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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Water Supply & Urban Drainage [CENG 3171]

Civil 3rd year (Section 3 & 4)


Extension Program
Ethio-China

Bahru Mekuria (M.Sc.)

August, 2016

ASTU, Summer Semester 2016


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Objective:
The aim of this course is to familiarize the
students with the design of water supply systems,
demand projection, design of storm water
drainage, and identification of water supply
sources.
Outcome:
The students will learn how to identify the sources of potable
water, how to design pipes and pipe networks and how to
develop wells.
Moreover, the student learns how to design storm and
combined sewers.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents
1. Quantity of Water Contents

Quantity of Water

2. Sources of Water Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics
3. Ground Water Hydraulics
Collection &
Distribution of
4. Collection & Distribution of Water Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
5. Pump & Pumping Station Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation
6. Building Water Supply & Sanitary Installation
Wastewater
Collection

7. Wastewater Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.Quantity of Water
1.1 Introduction Contents

Next to the air, the other important requirement for human Quantity of Water

life to exist is water. Water is available in various forms such Sources of Water
as rivers, lake, streams etc. Ground Water
Hydraulics
The earliest civilizations organized on the banks of major river
systems and required water for drinking, bathing, cooking etc. Collection &
Distribution of
Water
But with the advancement of civilization the utility of water
enormously increased and now such a stage has come that Pump & Pumping
Station
without well-organized public water supply scheme, it is Building Water
impossible to run the present civic life. Supply & Sanitary
Installation
In health aspect, nearly 80% of the communicable diseases are Wastewater
transmitted through drinking water. Hence to protect the Collection

health of the community, protected water supply should be


made available for all.
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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1. Introduction (Cont.)
Body composition Contents

– Body, 65% water; blood, 83%; bones, 25% Quantity of Water

Water loss: 1% thirst; 5% hallucinations; Sources of Water

Ground Water
Basic requirements for safe water Hydraulics

 Drinking: 2–3 liters/day Collection &


Distribution of
 Minimum acceptable standard for living (WHO) Water

 20–50 liters/capita/day for cooking and basic Pump & Pumping


Station
hygiene. Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Access to water-supply services is defined as the Installation

availability of at least 20 liters per person per day Wastewater


Collection
from an "improved" source within 1 kilometer of the
user's dwelling.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.1.1 Objective of Water Supply


The objectives of water supply system are
Contents
 to provide whole some water to the consumers for
Quantity of Water
drinking purpose.
Sources of Water
 to supply adequate quantity to meet at least the
minimum needs of the individuals. Ground Water
Hydraulics
 to make adequate provisions for emergencies like
Collection &
fire fighting, festivals, meeting etc. Distribution of
 to make provision for future demands due to increase in Water

population, increase in standard of living, storage and Pump & Pumping


Station
conveyance.
Building Water
 to prevent pollution of water at source, storage and Supply & Sanitary
conveyance. Installation

 to maintain the treatment units and distribution system Wastewater


Collection
in good condition with adequate staff and materials.
 to design and maintain the system that is economical and
reliable.
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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.1.2 Water Supply System Components


The system comprises the following major elements:
Source (groundwater or surface water) Contents
Raw water collection structures (intake structure, transmission line) Quantity of Water
Treatment plant
Sources of Water
Distribution systems (pipes, pumps, reservoir, etc.)
Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.1.3 Water Supply System Planning


Water supply system planning involves
Contents
identification of service needs, Quantity of Water

evaluation of options, Sources of Water

Ground Water
determination of optimal strategy to meet services, Hydraulics

development of implementation strategies. Collection &


Distribution of
Water

The planning exercise involves Pump & Pumping


Station
collection of pertinent data, Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
consideration of relevant factors, and Installation

Wastewater
preparation of project documents and cost estimates. Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Required data sets During Water supply system


planning
– Geological data: to know the quantity of available water Contents

at various depths in the ground. Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
– Hydrological data: to determine the quantity of water Ground Water
Hydraulics
available in the surface sources. Collection &
Distribution of
– Sanitary conditions of the area: for deciding the Water

Pump & Pumping


preventive measures against them. Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
– Topography of the area: helps in deciding the position of Installation

intake works and treatment plants type of system to be Wastewater


Collection

adopted for conveyance and distribution of water.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Required data sets (Cont.)


– Legal requirements: Applicable legal requirements like
Contents

land use, social and environmental considerations, etc. Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
– Public opinion: Data on the public opinions are also
Ground Water
Hydraulics
collected, regarding the project
Collection &
Distribution of
– Level of water demand: Current and future demands of Water

Pump & Pumping


water. Station

Building Water
– Existing water supply system: If the project is Supply & Sanitary
Installation

concerned with expansion of the existing water supply Wastewater


Collection

scheme, the details of collection, conveyance, treatment


and distribution systems should be thoroughly studied.
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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.2 Factors to be considered


The following factors should be considered and kept in mind
Contents
during preparation of water supply design projects:
Quantity of Water

֏ Population: Factors affecting the future increase in the population. Sources of Water

Ground Water
֏ Per capita Requirement: the various factors and living standard Hydraulics

and the number and type of industries, number and type of the Collection &
Distribution of
commercial establishments in the town etc. Water

Pump & Pumping


֏ Public places, parks, institutions etc. Station

֏ Industries: existing industries as well as future. Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation
֏ Sources of water: Detailed survey.
Wastewater
Collection
֏ Conveyance of water: from source to water treatment units
depend on the relative levels.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.2 Factors to be considered (Cont.)


֏ Quality of water: The analysis of the raw water quality should be made
Contents
to know the various impurities present in it, and to decide on the
Quantity of Water
required treatment processes. Sources of Water

֏ Treatment works: sizes and number of treatment units Ground Water


Hydraulics
֏ Pumping units for treated water Collection &
Distribution of
֏ Storage: The entire city or town should be divided into several Water

Pump & Pumping


pressure zones and storage facility should be provided in each zone. Station

֏ Distribution system: The distribution system should be designed Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
according to the master plan of the town, keeping in mind the future Installation

Wastewater
development. Collection

֏ Economy and reliability: should be economical and reliable

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.3 Water Demand


 Water demand is defined as the volume of water
Contents
required by users to satisfy their needs.
Quantity of Water

 Demand is theoretical while consumption is actual. Sources of Water

Ground Water
 Design of a water supply scheme requires knowledge of Hydraulics

Collection &
water demand and its timely variations. Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


 Various components of a water demand are: Station

Building Water
Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Public water Supply & Sanitary
Installation

uses, Fire demand and Unaccounted for system Wastewater


Collection

losses.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.3.1 Residential Water Demand


This includes the water required in residential buildings for Contents

drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn sprinkling, gardening, Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
sanitary purposes, etc.
Ground Water
Hydraulics
The amount of domestic water consumption per person Collection &
Distribution of
varies according to the living standards of the consumers. Water

Pump & Pumping


Usually ranges from 20lpcd for developing country like Station

Building Water
Ethiopia to over 350lpcd for developed countries. Supply & Sanitary
Installation

In most countries the residential demand constitutes 50 to Wastewater


Collection

60% of the total demand.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.3.2 Commercial & Industrial Water Demand


Commercial water demand: Hotels, shopping centers, Contents

service stations, movie houses, airports, etc. Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
The commercial water demand may vary greatly depending
Ground Water
Hydraulics
on the type and number of establishments.
Collection &
Distribution of
Industrial water demand: Tanning, brewery, dairy, etc. Water

Pump & Pumping


The quantity of water required for commercial and Station

Building Water
industrial purposes can be related to such factors as Supply & Sanitary
Installation

number of employees, floor area of the establishment, or Wastewater


Collection

units produced.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.3.3 Public Water Demand


The quantity of water required for public utility purposes includes
Contents
water for public institutions like schools, watering of public
Quantity of Water
parks, washing and sprinkling of roads, use of public fountains,
Sources of Water

clearing wastewater conveyance, etc. Ground Water


Hydraulics
Usually the demand may range from 2 - 5% of the total demand. Collection &
Distribution of
Category Water Demand Per day Water
Day school 5 l/pupil
Boarding school 80-100 l/pupil Pump & Pumping
Station
Hospital 50-100 l/bed
Restaurants 10 l/seat Building Water
Hotels 25-100 l/bed
Typical Values Public Offices 5 l/employee
Supply & Sanitary
Installation
Mosques & Churches 5 l/visitor
Wastewater
Public baths 100 l/visitor
Collection
Rail way & Bus Station 10 l/user
Military camps 60 l/person
Cinema houses 5 l/seat
Abattoir 300 l/cow
Public latrines 25 liters/seat
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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.3.4 Unaccounted System Losses & Leakage


Water lost or unaccounted for because of leaks in
Contents

main and appurtenances, faulty meters, and Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
unauthorized water connections. Ground Water
Hydraulics

These should be taken in to account while Collection &


Distribution of
Water

estimating the total requirements. Pump & Pumping


Station

Losses and leakage may reach as high as 35% of Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation

the total consumption. Wastewater


Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.3.5 Fire Demand

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.3.5 Fire Demand (Cont.)

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Fire fighting demand calculation Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation
National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU)
Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.3.6 Factors Affecting Water Demand


The following are factors that affect water demand;
Contents

 Climatic Conditions Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
 Cost of Water
Ground Water
 Living Standards Hydraulics

 Industries Collection &


Distribution of
Water
 Metering water lines
Pump & Pumping
 Quality of water supply Station

Building Water
 Size of community Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.3.6 Variations in Water Demand

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Practice
Identify the different water demand components Contents

Quantity of Water
and determine the average daily water demand Sources of Water

for your sub city. Ground Water


Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.4 Variations in water demand


 Annual average day demand (Qday-avg): the average daily
Contents

demand over a period of one year. For economical calculations Quantity of Water

and fire fighting. Sources of Water

Ground Water
 Maximum day demand (Qday-max): the amount of water required Hydraulics

during the day of maximum consumption in a year. Important for Collection &
Distribution of
Water
water treatment plants and water storages.
Pump & Pumping
 Peak hour demand (Qhr-max) the amount of water required Station

Building Water
during the maximum hour in a given day. Important for design of Supply & Sanitary
Installation
distribution systems. Wastewater
Collection
 Coincident draft (Qcd). the sum of maximum daily demand,
Qday-max, and the fire demand (QF).

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Typical Peak Factors


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.5 Population Forecasting


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.5 Population Forecasting Techniques


Elements of a water supply system are designed to Contents
serve present and future population. Quantity of Water

It is therefore necessary to forecast the future Sources of Water

population using suitable methods. Ground Water


Hydraulics

1. Arithmetic Method Collection &


Distribution of
Water
2. Geometric or Uniform Percentage Method Pump & Pumping

3. Geometric Increase Method Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.5.1 Arithmetic Method


The rate of population growth is constant. Contents

Quantity of Water
Mathematically the hypothesis may be expressed as:
Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
k is determined graphically of from successive population Water

figures. Pump & Pumping


Station
The future population is given by 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝑘𝑡 Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation
Where, Pt = Population at some time in the future
Wastewater
Collection
Po = Present Population
t = Period of Projection
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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.5.2 Geometric or Uniform Percentage Method


Rate of increase which is proportional to the population.
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Integrating yields: Ground Water


Hydraulics

Collection &
−𝑙𝑛𝑃 = 𝑙𝑛𝑃𝑜 + 𝑘∆𝑡 Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


This hypothesis could be verified by plotting recorded Station

Building Water
population growth on semi-log paper. Supply & Sanitary
Installation

If a straight line can be fitted to the data, the value of k Wastewater


Collection

can be estimated from the slope.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

1.5.3 Geometric Increase Method


The average percentage of the last few decades is determined,
Contents
and the forecasting is done on the basis that percentage Quantity of Water

increase per decade will be same. Sources of Water

Ground Water
Thus, the population at the end of n years or decades is given as: Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
Where, AGR = Annual Growth Rate of the Population Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Pn = population at time n in the future Installation

Wastewater
Po = present population Collection

n = periods of projection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Examples
1. The census figure of a city shows population as follows
Contents

Present population 50000 Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
Before one decade 47100
Ground Water
Hydraulics
Before two decades 43500 Collection &
Distribution of
Before three decades 41000 Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
Work out the probable population after one, two and three
Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
decades using arithmetic increase and geometric increase Installation

Wastewater
method. Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Solution

Arithmetic Method Contents

Increase in present and first decade Quantity of Water

50000 – 47100 = 2900 Sources of Water

Increase in first and second decade Ground Water


Hydraulics
47100 - 43500= 3600 Collection &
Distribution of
Increase in second and third decade Water

43500 – 41000 = 2500 Pump & Pumping


Station
Average increase = (2900+3600+2500)/3 = 3000
Building Water
Population after 1st decade = 50000 + 3000 = 53000 Supply & Sanitary
Installation
Population after 2nd decade = 50000 + 6000 = 56000 Wastewater
Collection
Population after 3rd decade = 50000 + 9000 = 59000

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Solution (Cont.)
Geometric Increase
Contents
Percent increase in present and first decade
Quantity of Water
(2900/ 47100)*100 = 6.16 %
Sources of Water
Percent increase in first and second decade Ground Water
(3600/ 43500 )*100 = 8.26 % Hydraulics

Collection &
Percent increase in second and third decade Distribution of
Water
(2500/ 41000)*100 = 6.09 %
Pump & Pumping
Average increase = (6.16 + 8.26 + 6.09)/3 = 6.84 % Station

P after 1st decade = 50000 (1 + 6.84/100)1 = 50342 Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
P after 2nd decade = 50000 (1 + 6.84/100)2 = 53786 Installation

Wastewater
P after 3rd decade = 50000 (1 + 6.84/100)3 = 57465 Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Exercise
The Annual Growth Rate of a town in Ethiopia is 3.5%. Contents

Assuming the present population of the town (in 2007) is Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
4500, what would be the population in 2020? Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents
1. Quantity of Water Contents

Quantity of Water

2. Sources of Water Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics
3. Ground Water Hydraulics
Collection &
Distribution of
4. Collection & Distribution of Water Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
5. Pump & Pumping Station Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation
6. Building Water Supply & Sanitary Installation
Wastewater
Collection

7. Wastewater Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2. Sources of Water Supply


2.1 General Contents

Quantity of Water
• Water is the most abundant compound in nature. Sources of Water

• It covers 75% of the earth surface. Ground Water


Hydraulics
• About 97.3% of water is contained in the great oceans that Collection &
Distribution of
are saline and 2.14% is held in icecaps glaciers in the poles, Water

Pump & Pumping


which are also not useful. Station

• Barely the remaining 0.56% found on earth is in useful form Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation
• for general livelihood.
Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2.1 General (Cont.)


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2.1 General (Cont.)


• Nature of water source determines the components of the Contents

water supply system Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
• Factors to be considered to select source:
Ground Water

 Quantity Hydraulics

Collection &
 Quality Distribution of
Water

 Reliability Pump & Pumping


Station

 Safety of source Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
 Water rights Installation

Wastewater
 Environmental impacts… Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2.1 General (Cont.)


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

(Numbers indicate volumes of water stored and the amount


cycled annually, 103 km3)
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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2.2 Types of Water Sources


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Surface Water Sources


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Rain water (Cont.)


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Rain water (Cont.)


Advantages of rainwater collection: Contents

Quality of RW is high Quantity of Water

Independent Sources of Water

Ground Water
Local materials can be used for collection Hydraulics

Collection &
No energy costs Distribution of
Water

Easy to maintain Pump & Pumping


Station

Time saving and convenient Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Disadvantages Installation

High initial cost (i.e. for a family) Wastewater


Collection

Quantity of water is dependent on the roof


area and rainy seasons.
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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Rain water (Cont.)

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
• A stream or river is a body of running water on the Hydraulics

surface of the earth from higher to lower ground. Collection &


Distribution of
• Their capacity is dependent on minimum flow per day. Water
• Development of rivers requires; Pump & Pumping
 Submerged intake structure Station

 Small diversion dams (i.e. for small streams) Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Ground Water Sources

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Ground Water (Cont.)


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Ground Water (Cont.)

 Advantages : Contents

Quantity of Water
 It is likely to be free of pathogenic bacteria Sources of Water

 Free from turbidity and colour Ground Water


Hydraulics

 It can be used without further treatment Collection &


Distribution of
Water

 It can be found in the close vicinity Pump & Pumping


Station

 It is economical to obtain and distribute Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation
 The water-bearing stratum provides a natural Wastewater
Collection
storage at the point of intake.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Ground Water (Cont.)


Disadvantages Contents

 Often have high in mineral content; Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

 It usually requires pumping. Ground Water


Hydraulics

CATIONS: Collection &


Distribution of
Water
 calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese
Pump & Pumping
ANIONS: Station

Building Water
 bicarbonate, carbonate, and chloride Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Ground Water Recharges

 Replenishment (filling) of aquifers is known Contents

Quantity of Water
as recharge. Sources of Water

 Unconfined aquifers are recharged by Ground Water


Hydraulics

precipitation, percolating down from the Collection &


Distribution of
Water

land’s surface. Pump & Pumping


Station

 Confined aquifers are generally recharged Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation
where the aquifer materials are exposed at Wastewater
Collection
the land’s surface called an outcrop.

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Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 51


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 52


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2.3 Water Quality Considerations


 To evaluate and classify raw water quality
Contents
physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters
Quantity of Water
 To identify sources of pollution Sources of Water

Ground Water
– Surface water: urban runoff, agricultural runoff, Hydraulics

industrial discharge, and leachate from landfills; Collection &


Distribution of
Water
– Ground water: infiltration from pit-latrines and septic
Pump & Pumping
Station
tanks, landfill leachate, and infiltration from polluted
Building Water
areas. Supply & Sanitary
Installation

 To assess the treatment required for beneficial uses level of Wastewater


Collection
treatment and unit process required are dependent on the
raw water quality
August 27, 2016 53
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2.3 Water Quality Considerations (Cont.)

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 54


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2.3 Water Quality Considerations (Cont.)

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 55


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2.4 Source Selection


Surface water sources
Contents
Safe water yield during the drought years Quantity of Water

Urbanization and land development in the watershed Sources of Water

Proposed impoundments on tributaries Ground Water


Hydraulics

Water quality Collection &


Distribution of
Water
Assessment of reliability
Pump & Pumping
Requirements for construction of water supply system Station

Building Water
– components Supply & Sanitary
Installation
Economics of the project Wastewater
Collection
Environmental impacts of the project
Water rights

August 27, 2016 56


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

2.4 Source Selection (Cont.)


Ground water sources
Contents

Aquifer characteristics (depth, geology, Quantity of Water

Safe aquifer yield Sources of Water

Ground Water
Permissible drawdown Hydraulics

Collection &
Water quality Distribution of
Water

Source of contamination(gasoline, oil, chemicals) Pump & Pumping


Station

Saltwater intrusion(areas near to seas or oceans) Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation
Type and extent of recharge area
Wastewater
Collection
Rate of recharge

Water rights
August 27, 2016 57
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Reservoirs
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 58


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Reservoirs

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 59


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Volumes of Reservoirs
 The safe yield from a reservoir is known as demand Contents

 Safe yield or firm yield: is the maximum quantity of Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
water that can be guarantied during a critical dry
Ground Water
Hydraulics
period.
Collection &

 Methods to determine the storage volume of Distribution of


Water

Pump & Pumping


reservoirs: Station

 Mass curve method Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation

 Analytical method Wastewater


Collection

August 27, 2016 60


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Volumes of Reservoirs

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 61


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 62


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 63


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents
1. Quantity of Water Contents

Quantity of Water

2. Sources of Water Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics
3. Ground Water Hydraulics
Collection &
Distribution of
4. Collection & Distribution of Water Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
5. Pump & Pumping Station Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation
6. Building Water Supply & Sanitary Installation
Wastewater
Collection

7. Wastewater Collection

August 27, 2016 64


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.1 General
 Groundwater is an important source of water supply for Contents

Quantity of Water
municipalities, agriculture and industry.
Sources of Water

 At a global scale the percentage of groundwater is Ground Water


Hydraulics
estimated to be 0.62 % of the total amount of water Collection &
Distribution of
stored in the hydrosphere (of 0. 31% has a depth less than Water

Pump & Pumping


800 m). Station

Building Water
 Groundwater is characterized according to its vertical Supply & Sanitary
Installation

distribution shown in Figure below. Wastewater


Collection

 It is the water that is found in the saturation zone that


can be tapped for different purposes.
August 27, 2016 65
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.1 General (Cont.)


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

Vertical zones of groundwater distribution


August 27, 2016 66
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.1 General (Cont.)


o Groundwater occurs in geologic formations called Contents

Quantity of Water
aquifers.
Sources of Water
o Aquifer is a water-bearing formation that is saturated and Ground Water
Hydraulics
that transmits large quantities of water. Collection &
Distribution of
o The water yield capacity of aquifers depends on different Water

Pump & Pumping


parameters that include: Station

Building Water
• particle size, • hydraulic gradient, Supply & Sanitary
Installation
• porosity, • hydraulic conductivity,
Wastewater
Collection
• specific yield, • transmissibility.
• storage coefficient,

August 27, 2016 67


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.1 General (Cont.)


 Porosity: ratio of volume of voids to total volume
Contents
 Specific yield: the amount of aquifer water expressed as a percentage
Quantity of Water
that is free to drain under the influence of gravity. By definition it is less Sources of Water

than the porosity since some water is not free to drain due to attractive Ground Water
Hydraulics
and bonding forces such as surface tension.
Collection &
 Storage coefficient (S): volume of water that an aquifer releases from Distribution of
Water
or takes into storage per unit surface area per unit change in Pump & Pumping
Station
piezometric head. For confined aquifers S = 0.00005-0.001 and for
Building Water
unconfined aquifers S = 0.01-0.35. Supply & Sanitary
Installation
 Hydraulic gradient (dh/dx): the slope of the piezometric surface or Wastewater
Collection
water table line in m/m. the magnitude of the head determines the
pressure on the groundwater to move and its velocity.

August 27, 2016 68


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.1 General (Cont.)


 Hydraulic conductivity (k): ratio of velocity to hydraulic
Contents

gradient, indicating permeability of porous media. Quantity of Water

 Transmissivity(T): measure of how easily water in a confined Sources of Water

Ground Water
aquifer can flow through the porous media. Hydraulics

Collection &
Aquifers are classified as unconfined and confined Distribution of
Water

aquifers. Pump & Pumping


Station

• An unconfined aquifer does not have confining unit Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation
and is defined by water-table.
Wastewater

• Confined aquifer is overlain by a confining unit that Collection

has a lower hydraulic conductivity.


August 27, 2016 69
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.1 General (Cont.)


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

Occurrence of ground water

August 27, 2016 70


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.2 Ground water flow


 Groundwater flows in the direction of decreasing head. Contents

 Graphically the flow direction can be represented by drawing Quantity of Water

lines that are orthogonal to equipotential lines. Sources of Water

Ground Water
 Equipotential lines are lines of equal piezometric head for Hydraulics

confined aquifers or equal water-table for unconfined aquifers. Collection &


Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 71


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.2 Ground water flow


 The velocity of groundwater flow can be estimated from Contents

Dracy’s Law. Quantity of Water

 Darcy law states that the flow rate through porous media is Sources of Water

Ground Water
proportional to the head loss and inversely proportional to the Hydraulics

length of the flow path. Collection &


Distribution of
Water
 Its applicability is limited to laminar flow which is the case for
Pump & Pumping
Station
most groundwater flows in aquifers.
Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 72


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.2 Ground water flow (Cont.)


Darcy’s Law
Contents
v~ i
Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

Where, k = hydraulic conductivity (Coefficient of permeability)

August 27, 2016 73


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Determination of k
 Laboratory tests:
 Constant head test Contents

 Variable (falling) head test. Quantity of Water

 Field test: Sources of Water


 Well drawdown test. Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 74


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3 Hydraulics of water wells


Water flow to a well situated in a confined or unconfined aquifer
under steady or transient conditions can be estimated by applying Contents

Quantity of Water
Darcy’s law. When water is pumped out the water-table or
Sources of Water
piezometric surface declines and forms a cone of depression or
Ground Water
Hydraulics
drawdown curve.
Collection &
3.3.1 Steady state condition Distribution of
Water
Assumptions: Pump & Pumping
 Cone of depression remains in equilibrium Station

 Flow direction is horizontal Building Water


 Slopes of the water table and the hydraulic gradient are Supply & Sanitary
Installation
equal
Wastewater
 Aquifer: isotropic, homogeneous and infinite extent Collection
 Well fully penetrating the aquifer
The equations for steady radial flow to a well in confined and
unconfined aquifers are given below.
August 27, 2016 75
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.1.1 Steady Radial Flow to a Well-Confined


In a confined aquifer, the drawdown curve or cone of depression
Contents
varies with distance from a pumping well.
Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 76


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.1.1 Steady Radial Flow (Cont.)


 When water is pumped from a confined aquifer, the
Contents
pumpage creates a drawdown in the piezometric Quantity of Water

surface that induces hydraulic gradient toward the Sources of Water

Ground Water
well. Hydraulics

Collection &
 Drawdown at a given point is the distance by which Distribution of
Water

the water level is lowered. A drawdown curve shows Pump & Pumping
Station

Building Water
the variation of drawdown with distance from the Supply & Sanitary
Installation

well. Wastewater
Collection

 The induced flow moves horizontally toward the


well.
August 27, 2016 77
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.1.1 Steady Radial Flow (Cont.)


 Apply Darcy’s law to derive the flow equation
Contents
that relates drawdown with pumping:
Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 78


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.1.1 Steady Radial Flow (Cont.)


 For horizontal flow, Q at any radius r equals,
Contents
from Darcy’s law,
Quantity of Water

dh dh
Q  2 rbK  2 rT
Sources of Water

Ground Water
dr dr Hydraulics

Collection &
 Integrating after separation of variables, with h Distribution of
Water

= hw at r = rw at the well, yields Thiem Pump & Pumping


Station

Equation. Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation
h  hw
Q  2 T Wastewater
Collection
r
ln
rw
August 27, 2016 79
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.1.1 Steady Radial Flow (Cont.)


Thiem equation for Transmissivity, T
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

From a practical standpoint, the drawdown, s rather than Collection &


Distribution of
the head, h is measured so: Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 80


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.1.2 Steady Radial Flow to a Well-


Unconfined Aquifer
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 81


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.1.2 Steady Radial Flow to a Well-


Unconfined Aquifer (Cont.)
Contents
Confined versus Unconfined Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 82


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.1.2 Steady Radial Flow to a Well-


Unconfined Aquifer (Cont.)
Contents
The flow equation is similar for that of confined aquifers
Quantity of Water

except we use h instead of b Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water
Rearranging and integrating for the boundary conditions Pump & Pumping
Station
at the well, h = hw and r = rw, and at the edge of the Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
aquifer, h = h0 and r = r0, yields: Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 83


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.1.2 Steady Radial Flow to a Well-


Unconfined Aquifer (Cont.)
Converting to heads (h1 and h2) and radii at two Contents

observation wells at locations r1 and r2: Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
Rearranging to solve for the hydraulic conductivity:
Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 84


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.2 Unsteady state condition


The unsteady condition conforms to the reality where the Contents
drawdown curve changes with time.
Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
Assumptions:
 The aquifer is homogenous, isotropic, uniformly thick, Ground Water
Hydraulics
and of infinite areal extent. Collection &
 Prior to pumping the piezometric surface is horizontal. Distribution of
Water
 The fully penetrating well is pumped at constant rate. Pump & Pumping
 Flow is horizontal within the aquifer. Station

 Storage within the well can be neglected. Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
 Water removed from storage responds instantaneously Installation

with a declining head. Wastewater


Collection

August 27, 2016 85


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.2 Unsteady state condition (Cont.)


The governing equation in plane polar coordinates is:

 2 h 1 h S h Contents
 
r 2 r r T t Quantity of Water

Where, h = head Sources of Water

r = radial distance Ground Water


S = storage coefficient Hydraulics

T = transmissivity Collection &


Distribution of
Solution methods for the governing equation: Water

Pump & Pumping


Two methods are given- Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods. Station

A. Theis Method Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation
Theis obtained a solution to the governing equation by assuming
Wastewater
that the well (pumping Q) is a sink of constant strength and by Collection

using boundary conditions:


h = h0 at t = 0 and h→h0 as r → ∞ for t ≥ 0
August 27, 2016 86
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.2 Unsteady state condition (Cont.)


Theis solution is written as:
Contents
 u
Q

e
s'  du Quantity of Water
4T u Sources of Water
u
Ground Water
The integral in the Theis equation is written as W(u) and is known Hydraulics

as the exponential integral, or well function, which can be Collection &


expanded as infinite series: Distribution of
Water

W(u) = – 0.5772 – ln(u) + u – u2/2·2! + u3/3·3! – u4/4·4! + … Pump & Pumping


Station

Therefore, Building Water


Q Supply & Sanitary
s'  W (u ) Installation
4 T Wastewater
Where, s’ = drawdown W(u) = well function Collection
Q = discharge at the well, S = storage coefficient
r 2S T = Transmissivity
u
4Tt t = time
August 27, 2016 87
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.2 Unsteady state condition (Cont.)


The Theis equation can be used to obtain aquifer constants S and
T by means of pumping tests at fully penetrating wells. The Contents

solution procedure uses graphical. Quantity of Water

• Plot the type curve, i.e., W(u) vs u and on a log-log paper Sources of Water

• Plot the observed data, i.e., s’ vs r2/t on a transparent log- Ground Water
Hydraulics
log paper
• Superimpose the observed plot on the type curve Collection &
Distribution of
• Adjust the observed plot in such a way that most of the Water

points lie on the type curve. This is done because the Pump & Pumping
Station
relationship between W(u) and u is the same as that
between s and r2/t because all other terms are constants. Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
• Select one matching point and take the corresponding Installation

readings for W(u), u, s and r2/t. Wastewater


• Compute T from the Theis equation Collection

Q
T  W (u )
4 s '
August 27, 2016 88
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.2 Unsteady state condition (Cont.)


Determine S from the equation for u
1 Contents
S  4Tu
r2 Quantity of Water
t
Sources of Water

Type curve Ground Water


Data Pts Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
W(u) vs u Building Water
S’ vs r2/t Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 89


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.2 Unsteady state condition (Cont.)


For a known S and T, one can use Theis to compute s directly at a
given r from the well as a function of time: Contents
• First compute u = r2S / (4T t)
Quantity of Water
• Then, read W(u) from a table
Sources of Water
• Finally
Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

B. Cooper-Jacob Method of Solution Pump & Pumping


Station
Cooper and Jacob noted that for small values of r and large values Building Water
of t, the parameter u = r2S/4Tt becomes very small so that the Supply & Sanitary
Installation
infinite series can be approximated by:
Wastewater
W(u) = – 0.5772 – ln(u) (neglecting higher terms) Collection

August 27, 2016 90


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.2 Unsteady state condition (Cont.)


Further rearrangement and conversion to decimal logs yields:
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
A plot of s vs. log (t) forms a straight line as seen in Fig below. Hydraulics

A projection of the line back to s’ = 0, where t = t0 yields the Collection &


following relation: Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
So, since log(1) = 0, rearrangement yields Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 91


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.3.2 Unsteady state condition (Cont.)


Replacing s by s, where s is the drawdown difference per unit log
Contents
cycle of t:
Quantity of Water
The Cooper-Jacob method first solves for T and then for S and is
Sources of Water

only applicable for small values of u (u < 0.01). Ground Water


Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 92


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.4 Base Flow to a Stream


Stream flow originating from ground water discharge is referred to
Contents
as ground runoff or base flow. During periods of precipitation,
Quantity of Water
stream flow is derived primarily from surface runoff.
Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 93


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

3.5 Interference of Wells


Where the cones of depression of two nearby pumping wells
overlap, one well is said to interfere with another because of the Contents
increase drawdown and pumping lift created. The combined
Quantity of Water
drawdown at a point is equal to the sum of the drawdowns caused
Sources of Water
by individual wells (as shown Figure below). Well interference
reduces the water available to each of the wells. Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 94


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents
1. Quantity of Water Contents

Quantity of Water

2. Sources of Water Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics
3. Ground Water Hydraulics
Collection &
Distribution of
4. Collection & Distribution of Water Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
5. Pump & Pumping Station Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation
6. Building Water Supply & Sanitary Installation
Wastewater
Collection

7. Wastewater Collection

August 27, 2016 95


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.0 Introduction
Deals with the transport of water from the Contents

Quantity of Water

source through the treatment plant to the Sources of Water

Ground Water
consumers. Hydraulics

Collection &

It requires: Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


• intake structures, Station

Building Water
• transmission lines, Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
• distribution pipe networks and Collection

• other essential accessories


August 27, 2016 1
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.1 Intakes
Intakes are provided whenever water is withdrawn from Contents

surface sources such as a lake, a river or a reservoir. The Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
structure should enable withdrawal of the best quality Ground Water
Hydraulics
water as well as exclusion of fish, floating and suspended
Collection &
Distribution of
matters from getting into the conveyance system. Water

Pump & Pumping


Types of Intakes:  Major components Station
 Screen inlet
• Floating intakes Building Water
 Intake pipe Supply & Sanitary
Installation
• Submerged intakes
 Intake sump
Wastewater
• Tower intakes  Suction pipe Collection

• Shore intakes  Pumps


 Gate and foot valves
• Pier intakes
 access
August 27, 2016 2
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.1 Intakes (Cont.)


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water
Reservoir Intake Tower Intake Pump & Pumping
Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

Submerged Intake River Intake


August 27, 2016 3
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.1 Intakes (Cont.)


Positions of intakes: Contents

Quantity of Water
• Avoid wastewater discharge points and pollution Sources of Water
hazard Ground Water
• enable withdrawal of water from a range of levels Hydraulics

• Magnitude and direction of stream or current Collection &


Distribution of
velocities should not affect the function and stability Water

of the intake structure. Pump & Pumping


Station
• Reliable access roads and power sources should be
available Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
• should be near to treatment plant Installation

• Should not interfere with navigation requirements, Wastewater


Collection
• major environmental impacts should be avoided

August 27, 2016 4


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.1 Intakes (Cont.)


Design considerations for intake structures: Contents

Quantity of Water

• Design capacity = Q max-day Sources of Water

• Intake velocity should be  8 cm/s Ground Water


Hydraulics

• vertical positions intake ports should be such that Collection &


Distribution of
Water
good quality water is withdrawn. Pump & Pumping
Station
• Locate the top intake port at a distance not less than Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
2 m from the normal water level and the bottom port Installation

Wastewater
at least 1 m above the bottom. Collection

August 27, 2016 5


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Solution Station

Building Water
• Capacity of pump (daily) = 8x3600x50/1000=1440 m3 Supply & Sanitary
Installation
• Number of pumps = (5000*1.1)/1440 = 3.81 ~ 4
Wastewater
• Hourly flow of each pump = 5500/(4x8)=171.87 m3/h Collection

• Take detention time, Td = 20 min


• Capacity = Td x Q = (20/60)x 171.87 = 57.29 m3

August 27, 2016 6


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Solution
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 7


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance


The selection of pipe materials is based on Contents

Quantity of Water

• carrying capacity, Sources of Water

Ground Water
• strength, Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
• ease of transportation and handling, Water

Pump & Pumping


• availability, Station

Building Water

• quality of water, and Supply & Sanitary


Installation

Wastewater
• cost (initial and maintenance). Collection

August 27, 2016 8


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance (Cont.)


 Cast iron pipes:
Contents
– highly resistant to corrosion,
Quantity of Water
– strong but brittle,
Sources of Water
– easy jointing, Ground Water
– very heavy Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
 Steel pipe: Water

– strong, very light weight and Pump & Pumping


Station
can withstand higher pressure
than cast iron pipes. Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
– cheap, easy to construct and Installation

can be easily transported Wastewater


Collection
– cannot withstand external
loads, affected by corrosion and
are costly to maintain.
August 27, 2016 9
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance (Cont.)

Cement-lined cast iron pipes: Contents

Quantity of Water
– cement protect against corrosion. Sources of Water

– very small coefficient of friction than unlined Ground Water


Hydraulics
cast iron pipes. Collection &
Plastic pipes: Distribution of
Water

– corrosion resistant , Pump & Pumping


Station
– light weight and economical. Building Water
– Rigid (plasticized) uPVC is Supply & Sanitary
Installation

stronger and can withstand Wastewater


Collection
much higher pressure for
a given wall thickness.

August 27, 2016 10


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance (Cont.)


 Appurtenances include valves, backflow
Contents
preventers, surge controls, and hydrants
Quantity of Water

1. Valves Sources of Water

Ground Water
Uses:- Hydraulics

 to isolate segments of a pipeline, to regulate rate of Collection &


Distribution of
flow, to control pressure, and to allow release or entry Water

of air from pipe system. Pump & Pumping


Station

Factors considered in the selection of valves: Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
– include purpose and operation, Installation

– capacity required, Wastewater


Collection
– head loss and rate of flow,
– cost,
– availability, etc.
August 27, 2016 11
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance (Cont.)


Shutoff valves:
 to stop the flow of water through a Contents

pipeline Quantity of Water


 spacing from 150 to 370m
Sources of Water
 a minimum of three of the four
Ground Water
pipes connected at a junction Hydraulics
should have valve. Collection &
 fire hydrant, in inlet, outlet, and Distribution of
Water
by-pass lines
 Gate valves and butterfly valves Pump & Pumping
Station
Check valves: Building Water
 semiautomatic device and permits Supply & Sanitary
Installation
water flow only in one direction.
Wastewater
 in the discharge pipes of Collection
centrifugal pumps prevent
backflow
 in conjunction with altitude valves
August 27, 2016 12
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance (Cont.)


Altitude valves : Contents
 to automatically control the flow into and out of an
Quantity of Water
elevated storage tank or standpipe to maintain
Sources of Water
desired water level elevations.
 include double-acting sequence valve, single-acting Ground Water
Hydraulics
type, or differential altitude valve Collection &
Distribution of

Air-release and vacuum valves : Water

Pump & Pumping


 Air-release valves installed at high points of Station

distribution piping, in valve domes, and fittings, and Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
in discharge lines from pump to discharge the Installation
trapped air. Wastewater
 Vacuum valves are used to protect pipelines from Collection

collapse as they are emptied, by allowing air to


enter the pipes.
August 27, 2016 13
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance (Cont.)


Pressure reducing valves (PRV). Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 14


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance (Cont.)


Pressure sustaining valves (PSV) Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 15


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance (Cont.)


2. Backflow preventers Contents

– The water in a distribution system must be Quantity of Water

protected against contamination from Sources of Water

backflow through customer service lines and Ground Water


Hydraulics

other system outlets. Collection &


Distribution of
– Air-gap separation is the simplest method Water

used to prevent backflow into the supply Pump & Pumping


Station

pipe. Building Water


Supply & Sanitary

– Available mechanical backflow preventers Installation

Wastewater
include: atmospheric-vacuum breaker, Collection

pressure - vacuum breaker, double check


valve, and reduced-pressure-principle device.
August 27, 2016 16
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.2 Pipes and appurtenance (Cont.)


3. Hydrants Contents

Quantity of Water
– Hydrants provide access to underground water Sources of Water

Ground Water
mains for the purposes of extinguishing fire, Hydraulics

Collection &
washing down streets, and flushing out water Distribution of
Water

mains. Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
– They are installed along streets behind a curb line Supply & Sanitary
Installation

a sufficient distance, usually 0.6m, to avoid Wastewater


Collection

damage from overhanging vehicles.

August 27, 2016 17


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems


Contents
Distribution systems may be one or combination
Quantity of Water

of the following depending upon the level of the Sources of Water

Ground Water

source of water and the city, topography of the Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
area, and other local considerations. Water

Pump & Pumping


o gravitational system, Station

Building Water

o pumping without storage, and


Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
o pumping with storage. Collection

August 27, 2016 18


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


 Gravitational system: Contents

– action of gravity without any pumping Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
– most economical and reliable Ground Water
Hydraulics
– for cities situated at foothills Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 19


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


 Pumping without storage: Contents

Quantity of Water
– treated water is directly pumped into the Sources of Water
distribution mains without storing Ground Water
Hydraulics
– High lift pumps operate at variable speeds Collection &
 to match variable water demand Distribution of
Water

– Disadvantageous (power failure)  no Pump & Pumping


Station
reserve flow Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 20


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


 Pumping without storage: Contents

Quantity of Water
HGL
min. Sources of Water

Pump head
HGL demand
Ground Water
Hydraulics
max.
Collection &
demand Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
City
Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Pump Installation

Wastewater
Collection

Reservoir

August 27, 2016 21


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


 Pumping with storage: Contents

– treated water is pumped at a constant rate Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
 stored in elevated distribution reservoir Ground Water

distributed to the consumers by the action Hydraulics

Collection &
of gravity Distribution of
Water

– excess water during low demand period gets Pump & Pumping
Station
stored in the reservoir  supplied during high Building Water
demand periods. Supply & Sanitary
Installation

– pumps work at uniform rate high efficiency Wastewater


Collection

– quite reliable (even during power failure)

August 27, 2016 22


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


 Pumping with storage Contents

Quantity of Water

Low demand Sources of Water

Ground Water
Peak Hydraulics
demand Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
Pump
Pump Building Water
City Elevated Tank
Supply & Sanitary
City Elevated Tank Installation

Wastewater
Collection
Reservoir
Reservoir

August 27, 2016 23


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


Layout of Distribution systems Contents

 pipe networks :
Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

 Primary or arterial mains Ground Water


Hydraulics
• from the pumping stations and from storage Collection &
facilities to the various districts of the city. Distribution of
Water
• valved at intervals of not ≤ 1.5 km Pump & Pumping
Station
 Secondary lines or Sub-mains
Building Water
• run from one primary main to another Supply & Sanitary
Installation
• located at spacing's of 2-4 blocks Wastewater
 Small distribution mains or branches Collection

• Supply water to every consumer and to the fire


hydrants
August 27, 2016 24
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


Layout of Distribution systems Contents

Quantity of Water

 layout of distribution pipes generally follows Sources of Water

Ground Water
the road pattern Hydraulics

Collection &
 four types of pipe network layouts – Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


 dead end system or branch system, Station

Building Water
 gridiron system, Supply & Sanitary
Installation

 ring system, and Wastewater


Collection

 radial system.
August 27, 2016 25
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


Layout of Distribution systems Contents

MAIN PIPE (M)


BRANCHE
SUB-MAIN (S)
Quantity of Water
S B

 Dead end system (LATERAL


S)
B
Sources of Water

– solved easily
B
S
BRANCH (B) Ground Water
B Hydraulics
– Lesser number of shut-off
S
B
B B
Collection &
valves B Distribution of
B Water
– Shorter pipe lengths and the B S
B S

easy to lay pipes M


B Pump & Pumping
Station
– cheap and simple and Building Water
BRANCH
expanded easily Supply & Sanitary
Installation
– dead ends prevent Wastewater
circulation of water DEAD-END
Collection

– Problematic if a pipe is MAIN

damaged
SUB-MAIN

August 27, 2016 26


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


Layout of Distribution systems Contents

Quantity of Water

 Gridiron systems Sources of Water

– Discharge, friction loss and Ground Water


pipe size is less Hydraulics

– Not problematic if a pipe is Collection &


Distribution of
damaged Water
– No dead ends allows Pump & Pumping
circulation of water Station

– Good for fire fighting Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
– more pipelines and shut-off Installation
valves Wastewater
– high cost of construction Collection

– design is difficult and


expensive

August 27, 2016 27


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


Layout of Distribution systems Contents

 Ring systems: Quantity of Water


Main Pipe

Sources of Water
– closed ring, circular or rectangular
Ground Water
– suitable for well-planned towns Sub mains Hydraulics
and cities Collection &
Distribution of
– Generally at high demand areas Water
– Not problematic if a pipe is Pump & Pumping
damaged Fig. : Ring System
Station

– No dead ends allows circulation Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
of water Installation

– Good for fire fighting Wastewater


Collection
– more pipelines and shut-off valves
– high cost of construction
– design is difficult and expensive
August 27, 2016 28
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


Layout of Distribution systems Contents

Quantity of Water
 Radial systems
MAIN PIPE

BRANCHES
Sources of Water

– For city or a town having a Ground Water


system of radial roads Hydraulics
DISTRIBUTION
RESERVOIRS
SUB-MAIN

emerging from different Collection &


Distribution of
centers Water

Pump & Pumping


– distribution reservoirs at these Fig. : Radial System Station
centers Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
– From mains  pumped into the Installation

DRs placed at different centers Wastewater


Collection
and then to the service areas.
– ensures high pressure and
efficient water distribution
August 27, 2016 29
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


Distribution of Reservoirs Contents

Quantity of Water

 Purposes of DRs Sources of Water

– Equalizing supply and demand Ground Water


Hydraulics
– Increasing operating convenience. Collection &
– Leveling out pumping requirements Distribution of
Water

– Providing water during source or pump failure. Pump & Pumping


Station
– Maintaining pressure levels within acceptable
Building Water
ranges Supply & Sanitary
Installation
– Providing water to meet fire demands Wastewater
– Increase detention times Collection

– Blending water sources

August 27, 2016 30


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


Distribution of Reservoirs Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 31


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Example
Given Contents

• Total population of a town = 80,000 Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
• Average daily consumption of water = Ground Water

150liters/capita/day Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
• If the flow velocity of an outlet pipe Water

from intake 1.5 m/s, Pump & Pumping


Station

Required
Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Determine the diameter of the outlet Wastewater


Collection

pipe?

August 28, 2016 32


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Solution
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 33


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Exercise
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 34


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.3 Distribution systems (Cont.)


Distribution of Reservoirs Contents

Quantity of Water
 design considerations and details Sources of Water

– Minimum capacity: Equalizing storage + Ground Water


Hydraulics
Emergency reserve (about 25%) + Fire storage. Collection &
Distribution of
– Location: provide several smaller storage units Water

Pump & Pumping


– Aesthetics: visual impacts Station

– Ventilation Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation
– Overflow Wastewater
Collection
– Security and safety

August 27, 2016 35


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.4 Design of distribution systems


 Design flow: Max (Peak hour demand or maximum Contents
day demand + Fire demand) Quantity of Water
 Minimum main sizes: generally:150mm (6 in); high Sources of Water
value districts: 200mm (8 in); major streets: 305mm Ground Water
(12 in); domestic flows only: 100mm (4 in); small Hydraulics

communities: 50-75 mm Collection &


Distribution of
 Velocity: typical values – minimum = 0.6 - 1 m/s; Water

maximum = 2 m/s Pump & Pumping


 Pressure: typical minimum value is 140 kPa (14 m) Station

and maximum not to exceed 410 kPa (42 m). But Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
mainly depends on pressure ratings of the pipes and Installation

appurtenances used and regulatory requirements. It Wastewater


Collection
is advantageous to divide the supply network into
pressure zones.

August 27, 2016 36


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.4 Design of distribution systems


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 37


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Example
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 38


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Solution
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 39


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Solution
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 40


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Solution
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 41


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.4 Design of distribution systems


Hydraulic analysis Contents

 Hydraulic analysis of a water supply distribution network Quantity of Water


is concerned with the determination of discharges and Sources of Water
head losses in each pipeline, and pressure heads at Ground Water
critical points. Hydraulics

 Network analysis is not only important for designing new Collection &
Distribution of
systems, but also for monitoring and upgrading existing Water

systems. Pump & Pumping


Station
 The following are the applications of network analysis.
Building Water
To assess the capacities of existing systems, Supply & Sanitary
Installation
To control pressure and reduce pumping cost,
Design of new systems, Wastewater
Collection
Water quality monitoring, and
Investigation of the effect of damage to main, storage
tank locations, and other scenarios.
August 27, 2016 42
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.4 Design of distribution systems


Hydraulic analysis (Cont.) Contents

 Commonly used hydraulic analysis methods Quantity of Water

include Hardy cross method and Computer Sources of Water

programs. Ground Water


Hydraulics

 The Hazen-William equation is widely used to Collection &


Distribution of
determine the head loss in a pipe Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Where, Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Q = flow rate in m3/s Installation

C = coefficient of roughness Wastewater


Collection
D = pipe diameter, m
hf = friction head loss, m
L = equivalent length of pipe, m
August 27, 2016 43
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.4 Design of distribution systems


Design procedures
Contents
Simple Distribution System
Requirements: The sizes of the pipes should ensure Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
availability of water at the end points (terminals) of the
Ground Water
pipes, with the minimum allowable pressure at the Hydraulics

time of maximum demand. Collection &


Distribution of
I. Assign the required demand at each node or dead end Water

II. Estimate the discharge flowing through the pipes Pump & Pumping
III. Assume possible pipe diameters Station

IV. Calculate the head loss through that pipe Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
V. Find the residual pressure at the end of the pipe. Installation

VI. Compare this terminal pressure with the desired minimum Wastewater
Collection
and maximum pressures.
VII. If the required condition is not satisfied, then repeat steps
(ii) through (vi) until the required conditions are met.
August 27, 2016 44
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.4 Design of distribution systems


Complex pipe Networks Contents

Quantity of Water
 The Hardy Cross Method can be used to make Sources of Water
hydraulic analysis of complex interconnected Ground Water
pipelines following the steps below. Hydraulics

 Assign the required demand at each node Collection &


Distribution of
 Assume the best distribution of flow that satisfies Water

continuity by careful examination of the network. The Pump & Pumping


flow entering a node must be equal to the flow leaving Station

the same node Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
 Calculate the head loss, hf, in each pipe. The algebraic Installation

sum of the heads around a closed loop must be zero. Wastewater


For a loop, take head loss in the clockwise flows as Collection

positive and in the anticlockwise flows as negative


 Calculate the correction factor for each loop by
August 27, 2016 45
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.4 Design of distribution systems


Contents

Quantity of Water

Where, Sources of Water

Q= Correction discharge for the assumed discharge Qo , Ground Water


Hydraulics
r = Constant depending on pipe, Collection &
Qo = assumed flow in a pipeline, Distribution of
Water
n = 1.85 to 2 normally, depending on equation used. Pump & Pumping
n = 1.85 for Hazen-William eqn Station

 Apply the correction discharges to the assumed flows. The Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
corrected discharge, Q, now becomes Q=Qo + DQ Installation

 Repeat the above computations with the corrected flows Wastewater


Collection
until the corrections for each pipe are negligible.
 Velocities of flow and pressure levels must be within
acceptable ranges.
August 27, 2016 46
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.4 Design of distribution systems


Computer programs
Contents
 The use of hydraulic analysis models has become
common due to their important advantages over that Quantity of Water

Sources of Water
of manual methods. The advantages include:
Ground Water
 Models relieve engineers from tedious and Hydraulics

iterative calculations and enable them focus on Collection &


Distribution of
important aspects of the design Water

 Models better incorporate the complex real Pump & Pumping


Station
world system Building Water
 Models allow investigation of alternative designs Supply & Sanitary
Installation
over a wider range of conditions Wastewater
 There are a number of computer programs that can Collection

readily be used to perform complex pipe network


analysis (e.g EPANET, Water CAD).
August 27, 2016 47
Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

4.4 Design of distribution systems


Demand allocation. Water withdrawal rate at each node can
Contents
be estimated manually or automated systems using GIS. One
useful method follows: Quantity of Water

 Using land use or zoning maps estimate the water demand Sources of Water

for each type of land use Ground Water


 Overlay the water distribution system map over the land use Hydraulics

map and determine the applicable demand at each node Collection &
Distribution of
 Major water users should be considered separately and Water
applied to the closest nodes Pump & Pumping
System inputs. Input requirements vary from system element Station

to element as indicated in the table below. Building Water


Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 48


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Water CAD
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 27, 2016 49


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents
1. Quantity of Water Contents

Quantity of Water

2. Sources of Water Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics
3. Ground Water Hydraulics
Collection &
Distribution of
4. Collection & Distribution of Water Water

Pump & Pumping


Station
5. Pump & Pumping Station Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation
6. Building Water Supply & Sanitary Installation
Wastewater
Collection

7. Wastewater Collection

August 27, 2016 50


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

5.1 Purpose & Types of Pumps


Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 51


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 52


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 53


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 54


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 55


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 56


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 57


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 58


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 59


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 60


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 61


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 62


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 63


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 64


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 65


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 66


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 67


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 68


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 69


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 70


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 71


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 72


Adama Science & Technology University, Department of Civil Engineering

Example
Contents

Quantity of Water

Sources of Water

Ground Water
Hydraulics

Collection &
Distribution of
Water

Pump & Pumping


Station

Building Water
Supply & Sanitary
Installation

Wastewater
Collection

August 28, 2016 73

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