Atomic

Structures

AP Chemistry Review
Who’s Model?
 Democritus
– This Person used reasoning instead of science when he came up with his
theory.
– He based his work off of the philosophers Leucippus and Anaxagoras.
– He was the first person to suggest that materials were made up of
smaller things.
– He refered to these things 'atomos'.
– He stated that no matter how small you cut something up, it would
always have the same properties.
– He said that matter cannot be created nor destroyed.
Who’s Theroy?
Lavoisier

– This scienctist was known for his experimentation skills.

– His favorite experiments being turing HgO into Hg+O
– He used this experiment to help himself come up with the Law of
Conservation.
– The law states that matter cannot be made or destroyed.
– He also hints at the rearrangement of matter in reactions.
– Matter rearranged, but never disappeared.
Who’s Law?
Proust

– He stated the Law of Definite Proportions.

– The law states that the ratio of elements in a compound is always the
same/constant.
– He believed that matter could be put together in certain patterns to make
bigger, different, unique matter
Who’s Theory?
 Dalton
– Dalton did tons upon tons of library research.
– After he completed his research, he compiled it into what we call Dalton's Theory.
– His theory contained 6 parts:
matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
– atoms are indivisible and indestructable
– atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and chemical properties
– atoms of specific elements are different thatn those of other elements
– in a chemical reaction, atoms separate, combine and/or rearrange
Who’s Model?
 Thomson
– Thomson created the cathode ray and the plum pudding model.
– The cathode ray is a tube at a high voltage current that is sent through it, and the atoms hit the
outside of the tube which make the tube glow.
– In this way, Thomson was able to test polarity of the atoms by placing the magnet next to the
cathode ray.
– He found out there were almost all negative, or beta particles.
– He also determined the charge to mass ratio and came up with the idea that an atom was like
plum pudding
– He then created the plum pudding model
Who’s Theory?
Becquerel

– Henri Bequerel was studying the properties of uranium salts and placed it on
top of a photographic plate and then wrapped in black paper.
– He discovered, that the plate was exposed in the shape of the uranium sample.
– x-rays and light use the same radiation emitted by the uranium shared certain
properties
– Becquerel discovered radioactivity
Who’s Theory?
Millikan

– It is called the oil drop experiment because it involved dropping oil between
electrodes.
– The force of those droplets going through the electric field was measured, and
was electrical field between the electrodes, they were then able to determine
the charge on a single electron.
– After numerous trials, because not all oil droplets were exactly the same size,
Millikan and Fletcher concluded that the charge of an electron, or the
elementary charge, was equal to 1.5924(17) x 10^-19 C.
Who’s Experiment?
Rutherfurd

– Rutherford's most famous experiment is the gold foil experiment.

– It consisted of shooting Alpha atoms into extremely thin gold foil and seeing where
on the surrounding circular wall it hit.
– He believed they would all just go straight through.
– However, a very small amount went either off to the sides or back towards the
Alpha atom stream.
– This he found meant that there was something in the center of the atoms, called the
nucleus.
– It was the first of its kind to display the nucleus that he found while experimenting.
Who’s Model
Chadwick

– Chadwick discovered neutrons.

– They differed from alpha rays because they repelled considerable electrical
forces that are in the nucleus of many heavy atoms.
– A neutron can then penetrate and split the nuclei of most elements.
Who’s Model?
Meitner and Fermi

– This model is known as the TF Model

– Name after Thomas and Fermi
Who’s Model?
Lawrence

– The first "cyclotron," as it came to be known, consisted of a flat glass cylinder

containing two semicircular D-shaped electrodes.
– These electrodes were attached to a radio-frequency oscillator that would cause them
to alternate polarity rapidly between positive and negative charges.
– A strong electromagnet, with poles facing above and below the apparatus, it created a
magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the electrodes.
– In operation, the glass chamber was pumped down to a near vacuum and protons were
injected into the center of the device.
– As the particles changed polarity, the positive protons would be alternatively pulled
and pushed in a circular orbit of increasing diameter.
– As the orbit increased, so did the velocity and energy of the particles. When the stream
of protons reached the desired energy, they were deflected and directed at the intended
target.
Websites Used

– https://study.com/academy/lesson/robert-millikan-biography-atomic-theory-
oil-drop-experiment.html
– https://historyoftheatomictheory.weebly.com/james-chadwick.html
– http://www.abcte.org/files/previews/chemistry/s1_p4.html
– http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dp42fe.html
– http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Kr-Ma/Lawrence-Ernest.html