
discovered type of charge density wave. This wave does not have the
oscillating motion of a light wave or a sound wave, it describes a static,
ordered arrangement of clumps of electrons in a superconducting
material. Its co-existence with superconductivity is perplexing to
researchers because it seems to conflict with the freely moving electron
pairs that define superconductivity. The 2-D version of this wave was first
seen in 2012 and has been studied extensively.
• Neutron stars are the fastest spinning objects known in the
Universe. Do you know?
Neutron stars are thought to be the ‘fastest spinning objects’ in the
Universe. Pulsars are a particular type of neutron star that emits a beam
of radiation which can be observed as a pulse of light as the star spins.
The rate of this pulse allows astronomers to measure the rotation. The
fastest spinning known pulsar is the catchily-titled PSR J1748-2446ad,
which has an equator spinning at 24% the speed of light, which
translates to over 70,000 km/s.
87
1. The human heart discharges 75 cc of blood through the (a)
π
MR 2
4 π
(b) ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ MR 2
arteries at each beat against an average pressure of 12 ⎝3 4⎠
π 8 10 π ⎞
(c) ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ MR 2 (d) ⎛⎜ −
10 cm of mercury. Assuming that the pulse frequency 4 2
⎟ MR
is 72 per minute, the rate of working of heart in watt is ⎝3 6⎠ ⎝3 16 ⎠
(density of mercury = 13.6 g/cc and g = 9.8 ms −2 ) 4. A thin uniform annular disc of mass M has outer radius
(a) 11.9 (b) 1.19 4R and inner radius 3R. The work required to take a unit
(c) 0.119 (d) 119 mass from point P on its axis to infinity is
2. Three identical balls A , B and C are lying on a P
horizontal frictionless table as shown in figure. If ball A
4R
is imparted a velocity v towards B and C and the
collisions are perfectly elastic, then finally
3R
v

A B C
2GM − 2GM
(a) ( 4 2 − 5) (b) ( 4 2 − 5)
7R 7R
(a) ball A comes to rest and balls B and C roll out with speed v /2 GM 2GM
each. (c) (d) ( 2 − 1)
4R 5R
(b) balls A and B are at rest and ball C rolls out with speed v.
(c) all the three balls roll out with speed v / 3 each. 5. A uniform cube is subjected to volume compression of
(d) all the three balls come to rest. each side is decreased by 1%, then bulk strain is
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.06
3. Four holes of radius R are cut from a thin square plate of
(c) 0.02 (d) 0.03
side 4R and mass M. The moment of inertia of the
remaining portion about Z-axis is 6. A thin liquid film formed between a
Y U-shaped wire and a light slider supports a Film
weight of 1.5 × 10 −2 N. The length of the
slider is 30 cm and its weight negligible.
The surface tension of the liquid film is
w
X (a) 0.0125 Nm−1
(b) 0.1 Nm−1
(c) 0.05 Nm−1
(d) 0.025 Nm−1

88
7. A block of ice at −110 °C is slowly heated and converted 12. At a certain place, a magnet makes 30 oscillations per
to steam at 100°C. Which of the following curves minute. At another place, where the magnetic field is
represents the phenomenon qualitatively? double. Its time-period will be
1
(a) 4 s (b) 2 s (c) s (d) 2 s
2
Temperature

Temperature
13. An electron having kinetic energy E is moving in a
(a) (b) circular orbit of radius R perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field induction B. If kinetic energy is doubled
and magnetic field induction is tripled, the radius will
Heat supplied Heat supplied
become
(a) R 9 / 4 (b) R 3 / 2 (c) R 2 / 9 (d) R 4 / 3
14. A lamp emits monochromatic green light uniformly in
Temperature

Temperature

all directions. The lamp is 3% efficient in converting

(c) (d) electric power to electromagnetic waves and consume
100 W of power. The amplitude of the electric field
associated with the electromagnetic radiation at a
distance of 5 m from the lamp will be
Heat supplied Heat supplied
(a) 2.68 Vm−1 (b) 3.15 Vm−1 (c) 2.01 Vm−1 (d) 0
8. A compressed air in the tube of a wheel of a cycle at 15. A ball is dropped from a height of 49 m. The wind is
normal temperature suddenly starts coming out from a blowing horizontally. Due to wind a constant
puncture. The air inside horizontal acceleration is provided to the ball. Choose
(a) starts becoming hotter the correct statement(s). (Take g = 9.8 m/s2 )
(b) remains at the same temperature (a) Path of the ball is a straight line.
(c) starts becoming cooler (b) Path of the ball is a curved one.
(d) may become hotter or cooler depending upon the amount (c) The time taken by the ball to reach the ground is 316 s.
of water vapour present (d) Actual distance travelled by the ball is more than 49 m.
9. In the electric field of a point charge q, a certain point 16. The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition
charge is carried from point A to B, C, D and E as shown n1 → n2 , where n1 and n2 are the principal quantum
in figure. The workdone is numbers of the two states. Assume the Bohr’s model to
A be valid. The time-period of electron in the initial state
is 8 times that in the final state. The possible values of
n1 and n2 are
E
(a) n1 = 6, n2 = 3 (b) n1 = 8, n2 = 2
q
(c) n1 = n2 = 1 (d) n1 = 8, n2 = 1
B
17. From the top of a tower of height 50 m, a ball is thrown
D vertically upwards with a certain velocity. It hits the
C ground 10 s after it is thrown up. How much time does
(a) least along the path AE (b) least along the path AC it take to cover a distance AB, where A and B are two
(c) zero along any of the paths (d) least along the path AB points 20 m and 40 m below the edge of the tower?
(g = 10 m/s2 )
10. If λ 1, λ 2 and λ 3 are the wavelengths of the waves
(a) 2.0 s (b) 1.0 s (c) 0.5 s (d) 0.4 s
giving resonance with the fundamental, first and
second overtones, respectively of a closed organ pipe,
18. An aeroplane flying at a velocity of 900 kmh−1 loops the
loop. If the maximum force pressing the pilot against the
then the ratio of λ1 , λ 2 , λ 3 is
1 1 seat is five times its weight, the loop radius should be
(a) 1 : 3 : 5 (b) 1 : 2 : 3 (c) 5 : 3 : 1 (d) 1 : : (a) 1594 m (b) 1402 m (c) 1315 m (d) 1167 m
3 5
11. For ensuring dissipation of same energy in all three 19. The energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom
resistors (R1 , R 2 , R 3 ) connected as shown in figure, their is − 13.6 / n2 eV. Energy required to excite the electron
values must be related as from the first orbit to the third orbit is
R1 (a) 10.2 eV (b) 11.56 eV (c) 12.09 eV (d) 13.6 eV
20. Oxygen is 16 times heavier than hydrogen. Equal
volumes of hydrogen and oxygen are mixed. The ratio
V R2 R3 of speed of sound in the mixture to that in hydrogen is
1 32
(a) (b)
8 17
(a) R1 = R 2 − R 3 (b) R 2 = R 3 and R1 = 4R 2 (c) 8 (d)
2
(c) R 2 = R 3 and R1 = R 2 / 4 (d) R1 = R 2 + R 3 17

89
21. Two particles A and B having charges 8 × 10 −6 C and 27. Two identical metal plates shown photoelectric effect
−2 × 10 −6 C respectively, are held fixed with a by a light of wavelength λ A falls on plate A and λ B on
separation 20 cm. Where should a third charged plate B (λ A = 2 λ B ). The maximum kinetic is
KB
particle be placed, so that it does not experience a net (a) 2 K A = K B (b) K A <
electric force? 2
K
(c) K A = 2 K B (d) K A = B
2
A B FCB C FCA
28. A proton, a neutron, an electron and an α-particle have
20 cm X same energy. Then, their de-Broglie wavelengths
(a) 0.2 m (b) 0.5 m (c) 0.6 m (d) 0.1 m compare as
(a) λ p = λ n > λ e > λ α
22. A pendulum is made to hang from a ceiling of an
(b) λ α = λ p > λ n > λ e
elevator. It has period of Tsec (for small angles). The
(c) λ e = λ p > λ n > λ α
elevator is made to accelerate upwards with 10 m /s2 .
(d) λ e = λ p > λ n > λ α
The period of the pendulum now will be
(Assume g = 10 m/ s2 ) 29. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the source is white
(a) T 2 (b) infinite (c) T / 2 (d) zero light one of the holes is covered by a red filter and
23. A radar sends the waves towards a distant object and another by a blue filter. In this case,
receives the signal reflected by object. These waves are (a) there shall be alternate interference patterns of red and blue.
(a) sound waves (b) light waves (b) there shall be an interference pattern for red district from
(c) radio waves (d) micro waves that for blue.
(c) there shall be no interference fringes.
24. A triangular prism of glass is shown in the figure. A ray
(d) there shall be an interference pattern for red mixing with one
incident normally to one face is totally reflected if
for blue.
θ = 45 °. The index of refraction of glass is
30. In figure assuming the diodes to be ideal,
R D1
A
θ – 10 V
D2

B
45º

(a) less than 1.41 (b) greater than 1.41

(a) D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased and hence
(c) equal to 1.41 (d) None of these current flows from A and B.
25. White light is used to illuminate the (b) D2 is forward biased and D1 is reverse biased and hence no
two slits in a Young’s double slit current flows from B and A and vice-versa.
experiment. The separation d (c) D1 and D2 are both forward biased and hence current flows
S1 P
between slits is b and the screen is from A to B.
b
at a distance d (>> b) from the slits. (d) D1 and D2 are both reverse biased and hence no current
At a point on the screen directly in S2 flows from A to B and vice-versa.
front of one of the slits, certain 31. The correct curve between potential (V) and distance (d)
wavelengths are missing, figure. near p-n junction is
Some of these missing wavelengths are
V V
b2 2 b2 b 2 3b 2 2b 3b 2
(a) λ = , (b) λ = , (c) λ = (d) λ = p n p n
d 3d 2d 2d 3d 4d
26. A fish is a little away below the surface of a lake. If the (a) d (b) d
critical angle is 49°, then the fish could see things above
water surface within an angular range of θ° where
Air
Water
V V
49º
p n p n
θ
(c) d (d) d

1°
(a) θ = 49° (b) θ = 98° (c) θ = 24 (d) θ = 90°
4

90
32. The speech signal of 3kHz is used to modulate a 36. One end of a uniform rod of mass m1 , uniform area of
carrier signal of frequency 1 MHz, using amplitude cross-section A is suspended from the roof and mass m2
modulation. The frequencies of the side bands will be is suspended from the other end. What is the stress at
(a) 1.003 MHz and 0.997 MHz the mid-point of the rod?
(b) 1.954 MHz and 2.0 MHz (a) ( m1 + m2 ) g / A (b) ( m1 − m2 ) g / A
(c) 40.5 MHz and 27.6 MHz ⎡ ⎛ m1 ⎞ ⎤
(d) 5 MHz and 0.997 MHz ⎢ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ + m ⎥ ⎡ m + ( m2 / 2 )⎤
(c) ⎢ ⎥g (d) ⎢ 1 ⎥g
33. An inductor of 10 mH and a 10 mH ⎢ A ⎥ ⎣ A ⎦
capacitor of 16 μF are A1 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
connected in the circuit as 16 μF
A2 37. The circuit has two oppositely connected ideal diodes
shown in figure. The frequency
in parallel. What is the current flowing in the circuit?
of the power supply is equal to
the resonant frequency of the
A3 4Ω
circuit. Which ammeter will E=E0 sin ω t
D1 D2
read zero ampere?
(a) A1 (b) A 2 12
V
3Ω 2Ω
(c) A 3 (d) None of these
34. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle A → B → C → A
as shown in figure. If the net heat supplied to the gas in (a) 1.71 A (b) 2.31 A (c) 2.00 A (d) 1.33 A
cycle is 5 J, workdone by the gas in the process C → A 38. Six identical conducting rods are joined as shown in
is figure. Points A and D are maintained at temperature
200°C and 20°C, respectively. The temperature of
junction B will be
2 C B
(a) 120°C (b) 100°C (c) 140°C (d) 80° C
V
(m3 ) 39. Three samples of the same gas A, B and C (γ = 3 / 2) have
1 A initially equal volumes. Now, the volume of each
sample is doubled. The process is adiabatic for A,
0 isobaric for B and isothermal for C. If the final pressures
p(Pa) are equal for all three samples, the ratio of their initial
(a) − 5 J (b) − 10 J pressures are
(c) 15 J (d) − 20 J (a) 2 2 : 2 : 1 (b) 2 2 : 1 : 2
35. The spectrum of a black body at two temperatures 27°C (c) 2 : 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1 : 2
and 327°C is shown in the figure. Let A1 and A2 be 40. Equal current I flows in two segments of a circular loop
the areas under the two curves, respectively. The value in the direction shown in figure. The radius of loop is R.
A What is the magnitude of magnetic field induction at
of 2 is
A1 the centre of the loop?
I

2
O
Intensity (I)

1 R
327ºC θ
27ºC
Wavelength(λ) A B
D
(a) 1 : 16 μ 0 I ( π + θ) μ0I
(a) (b)
(b) 4 : 1 2 πR 2 πR
(c) 2 : 1 μ 0 I ( π − θ) μ I ( π + θ)2
(c) (d) 0
(d) 16 : 1 2 πR 2 πR

Answers
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (c)

91
 PERSONALITIES
SPECTRUM
‘‘Personalities column is an effort to introduce great scientists, whose contribution in Physics
is unforgettable. In this issue, we will introduce Albert Einstein and The Lord Rayleigh.

ALBERT EINSTEIN THE LORD RAYLEIGH

“Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is “I have never thought the materialist view possible, and I look to a power beyond what
limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, we see, and to a life in which we may at least hope to take part.”
stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution.”

LIFE LIFE
John William Strutt,3rd Baron Rayleigh,(12 Nov. l842 - 30 June 1919) was an English
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 - 18 April 1955) was a physicist who, with William Ramsay, discovered argon, an achievement for which
German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general he earned the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1904. He also discovered the phenomenon
theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics now called Rayleigh scattering, which can be used to explain why the sky is blue, and
(alongside quantum mechanics). Einstein’s theories of special and predicted the existence of the surface waves now known as Rayleigh waves.
general relativity drastically altered man’s view of the Rayleigh's textbook, The Theory of Sound, is still referred to by acoustic engineers
universe, and his work in particle and energy theory today. He suffered from frailty and poor health in his early years. He attended
helped make possible quantum mechanics and Harrow School, before going on to the University of Cambridge in 1861 where he
ultimately, the atomic bomb. He received the studied mathematics at Trinity College. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree
1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his ‘Services to (Senior Wrangler and 1st Smith's prize) in 1865, and a Master of Arts in 1868.He was
theoretical Physics’, in particular his subsequently elected to a Fellowship of Trinity. He was the second Cavendish
discovery of the law of the photoelectric Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge (following James Clerk
effect, a pivotal step in the evolution of Maxwell), from 1879 to 1884.
quantum theory.
CONTRIBUTION
• Discovery of argon. • Rayleigh waves.
CONTRIBUTION • Rayleigh scattering. • Rayleigh criterion.
General relativity and special relativity.
• • Duplex theory. • Sound theory.
• Photoelectric effect. • Rayleigh flow. • Rayleigh-Plesset equation.
• Mass-energy equivalence relation, i.e. • Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory.
E = mc 2 • Rayleigh-Taylor instability (quantum mechanics).
• Theory of Brownian motion. • Rayleigh-Jeans law.
• Einstein field equations.
• Bose-Einstein statistics. HONOUR
• Gravitational wave. • Smith's Prize (1864).
• Cosmological constant. • Royal Medal (1882).
• Matteucci Medal (1894).
• Unified field theory.
• De Morgan Model (1890).
• EPR paradox.
• Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
HONOUR (1897).
• Royal Society awarded the Copley Medal (1925). • Copley Medal (1899).

• Max Planck Medal of German Physical Society (1929). • Nobel Prize for Physics (1904).

• Franklin Medal for relativity and photoelectric effect (1936). • Albert Medal (1905).

• Time Magazine named him the Person of the Century, ahead of • Elliott Cresson Medal (1913).

Mahatma Gandhi and Franklin Roosevelt (1999). • Rumford Medal (1914).

• A Gallup Opinion Poll ranked Greatest Physicist Ever & Fourth Craters on Mars and the Moon are named in his honour as
Most Admired Person of the 20th century in U.S. (1999). well as a type of surface wave known as a Rayleigh wave. The
• United States Postal Service honoured with a Prominent asteroid 22740 Rayleigh was named in his honour on 1 June
Americans series & Postage Stamp (1965-1978). 2007. The rayl, a unit of acoustic impedance, is named for him.
Just Solve & Send

Quizzer (No.18)
1. A flat circular ring has mass m, outer radius a and 4. To an observer, two bodies of equal rest mass collide
inner radius b. 4c
head-on with equal but opposite velocities and
5
coherent. To a second observer, one body is initially
at rest. Find the apparent velocity of the other
b moving mass before the collision and compare its
a initial energy in the two frames of reference.
c, E 2 = æç ö÷ E1
40 40 41
(a) c, E 2 = E1 (b)
41 41 è9ø
2
(d) æç ö÷ , E 2 <
40 41 40 41
The measured value of these quantities are (c) c, E 2 > E1 E1
41 9 è 41 ø 9
m = 0.191 ± 0.003 kg, a = 110 ± 1 mm , b = 15 ± 1 mm.
Find the moment of inertia of the ring about an 5. A small spherical satellite is in circular orbit around
axis through the centre and normal to the plane of the Sun. The Sun subtends at the satellite a solid
the ring. angle of 7 ´ 10-5 steradians and the temperature of
. ´ 10 -3 kg-m2 ± 2.4%
(a) 177 the satellite is uniform. Assuming that the
. ´ 10 -2 kg-m2 ± 2.4%
(b) 188 emissivity of the satellite is independent of
. ´ 10 -10 kg-m2 ± 2.4%
(c) 177 wavelength, calculate the temperature. (the
(d) 2.77 ´ 10 -3 kg-m2 ± 2.4% effective black-body temperature of the Sun’s
2. Equipotentials are drawn 100 V apart near a very surface is 5800 K)
(a) 300 K (b) 280 K
large uniform plate of charge density s = 0.75 m C/m3 .
(c) 350 K (d) 420 K
If an equipotential surface is described by
x + y + z =1, then which of these points lies closest 6. In a certain inertial frame, two light pulses are
to next equipotential surface? emitted, a distance 5 km apart and separated by
(a) ( 3, 0, 2 3 ) (b) (2 3, 2 3, 0) 5 ms. An observer who is travelling, parallel to the
(c) ( 0, 0, 2 3 ) (d) (2 3, 0, 0) line joining the points where the pulses are emitted,
3. Find the temperature distribution in the space at a velocity v. With respect to this frame note that
between two co-axial cylinders of radii R1 and R2 the pulses are simultaneous. Find the value of v.
(a) 7 ´ 10 7 m/s (b) 9 ´ 10 8 m/s
filled with a uniform heat conducting substances, if
(c) 9 ´ 10 7 m/s (d) 9 ´ 10 4 m/s
the temperatures of the cylinders are constant and
equal to T1 and T2 , respectively. 7. In 1910, on its sixth trip around the Sun after that of
2 1456, Halley’s comet was observed to pass near the
T2 - T1 æ r ö T2 - T1 æ2 R ö Sun at a distance of 9 ´ 109 m. Estimate how far the
(a) T1 + loge ç ÷ (b) loge ç 2 ÷
æ R2 ö è R1 ø æ R2 ö è R1 ø comet travels from the Sun at the outer extreme of
loge ç ÷ loge ç ÷
è R1 ø è R1 ø its orbit and determine the ratio of its maximum
T1 + T2 T1 - T2 orbital speed to its minimum speed?
(c) T2 + (d)
æR ö æR ö (a) 5.3 ´ 1012 m, 69 (b) 5.3 ´ 1012 m, 59
loge ç 2 ÷ loge ç 2 ÷
è R1 ø è 4R1 ø (c) 6.4 ´ 10 20 m, 69 (d) 7.8 ´ 1012 m, 54

MAY 2016 95
MAGAZINE QUIZ

8. One plate of a 2 mF capacitor charged to 150 V is 9. A particle of mass m moved in a central force field
connected to the oppositely charged plate of a 3 mF such that its potential energy is given by V = kr n,
capacitor charged to 120 V. The other plate of each where r is the distance from the centre of force, k
capacitor ends in a free wire. An uncharged capacitor and n are constants. What will be the condition for
of 1.5 mF is dropped onto the free ends. What will be a stable circular orbit?
the potential difference across each capacitor? How (a) n > +2
much charge will pass through 150 V point A? (b) n > -2
1.5 μF (c) n < -2
(d) n = 0

+
10. If the average life time of an excited state of
–
150 V
–
2 μF 3 μF 120 V hydrogen is of the order of 10-8 s. Estimate how
+
many orbits an electron make, when it is in the
state n = 2 and before it suffers a transition to state
A n = 1 (Bohr’s radius a0 = 5.3 ´ 10-11 m)
(a) + 60 V, - 60 V, + 120 V and 1.8 ´ 10 -4 C (a) 8 ´ 10 4
. ´ 10 -3 C
(b) + 50 V, - 50 V, + 100 V and 16 (b) 8 ´ 10 6
(c) +40 V, - 60 V, + 100 V and 1.5 ´ 10 -4 C (c) 8 ´ 10 7
(d) - 30 V, - 80 V, + 110 V and 2.1 ´ 10 -5 C (d) 8 ´ 10 5

KNOWLEDGE
Coefficient
Quizzer (No. 18)

Winner of Knowledge Coefficient Physics Spectrum

Quizzer (No. 17) (April Issue) Arihant Media Promoters
Neerja Chaudhary (Lucknow) c/o Arihant Prakashan
Kalindi, T.P. Nagar, Meerut (UP) - 250002

96 MAY 2016