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Controlling Chaos with Artificial Neural Network: Numerical Studies and Experiments
Although there are a number of theoretically suggested chaos control methods using artificial neural networks
(ANN), experimental tests are still lacking. In this paper, we report on experimental chaos control during the
electrochemical dissolution of copper in phosphoric acid. The neural network implementation of simple
proportional and recursive feedback algorithms is presented.
Introduction These methods have not been tested on real chemical systems
so far. Our goal was to develop ANN algorithms as simple as
Chaotic systems are highly susceptible to control by using possible and test their effectiveness in experiments.
small perturbations to a system constraint. Feedback methods This paper is structured as follows. First, a brief introduction
have been applied to taming chaos in magnetoelastic and to artificial neural networks is presented. Then we devise a
hydrodynamic systems, electric circuits, lasers, chemical reac- simple strategy for controlling chaos by taking advantage of a
tions, and tissues of heart and brain in vitro.1 The well-known well-known feature of artificial neural networks: they can
Ott-Grebogi-Yorke (OGY) algorithm2 and its variations are “learn” the linear or nonlinear rules embedded even in a noisy
based on the notion that for controlling chaos one needs to know data set. The proposed method is first tested for taming chemical
only the local dynamics in a small (linear) range around a fixed chaos in a simple three-variable model, the chaotic Autocata-
point (corresponding to the targeted unstable periodic orbit, lator.12 We show that after learning the map-based representation
UPO), on some n-dimensional surface-of-section (Poincaré of the chaotic dynamics at a given range of an accessible control
section) of the phase space trajectories. The OGY method has parameter, the trained network can be readily applied to
been further developed by Petrov et al.3 and Rhode et al.4 They controlling chaos based on the simple proportional feedback
studied the dynamics of the system around the fixed point under (SPF) algorithm by Peng et al.13 The network is then modified
the effect of random perturbations, then the goal dynamics has so as to implement the so-called recursive proportional feedback
been targeted by using a control rule with empirically determined (RPF) method for controlling chaos.14 The improved ANN
constants in a control formula. algorithm is applied to a model for the respiratory behavior of
In experimental settings, however, application of these a diffusively coupled two-cell system.15,16 Finally, we test the
methods is often troublesome because of noise and shift in the suggested method on an experimental system, the chaotic
system constraints.5 It seemed inevitable to develop a better electrodissolution of copper in concentrated phosphoric acid
technique so as to make chaos control a routine (automated) electrolyte.17-21
procedure.
Artificial neural networks are widely used in chemometrics, Artificial Neural Networks
especially when the evaluation of experimental data requires From a practical point of view, an artificial neural network
complex, nonlinear fitting. A comprehensive review on the topic is simply a computer program that transforms an m-variable
has been published by Sumpter et al.6 It has been shown first input into an n-variable output. The units of the network are
by Alsing et al.7 that chaos control can be implemented by using the so-called neurons that are connected, for example, to a feed-
a nonlinear fitting procedure with an ANN. In their numerical forward network, in which the information is processed through
work, however, they just simply fitted the data to the OGY several layers such as input layer, hidden layer(s), and output
formula by an ANN and applied the trained network to control layer.22 A neuron collects inputs from all of the units of the
chaos. A strategy developed later by Lebender et al.8 takes upper layer and transforms its net input into an output. The total
advantage of the nonlinearity built in an ANN, and it also works input Ij to unit j is the weighted sum of the output of all neurons
outside the linear region of the fixed point. However, training (i ) 1, 2, ..., n) connected to it:
of the ANN required an additional numerical fitting procedure.
Konishi et al.9 have also developed an on-line chaos controller
that, however, works only for fixed point with eigenvalues Ij ) θj + ∑i wjioi (1)
in a given range or it requires a complicated procedure to
construct an error function for the ANN.10 The method of
Bakker et al.11 fits a global model to discrete time series data where oi is the output of the ith unit, wji is a weight
and controls chaos using the trained network. This method has characterizing the “strength” of connection between units j and
been experimentally applied to control the chaotic motion of a i, and θj is a threshold value. The total input Ij is transformed
pendulum. into an output oj by a transfer function:
1
E) ∑
2 j
j - tj)
(oout 2
(3)
where oout
j and tj are, respectively, the actual and desired
(target) output values of neurons in the output layer. During
the training session the weights are updated according to a
“learning rule”. In our calculations we apply the Langevin-type
error back propagation using dynamic learning parameters:
∂E
∆wn+1
ji ) -ηn + R∆wnji + βnσ(1) (4)
∂wji
where ∆wnji is the change in the wji value at the nth iteration, ηn
is the learning rate, 0 < R <1 is a constant called momentum,
βn is a training parameter, and σ(1) is a Gaussian-noise with Figure 1. Chaos in the three-variable Autocatalator at µ ) 0.154 is
controlled by using a 2-6-6-1 feed forward neural network. Control
zero expected value and unit standard deviation. The derivatives
(BF ) 40.568) is switched on at n ) 250 and turned off at n ) 750.
∂E/∂wji are calculated by the back-propagation algorithm. After
each input set has been passed through the network (after one
Simple Proportional Feedback by ANN Algorithm. In Figure
epoch) ηn and βn are updated according to eq 5
1, a previously trained feed-forward ANN is applied to
{ }
controlling chaos in the three-variable Autocatalator12 that is a
0.999ηn if En+1 g En
prototype model for chaotic behavior observed in isothermal
ηn+1 ) 1-0.9999
(
ηn 1 +
10 )
otherwise chemical systems. Rate equations of the model are
Conclusions (3) Petrov, V.; Mihaliuk, E.; Scott, S. K.; Showalter, K. Phys. ReV. E
1995, 51, 3988.
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Acknowledgment. This work was supported by the follow- 99.
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