Section 10.

C10S03.001: The graph of r = θ, 0
θ
π, is shown next.

1.5

0.5

-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5

C10S03.002: The graph of r = θ, 0
θ
2π, is next.

-2 2 4 6
-1

-2

-3

-4

C10S03.003: The graph of r = 1/θ, π
θ
3π, is shown next.

0.1

0.05

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.1

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

C10S03.004: The graph of the polar equation r = 1/θ, 3π
θ
5π, is next.

0.05

0.025

-0.1 -0.05 0.05

-0.025

-0.05

-0.075

1
C10S03.005: The graph of r = e−θ , 0
θ
π, is next.

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

π 3π
C10S03.006: The graph of r = e−θ ,
θ
, is next.
2 2

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

-0.05

C10S03.007: Note that the entire curve r = 2 cos θ is swept out as θ runs through the interval 0
θ
π.
Thus the area enclosed by this circle is
  π  π
1 π
A = 4 cos2 θ dθ = (1 + cos 2θ) dθ = θ + sin θ cos θ = π.
2 0 0 0

The accuracy checkers felt that the area integral should be evaluated over the interval −π/2
θ
π/2.
These limits will, of course, give the correct answer and are certainly more natural in this problem. On the
other hand, the solution shown is correct and has the advantage that trigonometric functions are generally
easier to evaluate at integral multiples of π.

C10S03.008: The area enclosed by the circle with polar equation r = 4 sin θ is
  π  π
1 π
A = 2
16 sin θ dθ = 4 (1 − cos 2θ) dθ = 4 θ − sin θ cos θ = 4π.
2 0 0 0

C10S03.009: The area enclosed by the cardioid with polar equation r = 1 + cos θ is
 2π  2π  
1 1 1 + cos 2θ
A = (1 + cos θ)2 dθ = 1 + 2 cos θ + dθ
2 0 2 0 2
 2π    2π
1 3 1 1 3 1 3 3
= + 2 cos θ + cos 2θ dθ = θ + 2 sin θ + sin θ cos θ = · 2π = π.
2 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 4 2

C10S03.010: Because r  0 for all θ, the area enclosed by the cardioid with polar equation r = 2(1−sin θ)
is

2
   
1 2π
1 − cos 2θ
A = 4 1 − 2 sin θ + dθ
2 0 2
 2π  2π
= (3 − 4 sin θ − cos 2θ) dθ = 3θ + 4 cos θ − sin θ cos θ = 6 π ≈ 18.849555921539.
0 0

C10S03.011: Because r > 0 for all θ, the area enclosed by the limaçon with polar equation r = 2 − cos θ
is

 2π  2π  2π  
1 1 1 1 + cos 2θ
A = (2 − cos θ) dθ = 2
(4 − 4 cos θ + cos θ) dθ = 2
4 − 4 cos θ + dθ
2 0 2 0 2 0 2
 2π
1 9 1 9 9
= θ − 4 sin θ + sin 2θ = · 2π = π ≈ 14.137166941154.
2 2 4 0 4 2

C10S03.012: Because r > 0 for all θ, the area enclosed by the limaçon with polar equation r = 3 + 2 sin θ
is

 2π  2π
1 1
A = (3 + 2 sin θ)2 dθ = (9 + 12 sin θ + 4 sin2 θ) dθ
2 0 2 0

 2π  2π
1 1
= [9 + 12 sin θ + 2(1 − cos 2θ)] dθ = 11θ − 12 cos θ − sin 2θ = 11π ≈ 34.557519189488.
2 0 2 0

C10S03.013: Note that the entire circle with polar equation r = −4 cos θ is swept out as θ runs through
any interval of length π. Therefore the area the circle encloses is

 π  π  π
A = 2
8 cos θ dθ = 4 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ = 4 θ + sin θ cos θ = 4π ≈ 12.566370614359.
0 0 0

C10S03.014: The area enclosed by the cardioid with polar equation r = 5(1 + sin θ) is

   
1 2π
25 2π
1 − cos 2θ
A = 25(1 + 2 sin θ + sin2 θ) dθ = 1 + 2 sin θ + dθ
2 0 2 0 2
 2π
25 3 1 25 3 75
= θ − 2 cos θ − sin 2θ = · · 2π = π ≈ 117.809724509617.
2 2 4 0 2 2 2

C10S03.015: The graph of the limaçon with polar equation r = 3 − cos θ is shown next. It looks very

3
much like a circle. Do you see an easy way to deduce that it is not a circle?

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2

-1

-2

-3

The area enclosed by this limaçon is

 2π  2π  
1 1 1 + cos 2θ
A = (3 − cos θ) dθ =
2
9 − 6 cos θ + dθ
2 0 2 0 2
 2π
1 19 1 19
= θ − 6 sin θ + sin 2θ = π ≈ 29.845130209103.
2 2 4 0 2

C10S03.016: The Mathematica command

ParametricPlot[ { (2 + Sin[t] + Cos[t])∗Cos[t], (2 + Sin[t] + Cos[t])*Sin[t] },
{ t, 0, 2∗Pi }, AspectRatio → Automatic ];
will produce the graph of the curve with the given polar equation r = 2 + sin θ + cos θ. It looks very much
like a limaçon, but rotated 45◦ from the “standard” limaçons shown in the text and elsewhere in this manual.
Can you show that it is in fact a limaçon? To find the area A that it encloses, note first that

r2 = 4 + 4 sin θ + 4 cos θ + sin2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos2 θ = 5 + 4 sin θ + 4 cos θ + 2 sin θ cos θ.

Therefore

 2π  2π
1 1
A = (5 + 4 sin θ + 4 cos θ + 2 sin θ cos θ) dθ = 5θ − 4 cos θ + 4 sin θ + sin θ
2
= 5π ≈ 15.707963.
2 0 2 0

C10S03.017: Given: The polar equation r = 2 cos 2θ of a four-leaved rose. The “loops,” or rose petals,
are formed by the curve repeatedly passing through the origin at different angles. Examine the graph of
this equation in Fig. 10.2.12 (Example 6 of Section 10.2). All we need is to find when r = 0; that is, when
cos 2θ = 0. This occurs when θ is an odd integral multiple of π/4, so we can take for the limits of integration
any two consecutive such numbers. Hence the area enclosed by one loop of the rose is
 π/4
1
A = 4 cos2 2θ dθ.
2 −π/4

Using the symmetry of the loop around the x-axis, we can double the area of the upper half of the loop to
make the computations slightly simpler:

4
  π/4  π/4
1 π π
A = 2(1 + cos 4θ) dθ = 2 θ + sin 4θ = 2· = ≈ 1.570796326795.
0 4 0 4 2

C10S03.018: Given: The polar equation r = 3 sin 3θ of a three-leaved rose (see Fig. 10.3.12). First find
when r = 0: When θ is any integral multiple of π/3. Hence the area of one loop is

 π/3  π/3  π/3

1 9 9 1 3π
A = 9 sin2 3θ dθ = (1 − cos 6θ) dθ = θ − sin 6θ = ≈ 2.3561944902.
2 0 4 0 4 6 0 4

C10S03.019: Given: The polar equation r = 2 cos 4θ of an eight-leaved rose (see Fig. 10.3.13). To find
the area of one loop, we need to find the limits of integration on θ, which are determined by solving the
equation r = 0. We find that 4θ will be any odd integral multiple of π/2, and therefore that θ will be any
odd integral multiple of π/8. We will also double the area of half of one loop to make the computations
slightly simpler. Thus the area of one loop is

 π/8  π/8  π/8

1 1 π
A = 2
4 cos 4θ dθ = 2(1 + cos 8θ) dθ = 2θ + sin 8θ = ≈ 0.785398163397.
2 −π/8 0 4 0 4

C10S03.020: The area of one loop of the five-leaved rose with polar equation r = sin 5θ (see Fig. 10.3.14)
is

 π/5  π/5  π/5

1 1 1 1 1 π
A = sin2 5θ dθ = (1 − cos 10θ) dθ = θ− sin 10θ = ≈ 0.157079632679.
2 0 2 0 2 4 10 0 20

C10S03.021: The lemniscate with polar equation r2 = 4 sin 2θ has two loops; its graph can be obtained
from the one in Fig. 10.2.13 (Example 7 of Section 10.2) by a 90◦ rotation. To find the area of the loop in
the first quadrant, find when r = 0: sin 2θ = 0 when θ is an integral multiple of π/2. Hence the area of the
loop lying in the first quadrant is

 π/2  π/2
1
A = 4 sin 2θ dθ = − cos 2θ = 1 − (−1) = 2.
2 0 0

C10S03.022: The lemniscate with polar equation r2 = 4 cos 2θ is shown in Fig. 10.3.15. We will find
the area of the right-hand loop. First, r = 0 when cos 2θ = 0, so that θ is an odd integral multiple of π/4.
Hence the area of the right-hand loop is

 π/4  π/4  π/4

1
A = 4 cos 2θ dθ = 4 cos 2θ dθ = 2 sin 2θ = 2.
2 −π/4 0 0

C10S03.023: Given: The polar equation r2 = 4 sin θ. One way to construct its graph is first to construct

5
the Cartesian graph y = 4 sin x, which is shown next for 0
x
2π.
4

1 2 3 4 5 6

-2

-4

√
Then construct the Cartesian graph of y = ± 4 sin x , shown next, also for 0
x
2π. Note that there
is no graph for π < x < 2π but two graphs for 0
x
π.
4

1 2 3 4 5 6

-2

-4

√
Finally,√use the last graph to construct the polar graph r2 = 4 sin θ by sketching both r = 4 sin θ and
r = − 4 sin θ . As θ varies from 0 to π, r begins at 0, increases to a maximum r = 2 when θ = π/2, then
decreases to 0 as θ runs through the values from π/2 to π. Meanwhile, −r sweeps out the mirror image of
the previous curve, and thus we obtain the “double oval” shown in the next figure.

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5

-1

-2

The area of the upper loop is therefore

 π  π
1
A = 4 sin θ dθ = − 2 cos θ = 2 − (−2) = 4.
2 0 0

C10S03.024: The area of one loop of this rose is

 π/12  π/12  π/12

1 2 1 1 3π
A = 36 cos 6θ dθ = 36 (1 + cos 12θ) dθ = 18 θ + sin 12θ = .
2 −π/12 0 2 12 0 2

6
C10S03.025: See the graph on the right. 2

1.5

0.5

-1 -0.5 0.5 1

-0.5

-1

Find the area A of the region both inside the circle r = 2 sin θ and outside the circle r = 1. The circles
cross where 2 sin θ = 1, thus where θ = π/6 and where θ = 5π/6. So

 
1 5π/6
1 5π/6  
A = (4 sin2 θ − 1) dθ = 2(1 − cos 2θ) − 1 dθ
2 π/6 2 π/6

 5π/6 √ √
√
1 1 5π π 3 3 2π + 3 3
= θ − sin 2θ = − + + = ≈ 1.913222954981.
2 π/6 2 6 6 2 2 6

C10S03.026: See the graph on the right.

2

-2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

The circles r = 4 cos θ and r = 2 cross where 4 cos θ = 2, thus where θ = −π/3 and where θ = π/3. To
find the area A of their intersection, we double the area of its top half; thus

 π/3  π/2  π/2  π/2

2 4π 4π
A = 4 dθ + 16 cos θ dθ = +4 2(1 + cos 2θ) dθ = + 4 2θ + sin 2θ
0 π/3 3 π/3 3 π/3

√
√
4π 2π 3 4π 8π √ 8π − 6 3
= +4 π− − = + 4π − −2 3 = ≈ 4.91347879.
3 3 2 3 3 3

7
C10S03.027: See the figure on the right.

1.5

0.5

-0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

-0.5

√
The two circles r = cos θ and r = 3 sin θ cross where
√
√ 3 π
cos θ = 3 sin θ; tan θ = ; θ = ;
3 6
they also cross at the pole. The region inside both is divided by the ray θ = π/6 into a lower region of area
B and an upper region of area C. Thus we find the area of the region inside both circles to be A = B + C.
Now

   π/6 √

π/6 π/6
1 3 3 3 π 3
B = 3 sin2 θ dθ = (1 − cos 2θ) dθ = θ − sin θ cos θ = −
2 0 4 0 4 0 4 6 4

and

   π/2 √

π/2 π/2
1 1 1 1 π 3
C = 2
cos θ dθ = (1 + cos 2θ) dθ = θ + sin θ cos θ = − .
2 π/6 4 π/6 4 π/6 4 3 4
√
5π − 6 3
Therefore A = B + C = ≈ 0.221485767606.
24
C10S03.028: See the figure on the right.
2

-2 -1 1 2 3

-1

-2

Let A be the area of the region that is both inside the limaçon with polar equation r = 2 + cos θ and outside
the circle with equation r = 2. The curves cross where 2 + cos θ = 2, thus where cos θ = 0; that is, where
θ = ±π/2. Hence

8
  π/2  π/2  
1 1 + cos 2θ
A = (4 + 4 cos θ + cos2 θ − 4) dθ = 4 cos θ + dθ
2 −π/2 0 2
 π/2
1 1 π 16 + π
= 4 sin θ + θ + sin 2θ = 4+ = ≈ 4.785398163397.
2 4 0 4 4

C10S03.029: See the figure on the right.

4

-4 -2 2 4

-2

-4

Let A denote the area of the region that is both inside the limaçon with polar equation r = 3 + 2 cos θ and
outside the circle with equation r = 4. The curves cross where

1 π
3 + 2 cos θ = 4; 2 cos θ = 1; cos θ = ; θ = ± .
2 3
Therefore

 
1 π/3   π/3  
A = (3 + 2 cos θ)2 − 42 dθ = 9 + 12 cos θ + 2(1 + cos 2θ) − 16 dθ
2 −π/3 0

 π/3 √ √ √
5π 3 3 39 3 − 10π
= − 5θ + 12 sin θ + sin 2θ = − + 12 · + = ≈ 6.022342493215.
0 3 2 2 6

C10S03.030: See the figure on the right. 1

0.5

-1 -0.5 0.5 1

-0.5

-1

Let A denote the area of the region that is both within the lemniscate with polar equation r2 = 2 cos 2θ
and outside the circle with equation r = 1. We will use the symmetry of the figure around the y-axis: We
will find the area of the half on the right, then double it to find A. The curves cross where 2 cos 2θ = 1, thus
where θ = ±π/6. To find the area of the half of the figure on the right, we will find the area of its top half
and double the result. Thus

9
   π/6 √
√
1 π/6
3 π 3 3 −π
A = 2·2· (2 cos 2θ − 1) dθ = 2 (sin 2θ) − θ = 2 − = ≈ 0.6848532564.
2 0 0 2 6 3

C10S03.031: See Fig. 10.3.16 of the text. The lemniscates r2 = cos 2θ and r2 = sin 2θ cross where
cos 2θ = sin 2θ, thus where tan 2θ = 1; that is, where θ = π/8 (and they also cross at the pole). We find the
area A within both curves by doubling the area of the half to the right of the y-axis:

 π/8  π/4
1 1
A = 2· sin 2θ dθ + 2 · cos 2θ dθ
2 0 2 π/8

  π/8 √
π/8
2− 2
= 2 sin 2θ dθ = − cos 2θ = ≈ 0.292893218813.
0 0 2

C10S03.032: See Fig. 10.3.17 of the text. Given r = 1 − 2 sin θ, we see that r = 0 when sin θ = 12 ; that
is, when θ = π/6 and when θ = 5π/6. The small loop is formed when 16 π
θ
56 θ , where r
0. Let A2
denote its area. The large loop is formed when 56 π
θ
13
6 π, where r  0. Let A1 denote its area. Also
note that

1 1 1 3
(1 − 2 sin θ)2 = (1 − 4 sin θ + 4 sin2 θ) = − 2 sin θ + 1 − cos 2θ = − 2 sin θ − cos 2θ.
2 2 2 2

Therefore

 13π/6    13π/6
3 3 1
A1 = − 2 sin θ − cos 2θ dθ = θ + 2 cos θ − sin 2θ
5π/6 2 2 2 5π/6

√
1 √  1 √  3 3 + 4π
= 3 3 + 13π − 5π − 3 3 =
4 4 2

and

 5π/6 √
3 1 1 √  1 √  2π − 3 3
A2 = θ + 2 cos θ − sin 2θ = 5π − 3 3 − 3 3 +π = .
2 2 π/6 4 4 2

Because A1 measures all of the area within the large loop—including that within the small loop—the area
that is both within the large loop of the limaçon and outside its small loop is

√
A = A1 − A2 = π + 3 3 ≈ 8.337745076296.

10
C10S03.033: See the figure on the right.

-1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

We are to find the area A of the region that is both inside the cardioid with polar equation r = 2(1 + cos θ)
and outside the circle with equation r = 1. The curves cross where 2+2 cos θ = 1; it follows that cos θ = − 12 ,
so that θ = 2π/3 or θ = 4π/3. Therefore

 
1 8π/3   1 8π/3
A = 4(1 + cos θ) − 1 dθ =
2
(4 + 8 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ − 1) dθ
2 4π/3 2 4π/3

 8π/3  8π/3
1 1
= (3 + 8 cos θ + 2 + 2 cos 2θ) dθ = 5θ + 8 sin θ + sin 2θ
2 4π/3 2 4π/3
√ √
√ √

1 40π 3 3 1 20π 3 3
= +8· − − −8· +
2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2
    √
1 20π √ √ 1 20π √ 20π + 21 3
= +8 3 − 3 = +7 3 = ≈ 16.534153338457.
2 3 2 3 6

C10S03.034: See the figure to the right. Note: Only

the right-hand loop of the figure-eight curve is shown; 1

the left-hand loop is completely enclosed in the cardioid.

0.5

-2 -1 1 2

-0.5

-1

We are to find the area A of the region that is both inside the figure-eight curve r2 = 4 cos θ and outside
the cardioid r = 1 − cos θ. All of the region in question lies to the right of the y-axis. Let A1 be the area
of the right-hand loop of the figure-eight curve that lies above the x-axis. Let A2 be the area of the region
in the first quadrant that lies within both the figure-eight curve and the cardioid. Then A = 2(A1 − A2 ).
Finding A1 is easy:
 π/2  π/2
1
A1 = 4 cos θ dθ = 2 sin θ = 2.
2 0 0

11
To find A2 we need to find where the figure-eight curve and the cardioid meet in the first quadrant. Clearly
they meet at the pole. To find the other point, we solve

1 − 2 cos θ + cos2 θ = 4 cos θ;

cos2 θ − 6 cos θ + 1 = 0;
√
6 ± 36 − 4 √
cos θ = = 3 ± 2 2;
2
√
cos θ = 3 − 2 2 ;
 √ 
θ = α = arccos 3 − 2 2 .

in the first quadrant where θ = α ≈ 80.12◦ . A reference

So the two curves cross √ triangle
√ with acute angle α,
adjacent side x = 3 − 2 2 , and hypotenuse 1 has opposite side of length y = 2 3 2 − 4 . Therefore

 α  π/2  α    π/2
1 1 1 1 + cos 2θ
A2 = (1 − cos θ)2 dθ + 4 cos θ dθ = 1 − 2 cos θ + dθ + 2 sin θ
2 0 2 α 2 0 2 α
 α
1 3 1 3 1
= θ − 2 sin θ + sin θ cos θ + 2 − 2 sin α = α − sin α + sin α cos α + 2 − 2 sin α
2 2 2 0 4 4
3 1
= α + 2 − 3 sin α + sin α cos α.
4 4
Therefore
 
3 1
A = 2(A1 − A2 ) = 2 2 − α − 2 + 3 sin α − sin α cos α
4 4
  
√ √ 3 √ 
= 9 3 2 − 4 + 2 6 2 − 8 − arccos 3 − 2 2 ≈ 3.728958744915.
2

C10S03.035: See the figure to the right. 2

1.5

0.5

-1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2

-0.5

-1

The two circles with polar equations r = 2 cos θ and r = 2 sin θ meet at the pole and where 2 cos θ = 2 sin θ;
that is, where θ = π/4. So, using symmetry of the figure around the line y = x, the area of the region that
lies within both circles is

   π/4
1 π/4 π/4
π−2
A = 2· 4 sin2 θ dθ = 2(1 − cos 2θ) dθ = 2θ − sin 2θ = ≈ 0.570796326795.
2 0 0 0 2

12
C10S03.036: See the figure to the right. 4

-2 -1 1 2

-1

-2

Let A denote the area of the region that lies within the cardioid with polar equation r = 2 + 2 sin θ and
outside the circle with equation r = 2. These curves cross where 2 = 2 + 2 sin θ, so that θ = 0 or θ = π.
The integrand for finding A is

(2 + 2 sin θ)2 − 22 = 4 + 8 sin θ + 4 sin2 θ − 4 = 8 sin θ + 2(1 − cos 2θ).

Therefore

 π  π
1 1
A = (8 sin θ + 2 − 2 cos 2θ) dθ = − 8 cos θ + 2θ − sin 2θ = 8 + π ≈ 11.1415926535898.
2 0 2 0

C10S03.037: See Fig. 10.3.18. Note that the entire circle is generated as θ runs through any interval of
length π and that

(sin θ + cos θ)2 = sin2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos2 θ = 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ.

Therefore the area enclosed by the circle with polar equation r = sin θ + cos θ is
 π  π
1 1 1 π
A = (1 + 2 sin θ cos θ) dθ = θ + sin2 θ = .
2 0 2 2 0 2

To write the equation of this circle in Cartesian form, proceed as follows:

r2 = 4 sin θ + r cos θ;

x2 + y 2 = x + y;

1 1 1
x2 − x + + y2 − y + = ;
4 4 2
 2  2
1 1 1
x− + y− = .
2 2 2

So the figure is, indeed, a circle, and the square of its radius is 12 . Therefore the area of this circle is π/2.

13
C10S03.038: See the figure on the right. 2

1.5

0.5

-1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2

-0.5

-1

The circles r = 1 and r = 2 cos θ meet where θ = π/3; the circles r = 1 and r = 2 sin θ meet where
θ = π/6. Hence the area of the region that lies within all three circles is
   
π/6 π/3 π/2
1
A = (2 sin θ)2 dθ + 12 dθ + (2 cos θ)2 dθ
2 0 π/6 π/3
  
π/6 π/2
1 π
= 2(1 − cos 2θ) dθ + + 2(1 + cos 2θ) dθ
2 0 6 π/3
 π/6  π/2
√ √

1 π 1 π 3 2π 3 π
= 2θ − sin 2θ + 2θ + sin 2θ + = − +π− − +
2 0 π/3 12 2 3 2 3 2 12
  √ √
1 2π √ π 5π 3 5π − 6 3
= − 3 + = − = ≈ 0.442971535211.
2 3 12 12 2 12

C10S03.039: Part (a):

 2π  2π
1 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
A1 = a2 θ2 dθ = a θ = π a = π(2πa)2 .
2 0 6 0 3 3

Part (b):
 4π  4π
1 2 2 1 2 3 28 3 2 7
A2 = a θ dθ = a θ = π a = π(4πa)2 .
2 2π 6 2π 3 12

Part (c):

28 3 2 4 3 2 24 3 2 4
R 2 = A2 − A 1 = π a − π a = π a = 8π 3 a2 = 6 · π 3 a2 = 6A1 .
3 3 3 3

Part (d): If n  2, then

  2nπ
1 2nπ
1 2 3 1 2 3 3  4
An = a θ dθ = 2 2
a θ = a 8n π − 8(n − 1)3 π 3 = π 3 a2 (3n2 − 3n + 1),
2 2(n−1)π 6 2(n−1)π 6 3

and therefore

14
 4 3 2 4
Rn+1 = An+1 − An = π a (3n2 + 6n + 3 − 3n − 3 − 3n2 + 3n) = π 3 a2 · 6n = 8π 3 a2 n = nR2 .
3 3

C10S03.040: Use the circles with polar equations

  r = a and r = 2a cos θ. They intersect in the first
quadrant at the point with polar coordinates a, 13 π . The area of the region that lies within both circles is
therefore

 π/3   π/2
π/2
1 1
π 2
A=2· a2 dθ + 2 · a + 2a2 4a2 cos2 θ dθ =
(1 + cos 2θ) dθ
02 π/3 32 π/3

 π/2 √
√
π 2 π 2π 3 4π − 3 3 2
2
= a + a 2θ + sin 2θ = a +a π−
2 2
− = a ≈ (1.228369698609)a2 .
3 π/3 3 3 2 6

C10S03.041: Part (a): The area is

 2π  4π  −2kθ 2π  −2kθ 4π

1 2 −2kθ 1 2 −2kθ 1 e 1 e
A1 = a e dθ − a e dθ = a2 − − a2 −
0 2 2π 2 2 2k 0 2 2k 2π

a2   a2  −8kπ  a2  2
= 1 − e−4kπ + e − e−4kπ = 1 − e−4kπ .
4k 4k 4k
1
With k = 10 and a = 1, we obtain

5 2
A= 1 − e−2π/5 ≈ 1.27945876.
2

Part (b): The area is

 2nπ  2(n+1)π
1 2 1 2
An = a exp (−2kθ) dθ − a exp (−2kθ) dθ
2(n−1)π 2 2nπ 2
 2nπ  2(n+1)π
1 2 exp (−2kθ) 1 2 exp (−2kθ)
= a − − a −
2 2k 2(n−1)π 2 2k 2nπ

a2
= [exp (−4(n − 1)kπ) − exp (−4nkπ) + exp (−4(n + 1)kπ) − exp (−4nkπ)]
4k
a2 2
= exp (−4(n − 1)kπ) [1 − exp (−4kπ)] .
4k
1
With a = 1 and k = 10 , we find that

5 −2(n−1)π/5  2
A= e 1 − e−2π/5 .
2

C10S03.042: Let r(θ) = 2e−θ/10 . R1 has area

 2π  
1
[r(θ)] dθ = 4π − 10 1 − e−2π/5 ,
2
A1 = 4π −
0 2

R2 has area

15
  2π  
1
[r(θ)] dθ − π = 10 1 − e−2π/5 − π,
2
A2 =
0 2

and, indeed, A1 + A2 = 3π.

C10S03.043: The point of intersection in the second quadrant is located where θ = α ≈ 2.326839. Using
symmetry, the total area of the shaded region R is approximately
 α   π
1 −θ/5 2 1 2
2 e dθ + 2 [2(1 + cos θ)] dθ ≈ 1.58069.
0 2 α 2

C10S03.044: The point of intersection in the first quadrant is located where θ = α ≈ 0.217075400 and the
point of intersection in the second quadrant is located where θ = β ≈ 2.924517254. So the total area of the
shaded region R is approximately
 β  2π+α
1 1
(3 + cos 4θ)2 dθ + (3 + 3 sin θ)2 dθ ≈ 17.2661.
α 2 β 2

16