Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Technological: HRIS
Internal:
Strategy, Task & Leadership
Unions
Organizational culture & conflict
Enacted Environment- own creation e.g. OPEC Knowing the
Domain- carves out for itself, Domain Consensus
Environment
Task Environment- all groups that can influence organization.
E.g. range of products, technology, etc.
Environment scanning
SWOT analysis
Strategy implementation
Strategy evaluation
Chapter-4
Human Resource Planning
• The first part of human resource strategy is human resource
planning
• All other HR activities such as employee hiring, training &
development, remuneration, appraisal, & labor relations are
derived from HRP.
• HRP is a sub-system in total Org. Planning
• Importance:
Future personnel needs, succession planning
Part of strategic planning
Creating highly talented personnel
International strategy
Foundation for personnel functions
Investment in HR’s (human assets as compared to physical assets
increase in value)
Resistance to change & move
Factors affecting HRP:
1. Type & strategy of Organization.
2. Organizational growth cycles
3. Environment uncertainties
4. Time horizons (short/long term) greater the uncertainty, shorter the time
horizon
5. Type & quality of source information (HRIS)
6. Outsourcing
Environment scanning:
•Economic
•Technological
•Demographic
•Political & legislative
•Social concerns
Organization objectives & policies:
•Internal promotion
•Training & development
•Enrichment of job
•Union
•Retaining
Demand: Quantity & Quality
Basis- annual budget and long term corporate plan translated into
activity levels for each function & department.
External: Competition, Economic
Internal: Budget constraints, Employee separation etc.
Forecasting techniques:
Managerial judgment-(bottom up/ top-down)
Ratio trend analysis-(Past ratios, e.g. sales volume -employee size)
Regression analysis
Work supply technique(length of operation-amount of labor reqd.)
Delphi technique
Flow models (Markov analysis)
I. Time span (Time to be covered-depends on HR Plan)
II. Mutually exclusive categories of employees -movement in
categories
III. Estimate probability of transition based on past trends
HR supply forecast : External (e.g. colleges & universities)
Internal :
Existing Employees:
from HR audit: Skills inventories (non-managers)
Management inventories (managers)
•Work history
•Strengths
•Weaknesses
•Promotion potential
•Career goals
•Personal data
•No. & types of employees supervised
•Total budget managed
•Previous management duties
Inflow-outflow = No. of current employees
Turnover rate = No. of separations in 1 year
* 100
Avg. no. of employees in 1 year
Absenteeism rate= No. of workers absent*No. of days)*100
Average no. of workers*No. of working days
E.g. 4% means 96 out of 100 are available
Retention plan:
Compensation plan
Performance appraisal
Employee quitting because of conflict or green pastures
The induction crisis(accurate job requirements, realistic job
picture)
Shortages
Unstable recruits- find characteristics
Chapter-5
Analyzing work & Designing jobs
• Origin civil right movement
• Collecting job related information-Job description &
specification
• Monetary consideration is necessary- deciding whether a
activity is work or not
• Work has two characteristics-
Sociological- Leadership, Politics, Power, Group dynamics
Psychological- Learning, Attitude, Motivation, Satisfaction & Perception.
• Job description – Task & Responsibilities
Importance:
– Lays foundation for HRP
– Employee hiring
– Training & development, Performance appraisal
– Salary & wage fixation, Safety & Health.
Process
Strategic choices:
Extent of employee involvement,
Level of detail,
Timing & Frequency of analysis,
Past oriented vs. Future oriented
Sources of job data:
Non-human: Human:
*Existing data *job analysis
*Equipment maintenance record *job incumbents
*Equipment blue print *supervisors
*Work area architecture *job experts
*Films of employee working
*Training manuals
*Magazines & news papers
2) Information Gathering:
•Type of data (time & budget constraints)
•Methods of data collection
•Who should collect: trained job analyzers, supervisors, job-incumbents
Methods:
Observation
Interview
Questionnaire
Checklists
Technical conference
Diary methods
Quantitative:
Position analysis questionnaire:194 elements, 6 categories ,degree
of involvement
Manager position development questionnaire
Functional job analysis: Relation to people, data, & things.
Job Analysis Sheet
Job Description Sheet
Purpose of job analysis:
•HRP
•Employee hiring
•Training & development
•Performance appraisal
•HRIS
Job design: conscious effort, organize tasks, duties & responsibilities, follows
after job- analysis
Organization factors: internal structure of each task requires planning,
executing & controlling, completely integrated job.
Work flow, Ergonomics, work practices.
Environment factors: Availability of employees, abilities, social & cultural
expectations.
Behavioral elements:
Feedback,
Autonomy,
Use of abilities,
Variety
Job Design Approaches
Job rotation
Job engineering-specialization, time & motion studies
Job enlargement
Job enrichment: adding more motivators (empowerment)
Hertzberg 8 characteristics
1) Direct feedback
2) Personal accountability
3) Direct communication
4) Learning
5) Client relationship
6) Control over resources
7) Scheduling own work
8) Unique experience
Socio-technical systems
Ergonomics
Tele-commuting
Alternative work pattern (scheduling)
Chapter-6
Recruiting Human resources
• Recruitment represents the first contact that a company makes
with potential employees.
• Recruitment program helps the firm in 4 ways:
1. Attract highly qualified & competent people.
2. Ensure that the selected candidate stay longer with the
company.
3. Make sure that there is match between cost & benefit.
4. Help the firm create more culturally diverse work force.
• Factors governing Recruitment:
External: Internal:
Supply & demand Recruitment Policy
Unemployment rate HRP
Labor market Size of the Firm
Political- legal Cost
Image Growth & Expansion
Recruitment: process of identifying & attracting job seekers so as to
build a pool of qualified job applicants.
5 stages:
2.Planning
3.Strategy development
4.Searching
5.Screening
6.Evaluation & control
(how to distinguish applicants who are unqualified from those
who have a reasonable chance of success)
Strategy development:
•Make/Buy,
•Technological sophistication of recruitment & selection devices
Sources of recruitment:
Internal: External:
Present employees E- recruitment
Employee referrals competitors
Former employees consultants
Previous applicants walk-in/write-in
Campus recruitment
Employment Exchange (Acc. To act, every
Industrial Establishment ( >25 workers)
should notify vacancies in it.)
Alternatives:
overtime
Employee leasing-outsourcing of recruitment
Temporary employment.
Chapter 7
Selecting Human Resources
• Selection is the process of differentiating between
applicants in order to identify & hire those with a greater
likelihood of success in a job.
Choosing tests-reliability, validity, objectivity, & standardization.
Contract of employment:
Job title
Duties
Date when continuous employment starts
Rate of pay, allowances, overtime, hours of work including lunch break &
shift arrangements
Sickness,
Length of notice,
Grievance procedure
Disciplinary procedure
Work rule
Arrangements (terminating, union membership),
Rights to patents,
Employee rights to vary terms of contract subject to proper notification.
Conceptual effectiveness
Operational effectiveness
Interpersonal effectiveness
Achievement motivation
Appraisal Methods
Methods of Job-evaluation
Non-analytical:
Analytical:
• Factor comparison: factors • Ranking: no yardstick
compared, e.g.- mental • Job grading-yardstick for
requirements, skills, classification
physical, etc.
• Point- ranking method:
selection of job factors
( skills, education,
responsibility, job
conditions, etc.)- given
points.
Chapter-11
Managing Basic Remuneration
Theories of Remuneration
Equity Theory:
Internal Equity: different jobs in the Organization
External Equity: relative to outside similar job
Individual Equity
•Business strategy:
Invest to grow:----------→Entrepreneurial Skills
Manage Earnings:-------→Management Effectiveness
Harvest:--------------------→Cost control
– 1975-1977 Emergency
20 points program for
– 1977- Janta
worker’s participation
– 1979- congress
– Bill- may 30, 1990 in Rajya Sabha-----------making it statutory
Risk management
Assessing risks (frequency, probability, & severity), steps to reduce
Meditation
applied
subordinates
Chapter-26
Evaluating HRM Effectiveness
HR Research
Wage surveys
Effectiveness of various recruitment sources
Effectiveness of training efforts
Survey of supervisor’s effectiveness
Job analysis
Survey of employee needs etc.
Analytical approach:
Cost-benefit analysis (utility analysis)
(excessive reliance on quantitative)- dysfunctional
Qualitative – (loyalty, commitment, attitude etc.)