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INTRODUCTION
Now-a-days a significant number of thermal researchers are seeking for new heat
transfer enhancing methods between surfaces and surrounding fluids. The technique or
method implemented to improve heat transfer performance is referred to as heat
transfer enhancement. For well over a century, efforts have been made to produce
more efficient heat transfer devices by employing various methods of heat transfer
enhancement. The study of enhanced heat transfer has gained serious momentum
during recent years, however, due to increased demands by industry for heat exchange
equipment that is less expensive to build and operate than standard heat exchange
devices. Savings in materials and energy use also provide strong motivation for the
development of improved methods of enhancement. Enhancement devices are
necessary for the high heat duty exchangers found in power plants (i.e. air-cooled
condensers, nuclear fuel rods). These applications, as well as numerous others, have
led to the development of various enhanced heat transfer surfaces. The improvements
in the performance of the heat transfer devices have attracted many researchers for a
long time as they are of great technical, economical, and not the least, ecological
importance. The heat transfer can be increased by different Augmentation Techniques.
Generally, heat transfer enhancement methods are classified into three broad
categories.
(b) Passive method: This method involves the use of surface or geometrical
modifications to the flow channel by incorporating inserts or additional devices such
as inserts, rough surfaces, treated surfaces, extended surfaces, swirl flow device,
displacement enhancement device, coiled tube etc. Passive methods do not require
external power to maintain enhancement of heat transfer characteristics.
Use of this technique causes the swirl in the bulk of the fluids and disturbs the actual
boundary layer so as to increase effective surface area, residence time and
consequently heat transfer coefficient in the existing system. Increasing the surface
area is effective but results in an increased material cost and an increased mass for the
heat exchanger. Another possible method is to use surface or geometrical
modifications to the flow channel by incorporating inserts or additional devices. Heat
transfer augmentation by these techniques can be achieved by reducing boundary layer
thickness by passive vortex generation. In this technique the flow field is altered by an
obstruction to generate a vortex oriented in the direction of the flow.
1.5 Objectives
Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement from vortex generator in
turbulent zone.
1) To investigate the performance of the test plate with rectangular vortex generator,
delta vortex generator, trapezoidal vortex generator at same angle of attack 450 and at
varying height of 20mm, 15 mm and 10mm and no. of pairs of vortex generator.
2) To investigate the performance of the test plate with different vortex generator from
Reynolds Number varying from 9000 to 16000.
3) To investigate friction factor of the test plate with different vortex generators at
same angle of attack 450 and at varying height of 20mm, 15 mm and 10mm and no. of
pairs of vortex generator.
There has been a considerable amount of research in the area of heat transfer
enhancement available both in the form of experimental results and as predictions of
the numerical investigation. In this, a summary of these findings is presented in order
to put the present problem in the right perspective.
Guobing Zhou et al [1] has experimentally investigate and compare a pair of curved
trapezoidal winglet vortex generator with different types of vortex generators such as
rectangular winglet, trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet vortex generator by using
dimensionless factors that is j/j 0 , f/f 0 and R = (j/j 0 )/(f/f 0 ). To compare the thermal and
flow performance of these VGs, the tests are conducted under the same attack angle (b
= 45.0), front edge pitch (S1 =20 mm) and placement (S2 = 170 mm downstream the
inlet of the test section) with Re ranged from 700 to 26,800 covering the laminar,
transitional and turbulent region.
The experimental setup and measurement are validated by comparing the obtained
values of Nusselt number and friction factor of the smooth channel with the empirical
correlations of Hausen,Sieder and Tate and Shah for fully developed laminar flow
regions and Dittuse-Boelter , Gnielinski , Petukhov , and Blasius for turbulent flow
regions, respectively. The heat transfer and friction factor data obtained for each
vortex generator is compared with the data obtained from smooth plate under similar
geometric and flow conditions.
The results showed that delta winglet pair is the best in laminar and transitional flow
region, while curved trapezoidal winglet pair (CTWP) has the best thermohydraulic
performance in fully turbulent region due to the streamlined configuration and then the
low pressure drop, which indicates the advantages of using this kind of vortex
generators for heat transfer enhancement. Parametric study on CTWP showed that
smaller attack angle (β= 0 and150), larger curvature (b/a =1/2) and larger angle of
inclination (α=200) gives better thermohydraulic performance under the present
conditions. An appropriate spacing between the leading edges of a pair of CTW VG
should be considered for different flow regions.
Mirazel et. al. [3] analyzed heat transfer augmentation in plate finned tube heat
exchangers with vortex generators (winglets).They compared the performances of
round and flat tubes. Heat transfer augmentation and pressure loss penalty caused by
vortex generators (VGs) are numerically studied by them for finned flat/round tube
heat exchangers and compared with available experimental results. The simulations
are performed with the steady three-dimensional incompressible conditions and a
RNGK-ε turbulence model is used. The Reynolds numbers based on the bulk velocity
and the height of channel are selected from 600 to 4050. To compare the effectiveness
of VGs on the round and flat tubes for tube-fin heat exchangers, two different
configurations are investigated with two and four delta winglet vortex generators for
each tube. The streamlines, vorticity, the averaged Nusselt number, the friction factor
and the performance factor (JF) are provided to evaluate the effectiveness of VGs for
the heat exchangers employed. It is found that the flat tube with VGs provides better
thermal performance than the round one, especially at the lower Reynolds numbers.
Maniar et. al. [4] studied heat transfer enhancement in a rectangular channel using
vortex generator in a laminar flow. This research involves the numerical analysis of
heat exchange enhancement in a rectangular channel using different types of
longitudinal vortex generators (LVG) for a laminar flow. A computational fluid
dynamics software package was used to compute the 3-D steady viscous flows with
heat transfer. The effects of Reynolds number ranging from 500 to 1000 (laminar
flow) are shown from different attack angles of the vortex generators (30˚ and 45˚).
S.Eiamsa et. al. [5] this research has been performed to study the influences of
multiple twisted tape vortex generators (MT-VG)on the heat transfer and fluid friction
characteristics in a rectangular channel. The experiments conducted using the twisted
tapes with three different twist ratios (y/w=2.5, 3.0 and 3.5) for generating different
swirl and turbulent intensities in the channel. The twisted tapes are assembled to
obtained the MT-VG with three different free-spacing ratios, s/w=1.66 (5 tapes),
s/w=1.25 (7 tapes) and s/w=1.0 (9 tapes). The results for the Reynolds number ranged
from 2700 to 9000 at constant Prandtl number, Pr=0.7, using air as the test fluid, are
examined. In the studied range, the presence of channel with MT-VG leads to increase
in heat transfer rate over the use of smooth channel around 10.3 to 169.5%. The
channel with the smaller twist ratio(y/w) and free-spacing ratio (s/w) provides higher
heat transfer rate and pressure loss than those with the larger of twist ratio and free-
spacing ratio under similar operation conditions. In addition, correlations of Nusselt
number (Nu) and friction factor (f) have been developed and the thermal enhancement
index at constant pumping power is also determined. With the utilization of twisted
tapes, the Nusselt numbers increase in the range of 10% and 170% in comparison with
the values in the smooth channel while the friction factors are in the range of 1.45 and
5.7 times of those for the smooth channel. Over the range investigated, enhancement
indices are found to be around 0.94 to 1.4.
The results showed that the rectangular winglet pairs (RWPs) can significantly
improve the heat transfer performance of the fin and- tube heat exchangers with a
moderate pressure loss penalty. They found that the rectangular winglet pairs (RWPs)
is one promising heat transfer enhancement technique. The RWP generated vortices
can enhance the thermal mixing of the fluid, delay the boundary layer separation, and
reduce the size of tube wake. The longitudinal vortices generated by RWPs rearrange
the temperature distribution and the flow field, and as a consequence significantly
enhance the heat transfer performance of the fin-and-tube heat exchanger. Due to the
“common-flow-up” orientation of the RWPs, a constricted nozzle-like passage is
created between the RWPs and the aft region of the tube and hence the fluid is
accelerated in this region.
The accelerated flow cannot only further delay the boundary layer separation and
reduce the tube wake, but also impinge directly on the downstream tube, which
resulting in significant augmentation of local heat transfer. The staggered-RWPs array
in the fin-and-tube heat exchangers can augment the heat transfer as good as the
inline-RWPs array. In addition, compared with the inline-RWPs array, the staggered-
RWPs array can further reduce the pressure loss penalty due to the asymmetric
arrangement of the vortex generators.
Jiong Li et al. [10], Proposed the numerical analysis of a slit fin and tube heat
exchanger with longitudinal vortex generator. A 3D numerical simulation is performed
on laminar heat transfer and flow characteristics of a slit fin and tube heat exchanger
with longitudinal vortex generator. Heat transfer enhancement of novel slit fin
mechanism is investigated by examining the effects of strips and the longitudinal
vortices. Slit fins are same like some pieces of strips are punched from the fin sheet.
Louvered fin and round tube heat exchangers are widely used in air conditioning
devices and heat pumps. In this study the effect of punching delta winglet vortex
generators into the louvered fin surface in the near wake region of each tube was
numerically investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The delta
winglets serve to reduce the size of the tube wakes. They cause three important
mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement. First, due to the swirling motion of the
generated vortices, hot air is removed from the tube wake to the mainstream regions
and vice versa. Second, the induced wall-normal flow locally thins the boundary layer,
which also enhances the heat transfer. Third, the size of the wake zones is reduced
because the flow separation from the tube surface is delayed. This also results in a
reduced form drag of the tube surface.
This paper present local heat transfer coefficients were measured on fin-tube heat
exchanger with winglets using a single heater of 2 inch diameter and five different
positions of winglet type vortex generators. The measurements were made at Reynolds
number about 2250. Flow losses were determined by measuring the static pressure
drop in the system. Results showed a substantial increase in the heat transfer with
winglet type vortex generators. It has been observed that average Nusselt number
increases by about 46% while the local heat transfer coefficient improves by several
times as compared to plain fin-tube heat exchanger. The maximum improvement is
observed in the re-circulation zone.
Experimental setup comprises four sections such as air channel, test section, water
channel and control panel section
Test section is a rectangular box made of epoxy resin and having dimensions
700mm×150mm and thickness of 10mm as shown in Figure 3.2. A copper plate of
dimension 700mm×150mm and thickness of 6mm is placed in the test section with
opening from upper portion for placing vortex generator. A hole of diameter 105mm is
introduced at the inlet of test section for the entering of PVC pipe which connect air
channel and test section. Similar hole is also introduced at the outlet of test section for
the air removal. Inclined manometer is used to measure the pressure drop across the
test section. Two pressure taps are inserted on the top portion of the test section for
connecting test section with the inclined manometer.
Water channel of dimension 600×150mm is fixed with the copper plate from
downward portion. A sandwich configuration is used for the heat transfer section (test
section) where the air and water are separated by a copper plate. Water channel consist
of inlet and outlet for the hot water. Water channel is well prevented from leakage. Hot
water from a temperature controlled heater is pumped into the water channel through
rotameter which is used for measuring water flow rate and the outlet of water channel
is connected with the heater.
Test section
Rotameter
Heater
Pump
The experiment is conducted in test section which is heated by hot water with counter-
flow arrangement. Air drawn by blower flows from air channel to the test section and
passes through the vortex generator attaches to the copper plate which is placed inside
the test section and then it is exhausted from test section. Figure 3.4 shows the actual
photo of experimental setup. Test section is a closely packed rectangular box made up
of epoxy resin having opening from upward portion for placing vortex generator. Test
section and water channel both are attached to the copper plate.
3.1.5 Insulation
For reducing heat losses from water channel and test section silicon wool insulation is
used. The insulation is wrapped around the test section and water channel every time
while performing experimentation.
10mm ER
Water channel
Figure.3.5 Arrangements of thermocouples on copper plate
Three vortex generators (VGs) are selected for comparative test, rectangular winglet
(RW), trapezoidal winglet (TW), delta winglet (DW) as shown in Figure 3.6. These
vortex generators are fixed vertically on the copper plate using silica gel.
Copper plate
Vortex generator
X=20mm β=450
150mm
Y=100mm
700mm
. The distance between each pair of vortex generator is kept same (100mm) for perfect
comparison. The positions of four pairs of vortex generator are shown in figure 3.8.
Copper plate
700mm
20mm β=45 VG
150mm
Type of α β a H x y Re
vortex (degree) (degree) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
generator
Table no. 3.2 Geometric dimensions and test conditions of vortex generators
Type α β a h x y Re
(degree) (degree) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1. The pump, heater and blower are switch on after filling the water loop.
2. Zero point is verified for U- Tube manometer, inclined manometer and water
flow rate meter before each test run.
3. The blower was switched on to let a predetermined rate of air flow through the
test channel.
4. The water heater temperature is then set to 900C constant supply.
5. A constant water flow rate 400LPH is maintained throughout the
experimentation by using rotameter.
6. To collect relevant heat transfer and flow friction data test runs were
conducted under steady state condition which is assumed to be reached when
the inlet and outlet temperature of air and water at a point does not change for
about 15 minutes.
7. Eight values of Reynolds number were used for each set at fixed heater
temperature.
8. Once the steady state occurs, the observed parameters such as inlet and outlet
temperature of water and air, wall temperatures of copper plate, water flow
rate, air velocity and pressure loss are recorded for 3 minutes of intervals.
9. Then, the air velocity is changed and another condition is measured for the
same VG pair.
10. After the test on one VG pair is finished, the blower is closed and another VG
pair is installed.
11. During Experimentation the following parameters were measured:
a. Pressure difference across the orifice meter.
b. Temperature of air at inlet and outlet of the test section.
c. Pressure drop across the test section
d. Wall temperature of copper plate
Steady state value of the plate and air temperatures in the channel, at various locations
for given water heater temperature and mass flow rate of air, is used to determine the
values of performance parameters. The theoretical analysis is done for the plates with
the different vortex generator on the basis of experimental findings. The geometrical
specifications of the test plates are as follows.
Experimental work was carried out to investigate the heat transfer rate, friction factor
and thermal performance from vortex generators. The material used for test plate is
copper and plate is tested with three types of vortex generators rectangular winglet,
trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet. The inlet temperature, outlet temperature and
averaged plate surface temperature is used to calculated the heat loss. Heat transfer
rate and friction factor are validated from available correlations.
60
50
Nusselt number
40
30
Nu0(exp)
20
10
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.1 Variation of Nusselt number as function of Reynolds number for test
plate
0.0025
0.002
j0(exp)
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.2 Variation of Colburn factor as a function of Reynolds number for test
plate
Figure 4.3 Variation of friction factor as a function of Reynolds number for test
plate
V h
Re T in T out ∆P (Pa) f0
(m/sec) (W/m2K) Nu 0 J0
(0C) (0C)
70
60
50
Nusselt number
Nu0(exp)
40
30 Nu(Dittus- Boeleter
correlation)
20
Nu(Gnielinski
10 correlation)
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.4 Variation of Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number for flat
plate, Dittus –Boelter and Gnielinski correlation
0.032
0.031
Friction factor
0.03 f0(exp)
f (Petkhov correlation)
0.029
f (Blasius correlation)
0.028
0.027
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.5 Variation of friction factor as a function of Reynolds number for flat
plate, Petkhov and Blasius correlation
Table 4.2 Theoretical and experimental values of Nusselt number and friction
factor
Nu
Nu f (Petkhov f (Blasius
Re f0 (Dittus –
Nu 0 (Gnielinski correlation) correlation)
Boelter
correlation)
correlation)
9670.12 23.6 0.0325 34.15 29.72 0.0317 0.0319
Nusselt number for each pair of vortex generator is increases with increase in
Reynolds number. Rectangular winglet vortex generator shows good heat transfer
enhancement results as compare to the delta winglet vortex generator and trapezoidal
winglet vortex generator because it has largest area facing the air flow and it induces
the strongest longitudinal vortices. Table 4.3 shows the analysis of Nusselt number,
Colburn factor and friction factor for single pair of rectangular winglet, trapezoidal
winglet and delta winglet vortex generator (40mm×20mm).
Table 4.3 Analysis of Nusselt number, Colburn factor and friction factor for
single pair of rectangular winglet, trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet vortex
generator (40mm×20mm)
Re
Nu R1 j R1 f R1 Nu T1 j T1 f T1 Nu D1 j D1 f D1
Nusselt number obtained for single pair trapezoidal winglet vortex generator ranges
from 31.63 to 71.58 for Reynolds number 9000 to 16000. Delta winglet vortex
generator shows good heat transfer enhancement than trapezoidal vortex generator.
Average percent increase in the value of flat plate for single pair delta winglet vortex
generator is 32.49%. Values of Nusselt number for single pair of rectangular winglet
vortex generator are greater than single pair of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator
and delta winglet vortex generator with an average of 38.45% and 22.95%
respectively.
120
100
80
Nusselt number
NuR1
60
NuT1
40 NuD1
Nu
20
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
The average percent increase in the Colburn factor of test plate for single pair of
rectangular winglet vortex generator is 48.91%. Trapezoidal winglet vortex generator
has minimum Colburn factor. The average percent increase in the Colburn factor of
test plate for single pair of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator is 17.99%.
Average percent increase in the value of Colburn factor of test plate for single pair
delta winglet vortex generator is 33.79%. Values of Colburn factor for single pair of
rectangular winglet vortex generator are greater than single pair of trapezoidal winglet
vortex generator and delta winglet vortex generator with an average of 37.45% and
23.96% respectively. Values of Colburn factor for single pair of delta winglet vortex
generator are greater than single pair of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator with an
average of 17.63%.
0.008
0.007
0.006
Colburn factor
0.005
jR1
0.004
jT1
0.003 jD1
j0
0.002
0.001
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
0.034
0.033
0.032
Friction factor
0.031 fR1
0.03 fT1
fD1
0.029
f0
0.028
0.027
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.8 Variation of friction factor as a function of Reynolds number for single
pair of rectangular, trapezoidal and delta winglet vortex generator
(40mm×20mm)
Table 4.4 Analysis of Colburn factor ratio, friction factor ratio and r/r 0 for single
pair of rectangular winglet, trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet vortex
generator (40mm×20mm)
2.5
1.5
jR1/j0
j/j0
jT1/j0
1
jD1/j0
j0/j0
0.5
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Values of friction factor ratio for single pair of delta vortex generator increases by
5.60% from Reynolds number 9000 to 16000. Values of friction factor ratio for single
pair of rectangular winglet vortex generator are greater than single pair of trapezoidal
winglet vortex generator and delta winglet vortex generator with an average of 1.02%
and 1.45% respectively. Values of friction factor ratio for single pair of trapezoidal
winglet vortex generator are greater than single pair of delta winglet vortex generator
with an average of 0.85%.
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
fR1/f0
f/f0
1.04
fT1/f0
1.03
fd1/f0
1.02 f0/f0
1.01
0.99
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
2.5
1.5
rR1/r0
r/r0
rT1/r0
1
rd1/r0
r0/r0
0.5
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.11 Variation of r/r 0 as a function of Reynolds number for single pair of
rectangular, trapezoidal and delta winglet vortex generator (40mm×20mm)
Four pairs of each vortex generator having length 20mm and height 15mm is
considered for experimentation. Experimental results for this condition show that heat
transfer enhancement is increased and friction factor is decreased from the heat
transfer and friction factor obtained for the first condition (single pair of vortex
generator with 40mm length and 20mm height). Table 4.5 shows the analysis of
Nusselt number, Colburn factor and friction factor for four pairs of rectangular
winglet, trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet vortex generator (20mm×15mm).
Table 4.5 Analysis of Nusselt number, Colburn factor and friction factor for four
pairs of rectangular winglet, trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet vortex
generator (20mm×15mm)
140
120
Nusselt number
100
80 NuR2
60 NuT2
NuD2
40
Nu
20
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Average percent increase in the value of Colburn factor of test plate for four pairs
(20mm×15mm) of delta winglet vortex generator is 45.6%. Values of Colburn factor
for four pairs (20mm×15mm) of rectangular winglet vortex generator are greater than
values obtained for four pairs of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator and delta winglet
vortex generator with an average of 31.14% and 18.36% respectively. Values of
Colburn factor for four pairs (20mm×15mm) of delta winglet vortex generator are
greater than values obtained for four pairs of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator with
an average of 17.63%.
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
Colburn factor
0.005 jR2
0.004 jT2
0.003 jD2
j0
0.002
0.001
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
0.034
0.033
0.032
Friction factor
0.031 fR2
0.03 fT2
fD2
0.029
f0
0.028
0.027
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.14 Variation of friction factor as a function of Reynolds number for four
pair of rectangular, trapezoidal and delta winglet vortex generator
(20mm×15mm)
Table 4.6 Analysis of Colburn factor ratio, friction factor ratio and r/r 0 for four
pairs of rectangular winglet, trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet vortex
generator (20mm×15mm)
2.5
jR2/j0
j/j0
1.5
jT2/j0
1 jD2/j0
jo/jo
0.5
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04 fR2/f0
f/f0
1.03 fT2/f0
1.02 fd2/f0
1.01 f0/f0
1
0.99
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
2.5
rR2/r0
r/r0
1.5
rT2/r0
rd2/r0
1
r0/r0
0.5
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.17 Variation of r/r 0 as a function of Reynolds number for four pair of
rectangular, trapezoidal and delta winglet vortex generator (20mm×15mm)
Four pairs of each vortex generator having length 15mm and height 10mm is
considered for experimentation. Experimental results for this condition show that heat
transfer enhancement is decreased and friction factor is increased from the heat
transfer and friction factor obtained for the first condition (single pair of vortex
generator with 40mm length and 20mm height) and second condition (four pairs of
vortex generator with 20mm length and 15mm height). Table 4.7 the analysis of
Nusselt number, Colburn factor and friction factor for four pairs of rectangular
winglet, trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet vortex generator (15mm×10mm).
Table 4.7 Analysis of Nusselt number, Colburn factor and friction factor for four
pairs of rectangular winglet, trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet vortex
generator (15mm×10mm)
The Nusselt number obtained from four pairs (15mm×10mm) of rectangular winglet
vortex generator ranges from 39.76 to 85.27 for Reynolds number 9000 to 16000. For
four pairs (15mm×10mm), trapezoidal winglet vortex generator shows very less heat
transfer enhancement as compared to the rectangular and delta vortex generator.
Nusselt number obtained for trapezoidal winglet vortex generator (15mm×10mm) is
less than Nusselt number obtained for test plate. Average percent increase in Nusselt
number of the test plat for four pairs (15mm×10mm) of trapezoidal winglet vortex
generator is ±10.06%. Average percent increase in the value of flat plate for four pairs
(15mm×10mm) of delta winglet vortex generator is 34.34%.
90
80
70
Nusselt number
60
50 NuR3
40 NuT3
30 NuD3
20 Nu
10
0
9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 17000
Reynolds number
0.006
0.005
0.004
Colburn factor
jR3
0.003
jT3
0.002 jD3
j0
0.001
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Delta winglet vortex generator has minimum friction factor than rectangular winglet
and trapezoidal vortex generator. The average percent increase in the friction factor of
test plate for single pair of delta winglet vortex generator is 2.95%.Average percent
increase in the value of friction factor of test plate for four pairs of trapezoidal winglet
vortex generator (15mm×10mm) is 3.81%. Values of friction factor for four pairs
(15mm×10mm) of rectangular winglet vortex generator are greater than values
obtained for four pairs of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator and delta winglet vortex
generator with an average of 0.99% and 1.89% respectively. Values of friction factor
for four pairs of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator (15mm×10mm) are greater than
single pair of delta winglet vortex generator with an average of 0.79%.
0.049
0.046
0.043
Friction factor
0.04
fR3
0.037
fT3
0.034
fD3
0.031
f0
0.028
0.025
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.20 Variation of friction factor as a function of Reynolds number for four
pair of rectangular, trapezoidal and delta winglet vortex generator
(15mm×10mm)
Table 4.8 Analysis of Colburn factor ratio, friction factor ratio and r/r 0 for single
pair of rectangular winglet, trapezoidal winglet and delta winglet vortex
generator (15mm×10mm)
Trapezoidal winglet vortex generator shows very poor heat transfer enhancement.
Values of Colburn factor ratio for four pairs of trapezoidal vortex generator decreases
by 12.75% from Reynolds number 9000 to 16000. Values of Colburn factor ratio for
four pairs (15mm×10mm) of rectangular winglet vortex generator are greater than
value obtained for four pairs (15mm×10mm) of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator
and delta winglet vortex generator with an average of 38.15% and 24.78%
respectively. Values of Colburn factor ratio for four pairs of delta winglet vortex
generator are greater than four pairs of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator with an
average of 29.32%.
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1 jR3/j0
j/j0
0.8 jT3/j0
0.6 jD3/j0
0.4 j/j0
0.2
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
1.16
1.14
1.12
1.1
1.08 fR3/f0
f0/f0
1.06 fT3/f0
1.04 fd3/f0
1.02 f0/f0
1
0.98
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1 rR3/r0
r/r0
0.8 rT3/r0
0.6 rd3/r0
0.4 r0/r0
0.2
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Three conditions of vortex generator were considered for experimentation, single pair
of each vortex generator having length 40mm and height 20mm, four pairs of each
vortex generator having length 20mm and height 15mm and four pair of each vortex
generator having length15mm and height 10mm. To perform the comparative analysis
of these three conditions three dimensionless factors of j/j 0 , f/f 0 and r = (j/j0)/(f/f0) are
used to describe the heat transfer enhancement, flow resistance and thermal
performance of vortex generator pairs. Here, j 0 and f 0 are the Colburn factor and
friction factor from the measured data of test plate (without vortex generators) used as
reference values, and j and f are the corresponding performance factors of test plate
mounted with vortex generators.
Figure 4.24 shows the variation of Colburn factor ratio of rectangular winglet vortex
generator for three different conditions.
2.5
Colburn factor ratio
2
jR1/j0
1.5
jR2/j0
1 jR3/j0
j0/j0
0.5
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Colburn factor ratio of rectangular winglet vortex generator obtained for four pairs
(15mm×10mm) is very less compare to the other two conditions. The average percent
increase in the Colburn factor ratio of rectangular vortex generator for single pair
(40mm×20mm) is 22.7% from four pairs (15mm×10mm) of rectangular vortex
generator. The results shows that four pairs (20mm×15mm) of rectangular winglet
vortex generator has best heat transfer enhancement followed by single pair
(40mm×20mm) of rectangular vortex generator and four pairs (15mm×10mm) of
rectangular vortex generator.
Figure 4.25 shows the variation of friction factor ratio of rectangular winglet vortex
generator for three different conditions.
1.16
1.14
1.12
Friction factor ratio
1.1
1.08 fR1/f0
1.06 fR2/f0
1.04 fR3/f0
1.02 f0/f0
1
0.98
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
The average percent increase in the friction factor ratio of rectangular vortex generator
for single pair (40mm×20mm) is 1.91% from four pairs (20mm×15mm) of rectangular
vortex generator. The results shows that four pairs (15mm×10mm) of rectangular
winglet vortex generator has high flow resistance followed by single pair
(40mm×20mm) of rectangular vortex generator and four pairs (20mm×15mm) of
rectangular vortex generator.
Figure 4.26 shows the variation of thermal performance of rectangular winglet vortex
generator for three different conditions.
2.5
rR1/r0
1.5
r/r0
rR2/r0
1 rR3/r0
r0/r0
0.5
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Thermal performance of rectangular winglet vortex generator obtained for four pairs
(15mm×10mm) is very less compare to the other two conditions. The average percent
increase in the thermal performance of rectangular vortex generator for single pair
(40mm×20mm) is 24.51% from four pairs (15mm×10mm) of rectangular vortex
generator. The results shows that four pairs (20mm×15mm) of rectangular winglet
vortex generator has best thermal performance followed by single pair (40mm×20mm)
of rectangular vortex generator and four pairs (15mm×10mm) of rectangular vortex
generator.
Figure 4.27 shows the variation of Colburn factor ratio of trapezoidal winglet vortex
generator for three different conditions.
2
Colburn factor ratio
1.5
jT1/j0
1
jT2/j0
0.5 jT3/j0
j0/j0
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Colburn factor ratio of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator obtained for four pairs
(15mm×10mm) is very less compare to the other two conditions. The average percent
increase in the Colburn factor ratio of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator for single
pair (40mm×20mm) is 6.60% from four pairs (15mm×10mm) of trapezoidal winglet
vortex generator. The results shows that four pairs (20mm×15mm) of trapezoidal
winglet vortex generator has good heat transfer enhancement followed by single pair
(40mm×20mm) of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator and four pairs (15mm×10mm)
of trapezoidal winglet generator.
Figure 4.28 shows the variation of friction factor ratio of trapezoidal winglet vortex
generator for three different conditions.
1.12
1.1
Friction factor ratio
1.08
1.06 fT1/f0
1.04 fT2/f0
fT3/f0
1.02
f0/f0
1
0.98
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Friction factor ratio of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator obtained for four pairs
(20mm×15mm) is very less compare to the other two conditions. The results shows
that four pairs (15mm×10mm) of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator has high flow
resistance followed by single pair (40mm×20mm) of trapezoidal winglet vortex
generator and four pairs (20mm×15mm) of trapezoidal winglet generator.
Figure 4.29 shows the variation of thermal performance of trapezoidal winglet vortex
generator for three different conditions.
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1 rT1/r0
r/r0
0.8 rT2/r0
0.6 rT3/r0
0.4 r0/r0
0.2
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Thermal performance of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator obtained for four pairs
(15mm×10mm) is very less compare to the other two conditions. The results shows
that four pairs (20mm×15mm) of trapezoidal winglet vortex generator has best thermal
performance followed by single pair (40mm×20mm) of trapezoidal winglet vortex
generator and four pairs (15mm×10mm) of trapezoidal winglet generator.
Figure 4.30 shows the variation of Colburn factor ratio of delta winglet vortex
generator for three different conditions.
2.5
2
Colburn factor ratio
1.5
jD1/j0
jD2/j0
1
jD3/j0
j0/j0
0.5
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.30 Variation of Colburn factor ratio of delta winglet vortex generator as
a function of Reynolds number for three conditions
The average percent increase in the Colburn factor ratio of delta winglet vortex
generator for single pair (40mm×20mm) is 25.98% from four pairs (15mm×10mm) of
delta winglet vortex generator. The results shows that four pairs (20mm×15mm) of
delta winglet vortex generator has good heat transfer enhancement followed by single
pair (40mm×20mm) of delta winglet vortex generator and four pairs (15mm×10mm)
of delta winglet generator.
Figure 4.31 shows the variation of friction factor ratio of delta winglet vortex
generator for three different conditions.
1.09
1.08
1.07
Friction factor ratio
1.06
1.05
fd1/f0
1.04
fd2/f0
1.03
1.02 fd3/f0
1.01 f0/f0
1
0.99
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
Figure 4.31 Variation of friction factor ratio of delta winglet vortex generator as
a function of Reynolds number for three conditions
Friction factor ratio of delta winglet vortex generator obtained for four pairs
(20mm×15mm) is very less compare to the other two conditions. The results shows
that four pairs (15mm×10mm) of delta winglet vortex generator high flow resistance
followed by single pair (40mm×20mm) of delta winglet vortex generator and four
pairs (20mm×15mm) of delta winglet generator.
Figure 4.32 shows the variation of thermal performance of delta winglet vortex
generator for three different conditions.
2.5
1.5
rd1/r0
r/r0
1 rd2/r0
rd3/r0
0.5 r0/r0
0
9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
Reynolds number
The present work is carried out to evaluate the performance of the three vortex
generator which is used to increase the heat transfer rate. The Thermohydraulic
performance depends on Nusselt number and friction factor is improved by these
vortex generators. Other vortex generator to improve the turbulence in flow can also
be investigated.
Calculations:
Keeping valve fully open we had obtainedh w as 0.11 m.
Using equation (iii), we get h a = (1000 X 0.11) /1.225
= 89.79 m.
Substituting value of h a in equation (ii), we get mass flow rate of blower as,
m a = 7.547 x10-3 x (89.79)1/2 = 0.0715 kg/s.
Hence max mass flow rate of our blower is 0.0715 kg/s.
A duct = 0.0225 m2
Substitute values in equation (4) we get,
𝑉𝑎 = ma /(1.225 × 0.0225)
Reynolds Number is
𝛒𝐚 𝐱 𝐕𝐚 𝐱 𝐃𝐡
𝐑𝐞 =
𝛍
D h = Hydraulic diameter = 0.105
μ = Coefficient of Viscosity = 2.075 x 10-5
Substituting above values in equation (6) we get
𝐑𝐞 = 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟕𝟗 𝐱 𝐕𝐚
Calculations
From equation (v) we get V a as
V a = 0.0715 / (0.0225×1.225)
V a = 2.59 m/s.
From equation (vii) we get Re as
Re = 6198.79x 2.59
Re= 16054.86
Hence maximum Reynolds Number of we taken is 16054.86
For flat plate Heat Transfer Rate Calculation:-
𝑸 = 𝒄𝒑 𝛒𝐚 𝐕𝐚 𝑨𝐜 (𝑻𝟎 − 𝑻𝒊 )
Q = air side heat transfer rate
C p = Specific heat at constant at pressure
𝜋
A c = air side heat transfer area = 4 × 𝐃𝐡 𝟐
𝑸
𝐡 =
𝑨𝐩 ∆𝑻𝒍𝒎
where logirithimic mean temperature can be calculated as
(𝑻𝒘𝒎 − 𝑻𝒊 ) − (𝑻𝒘𝒎 − 𝑻𝟎 )
∆𝑻𝒍𝒎 = (𝑻 −𝑻 )
𝒍𝒏 (𝑻 𝒘𝒎−𝑻 𝒊 )
𝒘𝒎 𝟎
𝒋
𝒋𝒐
𝒓=
𝒇
�𝒇𝒐�
Theoretical Nusselt number and friction factor can be calculated by using following
correlations.