You are on page 1of 17

Lec Steel Design Misan University

Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
PLATE GIRDER
1. INTRODUCTION
Welded plate girders, which are the most common form of plate girders, are built-up
structural steel members that consists of flange plates welded to a web plate with fillet
welds. They are used to support loads over long spans (60 ft. to 200 ft.) and to support
structural loads that are too large to be supported by the rolled steel shapes shown in
the AISCM. Plate girders are rarely used in building structures, but are commonly used in
bridge structures. They are used as transfer girders in building structures to support
columns above large column-free areas. Plate girders may also be used in the retrofitting
of existing building structures where column-free areas are needed and existing columns
have to be cut off or removed below a certain floor level. Plate girders are also used as
crane support girders in heavy industrial structures with long spans.
All the standard hot-rolled shapes in the Manual, the webs are compact. Some have
noncompact flanges, but none have slender flanges. With shapes built up from plates,
however, both flanges and webs can be compact, noncompact, or slender. These built-up
shapes usually are used when the bending moments are larger than standard hot-rolled
shapes can resist, usually because of a large span. These girders are invariably very deep,
resulting in noncompact or slender webs.
A plate girder cross section can take several forms. The usual configuration is a single
web with two equal flanges, with all parts connected by welding. The box section, which
has two webs as well as two flanges, is a torsionally superior shape and can be used
when large unbraced lengths are necessary. Hybrid girders, in which the steel in the
flanges is of a higher strength than that in the web or webs, are sometimes used.

Lecture 7 ....... Page 1


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
The term “plate girder” no longer exists in the most recent AISC specification. Instead,
this term has been replaced by the term “built-up sections,” and the design
requirements for flexure and shear for these sections are found in Sections F5 and G of
the AISC specification, respectively.
Stiffened plate girders may or may not be designed for tension-field action to resist the
shear. A stiffened plate girder with tension-field action acts like a Pratt truss, with the
web plate resisting diagonal tension; the vertical stiffeners are in compression and also
add stability to the web plate. Tension-field action is this truss-like behavior, and
designing for it is an economical way to increase the strength of the girder because the
stability added by the stiffeners allows the web plate to be thinner and lighter than
would otherwise be necessary. When tension-field action is used, however, the stiffeners
must then be designed to have a larger moment of inertia.

Tension-field action is not permitted in the design of end panels. When designing or
analyzing rolled sections, the overall depth of the member (measured between the
outside faces of the flanges) is used to resist the shear force. For plate girders, only the
girder web (measured between the inside faces of the flanges) is used to resist shear.

Lecture 7 ....... Page 2


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
2. STIFFENED AND UNSTIFFENED PLATE GIRDER
At a location of high shear in a girder web, usually near the support and at or near the
neutral axis, the principal planes will be inclined with respect to the longitudinal axis of
the member, and the principal stresses will be diagonal tension and diagonal
compression. The diagonal tension poses no particular problem, but the diagonal
compression can cause the web to buckle. This problem can be addressed in one of three
ways: (1) The depth-to-thickness ratio of the web can be made small enough that the
problem is eliminated, (2) web stiffeners can be used to form panels with increased
shear strength, or (3) web stiffeners can be used to form panels that resist the diagonal
compression through tension-field action. Plate girders may be stiffened (with transverse
stiffeners) or unstiffened.
If an unstiffened web is incapable of resisting the applied shear, appropriately spaced
stiffeners are used to develop tension-field action. Cross-sectional requirements for
these stiffeners, called intermediate stiffeners, are minimal because their primary
purpose is to provide stiffness rather than resist directly applied loads.

additional stiffeners may be required at points of concentrated loads for the purpose of
protecting the web from the direct compressive load. These members are called bearing
stiffeners, and they must be proportioned to resist the applied loads. They can also
simultaneously serve as intermediate stiffeners.

Lecture 7 ....... Page 3


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
3.AISC REQUIREMENTS FOR PROPORTIONS OF PLATE GIRDERS

3.1- Web Proportions


Whether a girder web is noncompact or slender depends on h/tw , the width-to-thickness
ratio of the web, where h is the depth of the web from inside face of flange to inside face
of flange and tw is the web thickness.

Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped section Singly Symmetric I-Shaped section


Noncompact E h E hc E
3.76   5.70
web Fy t w Fy hp Fy hc E
  5.70
2 tw Fy
 M 
 0.54 p  0.09 
 My 
 
Slender web h E hc E
 5.70  5.70
tw Fy tw Fy

hc= twice the distance from the elastic neutral


axis (the centroidal axis) to the inside face of
the compression flange. (hc/2 defines the part
of the web that is in compression for elastic
bending. hc = h for girders with equal flanges).

hp= twice the distance from the plastic neutral axis to the inside face of the compression
flange. (hp/2 defines the part of the web in compression for the plastic moment. hp= h
for girders with equal flanges).
Mp= plastic moment = Fy Zx
My= yield moment = Fy Sx

To prevent web buckling (to prevent vertical buckling of the compression flange into the
web), web stiffeners can be added for stability. AISC F13.2 imposes an upper limit on the
web slenderness. The limiting value of h/tw is a function of the aspect ratio, a/h, of the
girder panels, which is the ratio of intermediate stiffener spacing to web depth.

Lecture 7 ....... Page 4


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7

Thus I-shaped members must also satisfy the following limits, where a is the clear
distance between transverse stiffeners, and h is the height of the web between flanges.

Without transverse Web With transverse Web Stiffeners


Stiffeners (Unstiffened Girder)
h Aw a a
 260 and 10 1.5 1.5
tw A fc h h

 h  E  h  0.42 E
   12   
 tw  max Fy  tw  max Fy

Aw = Area of the web = h*tw


Afc = Area of the compression flange = bfc * tfc

3.2- Flange Proportions


Singly symmetrical I-shaped members must satisfy :
I yc
0.1   0.9
Iy

Iy = is the moment of inertia about the y-axis, and I


Iyc = is the moment of inertia about the y-axis referred to the compression flange.

Lecture 7 ....... Page 5


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
4. FLEXURAL STRENGTH
When a plate girder section has a noncompact or slender web, the nominal moment
capacity, Mn , will be less than the plastic moment capacity, M p , of the section because
of several limit states that are attained before the section can reach its full plastic
moment capacity. There are four possible limit states that may occur in built-up sections
in bending and Mn ,will be the smallest strength obtained for the following four limit
states.:
• Tension flange yielding.
• Compression flange yielding,
• Compression flange local buckling, and
• Lateral torsional buckling,
For all states   0.9

4.1. Tension Flange Yielding , TFY

For S xt  S xc , the design moment capacity is given as

 M n   Fy S xt

This limit state does not apply to built-up sections when the section modulus of the
built-up section with respect to the tension face, Sxt , is greater than or equal to the
section modulus with respect to the compression face, Sxc (i.e., when Sxt  Sxc ).

4.2. Compression Flange Yielding, CFY

 M n   R pg Fy S xc

  h 
R pg  1  
aw
  c  5.7 E   1.0
   tw Fy 
 1200 300 a w   

where

hc t w
aw   10
b fc t fc
Ix
S xc 
yc

Lecture 7 ....... Page 6


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
4.3. Lateral Torsional Buckling, LTB
Lateral torsional buckling is a function of the lateral unbraced length, L b , of the
compression flange of the plate girder.
 M n   R pg Fcr S xc

E
L p 1.1 rt
Fy

E
L r   rt
0.7 Fy

b fc
rt 
 1 
12 1  a w 
 6 

Unbraced Length, Lb Fcr


Lb  Lp lateral torsional buckling limit state does not apply

Lp  Lb  Lr   L b  L p 
Fcr  C b Fy  0.3 Fy    Fy
  L r  L p 
 
Lb  Lr Cb 2 E
Fcr  2
 Fy
 Lb 
 
 rt 
Cb = Bending moment coefficient. It is conservative to assume a Cb = 1.0

4.4. Compression Flange Local Buckling, FLB

 M n   R pg Fcr S xc

If the section has compact flanges, the limit state of compression flange local buckling
doesn’t apply.
b fc E kc E
  p  0.38  r  0.95
2 t fc Fy FL

4
kc  , (0.35  k c  0.76)
h / tw

FL  0.7 Fy for symmetric girders with slender or noncompact webs.

Lecture 7 ....... Page 7


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
Flange Compactness Limit Fcr

Compact Flange   p Fy

Noncompact Flange p    r     p 
Fcr  Fy  0.3 Fy  
 r  p 
  

Slender Flange   r 0.9 E k c


Fcr  2
 b fc 
 
 2t fc 

Example 1: Determine the design flexural


strength  b M n of the following welded I-shaped 3-LTB
plate girder. The flanges are 15*1.25 in, the web is Since Lb=0, LTB does not apply
50*0.25 in, and the member is uniformly loaded and
simply supported. Use A36 steel and assume the 4- CFY
girder has continuous bracing for its compression  M n   R pg Fy S xc
flange.
h c t w 50 * 0.25
aw    0.667  10  OK
Solution bfc t fc 15 *1.25

Determine the flange compactness   h 


R pg  1  
aw
  c  5.7 E   1.0
   tw Fy 

b fc

15
 6.0  1200 300 a w   
2 t fc 2 * 1.25
 0.667   
E 29000 R pg  1     200  5.7 29000 
 p  0.38  0.38  10.79  36 
Fy 36  1200  300 * 0.667  
 0.982  1.0  OK
   p  Compact Flange
0.25 * 50 3 15 *1.25 3 
Ix   2  1.25 *15 * 25.625 2 
12  12 
Determine the flange compactness  27,233
h 50 E 29000
  200  5.70  5.70  161.78 I x 27233
t w 0.25 Fy 36 Sxc    1037.4
yc 26.25

Thus slender web  Mn  0.9 * 0.982 * 36 *1037.4 / 12  2750 kips.ft

 b M n is the lowest value of TFY,CFY, LTB, FLB

1- TFY
Since member is symmetric about x-axis
S xt  S xc  TFY does not apply

2- FLB
Since flange is compact, FLB does not apply

Lecture 7 ....... Page 8


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
Example 2: Determine the design flexural 0.3125 * 453  25 *13 
Ix   2  1* 24 * (22.5  0.5)2 
strength  b M n of the following welded I-shaped 12  12 
plate girder. The flanges are 24*1.0 in, the web is  27,777
45*5/16 in, and the member is uniformly loaded and
I x 277777
simply supported 100 ft span. Use A36 steel and the S xc    1182
yc 23.5
unbraced length of compression flange is 20 ft.
 M n  0.9 *1.0 * 36 *1182 / 12  3191.4 kips.ft

Solution
3-LTB
Determine the flange compactness Lb  20 ft
b 24 E 29000 bfc 24
  fc   12  p  0.38  0.38  10.79 rt    6.61
2 t fc 2 *1 Fy 36  1   1 
12 1  a w  12 1  * 0.586 
 6   6 
  p
E 29000
4 4 Lp  1.1 rt  1.1* 6.61  206.36 in  17.2 ft
kc    0.333 Fy 36
h / tw 45 / 0.3125

kc E 0.333 * 29000
 r  0.95  0.95  18.59 E 29000
FL 0.7 * 36 Lr   rt   * 6.61  704.45in  58.7 ft
0.7 Fy 0.7 * 36
p    r  Non  compact flange

Determine the flange compactness Lp  Lb  Lr


h 45 E 29000
  144 }  5.70  5.70  161.78   L b  L p 
tw 0.3125 Fy 36 Fcr  C b Fy  0.3 Fy    F
  L r  L p  y
 
E 29000
  3.76  161.78   20  17.2 
Fy 36 Fcr  1.0 36  0.3 * 36    35.27  36  OK
Thus Non-compact web   58.7  17.2 

 M n   R pg Fcr S xc
 b M n is the lowest value of TFY,CFY, LTB, FLB
 Mn  0.9 *1.0 * 35.27 *1182  3126.69 k.ft
2- FLB
1- TFY  M n   R pg Fcr S xc
Since member is symmetric about x-axis
S xt  S xc  TFY does not apply p    r  Non  compact flange
2- CFY     p 
 M n   R pg Fy S xc Fcr  Fy  0.3 Fy  
  r  p 
 
h c t w 45 * 0.3125
aw    0.586  10  OK 
bfc t fc 24 *1.0  12  10.79 
Fcr  36  0.3 * 36    34.32
  18.59  10.79 
  h 
R pg  1  
aw
  c  5.7 E   1.0
  tw Fy   M n  0.9 *1.0 * 34.32 *1182  3042.47 k.ft
 1200  300 a w   
Thus FLB gives smaller value (control)
 0.586  29000 
R pg  1    144  5.7
 36 
 1200  300 * 0.586   Thus
 1.0075  1.0  R pg  1.0
 M n  3042.47 k.ft (FLB)

Lecture 7 ....... Page 9


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
5.SHEAR STRENGTH
Due to the relatively thin webs used in plate girders, the design for shear is more
complicated than for rolled sections. In fact, there are two approaches available for
designing for shear in plate girders. One method accounts only for the buckling strength
of the web, while the second method accounts for the post-buckling strength of the web
panels between stiffeners as a result of diagonal tension field action. Therefore, unless
diagonal tension field action is to be relied on, it is recommended that sufficient web
thickness be used to avoid the need for stiffeners.
The shear strength of a plate girder is a function of the depth-to-thickness ratio of the
web and the spacing of any intermediate stiffeners that may be present. The shear
capacity has two components: the strength before buckling and the post-buckling
strength. The post-buckling strength relies on tension-field action, which is made
possible by the presence of intermediate stiffeners. If stiffeners are not present or are
spaced too far apart, tension-field action will not be possible, and the shear capacity will
consist only of the strength before buckling.

Whether a plate girder will be unstiffened or stiffened must be decided in the early
design stages. Using stiffeners reduces the total steel weight but increases fabrication
costs. If the web height-to-thickness ratio h/tw > 260, transverse stiffeners are required.

AISC G3.1 lists all of the conditions under which a tension field cannot be used:
a- In end panels
2
 
b- When a  3 OR a   260 
h h  h / tw 
2Aw
c- When  2.5
A fc  A ft 
h h
d- or 6
b fc b ft

Aft= area of the tension flange


bft= width of the tension flange

Lecture 7 ....... Page 10


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
Whether the shear strength is based on web shear yielding or web shear buckling
h
depends on the web width-to-thickness ratio
tw

h kv E
1  If  1.10 , Then the strength is based on shear yielding, and
tw Fy

 Vn   0.6 Fy A w C v

h kv E
2  If  1.10 , Then the strength will be based on shear buckling or shear
tw Fy
buckling plus tension-field action. If tension-field behavior exists,

 1 C v 
 Vn   0.6 Fy A w  C v  

 1.15 1  a / h 2
 
OR
1 C v
 Vn   0.6 Fy A w C v   0.6 Fy A w
1.15 1  a / h 2

  0.9
Aw = area of the web = d * t
d = overall depth of the beam
Cv= ratio of critical web stress to shear yield stress

h / t w ratio kv

h 5
Unstiffened web with  260
tw
2 5
  5
Stiffened web with a  3 OR a   260 
h h  h / tw 
a / h 2
2
 
Stiffened web with a  3 OR a   260  5
h h  h / tw 

Lecture 7 ....... Page 11


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
h / t w ratio Cv

h kv E C v 1.0
 1.10
tw Fy

kv E h kv E kv E
1.10   1.37 1.10
Fy tw Fy Fy
h / tw

h kv E 1.51 E k v
 1.37
tw Fy h / t w 2 Fy

6.DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS WITHOUT TENSION-FIELD


ACTION
Transverse stiffeners are not required if one of the following conditions is satisfied:

h kv E
 2.46
tw Fy

Vu   Vn For k v  5

For all other conditions, transverse stiffeners are required and the spacing, a, and
thickness, tst , of the stiffener must be selected to satisfy the following conditions:

I st  b t 2w j

b  min a , h
2.5
j  2  0.5
a / h 2

t st 2b st  t w 3
I st 
12
tst = Thickness of transverse stiffener, and
bst= Width of transverse stiffener perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
girder.
Ist = Moment of inertia for a pair of stiffeners (i.e., stiffeners on both sides of the web)
about a horizontal axis at the centerline of the web.

Lecture 7 ....... Page 12


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
6.DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS WITH TENSION-FIELD ACTION
Transverse stiffeners with tension-field action must meet the preceding requirements for
stiffeners without tension-field action, and they must meet the following requirements:

b E
   0.56
 t  st Fy,st

 V  Vc1 
I st  I st1  (I st2  I st1 )  u 
 Vc 2  Vc1 
where
(b/t)st = width-to-thickness ratio of the stiffener,
Fy,st = yield stress of the stiffener
Vu = is the larger of the required shear strengths in the adjacent web panels,
Vc1 = the smaller of the available shear strengths (  Vn ) in the adjacent panels,
calculated with no tension field action .
Vc2 = the smaller of the available shear strengths (  Vn ) in the adjacent panels,
calculated with tension field action.

Ist1 = required moment of inertia as calculated for the no-tension-field case.


Ist2 = moment of inertia required to develop the buckling plus post-buckling shear
strength.
1.5
h 4 st1.3  Fyw 
I st2   
 E 
40  


 Fyw  
 st  max  ,1

 Fyst 
Fyw = yield stress of the girder web

Lecture 7 ....... Page 13


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
7.DESIGN OF BEARING STIFFENERS

Bearing stiffeners are required when the web has insufficient strength for any of the limit
states of web yielding, web crippling, or sidesway web buckling.
Although the web can be proportioned to directly resist any applied concentrated loads,
bearing stiffeners are usually provided. If stiffeners are used to resist the full
concentrated load, the limit states of web yielding, web crippling, and sidesway web
buckling do not need to be checked.
The nominal bearing strength of a stiffener is given in AISC J7 as

R n   1.8 Fy A pb ,   0.75

AISC J10.8 requires that full-depth stiffeners be used in pairs and analyzed as axially
loaded columns subject to the following guidelines:

1- The cross section of the axially loaded member consists of the stiffener plates and a
length of the web. This length can be no greater than 12 times the web thickness for an
end stiffener or 25 times the web thickness for an interior stiffener.

2- The effective length should be taken as 0.75 times the actual length—that is,
KL = 0.75h.
Lecture 7 ....... Page 14
Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
3- The nominal axial strength is
KL
- If  25  Pn   Fy A g ,   0.9
r
KL
- If  25  the usual requirements for compression members in AISC E apply.
r

b E
4-    0.56
 t  st Fy,st

The spacing of stiffeners could be obtained from Table 3-16 and 3-17

Lecture 7 ....... Page 15


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
Example 3: A plate girder of A36 steel shown in For the end panels, tension-field action is not
permitted, and the shear strength must be
figure, has been selected for a 65 ft simple span
computed from the Equation:
to support the loads wD=1.1 k/ft (not including
the beam weight) and wL=2 k/ft. Bearing  Vn   0.6 Fy A w
stiffeners are provided at the ends of girder.
 0.9 * 0.6 * 36 * 31.59 * 0.1268  77.87  Vu  156.98
a- Find spacing of intermediate stiffeners if
needed Thus intermediate stiffeners are required
b- Design intermediate stiffeners
c-Design bearing stiffeners -Select stiffeners for end panel (Tension filed

action may not be used)


 Vn V 156.98
 u   4.97
Aw Aw 31.59

Enter AISC Table 3-16a for (tension filed

action not included) with h/tw=219 and


 Vn / A w  4.97 and read a / h  1.00
 a  1.00 * 82  82 in

-Select spacing of stiffeners for second panel

in which tension field action is permitted.


Solution
shear at second panel is at 82 in form support.
Computing girder weight
82
A  2 * 1.125 * 20  3 / 8 * 82  75.75 in2 Vu  156.98  4.83 *  123.97 k
12
75.75  Vn  77.87  Vu  123.97
Self weight / ft  A *  steel  * 490 lb / ft 3
144
 258 lb / ft  0.258 k / ft Thus more intermediate stiffeners are
w u  1.2w D  1.6w L  1.2 * 0.258  1.1)  1.6 * 2  4.83 k / ft  required
w u L 4.83 * 65
Ru    156.98 -Select stiffeners for second panel (Tension
2 2

a- Find spacing of intermediate stiffeners if filed action is included)


needed  Vn V 123.97
 u   3.92 ksi
Aw Aw 31.59
-Find kv
A w  d t w  84.25 * 3 / 8  31.59 Enter AISC Table 3-16b for (tension filed
h 82 action is included) with h/tw=219 and
  219  260  k v  5
t w 0.375  Vn / A w  3.92 and read a / h  1.4
 a  1.4 * 82  114.8 in
-Find Cv

h kv E 5 * 29000
 219  1.37  1.37  86.95
tw Fy 36

1.51 E k v 1.511 * 29000 * 5


C v    0.1268
h / t w  2
Fy 219 2 * 36

Lecture 7 ....... Page 16


Lec Steel Design Misan University
Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
7 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 7
b- Design intermediate stiffeners The cross section of the axially loaded
member consists of the stiffener plates and
The first intermediate stiffeners is placed 82 in length of the web of 12 *tw =12*5/8=4.5"
from the end
a 82
  1.0
h 82
2.5 2.5
j  2  2  2  0.5  0.5  OK
a / h  2
1
b  min a , h 82

3
3
I st min  b t 2w j  82 *   * 0.5  2.16 in 4
8

assume thickness of pair of intermediate


stiffeners
Design the bearing stiffener as column has the
tst=0.25 in
crosshatched section.
t st 2b st  t w 3
I st  5 3
A  2 * ( * 9 )  4.5 *  12.94 in 2
12 8 8

0.25 * 2b st  0.3753 18.375 3 * 5 / 8


2.16   b st  2.16 I  323 in 4 (neglecting the web
12 12

Use 2PLS 3*0.25 in plate intermediate stiffeners contribution)

I 323
r   5.0 in
A 12.94
c-Design bearing stiffeners
KL  0.75 h  0.75 * 82  61.5 in

20  3 / 8 KL 61.5
b st max   9.81
r

5.0
 12.3
2

Use bst = 9 in Enter Table 4-22 of AISCM with KL/r = 12.3 and
Fy=36 ksi and read  c Fcr  31.17 ksi
b E 29000
   0.56  0.56  15.89
 t  st Fy,st 36  c Pn   c Fcr * A  31.17 *12.94  416.3 kips
  c Pn  416.3 kips  R u  156.98 kips  OK
b st 9
 15.89   15.89  min t st  0.566
t st t st Check bearing strength
R n   1.8 Fy A pb
Use tst =5/8 = 0.625 in

Thus try two plate bearing stiffeners 5/8*9 in A pb  2 * (9  0.5) * 5 / 8  10.625

R n  0.75 *1.8 * 36 *11.25  516.375 kips

R n  516.375 kips  R u  156.98  OK

Use 2PLS 9*5/8 with depth of 81.75


(a depth of 81.75 used instead of 82 in for fitting
purposes)

Lecture 7 ....... Page 17

You might also like