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QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Simplification
VBODMAS
12 5 1 1 1
'VBODMAS' (Vinculum - Bracket - Of - Division  x   3  3
5 4 6 6 6
- Multiplication - Addition - Subtraction) rule
should be applied for solvingproblems involving    8  
one or more mathematical operationslike mul- 3  ( 8  5 )  ( 4  2 )  2     ?
   1 3  
tiplication, division, addition, subtraction etc.
Such problemsare solved in the order of vincu- 4.   34  
 3 3  2  
lum, bracket, of, division, multiplication, addi-   13 
tion and subtraction. Remember 'Of' in
VBODMAS means multiplication.   1 3 
 3  3   2 x  
Solved Examples   3 4 
1. 45 - 4 x 6 - 5 + 14  7 = ?
45 - 4 x 6 - 5 + 14  7 = 45- 24- 5 + 2 = 18  13   3 x7 
3  3   3  13 
2. 21  3 (10 - 3) - 20 + 1 = ?  7   
= 21  3 x 7 - 20 + 1 3x13 13
= 7 x 7 - 20 + 1  
= 49 - 20 + 1 = 30 3x7 7
(4  4  4 )  4
4 4 1 5.  ?
3. 3 of    ? 666  6
5 5 6
4 4 1 12 4 1 ( 4  4  4)  4 12  4 3
3 of       
5 5 6 5 5 6 666  6 6  6  1 13

SIMPLIFICATION USING IDENTITIES

1. a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c a3 b3
11.  ab
a2  ab  b2
2. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
3. (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 a3  b3
12.  ab
4. (a + b)2 = (a - b)2 + 4ab a2  ab  b2

5. (a - b)2 = (a + b)2 - 4ab a2  ab  b2 1

13. 3 3

6. 2
(a - b) (a + b) = a - b 2 a b ab
3 3 3
7. (a + b) = a + 3ab (a + b) + b a2  ab  b2 1
14. 
8. (a - b)3 = a3 - 3ab (a - b) - b3 a3  b3 ab
9. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
15. (a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2)
10. a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)
16. (a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab
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FRACTIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTIONS
1 . Proper Fraction : A Proper fraction is one dividing the numerator and the denominator by
whose numerator is less than its denomina- the same number.
tor. a ac
ie. 
1 4 b bc
eg. ,
3 9 Reduction of a fraction to its lowest terms
2 . Improper Fraction : An improper fraction To change a fraction to its lowest terms,
is one whose numerator is equal to or greater divide its numerator and denominator by the
than its denominator H.C.F. of the numbers.

6 4 12
eg. , eg. Reduce to its lowest terms.
5 4 36
3 . Mixed Fraction: A mixed fraction is a 12 12  12 1
quantity consisting of two parts, one a whole  
36 36  12 3
number and other a proper fraction.
(Since H.C.F. of 12 and 36 is 12)
1 3
eg. 4 ,9 Reducing fractions to their common
8 4
denominators
A mixed fraction can always be expressed as
To reduce fractions to their common
an improper fraction.
denominators, change the denominators into
2 2 (5 x 3)  2 17 their L.C.M.
eg. 5  5  
3 3 3 3 3 4
Similarly an improper fraction can always be eg.,
4 5
expressed as a mixed fraction. For that divide
L.C.M. of 4 and 5 = 20
the numerator by the denominator and write
the quotient as the whole number part of the 3
mixed fraction, the remainder as the numera- To convert the denominator of into 20,
4
tor and the divisor as the denominator. multiply it by 5. To convert the denominator of
19 4 26 5 4
eg. 3 ; 3 into 20, multiply it by 4.
5 5 7 7 5
Basic Property of Fractions
3 x5 4 x 4 15 16
1 . The value of a fraction is not altered by (ie) ; (ie) ;
multiplying the numerator and denominator by 4 x5 5 x 4 20 20
the same number. Comparing Fractions
a axc ac a b
ie.   Let and , be two fractions with same
b bxc bc c c
2. The value of a fraction is not altered by denominator c.
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1 19
a b 4 3 = 2  1 2
Then  if a>b eg.  20 20
c c 5 5
1 3 5 11
a b 1 2 6. 13  12  11  10 ?
 if a<b eg.  3 4 6 12
c c 3 3
L.C.M. of 3, 4, 6 and 12 is 12
a b 1 1
 if a=b eg. 
c c 2 2
1 11 3 5
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions = (13  10  12  11)    
3 12 4 6
Method : Convert the fractions with the same
denominator by taking L.C.M. and then add or 4  11  9  10 4 1
= 0  
subtract. 12 12 3
Examples Multiplication of fractions
3 2 3 2 5 1 . To multiply a fraction by a whole num-
1.    ber, multiply the numerator by the whole num-
7 7 7 7
ber.
1 3 4
2.   1 3 (2 x 3) 6
4 4 4 eg. 2 x  
5 5 5
2 4 2 . To multiply a fraction by another fraction
3.  ?
7 9 multiply corresponding numerators and denomi-
nators and then simplify.
L.C.M. of 7, 9 = 63
4 3 4x3 1
2 4 18 28 46 eg. x  
    5 12 5 x12 5
7 9 63 63 63
Division of Fractions
2 3 4
4.   ? 1 . To divide a fraction by a whole number,
3 4 5
multiply the denominator of the fraction by the
L.C.M. of 3, 4 and 5 is 60 whole number.

2 3 4 40 45 48 2 2 2
      eg. 7  
3 4 5 60 60 60 3 3 x7 21

40  45  48 133 13 2 . To divide a fraction by a fraction, find the

=  2 reciprocal of the divisor and then multiply.
60 60 60
2 4 2 5 10 5
3 4 eg.     
5. 6  3 ? 3 5 3 4 12 6
4 5
Note: Cancellation can be performed only to
3 4 3 4 multiplication and division of fractions; it can
6  3  (6  3)   not be perfomed in addition or subtraction of
4 5 4 5
fractions.
15  16 1 Point to remember:
= 3 3 
20 20 1. To multiply a whole number and a mixed
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fraction together, perform separate multiplica- 3 1

tion and then add the results. of his salary on house rent and of the
10 8
2 2 salary on clothes. He still has Rs. 1,400 left
eg. 1 8 x 5  (1 8 x 5 )  1 8 x
3 3 with him. Find his total salary.
2 3 1
 90 12 102 Totally he spends     of his to-
5 10 8 
2 . To divide a mixed fraction by a whole tal salary.
number divide the whole number part of the
mixed fraction by the divisor (let the quotient  2 3 1
 He saves 1   5  10  8   part of his sal-
be a). Reduce the remainder to a single frac-  
tion and divide this single fraction by the divi- ary.
sor. (Let the quotient be b). Now the required
result is a+b.  33 
 1  
 40  x total salary = 1400
2
eg. 21  4 7
3 (ie) x total salary = 1400
40
2 40
4) 21 (5
3 total salary = 1400 x  Rs. 8000
7
20 3. In an examination, a studnet was asked

2 5 3
1  to find of a certain number. By mistake,
3 3 14
3
5 5 1 5 he found of it. His answer was 150 more
Now 4  x  4
3 3 4 12 than the correct answer. Find the given num-
2 5 5
ber.
 21  4  5  5 Let the given number be x, then
3 12 12
3x 3x
  150
More Solved Examples 4 14
1. There are 40 students in a class. One day
3 3  15
7  x     150  x  150
only th of total students were present.  4 14  28
10
Find the number of absentees on that day. 150 x 28
x =  280
15
Number of absentees
= Fraction of absentees x Total number 4 5
4. By how much is of 70 less than of
5 7
 7  112?
= 1   x 40  12 students
 10  5 4
x 112  x 70  5 x16  4 x14  24
7 5
2
2. A man spends of his salary on food,
5 5
5. part of what amount will be equal to
12
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3 Subtraction
3 part of Rs. 100.
4 In subtraction also, the given numbers are
to be written in such a way that the number of
Let the amount be Rs.y decimal places become equal for all numbers.
5 3 eg. 5 - 0.473
of y  3 of 100
12 4 Maximum number of decimal place
= 3 (in 0.473)
5 15
 y x 100 ie. 5-0.473=5.000 - 0.473 = 4.527
12 4
Multiplication
15 x100 12
 y x 1 . Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction by a
4 5
power of 10:
 y  900 Shift the decimal point to the right by as
many places of decimal as the power of 10.
Decimal Fractions
eg. 4.5291 x 100 = 452.91
Fractions that have powers of 10 in the
denominators are called decimal fractions. 2 . Multiplication of two or more decimal
fractions :
(ie) Fractions whose denominators are 10, 102, 0.002 x 0.08 x 0.5 = ?
103, 104 ......... are called decimal fractions. Step 1: Multiply the given numbers as if they
eg. 0.5, 0.063, 8.98 etc. are without any decimal point.
Here ie. 2x8x5 = 80
Step 2 : Add the total number of decimal
5 63 898 places in the given numbers
0.5 = ; 0.063  ; 8.98 
10 1000 100
ie 3+2+1 = 6
Annexing zeros to the extreme right of Step 3 : Write the result of step 1 and con-
decimal fraction does not change its value. 0.47 vert it to a number whose number of decimal
= 0.470 = 0.4700 etc. places is same as the number obtained in step
Addition 2 by shifting the decimal point to the left.
For adding a decimal number with another  0.002x0.08x0.5=0.000080 = 0.00008
decimal number or with another whole num- Division
ber write the given number in such a way that
1 . While dividing a decimal fraction by pow-
the number of decimal places are equal for all
ers of 10, the result is obtained by shifting the
the numbers.
decimal point to the left by as many places of
eg. 2+0.63 + 0.712 decimal as is the power of 10.
Here maximum number of decimal place= 3 eg. 3.45  10 = 0.345

 Convert all the numbers to 3 decimal places. 961.1  100 = 9.611

 2+ 0.63 + 0.712 =
2.000 + 0.630 + 0.712 = 3.342
2 . While dividing a decimal fraction by a natu-
ral number, divide the given fraction without
the decimal point by the given natural number.
In the answer thus got, place the decimal point
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to the left as many places of decimal as are  When a divisor as well as dividend is a
there in the dividend. decimal, we multiply both the dividend and the
divisor by suitable multiple of 10 to make the
125
. divisor a whole number and then proceed divi-
eg. ?
25 sion.

125 Solved Examples:

First step is 5
25 1. Evaluate
2 37 x 2 37 + 36 3 x3 6 3 + 2 x 23 7 x 36 3
125
.
 0.05 Given expression is of the form
25
a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = (a+b) 2
3 . While dividing a decimal fraction by a deci-
mal fraction, shift the decimal point to the right = (237  363)2  (600 )2  360000
of the dividend and the divisor both by equal
number of digits such that the divisor is con-
verted into a whole number.
2. 2212  220 2  ?

3.15 315
. Given expression is
eg.   0.9
3.5 35 a 2 - b2 =(a+b) (a-b)
= (221 + 220) (221 - 220)
28.6 28600
  200 = 441 x 1 = 21
0.143 143
Expressing a decimal into a vulgar fraction 0.45 x 0.45 x0.45  0.21 x 0.21 x 0.21
3. 0.45 x 0.45  0.45 x 0.21  0.21 x 0.21
Put 1 in the denominator under the deci-
mal point and annex with it as many zeros as is
Given expression is of the form
the number of digits after the decimal point.
Remove the decimal point and reduce the frac- a3  b3
tion to its lowest terms.  a  b  0.45  0.21  0.24
a2  ab  b2
0.125 125 1
Thus  
1000
. 1000 8 4.7 x 6.5  5.3 x 6.5
4. ?
If numerator and denominator of a frac- 13
. x 7.9  13. x 6.9
tion contain the same number of decimal
places, then we may remove the decimal sign. ax  bx (a  b) x
Given expression is cy  dy  (c  d) y
8.86 886
eg. 
9.25 925
(4.7  5.3) 6.5 10 x 6.5
 To multiply a decimal by any multiple of   50
(7.9  6.9)13. 1x13.
ten, move the decimal point as many places to
the right as is the number of zeros in the multi- 0.75 x 0.75  0.74 x 0.74
plier. 5. ?
149
.
 To divide a decimal by any multiple of ten
move the decimal point as many places to the a2  b2
left as is the number of zeros in the divisor. Given expression is a b
ab
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= 0.75 - 0.74 = 0.01

5 5
4 
6.4 x 6.4  2 x 6.4 x 3.6  3.6 x3.6 1 = 4 1
? 1 1
6. 2 2 1 4
(6.4)  (3.6) 3  3 
1
2 9
4
a2  2 ab  b2
The given expression is
a2  b2 5
= 4 
9 =
2
1
(a  b) a  b (6.4  3.6) 31
=  
(a  b)(a  b) a  b (6.4  3.6)
31 32  31 1
= 4  
10 100 25 4 8 8 8
=   3
2.8 28 7 7 1 0 . Find the value of
7. 0.7 x 0.7 x 0.7 - 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.3
- 3x0.7x0.3x0.4 = ?  1  1  1  1  1  1
1   1   1   1   1   1  
The given expression is  2  2  3  3   4  4
a3 - b3 - 3ab (a-b)
 1  1  1  1  1  1
= (a-b) 3 =(0.7-0.3) 3 =(0.4) 3 1   1   1   1   1   1  
 2  2  3  3  4  4
= 0.064
8. Simplify  1  1  1 
= 1    1   1  
 4  9  16 
1  1  1 1  1 1 1  
7  2  1  1    
2  4  4 2  2 3 6  
3 8 15 5
= x x 
1  1  1 1  1 1 1   4 9 16 8
7  2  1  1    
2  4  4 2  2 3 6   1 1 . Find the value of
1 1
1  1  1 1  2  2  
= 7  2  1  x 1   2  2 2 2
2  4  4 2 
1 1
2  2   =
1  1 3 2  2 2 2
= 7  2  
2  4 4
2 2 2  2
2 2
=
1 9 4 1
7  x  7 3  4
1 2  2   2 2 
2 4 3 2 2
 2 2 
= 2  2   
5 2  4
9. Find the value of 4 
1
1 = 2  2  2 2
1
3 
1
2 
4
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x 3 3 3 1
6. 2 of   ?
1 2 . If y  4 then find the value of 4 4 4
4 3 1
6 yx a) b) c) 2 d) 2
 9 2 4
7 yx
2 3.5 x 2 3.5  3.5 x 3.5
7. ?
x 9.6 x 9.6  2 x 9.6 x 8.6  8.6 x 8.6
1
6 y x 6 y a) 540 b) 2 7 c) 5 4 d) 6 7 0
  
7 y  x 7 1 x
8. 32.5x32.5-2x32.5x2.5+2.5x2.5= ?
y
a) 900 b) 3 0 c) 5 0 0 d) 1 2 2 5
3 8.9 x 8.9 x 8.9  1.4 x 1.4 x 1.4
1 ?
= 6 4 9.
 8.9 x 8.9  8.9 x 1.4  1.4 x 1.4
7 1 3
4 a) 75 b) 1 0. 3 c) 1 4. 5 d) 7 . 5

1 24.4 x 24.4  2 x 24.4 x 5.6  5.6 x 5.6

10. ?
6 4 6 1 24.4 x 24.4  5.6 x 5.6
=    1
7 7 7 7
4 188
. 1 88 47 16
a) b) c) d)
0.3 30 75 25
PRACTICE TEST
11. 0. 7x0.7x0. 7+0.3x0.3x0. 3+3x0.7x0.3=?
1. 20 - [9-{7+(2x3)} +5] = ? a) 4 b) 1 c) 1 0 d) 1 6
a) 20 b) 1 5 c) 1 7 d) 1 9
(0.356)2 x  2 x 0.356 x 0.106  (0.106 )2
2. 6+[2+{4x(8-3) - (2x6)-1}+2]= ? 12. ?
(0.632 )2  2 x 0.632 x 0.368  (0.368 )2
a) 17 b) 1 3 c) 1 9 d) 1 5
a) 0. 62 5 b) 0. 06 25
1 c) 0. 03 45 d) 0. 34 5
3. of 35+4 (9-3) = ?
5
a) 31 b) 1 5 c) 2 4 d) 4 2 1 3 . 0637
. x0637
. 2x0637
. x0395
.  0395
. x0395
.
?
0242
.
1 1 1 1 a) 1. 13 2 b) 0. 24 2
4.  x 
2 3 4 12 c) 1. 42 2 d) 1
1 4 1 1
a) b) c) d) 4.75x 4.75x 4.75  125
. x125
. x125
.
3 5 2 6 14. ?
4.75x 4.75  125
. x125
.  4.75x125
.
(7  7  7 )  7
5. ? a) 5.25 b) 3 . 5 c) 0 d) 6
3333
3 3 5 3 7 7 5 x7 7 5  2 2 5 x 2 2 5  7 7 5 x 2 2 5
15. ?
a) b) c) d) 7 7 5 x 7 7 5 x 7 7 5 + 2 2 5 x 2 2 5 x 2 2 5
11 13 7 7
a) 1000 b) 0 . 0 1
c) 0. 00 1 d) 0.0001
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1 4 5
(0 .3 3 7  0.12 6 )2  (0.3 3 7  0 .1 26 )2  of 3
16. ? 4 5 6 ?
0 .3 3 7 x 0.1 2 6 25. 1 1  3 1
4    21 
a) 0. 21 1 b) 0. 46 3 3 5 1 0 5
c) 4 d) 2 . 1 1
(6 9 5  3 4 5 )2  (6 9 5  3 4 5 )2 1 7
17. ? a) b) 2
(6 9 5 )2  (3 4 5 )2 6 12
a)2 b) 3 4 5 c) 6 9 5 d) 4 1 1
2 2 c) 15 d) 21
(4.621  2.954 )  (4.621  2.954 ) 2 2
18. ?
4.621x 4.621  2.954 x 2.954
a) 4 b) 2 c) 0 d) 1 1 1 3 1 7 3
2 6 . 2  2  4  2  8  4    ?
 
6 4 8 5 2 x 6 4 8 5 2  2 4 8 5 2 x2 4 8 5 2
19. ? 27 27
64852  24852 a) b)
16 32
a) 2 0 0 0 0 b) 80000
c) 3 0 0 0 0 d) 40000 27 107
c) d)
20. 126.5x126.5-2x126.5x6.5+6.5x6.5=? 64 112
a) 12000 b) 1 4 4 0 0
1 1 1
c) 17689 d) 1 4 4 0  of
27. 5 5 5 ?
1 1 1
0.52 x 0.52  0.4 x 0.4  2 x 0.52 x 0.4 of 
21. ? 5 5 5
0.52  0.4
a) 1.2 b) 0 . 9 2 1
a) 1 b) 5 c) d) 25
c) 0.48 d) 0 . 1 2 5

(4.8 )3  0 .0 2 7
?
7 9  2 4 x 1 1  6   ?
22. 28.
(4.8 )2  1.4 4  0 .0 9 5 x 9  (1 3  1 2 )
a) 4.5 b) 0 . 4 5 c) 5 . 1 d) 2 . 2 0 7 55
a) 8 b)
1 20 4
23. ?
1
1 5 1
1 c) d)
1 4 20
2

5 3 a 7  14 2 b  a 
a) 3 b) c) 1 d) 2 9 . If  , then    is equal
b 8  23 2 b  a 
3 5
to
3  1  1 1  
2 4 . 5   4  2 2   0 .5  6  7     ? 5 5 5 5
   a) b) c) d)
14 9 23 92
19 61 23 47
a) 1 b) 2 c) 2 d) 2
84 84 84 84
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 1  3  5  7  997 5 10 10 19
3 0 . 2   2   2   2   ..... 2 
 5  7  9
 ?
 999 a) 1 b) 1 c) d)
3 9 19 19 10
5 7
a) b) 3 5 . If (a-b) is 6 more than (c+d) and (a+b) is
999 1000 3 less than (c-d), then (a-c) is
1000 1001 a) 0 . 5 b) 1 . 0 c) 1 . 5 d) 2 . 0
c) d)
7 3 3 6 . The expression
(7.98 x 7.98+7.98x x + 0.02 x 0.02) will
a 4 6a  4 b
3 1 . If  , then the value of is be a perfect square for x equal to
b 3 6a  5b
a) 4.0 b) 0 . 4
a) -1 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
c) 0.04 d) 0. 00 4
1  1 1 1 1 1
3 2 . If      1   , then the 3 7 . The sum of the smallest six digit number
x 2 3 4 2 3 and the greatest five digit number is
value of x is
a) 1 9 99 9 9 b) 2 0 11 1 0
1 13 c) 2 1 11 1 0 d) 1 09 9 99 9
a) b) c) 2 d) 4
4 22
3 8 . The sum of two numbers is 22 and their
1 difference is 14. Find the product of the
33. ? numbers.
1
2  a) 70 b) 7 5 c) 7 2 d) 8 2
1
2 
1 3 9 . The sum of squares of two numbers is
2 
2 80 and the square of their difference is
36. The product of the two numbers is
8 19 7 8 a) 22 b) 4 4 c) 5 8 d) 1 1 6
a) b) c) d)
19 8 8 9
4 0 . The product of two numbers is 120. The
1 sum of their squares is 289. The sum of
34. 1  ? the two numbers is
1
1
1 a) 20 b) 2 3 c) 1 6 9 d) 1 5 0
1
9

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE TEST

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5 . (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a)

9. (d) 1 0 . (c) 1 1 . (b) 1 2 . (b) 13. (b) 1 4 . (d) 1 5 . (c) 1 6 . (c)

1 7 . (a) 1 8 . (b) 1 9 . (d) 2 0 . (b) 21.(d) 2 2 . (a) 2 3 . (d) 2 4 . (c)

2 5 . (c) 2 6 . (b) 2 7 . (d) 2 8 . (b) 29.(c) 3 0 . (d) 3 1 . (c) 32.(b)

3 3 . (a) 3 4 . (b) 3 5 . (c) 3 6 (c) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40.(b)