c c

PILLAI·s COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE

AND COMMERCE.

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION.

MEDIA OF MASS COMMUNICATION.

I SEMESTER 2009-10.
c

FYBMS A.

GROUP NO. 04.

SUBMISSION DATE. 30.09.2009.

SIGNATURE OF PROFESSOR.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

IT GIVES US IMMENSE PLEASURE IN PRESENTING OUR

PROJECT. APPROACH AND COURSE CONTENT HAVE
BEEN CAREFULLY DEALT. THE MATTER IN THE PROJECT
IS PRESENTED IN A SIMPLE, LUCID AND FLAWLESS
LANGUAGE. SPECIAL EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO
PRESENT THE BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOPIC.

WE WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE OUR

INDEBTEDNESS TO THE AUTHORS OF THE VARIOUS
REFERENCE BOOKS, AND WEBSITES WE HAVE FREELY
CONSULTED DURING THE PREPARATION OF THE
PROJECT. A SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR TEACHER
INCHARGE Mrs. JULIET PRASANNA FOR HER KIND
SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT.

SUGGESTION FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE

PROJECT ARE CO-ORDIALLY INVITED AND WILL BE
MOST GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGED.
PREPARED BY.

SPARSHENDU GHOSH (136). HUSEIN HATHIYARI (140).

NIKHIL MANGAONKAR (178). RICHARD FERNANDES (131).

TEJAS CHAVAN (115). SULTAN KHAN (165).

c
 INDEX.

1. INTRODUCTION .

2. NEWSPAPERS .

3. MAGAZINES .

4. HOARDINGS .

5. FILMS .

6. NOTICE BOARDS .
1.c INTRODUCTION.
Mass Media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a very
large audience such as the population of a nation state. The term was coined in
the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation
newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books
and manuscripts had already been in use centuries. The term public media has a
similar meaning: it is the sum of the public mass distributors of news and
entertainment across media such as newspapers, television, radio, broadcasting,
which may require union membership in some large markets such as Newspaper
Guild, AFTRA, & text publishers.

Mass media includes media like newspapers, notice boards, magazines,

hoardings, films, mobile phone, internet, etc. because individuals now have a
means to exposure that is comparable in scale to that previously restricted to a
select group of mass media producers. The communications audience has been
viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special
characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render
it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such
as advertising and propaganda. The term "MSM" or "mainstream media" has been
widely used in the blogosphere in discussion of the mass media and media bias.

History.
Types of drama in numerous cultures were probably the first mass-media, going
back into the Ancient World. The first dated printed book known is the "Diamond
Sutra", printed in China in 868 AD, although it is clear that books were printed
earlier. Movable clay type was invented in 1041 in China. However, due to the
slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of
paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European popular
prints from about 1400. Although these were produced in huge numbers, very
few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about
1600 have not survived. Johannes Gutenberg printed the first book on a printing
press with movable type in 1453. This invention transformed the way the world
received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be
called a mass-medium for at least a century after that.
Newspapers developed around from 1612, with the first example in English in
1620 ; but they took until the nineteenth century to reach a mass-audience
directly.

During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by technology
that allowed the massive duplication of material. Physical duplication
technologies such as printing, record pressing and film duplication allowed the
duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge audiences.
Radio and television allowed the electronic duplication of information for the
first time.

Mass media had the economics of linear replication: a single work could make
money. An example of Riel and Neil's theory, proportional to the number of
copies sold, and as volumes went up, unit costs went down, increasing profit
margins further. Vast fortunes were to be made in mass media. In a democratic
society, independent media serve electorate about issues regarding government
and corporate entities. Some consider the concentration of media ownership to be
a grave threat to democracy.

Purposes.
Mass media can be used for various purposes:

Òc Advocacy, both for business and social concerns. This can include
advertising, marketing, propaganda, public relations, and political
communication.

Òc Entertainment, traditionally through performances of acting, music, and

sports, along with light reading; since the late 20th century also through
video and computer games.

Òc Public service announcements.

Negative characteristics of mass media.

Another description of Mass Media is central media which implies:

Òc An inability to transmit tacit knowledge.

Òc The manipulation of large groups of people through media outlets, for the
benefit of a particular political party and/or group of people.

Òc Marshall McLuhan, one of the biggest critics in media's history, brought up

the idea that "the medium is the message."

Òc Bias, political or otherwise, towards favoring a certain individual, outcome or

resolution of an event.

Òc "The corporate media is not a watchdog protecting us from the powerful, it is

a lapdog begging for scraps."

Òc This view of central media can be contrasted with lateral media, such as email
networks, where messages are all slightly different and spread by a process of
lateral diffusion.
Forms of Mass Media Communication.

Media of mass communication includes :

Òc Newspapers, a custodian of public interests.

Òc Magazines, a periodical publication.

Òc Notice Boards,

Òc Hoardings,

Òc Films, most often used for entertainment, but also for documentaries.
2.cNEWSPAPERS.

A Newspaperc is a publication containing news and information and advertising,

usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. It may be general or special
interest, most often newspapers are published daily or weekly. The first printed
newspaper was published in 1605, and the form has thrived even in the face of
competition from technologies such as radio and television.

The news has at one point or another played a part in every one of our lives.
Whether it is a weather report giving flash-flood warnings, information on
presidential campaigns, or an obituary citing the death of a television personality,
we crave it. Until the recent development and affluence of the Internet as a news
source, newspapers have globally been the primary source of current events.
Having become part of a daily routine in most lives, little is known of the
immense history this learning tool holds.

History.

The story begins some five centuries ago in Europe. Here, merchants would
distribute newsletters written by hand containing information regarding the
weather, economic conditions, wars and human-interest stories. Although this
was the first known form of distributed written information, the country
accredited with the creation of the first newspaper is Germany. In the late
fifteenth century, a cross between a brochure and a pamphlet was dispersed
among the people, the text containing highly sensationalized stories along with
description of the current news events.

America, however, was a step behind. Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and
Domestick, was the first newspaper published in America. Printed by Richard
Pierce, and edited by Benjamin Harris, the first copy issued on September 25,
1690 would also be the last. It filled only 3 sheets of paper measuring six by ten
inches, the equivalent of filling half of the front page of a newspaper today. The
paper had intended to be issued once a month.
The sudden discontinuation of Publick Occurrences would mean the last news
offered to Americans for the next few years. Instead, newspapers published in
London were read even though the "first true newspaper in English was the
London Gazette, published four years later in 1666.

Fourteen years later, back in America, John Campbell, a bookseller appointed

Postmaster of Boston, became the editor of the Boston News-Letter. The first issue
was dated Monday, April 17 to Monday April 24, 1704 and contained only one
advertisement. This was produced weekly and continued to be so even when
William Brooker was appointed Postmaster to replace Campbell. Campbell
refused to authorize the use of the title "News-Letter" to anyone else so Brooker
called his newspaper the "Boston Gazette".

Seven months later, Philip Musgrave was awarded the position of Postmaster in
Boston and replaced Brooker. At this time, James Franklin, the printer of the
Gazette, was also replaced. He wanted to start his own newspaper even though
friends and family dissuaded him from doing so by telling him that Boston
already had a sufficient number of newspapers and a third could not survive.
Despite this, Franklin went ahead and published his own newspaper, the New
England Courant. The first issue was printed on August 19, 1721 making it the
fourth newspaper published in America.

When James Franklin published an editorial criticizing the government, he was

sent to prison. James' 13 year old brother and apprentice, Ben, took over the
work of laying type, printing, and delivery of the issues. Six months later, James
Franklin was forbidden to publish any more newspapers so the masterhead now
carried the name "Ben Franklin" as editor and publisher. Ben, now legally free of
being an apprentice, and having a dislike for his brother James, ran away to New
York and later to Philadelphia. The New England Courant kept publishing issues
claiming Ben Franklin was editor and publisher until 1726 without anyone being
the wiser.

The fact that newspapers had been so scarce in Europe, America, and many other
continents is due to many factors. To find a literate man was no easy task after
Europe was emerging from the black age. Paper was extremely expensive, and
hard to come across, and the task of printing was long and laborious. The latter
was still a problem even with the invention of the printing press in 1436.

A 39-year-old Johann Gutenberg came up with a printing method, where, by

arranging stamps displaying the letters of the alphabet, one could construct a
page of literature to be copied numerous times. This became known as the
Gutenberg Press, one of the greater inventions the fifteenth century held.
Although a giant improvement from hand copying, this method still required the
rearrangement of the letters each time a new page was to be printed.

In the early 1800's the development of continuous rolls of paper enhanced the
original Gutenberg Press as did a steam-powered press and a way to use iron
instead of wood for building presses. This added efficiency of printing made the
prices of printed goods more reasonable hence the term "penny press". This
phrase originated when newspaperman Benjamin Day dropped the price of his
New York Sun to a penny a copy in 1833. Historians have accredited the "penny
press" as the first true mass medium.

The big question regarding what the future holds for the old-fashioned
newspaper is whether or not it will be overcome by the use of the Internet.
Studies show that from 1992 to 1997, the weekly hours of using the Internet has
increased from 1.8 hours, to 9.1. Although the evidence is convincing that in the
future the use of computers will obliterate that of newspapers, sometimes the
tangible aspect is too great to give up for a color monitor. You may be convinced
that there's no better way to relax than with some black coffee and the front
page. Or perhaps up-to-the-minute updates on top stories are more your interest.
All we can say is: To each his own, but always keep an open mind.
Importance.

Newspapers hold a very important place in the life of man today.

Òc Newspapers play an important part both in the national and the

international arena.

Òc Newspapers give us news and views.

Òc If man wants food for his belly, he also needs news for his mind to keep
pace with the world.

Òc Newspapers refresh knowledge and ideas.

Òc Newspapers educate the common people.

Òc Newspapers broaden our outlook and change views. This is why Mr.
Nixon, Ex-President of America once remarked, 'four hostile newspapers
are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets'.

Òc Newspapers shape the opinion of the common people of a country by

influencing the public opinion.

Òc Newspapers enforce the right and redress the wrong.

Òc Newspapers are useful to the economists to be in touch with up-to-date

knowledge of economy.

Òc The politicians find newspapers very useful. They inform them of the
events taking place in the whole world. And also they serve them as a good
means of propaganda.

The newspapers have a very important position and place in a democratic

country. They are the critics of administration, justice and law. They play the part
of social reformers. They remove the barriers separating man from man. They are
the advocates of liberty, equality and fraternity.Indeed they are the custodians of
public interest. All these advantages confirm the fact that the power of the press
is really very great. Indeed mightiest of the mighty is the pen. Newspapers are
today's world's encyclopedias.
3.cMAGAZINES.
c

A Magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles, generally

financed by advertising and/or purchase by readers.

Magazines are typically published weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly or

quarterly, with a date on the cover that is in advance of the date it is actually
published. They are often printed in color on coated paper, and are bound with a
soft cover.

Magazines fall into two broad categories: consumer magazines and business
magazines. In practice, magazines are a subset of periodicals, distinct from those
periodicals produced by scientific, artistic, academic or special interest publishers
which are subscription-only, more expensive, narrowly limited in circulation,
and often have little or no advertising.

Magazines can be classified as:

1.c General interest magazines (e.g. Frontline, India Today, The Week, The
Sunday Indian etc)
2.c Special interest magazines (women's, sports, business, scuba diving, etc)

Magazines are distributed in several ways viz; through the mail, through sales by
newsstands, bookstores or other vendors; or through free distribution at selected
pick up locations.c They can also be sold as a subscription where several issues
will be delivered by mail for a set fee. Other methods include targeted mailings to
particular places, or "dropping" issues in high-traffic places like stores, salons,
and doctor's offices.
History.

The Gentleman's Magazine, first published in 1731, in London, is considered to

have been the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The
Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use
the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse of varied materiel,
originally derived from the Arabic makazin "storehouses".

The oldest consumer magazine still in print is The Scots Magazine, which was
first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and gaps in
publication totaling over 90 years weaken that claim. Lloyd's List was founded in
Edward Lloyd·s England coffee shop in 1734; it is still published as a daily
business newspaper.

During the 19th century, magazines were the predominant national medium.
(Newspapers were the local medium.)

Environmental Impact.

A life cycle study shows that the CO2 emissions caused by the production and
distribution of one copy of an average sized 0.39 pound magazine in the USA
total about 0.95 kilograms (2.1 pounds) -- including paper from trees, materials,
production, shipping and customer use. The loss of natural habitat potential from
the 0.39 pound magazine is estimated to be 0.73 square meters (7.9 square feet).

The magazine publishing industry is mostly self-regulated. Most advertisers

voluntarily restrict their messaging about tobacco, alcohol, and increasingly
unhealthy food.
Publication of Magazines.

The various elements that contribute to the production of magazines vary wildly.
Core elements such as publishing schedules, formats and target audiences are
seemingly infinitely variable. Typically, magazines which focus primarily on
current events, such as Newsweek or Entertainment Weekly, are published
weekly or biweekly. Magazines with a focus on specific interests, such as Cat
Fancy, may be published less frequently, such as monthly, bimonthly or
quarterly. A magazine will usually have a date on the cover which often is later
than the date it is actually published. Current magazines are generally available
at bookstores and newsstands, while subscribers can receive them in the mail.
Many magazines also offer a 'back issue' service for previously published editions.

Most magazines produced on a commercial scale are printed using a web offset
process. The magazine is printed in sections, typically of 16 pages, which may be
black-and-white, be in full colour, or use spot colour. These sections are then
bound, either by stapling them within a soft cover in a process sometimes
referred to as 'saddle-stitching', or by gluing them together to form a spine, a
process often called 'perfect-binding'.

Some magazines are also published on the internet. Many magazines are
available both on the internet and in hard copy, usually in different versions,
though some are only available in hard copy or only via the internet: the latter
are known as online magazines.

Most magazines are available in the whole of the country in which they are
published, although some are distributed only in specific regions or cities. Others
are available internationally, often in different editions for each country or area
of the world, varying to some degree in editorial and advertising content but not
entirely dissimilar.

From an advertising perspective, magazines allow messages to be highly targeted

- magazines range from a specialized art publication that may reach 2,000
people to a mass publication that could reach 2-3 million people (People, Time
Magazines). Magazines also offer a variety of audiences that may be highly
targeted to men (Esquire) or women (Vogue), to luxury (Elite Traveler) to the
everyday (Woman's Day). Magazine editorial can range from general
(Newsweek) to highly specific (Cat Fancy) which offers lots of options for both
consumers and advertisers. Categories include General Interest, Celebrity,
Epicurean (food), Lifestyle, Service (advice), Fashion/Beauty, Shelter (home), Art,
Music, Entertainment, Regional/Local/City, Business, Newsweekly, Newspaper
Supplement, Health, Literary, Alternative/Independent, Travel, and Enthusiast
(hobbies). Many of these can be categorized further as men's, women's or teen
titles. Some target certain ethnic groups, language groups, or lifestyles.

Trade publications are often expensive for the consumer, but they are highly
specific to particular industries, for example, long-haul trucking, steel
manufacturing, bar owners, or organic farmers all have magazines dedicated to
them.

Magazines are good for advertisers, because they typically cater to a narrow
demographic. Since it is easy to discern the audience of most magazines, it makes
it easy for advertisers to "target" their ads. Generally, magazine readers are
professionals in management, and have higher incomes compared to other media
audiences. People pay more attention to magazine advertisements than
advertising in any other medium, such as TV, radio, or newspapers.

c
4.cHOARDINGS.
c

Hoardings in British English is defined as a large board fixed high on a wall

outside on which large advertisements are shown. Hoardings are one of the most
effective means of outdoor advertising. Most companies make use of advertising
hoardings to popularize their products and services.

Outdoor advertising is a constantly evolving medium of communication. In fact,

the entire concept has changed in recent times to Out-Of-Home advertising. This
can be defined as signs that promote a business outside premises. It encompasses
advertising not just on hoardings but in other places that get high pedestrian or
vehicular traffic. Thus it includes, among others, bus shelters, transit (bus
exteriors, commuter rail cards, station platforms, underground shelters), street
furniture (such as newsstands and benches), airports, malls, spectaculars and
painted walls. The increasing importance being given to hoardings is largely due
to the fact that people today are less home-bound than earlier, or rather, more
people nowadays go out of doors to earn a living than they used to.

Hence the race to catch their attention out of doors as much or more than within
the four walls of their home. Also, better tools like longer-lasting hoarding
substrates, large-format, high-speed digital technology, and creative use of 3-D,
fibre optics and other spectacular effects on hoardings, have greatly increased the
scope of and interest in outdoor advertising.

Advertising hoardings are a cost-effective means of advertising outdoors. These

can draw great attention and make a huge-impact on potential customers. This is
exactly why more and more businesses are now using attractive advertising
hoardings to promote their products and services. A creative and powerful option
to keep your products and services highlighted, billboards never fail as attention
grabbers. These are intended to attract the people who are on the move. The
advertisements are conveyed mostly with the aid of pictures or diagrams, using
minimum number of words so that passers-by quickly grasp the intended
message. The messages themselves are kept short and simple. As the
advertisements should be visible from a distance, the size of the board is taken
care of beforehand. Usually, the text is included in highly visible, attractive font
to enhance the effectiveness.

The location is of great significance when raising a billboard; otherwise the

advertisement may go in vain. The billboard should be made of sturdy material,
which is weather-resistant in order to put up a strong fight against adverse
weather conditions. More importantly, these hoardings must be able to withstand
heavy winds. Nowadays, the required graphics are made using a computer and
then printed on big poster boards or vinyl, which is glued to the billboard. The
availability of better and advanced tools such as long-lasting billboard substrate,
state-of-the-art digital technology, development of fiber optics and 3D graphics
have substantially increased the scope of advertising hoardings.

These boards can be used for short term and long term purposes and are cost-
effective. They can be placed on roadsides, construction sites, station platforms,
malls, airports and othercstrategic locations.

The benefits of using advertising hoardings are limitless and they include:
Òc Establishing brand awareness.
Òc Frequent and continuous highlighting of message.
Òc Effective product exposure.

The use of advertising hoardings is not restricted to businesses alone, looking to

create a brand image. These are ideal also for promoting awareness programs
such as AIDS awareness, poverty eradication, environment protection and more.
Numerous establishments such as banks, car manufacturers, charities, and
telecommunication companies make innovative use of these billboards.
HOARDINGS - LARGER THAN LIFE.
Hoardings, or billboards, outdistance all other advertising tools in terms of sheer
visibility. Available in the largest outdoor formats as they are, billboards can
range in size from 14'H x 48'W to the small four-sheet 3'4" x 5', with all the 8-,
16-, 30-, and 40-sheeters in between! The first, the most common one on
highways and main arterial roads, especially have a huge impact in the outdoor
marketplace. Hoardings command high-density consumer exposure as they
target vehicular traffic. Their ability to take on customisation only increases their
utility.

HOARDINGS - EFFECTIVE REMINDERS.

Hoardings are primarily used as reminders as, being stationary, they have the
advantage of giving the product repeated exposure to the target audience.
Although television commercials reach a much wider audience it is the hoarding
that keeps reminding the consumer of the product or service.

HOARDINGS - HERE TO STAYO

Despite protests against hoardings by environmentalists and citizens' groups, they

remain an inevitable part of any city's skyline. With alternate options like mobile
hoardings, mounted on trucks, this particular vehicle of outdoor advertising is
here to stay, in one form or the other.
5.cFILMS.
c

Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as

the field in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that
photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the primary
medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist ³
motion pictures (or just pictures and "picture"), the silver screen, photoplays, the
cinema, picture shows, flicks ³ and commonly movies.

Films are produced by recording people and objects with cameras, or by creating
them using animation techniques and/or special effects. They comprise a series
of individual frames, but when these images are shown rapidly in succession, the
illusion of motion is given to the viewer. Flickering between frames is not seen
due to an effect known as persistence of vision ³ whereby the eye retains a
visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Also of
relevance is what causes the perception of motion; a psychological effect
identified as beta movement.

Film is considered by many to be an important art form; films entertain, educate,

enlighten and inspire audiences. Any film can become a worldwide attraction,
especially with the addition of dubbing or subtitles that translate the film
message. Films are also artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those
cultures, and, in turn, affect them.

History.
In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing two-dimensional drawings in motion
were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope, mutoscope and
praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such
as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient
speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon
called persistence of vision. Naturally the images needed to be carefully designed
to achieve the desired effect, and the underlying principle became the basis for
the development of film animation.
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible
to directly capture objects in motion in real time. An 1878 experiment by
Eadweard Muybridge in the United States using 24 cameras produced a series of
stereoscopic images of a galloping horse, arguably the first "motion picture,"
though it was not called by this name. This technology required a person to look
into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints
attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a
variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second, depending on how rapidly
the crank was turned. Commercial versions of these machines were coin
operated.

By the 1880s the development of the motion picture camera allowed the
individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led
quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through
the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a
screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as
"motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or
action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.

Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures

were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent
films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the
twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing
scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple
shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement
were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the
audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full
orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the
early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose,
with complete film scores being composed for major productions.

The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I
when the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood,
typified most prominently by the great innovative work of D.W. Griffith in The
Birth of a Nation (1914) and Intolerance (1916) . However in the 1920s,
European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang,in
many ways inspired by the meteoric war-time progress of film through Griffith,
along with the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others,
quickly caught up with American film-making and continued to further advance
the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each
film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the
action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling
them "talking pictures", or talkies.

The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-
called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film
and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved
making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The
public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-
white, but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-
white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World
War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting
audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white
medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, color had become the
norm for film makers.

Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw
changes in the production and style of film. Various New Wave movements
(including the French New Wave, Indian New Wave, Japanese New Wave and
New Hollywood) and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers
were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the
20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change
throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
 6.cNOTICE BOARDS.
c

A Notice board (pin board or bulletin board in British English) is a place where
people can leave public messages, for example, to advertise things to buy or sell,
announce events, or provide information. Bulletin boards are often made of a
material such as cork to facilitate addition and removal of messages or it can be
placed on the computer so people can leave and erase messages for other people
to read and see.

Bulletin boards are particularly prevalent at universities. Many sport dozens, if

not hundreds or thousands of public bulletin boards, used for everything from
advertisements by extracurricular groups and local shops to official notices.
Dormitory corridors, well-trafficked hallways, lobbies, and freestanding kiosks
often have cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At some
universities, lampposts, bollards, trees, and walls often become impromptu
posting sites in areas where official boards are sparse in number. Internet forums
are becoming a global replacement for traditional bulletins.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BOOKS REFFERED.

1.c WORLD OF COMMUNICATION.

2.c COMMUNICATING FOR CHANGE.

INTERNET SITES REFERED.

1.cWWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
2.cWWW.TECHTREE.COM