Background rasdiation- thee radiation frm the environment constanlty present ( like

in food and hater and the ground)

main natural sources of radiation-

rad gases frm ground, minly radon, can be trapped in buildigs and built up in
bultdibgs and build up dangerously, increase lng cancer
rad elements frm earth crust, uranium and its isotopes frm which it decays,
give gamma
cosmic ray, lower energy showers of beta muons
ntrual isotopes in foof sand drink like c14 and k40

precatuons-
kep far(30cm) from all lab sources
dont touch rad, use hanfling tool
keep unusedsources in lead storage box
limit use of rad sources
wash hands after use rad

alpha rad-
detected via spark counter or ionisation chamber
abs by thin paper
alph can be delfecte dby ,agnetiv and ekecgtric fields

beta rad-
dectec via gm tub w/ rate meter
cant use that for alpoga, since cant penetrate mica
range 50cm or some al sheets
v strng magnet can defleact

gamma ry-
like all em wave, obey invers square law, intensirt falls wirh square of dist
in air
not entiirely abs by few cm of Pb

isotpes-
same chem propertises
diff atomic mass amd so diff density

in bet decay-
one anti neutrino eleased w/ electron and vice versa

gamma emissoin-
when alph or bet released, nuvcleus gets excited
to get dtable, nucleus release energy and give gamma phot
also x rays from deexciting electrons

rad is-
random, dont know when or which nucleus will decay
spontaneous, unaffected by stuff like temp and pressure

rate of decay or activit-

-(dN)/(dt) = (decay constant )N

half life-
the time for a number of rad nuclei to decay half that no.
since rad is random process, we can onlt find the avg hl since it will be
diff each time it is measured
for rad graph-
curve's xpontnetial
rad dec eq.. is N = (Orig N)(e^(-t x dec. const))

half life can be -

(ln2)/(dec. const.)

when asked to justify a rad thing being useless after a while-

show that the remainin gfraction to the orig. no is tiny

activity can be-

A = (Orig. A)(e^(-t x dec. const))

rad dating-
living things have same ratio of c12 to c14 as in atmosphere
after death , fraction incerases as c14 decays but c12 is same
from measurring current ratio, age if thing can be obtained
not entirely acciurate as change in co2 composition in atmosphere over the
years
also not suitable for 60000 year old as c14 hl is 5730 yers, or 10 hlives

nuclear meds -
isotope must have hl long enight for the diagnostic but short so patient gets
least rads