Power Spectral Density:

•The function which gives distribution of power of a signal at

various frequencies in frequency domain.

•PSD is the Fourier Transform of autocorrelation

•Rectangular pulse and its spectrum

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PSD Derivation:
• We now need to derive the time autocorrelation of a power
signal x(t)
_--

• Since x(t) consists of impulses, is found by

• Recognizing for real signals, we have

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•Since the pulse filter has the spectrum of , we have

• Now, we can use this to find the PSD of various line codes.

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PSD of Polar Signalling:
• In polar signalling,
Binary “1” is transmitted by a pulse f(t)
Binary “0” is transmitted by a pulse –f(t)
• In this case, is equally likely to be 1 or -1 and is always 1.

Where, There are N pulses and for each one.

The summation on the right-hand side of the above equation is N.
• Moreover, both and are either 1 or -1. So, is either 1
or -1.
They are equally likely to be 1 or -1 on the average, out of N terms the product
is equal to 1 for N/2 terms and is equal to -1 for the remaining N/2 terms.

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PSD of Bipolar Signalling:
•To calculate the PSD, we have

•On the average, half of the are 0, and the remaining half are
either 1 or -1, with . Therefore,

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•To compute R1, we consider the pulse strength product .
-Four possible equally likely sequences of two bits:11,10,01,00.
-Since bit 0 encoded by no pulse , the product for
the last three of these sequences. This means that, on the average,
3N/4 combinations have and only N/4 combinations have
non zero . Because of the bipolar rule, the bit sequence 11
can only be encoded by two consecutive pulse of opposite
polarities. This means the product for the N/4
combinations.

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PSD of Lines Codes:

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Comparison of Line Codes:
Sr. Parameters Polar RZ Polar NRZ AMI Manchester
No.

1 Transmission of DC YES YES NO NO

component
2 Signaling Rate 1/Tb 1/Tb 1/Tb 1/Tb

3 Noise Immunity LOW LOW HIGH HIGH

4 Synchronizing Poor Poor Very Good Very Good

Capability
5 Bandwidth Required 1/Tb 1/2Tb 1/2Tb 1/Tb

6 Crosstalk HIGH HIGH LOW LOW

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