2. KINEMATICS Objectives 2. Linear motion 2.2. Projectiles 2.3. Free falls and air resistance Outcomes @ derive and use equations of mation with constant acceleration @ sketch and use the graphs of displacement. time, velocity-time and acceleration-time for the motion of a body with constant acceleration @ solve problems on projectile motion without air resistance explain the effects of air resistance on the motion of bodies inait 2.1 LINEAR MOTION 2.1 Linear Motion Motion with constant acceleration ¢ Linear Motion Derivation ‘The object is moving along a straight © Letu= initial velocity, v= final velocity line after a time, ¢, then, from the definition, © Linear Motion with constant velocity ‘The uniform acceleration at constant velocity a= (change of velocity)i(time taken) © Linear Motion with constant a= (vow it AU) acceleration: veudtal (2) at aconstant change rate of velocity Motion with constant acceleration veudtal (2) Let s = displacement of the body in time ¢, then s = (average velocity) x (time) s=[(u+vi/2] xt s='6(utv)t..3) Q)PG): s=%fu+(u-avje s=ut+ Yat?...(4) Motion with constant acceleration veudat.(2) s= 4 (u+v)t..) From (2): v-u=at...(5) v+u=as/t ...(6) (6) x(5)) (vt Wl v-u)= s/ti(at) yv?- uP = 2as vst 2as...(7)Motion with constant acceleration Reminder: (v-w it Example 1 1. An object which is initially at rest at the centre of coordinate o (x= 0) starts to move along the x-axis with constant acceleration. It moves to point P and then to point Q at velocity 15 m stand 25 m s“ respectively, The distance PQ = 100 m. Determine (a) the acceleration of the object, (b) the distance OP. Vi S18yrs! Vy 5 ms" S510 Sam (a) Use v= 18 + sas for motion between P ond Q. safes s) (b) User’ = 12+ 30s for motion between O and P, Example 2 2. An abject moves along a straight line with constant acceleration. Its initial velocity is 20 ms“. After 5.0 s, the velocity becomes 40 m s*, Determine the distance travelled during the third second Answer 2 u=2ms_s, S_vs4oms! i, *, SS £795 5,208, +% (ait? Isev = 3 = 20K Fe _ Usev=u rat on ete) 40 = 204al5) Oty + % (4 YEP a =4mst Oty +24? (2) (2-1) SS; Oft,— ty) + 2it? — tf) Jses= ul at! Uses =ul+ vats = 20H Example 3 3. An object moves along a straight line with constant acceleration. At a particular moment, the velocity of the object is 30 m s*. After travelling through 50 m, the object has velocity 20 ms. How far does the object have to travel before it comes to a stop? Answer 3 30m! 50m Motion from P to Q: Motion from Q to R. Use v Use v 0=20°+ 4om 207 = 30° a=-5ms? 6 Example 4 4. Acar which is initially at rest starts to move along a straight line with constant acceleration. It reaches a velocity of 60 m s-1after travelling through a distance of 100 m, Determine (a) the acceleration, (b) the time taken to reach the velocity of 60msa, (c) the velocity at the third second 6Answer 4 (a) Use v 60? (b) Use v= u=at 60 =0 + 18t 2335 (c) Usev=u+at = (18) (3) 4m s Graphical representation eDisplacement-time graph (s-t) s/m 20: 10 o 2 4 6 Bs Displacement-time graph (s-t) Note that the instantaneous sim velocity, v = ds/dt = gradient of the graph at time ¢. ‘The instantaneous _ velocity at time 4s, v ( 40) e graph (s-t) At time os to 1s, the velocity is constant; a from time 1s to 35, a“ the velocity is increasing and 17; from time 3s to 5s, _ the velocity is decreasing, Displacement-time graph (s-t) Negative gradient at time 6s onward shows that the object is moving, in the opposite direction. Velocity-time graph (v-t) Note that the acceleration, a=dvidt = gradient of graph The acceleration at timeo.5 sis given by a= (20-0)/(2-0) = 10 ms" Velocity-time graph (v-t) ‘time Acceleration Ostols constant 3stoSs decreasing Ssto7s Om: (Constant) Jsto8s deceleration a Velocity-time graph (v-t) The displacement within a period can be found by finding the area under the graph. Displacement between and t=1 x1x20=10m “Displacement between t rand t= 4.4 =Jévde u