3. Dynamics By Liew Sau Poh Outcomes 3.1 Newton's laws of motion 3.2. Linear momentum and its conservation 33. Plastic and norrelastic collisions 3.4 Centre of mass 35. Frictional forces Objectives ‘state Newton's law of motion use the formula mor constant ¢ state the principle of conservation of momentum, and verify the principleusing Newton’s laws of motion = made + vdm/de for constant © apply the principle of conservation of momentum # defineimpulseas /F de ¢@ solve problems involving impulse distinguish between elastic collisions andinelasticcollisions Objectives solve problems involving collisions between, particles in one dimension # define centre of mass for a system of particles inaplane © predict the path of the centre of mass of a two particle system explain the variation of frictional force with sliding force © defineand use coefficient of static function and coefficient of kinetic friction 3.1 NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION 3.1 Newton's laws of motion @ Isaac Newton stated three laws of motion. @ Newton's First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. 5 . Newton's First Law Newton's First Law The first law says that if an object is not This also means that if an object is pushed or pulled upon, its velocity will standing still and is not contacted by natucally remain constant. any forces, it will continue to remain ¢ This means that ifan object is moving motionless. along, untouched by a force of any kind, 6, unto y ym The tendency of an object to remain it will continue to move along in a f ) ° perfectly straight line at a constant in its existing state is known as speed inertia (by Galileo's explanation). 7Newton's Second Law Newton's Second Law of motion explains how an object will change velocity if it is pushed or pulled upon. © Ifa net external force Facts on an object of mass mto produce an acceleration a in the direction of the force, then we have F=ma. The unit of force is Newton (N) or kgms Newton's Second Law © This law states that if you do place a force on an object, it will accelerate, ie., change its velocity, and it will change its veloci in the direction of the force. @ The acceleration is directly proportional to the force. For instance, if you are pushing on an object, causing it to accelerate, and then you push, say, three times harder, the acceleration will be three times greater Newton's Second Law The acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. For example, if you are pushing equally on two objects, and one of the objects has five times more mass than the other, it will accelerate at one fifth the acceleration of the other Newton's Second Law Impulse is the product of force and its duration of action, Fé, or the change in momentum. elmpulse = Fo =my— mu (Change in momentum) Then, F = d(mv)/dt = mdv/dt - vdm/dt Newton's Second Law eFrom F = d(my)/dt Impulse = [,2 F dt = change in momentum =shade area under (F-t) graph. Newton's Third Law @ Newton's Third Law states that for every external force that acts on an object there is a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction which acts back on the abject which exerted that external force. Newton's Third Law © For every force there is an equal and opposite force. For example, if you push ona wall, it will push back on you as hard as you are pushing on it. =A Fs Fe | e. Object Rope Hand 6 Newton's Third Law —F, Rope ES Object @ The diagram above shows the action and reaction interaction while an object is pulled using a connected rope. © Fis the action farce due to the hand pulling the rope; F is due to the rope pulling back on the hand Fis the action force due to the rope puilling the object; F, is due to the object pulling back an the fope, where 6Newton's Third Law FS Object Rope « F,=F, in magnitude © F,=F, in magnitude Summary (Newton’s Law) Newton's First Law: @The motion of an object does not change unless it is acted on by a net force Newton's Second Law: Fy; = ma Newton's Third Law: F,,= Fy When considering action reaction pairs 's important to identify which forces act on a given object. Summary (Newton’s Law) elmpulse = Ft = mv—- mu (Change in momentum) 3.2, LINEAR MOMENTUM AND ITS CONSERVATION 3.2-Linear- momentum and its conservation. During any interaction in which no external forces act, the total linear momentum is conserved. eThe linear momentum of a body of mass m, moving with velocity y, is given by p= mv. ¢The units of momentum are kgms*, 3.2. Linear momentum and its conservation. © The principal of conversation of linear momentum states that the total linear momentum of a system of bobies is constant, if no external forces act on the system. © The momentum pofa mass m moving with a velocity vis p = mv 3.2. Linear momentum and its conservation. oo oo oO” T uh th Hefone collision ‘Busing Aer eotison © The figure shows two bodies of mass m,and m,, moving with velocities u, and u, respectively before collision. a 3.2, Linear momentum and its. conservation. 0° 0° © oO Oo Befinecosion During Ate collision Acconting to Newton's second law of motion, FoF, and F = nkv=uiit, Hence, mh Gauit mQv.—u)it mu) ‘Therefore, total linear momentum after collision total linear momentum before collision