Outline
17.1 Magnetic flux
E. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Chapter 17
Electromagnetic induction
Objectives
(a) define magnetic flux = B A BA
(b
(c) derive and use the equation for induced
e.m.f. in linear conductors and plane coils in
uniform magnetic fields
(d) explain the phenomenon of self-induction,
and define self-inductance
(e) use the formulae E Ldl/dt, LI=N
(f) derive and use the equation for self-
inductance of a solenoid L = 0N2A/l
17.1 Magnetic flux
17.1 Magnetic flux
Definition: Number of magnetic field lines
that pass through an area (usually a loop)
= BAcos ; Units: Weber (Wb)
= Flux measured in Webers (Wb); 1 Wb =
1Tm2
B = Magnetic Field (T)
A = area of region that the flux is passing
through (m2)
= angle formed between the magnetic field
lines and the area.
A changing magnetic flux creates an induced
EMF
17.2
17.3 Self-inductance L
17.4 Energy stored in an inductor
17.5 Mutual induction
Objectives
(g) use the formula for the energy stored in an
Inductor U = ½ LI2
(j) explain the phenomenon of mutual
Induction, and define mutual inductance;
(i) derive an expression for the mutual
inductance between two coaxial solenoids of
the same cross-sectional area M =
0NpNsA/lp
17.1 Magnetic Flux
In the easiest case, with a constant magnetic
field B, and a flat surface of area A, the
magnetic flux is
A
B= B·A
Units : 1 tesla x m2 = 1 weber
17.1 Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux: is defined as the
product of the magnetic field B
(also called magnetic flux
density) and the area A of the
plane of the loop through
which it passes, where is the = BA
angle between the direction of
B and a line drawn
perpendicular to the plane of
the loop.
If = BA cos
17.1 Magnetic flux 17.1 Magnetic flux
A change in flux can occur in two ways: 2. By changing the effective area A in a
1. By changing the flux density B going through magnetic field of constant flux density B:
a constant loop area A:

17.1 Magnetic flux 17.1 Magnetic flux

Faraday referred to changes in B field, area and The emf is actually induced by a change in the
orientation as changes in magnetic flux inside the quantity called the magnetic flux rather than
closed loop simply by a change in the magnetic field
The formal definition of magnetic flux ( B
(analogous to electric flux)
B = B dA B A Magnetic flux is defined in a manner similar
When B is uniform over A, to that of electrical flux
B = BA cos
Magnetic flux is a measure of the # of B field lines
within a closed area (or in this case a loop or coil of Magnetic flux is proportional to both the
wire) strength of the magnetic field passing through
Changes in B, A and/or change the magnetic flux the plane of a loop of wire and the area of the
loop
electromotive force (& thus current) in a closed wire
loop

(Electromagnetic Induction)
In 1831, Michael Faraday
discovered that when a
conductor cuts magnetic flux
lines, an emf is produced.
The induced emf in a circuit
is proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux,
through any surface
bounded by that circuit.
e = - d B / dt

17.1 Magnetic flux

Flux through coil Moving the magnet induces a current I.
changes because Reversing the direction reverses the current.
bar magnet is Moving the loop induces a current.
moved up and The induced current is set up by an induced
down. EMF.

N S

v
I
 Changing the current in the right-hand coil
induces a current in the left-hand coil.
The induced current does not depend on the
size of the current in the right-hand coil.
The induced current depends on dI/dt.
(left) (right)
dI/dt
EMF
I S
Relative motion between a conductor and a
magnetic field induces an emf in the
conductor.
The direction of the induced emf depends
upon the direction of motion of the conductor
with respect to the field.
The magnitude of the emf is directly
proportional to the rate at which the
conductor cuts magnetic flux lines.
The magnitude of the emf is directly
proportional to the number of turns of the
conductor crossing the flux lines.

When B is not constant, or the surface is not Moving the magnet changes the flux B (1).
flat, one must do an integral. Changing the current changes the flux B (2).
Break the surface into bits dA. The flux Faraday: changing the flux induces an emf.
through one bit is
d B = B · dA = B dA cos 1)
N S
2) di/dt
EMF
v
Sum the bits: B B dA Bcos dA i i S

B
=-d B /dt
S N
. dA The emf induced equals the rate of change
around a loop of the flux through that loop
B

When no voltage source is present, current An E-field is induced along a coil when the
will flow around a closed loop or coil when an magnetic flux changes, producing an emf (e).
electric field is present parallel to the current The induced emf is related to:
flow. The number of loops (N) in the coil
Charge flows due to the presence of The rate at which the magnetic flux is
electromotive force, or emf ( ) on charge changing inside the loop(s), or
carriers in the coil. d B d
E dl N N (BA cos )
The emf is given by: = · dl = iRcoil dt dt
Note: magnetic flux changes when either the
magnetic field (B), the area (A) or the
i orientation (cos f) of the loop changes:
ds
d B dB d B =B cos dA d B d cos
E =A cos =BA
dt dt dt dt dt dt

Changing Magnetic Field Changing Area

A magnet moves toward a
loop of wire (N=10 & A is 0.02
m2).
dB During the movement, B
-NA cos
dt changes from is 0.0 T to 1.5 T
in 3 s (Rloop is 2 ).
1) What is the induced in the loop?
2) What is the induced current in the loop?
A loop of wire (N=10)
contracts from 0.03 m2 to
0.01 m2 in 0.5 s, where B is
0.5 T and is 0o (Rloop is 1
).
dA
-NB cos
dt
1) What is the induced in the loop?
2) What is the induced current in the loop?
Changing Orientation
d(cos )
-NAB and therefore the direction of any induced current.
dt
or
straight, with less effort.
d(cos )
-NAB The induced emf is directed so that any
dt
induced current flow
NAB sin t
will oppose the change in magnetic flux (which
A loop of wire (N=10) rotates from 0o to 90o in 1.5 causes the induced emf).
s, B is 0.5 T and A is 0.02 m2 (Rloop is 2 ). This is easier to use than to say ...
1)What is the average angular frequency, ?
Decreasing magnetic flux emf creates additional
2)What is the induced in the loop? magnetic field
3)What is the induced current in the loop? Increasing flux emf creates opposed magnetic field

If we move the magnet towards the loop If we move the magnet towards the loop
the flux of B will increase. the flux of B will increase.
the current induced in the loop will the current induced in the
generate a field B opposed to B.
loop will generate a field B opposed to B.

B B
N B S N B S

v v
I I

When the magnetic flux changes within a loop
of wire, the induced current resists the
changing flux
The direction of the induced current always
produces a magnetic field that resists the
change in magnetic flux (blue arrows)
i i
B B
Lenz's Law
When an emf is generated by a change in
magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the
polarity of the induced emf is such that it
produces a current whose magnetic field
opposes the change which produces it.
The induced magnetic field inside any loop of
wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in
B the loop constant.

Magnetic flux, B Increasing B Increasing B

Lenz's Law Lenz's Law

In the examples below, if the B field is The induced current
produces magnetic fields which tend to oppose the
increasing, the induced field acts in change in magnetic flux that induces such currents.
opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced
field acts in the direction of the applied field conducting loop placed in a magnetic field. We
follow the procedure below:
to try to keep it constant. 1. Define a positive direction for the area vector A.
2. Assuming that B is uniform, take the dot product of
B and A. This allows for the determination of the
sign of the magnetic flux B.
3. Obtain the rate of flux change d B/dt by
differentiation. There are three possibilities:
0 induced emf 0
d B 0 induced emf 0
dt
0 induced emf 0
Lenz's Law
4. Determine the direction of the induced
current using the right-hand rule. With your
thumb pointing in the direction of A, curl the
fingers around the closed loop. The induced
current flows in the same direction as the way
your fingers curl if >0, and the opposite
direction if <0 , as shown in figure below.
Lenz's Law
The situation can be summarized with the
following sign convention:
d bar magnet is moving toward a conducting
B B/dt I
+ + - -
- + +
- + - -
- + +
The positive and negative signs of I
correspond to a counterclockwise and
clockwise current, respectively.
Lenz's Law
With the magnetic field
pointing downward and the
area vector A pointing
upward, the magnetic flux is
negative, i.e. B = - B A < 0,
where A is the area of the
loop. As the magnet moves
closer to the loop, the
magnetic field at a point on
the loop increases
(dB/dt>0), producing more
flux through the plane of the
loop.
Lenz's Law
Alternatively, the direction of the induced
current can also be determined from the point
of view of magnetic force.
that the induced emf must be in the direction
that opposes the change. Therefore, as the bar
magnet approaches the loop, it experiences a
repulsive force due to the induced emf. Since
like poles repel, the loop must behave as if it
were a bar magnet with its north pole pointing
up. Using the right-hand rule, the direction of
the induced current is counterclockwise, as
view from above. Figure above illustrates how
this alternative approach is used.
Lenz's Law
In the figure below we illustrate the four
possible scenarios of time-varying magnetic
determine the direction of the induced
current .
Lenz's Law
may be applied, consider the situation where a
loop with its north pole down, as shown in
figure below.
Lenz's Law
B/dt = - A (dB/dt) < 0, implying
a positive induced emf,
> 0, and the induced current flows in the
counterclockwise direction.
The current then sets up an induced magnetic
field and produces a positive flux to counteract
the change. The situation described here
corresponds to that illustrated in the slide
above position c.
Motional EMF
Consider a conducting bar of
length l moving through a
uniform magnetic field which
points into the page, as shown
in Figure below. Particles with
charge q>0 inside experience
a magnetic force FB = q v x B
which tends to push them
upward, leaving negative
charges on the lower end.
Motional EMF Motional EMF
The separation of charge gives rise to an electric field Now suppose the
E inside the bar, which in turn produces a downward
electric force Fe = qE.
conducting bar moves
At equilibrium where the two forces cancel, we have through a region of
qvB = qE or E = v B. uniform magnetic field B
Between the two ends of the conductor, there exists a = - Bk (pointing into the
potencial difference given by: page) by sliding along
Vab = Va Vb = = El = Blv two frictionless
Since arises from the motion of the conductor, this conducting rails that are
potential difference is called the motional emf. In
general, motional emf around a closed conducting at a distance l apart and
loop can be written as: connected together by a
= (v B)ds where ds is a differential length resistor with resistance R,
element. as shown in Figure below.

Motional EMF Motional EMF

Let an external force Fext be The corresponding induced current is :
applied so that the conductor
moves to the right with a I = l l/R = Blv/R and its direction is
constant velocity v = vi.
The magnetic flux through
the closed loop formed by The equivalent circuit diagram is shown in
the bar and the rails is given Figure below.
by
B = BA = Blx Thus
the induced emf is:
= - d /dt = - d/dt (Blx)
= - Bl dx/dt = - Blv
where dx/dt = v is simply the
speed of the bar.

Motional EMF Motional EMF

The magnetic force experienced by the bar as it From the analysis above, in order for the bar to move at a
constant speed, an external agent must constantly supply a
moves to the right is: 2 2 force Fext.
B l v
FB I (lj ) ( Bk ) IlBi i What happens if at t=0 , the speed of the rod is vo, and the
R
external agent stops pushing? In this case, the bar will slow
which is in opposite direction of v. For the bar to down because of the magnetic force directed to the left. From
move at a constant velocity, the net force acting on it
must be zero. That means that the external agent FB = - B²l²v / R = ma = m dv/dt or dv/dt = - B²l² / mR dt = -
must supply a force: dt/
Where = mR / B²l². Upon integration, we obtain :
Fext = - FB = + ( B² l² v/R )i
v (t) = vo exp. t /
The power delivered by Fext is equal to the power Thus, we see that the speed decreases exponentially in the
dissipated in the resistor: absence of an external agent doing work. In principle, the bar
never stops moving. However, one may verify that the total
P = Fext v = Fext v = ( B² l² v / R) v = (Blv)²/R = ²/R = distance traveled is finite.
I²R as required by energy conservation.

Consider a coil of radius 5 cm

with N = 250 turns. B
A magnetic field B, passing B The change in B is increasing
through it, the upward flux through the
changes in time: B(t)= 0.6 t [T] coil. I
(t = time in seconds) So the induced current will
The total resistance of the coil is 8 have a magnetic field whose
W. Induced B
flux (and therefore field) are
What is the induced current ?
down. Hence the induced current must be
clockwise when looked at from above.
current.

induced emf and current.

 The induced EMF is = - d B/dt
B Magnetic Flux in a Nonuniform Field
Here B = N(BA) = NB ( r2) A long, straight wire carries a current I. A
Therefore = - N ( r2)
dB/dt rectangular loop (w by l) lies at a distance a, as
I
Since B(t) = 0.6t, dB/dt = 0.6 T/s shown in the figure.
What is the magnetic flux through the loop?
Induced B
Thus I a I a
= - (250) ( 0.0052)(0.6T/s) = -1.18 V (1V=1Tm2 /s)
Current I = / R = (-1.18V) / (8 ) = - 0.147 A l l

w w

Induced emf Due to Changing Motional

Induced EMFto Changing Current
emf Due
Current Up until now we have considered fixed loops.
A long, straight wire carries a current I = I0 + t. The flux through them changed because the
A rectangular loop (w by l) lies at a distance a, as magnetic field changed with time.
shown in the figure. Now moving the loop in a uniform and
What is the induced emf in the loop?. constant magnetic field. This changes the flux,
What is the direction of the induced current and too.
field? I a
x x x x x
B points
l
into x x Bx x x R D
x
screen
x x x x x v
w

Motional EMF -
x x x x x x x x x x

x x Bx x x R D x x Bx x x R D
x x
x x x x x v x x . x x x v
The flux is B = B·A = BDx
This changes in time: = -d B/dt

d B / dt = d(BDx)/dt = BDdx/dt = -BDv gives the EMF = BDv

In a circuit with a resistor, this gives
current. What is the direction of the current? = BDv = IR I = BDv/R
: there is less inward flux through the loop. Thus moving a circuit in a magnetic field produces an emf
Hence the induced current gives inward flux. exactly like a battery.
So the induced current is clockwise. This is the principle of an electric generator.

Rotating Loop - The Electric Generator Rotating Loop - The Electric Generator
B
Consider a loop of area A in a
B
uniform magnetic field B. A A
Rotate the loop with an angular d B/dt = - BA sin( t)
frequency .
The flux changes because angle
changes with time: = t.
Hence
d B/dt = d(B · A)/dt
A
= d(BA cos )/dt =-d B /dt = BA sin( t)
= BA d(cos( t))/dt This is an AC (alternating current) generator.
= - BA sin( t)
Induced Electric Fields A New Source of EMF
If we have a conducting loop in a magnetic field, we
Consider a stationary wire can create an EMF (like a battery) by changing the
in a time-varying magnetic field. value of B · A.
x dB/dt
A current starts to flow.
This can be done by changing the area, by changing
So the electrons must feel a force F. the magnetic field, or the angle between them.
It is not F = qvxB, because the charges started stationary.
Instead it must be the force F=qE due to an We can use this source of EMF in electrical circuits
induced electric field E. in the same way we used batteries.
That is:
A time-varying magnetic field B Remember we have to do work to move the loop or
causes an electric field E to appear! to change B, to generate the EMF (Nothing is for
free!)

Example: a 120 turn coil (r= 1.8 cm, R = 5.3 ) is placed Example: a 120 turn coil (r= 1.8 cm, R = 5.3 ) is placed
outside a solenoid (r=1.6cm, n=170/cm, i=1.5A). The current in outside a solenoid (r=1.6cm, n=170/cm, i=1.5A). The current in
the solenoid is reduced to 0 in 0.16s. What current the solenoid is reduced to 0 in 0.16s. What current
appears in the coil ? appears in the coil ?

Current induced in coil: Current induced in coil:

ic EMF N d B ic EMF N d B
R R dt R R dt

B B A 0 nis A s Only field in coil is inside solenoid B B A 0 nis A s Only field in coil is inside solenoid

N d( 0 nis As ) N dis
ic 0 nAs
R dt R dt
di 1.5A 2
Use s and As 0.016cm ic 4.72mA
dt 0.16s

Induced Electric Fields Induced Electric Fields

Consider a stationary conductor
in a time-varying magnetic field.
x B
A current starts to flow. o E·dl = - d B/dt
So the electrons must feel a force F.
It is not F = qvxB, because the charges started stationary. A technical detail:
Instead it must be the force F=qE due to an
induced electric field E. The electrostatic field E is conservative: E·dl = 0.
That is: Consequently we can write E = - V. o

A time-varying magnetic field B

causes an electric field E to appear! The induced electric field E is NOT a conservative field.
We can NOT write E = - V for an induced field.

Electrostatic Field Induced Electric Field Induced Electric Fields

F=qE F=qE
o E · dl = - d B/dt x B
Vab = - E·dl E ·o dl = - d B/dt

o E·dl = 0 and Ee = V o E·dl 0 Now suppose there is no conductor:

Conservative
Work or energy difference
does NOT depend on path
Caused by stationary
charges
Is there still an electric field?
Nonconservative YES! The field does not depend
on the presence of the conductor. E
Work or energy difference
DOES depend on path For a dB/dt with axial or cylindrical
Caused by changing symmetry, the field lines of E are circles. dB/dt
magnetic fields
Induced Electric Field Induced Electric Field
We have seen that the electric potential difference Therefore, we conclude that there is a non-
between two points A and B in an electric field E can conservative electric field ENC associated
be written as B
with an induced emf:
V = VB VA = - E ds

A ENC ds
time, an induced current begins to flow. What causes the
charges to move? It is the induced emf which is the work
done per unit charge. However, since magnetic field can
do not work, the work done on the mobile charges must d B
be electric, and the electric field in this situation cannot Eds ...(1)
be conservative because the line integral of a conservative dt
field must vanish.

Induced Electric Field Induced Electric Field

The above expression Suppose the magnitude of B increases with
implies that a changing time, i.e
magnetic flux will induce a electric field everywhere due to the changing
non-conservative electric
field which can vary with
magnetic field.
time. Since the magnetic field is confined to a
Induced electric field circular region, from symmetry arguments we
due to changing
choose the integration path to be a circle of
magnetic flux
radius r. The magnitude of the induced field
Enc at all points on a circle is the same.
field which points into the page and is confined to a
circular region with radius R, as shown in Figure
right.

Induced Electric Field Induced Electric Field

Enc
nc. In
must be such that it would drive the induced the region r < R , the rate of changing of
current to produce a magnetic field opposing
magnetic flux is:
the change in magnetic flux. With the area
vector A pointing out of the page, the
magnetic flux is negative or inward. With
dB/dt > 0 , the inward magnetic flux is
increasing. Using equation (1) we obtain:
Therefore, to counteract this change the
induced current must flow counterclockwise
to produce more outward flux. The direction
of Enc is shown in Figure above. which implies: Enc = r / 2 (dB / dt)

Induced Electric Field Numerical Problem

Similarly, for r > R, the induced electric field
may be obtained as:
Enc (2 r) = - d B/dt = dB/dt
Enc = R²/2r dB/dt
A. Induced current is
shown moving ccw. RH
rule indicates a
R² or
magnetic field out of
the page, opposing
external field.
Therefore, external
magnetic field must
have been increasing.
B. Rate of change is 2.34
T/s
 Inductors

An inductor is a device that produces a

uniform magnetic field when a current passes
through it. A solenoid is an inductor.
The magnetic flux of an inductor is
17.3 Self-inductance L proportional to the current.
For each coil (turn) of the solenoid:
per coil
sol 0
(Au0N2 sol
This is actually a self-inductance

Inductors Potential difference across an inductor

For the ideal inductor, R
= 0, therefore potential
The proportionality constant is defined as L, difference across the
the inductance: inductor also equals
Lsol = sol /I = Au0N2 zero, as long as the
Note that the inductance, L depends only on current is constant.
the geometry of the inductor, not on the What happens if we
current. increase the current?
The unit of inductance is the henry
1 H = 1 Wb/Ampere
The circuit symbol for an inductor:

Potential difference across an inductor Potential difference across an inductor

Increasing the current The potential difference
increases the flux. across the inductor can be
An induced magnetic field
will oppose the increase by
pointing to the right. d m
N
The induced current is Induced current Induced dt Induced current Induced
opposite the solenoid field field
Where m = per coil
current.
sol = N per coil
The induced current carries
We defined = LI
positive charge to the left
and establishes a potential d sol/dt = L |dI/dt|
difference across the
Potential difference Potential difference
inductor.

Potential difference across an inductor The sign of potential difference across an

inductor
If the inductor current is L = -L dI/dt
decreased, the induced L decreases in the
magnetic field, the induced direction of current flow
current and the potential if current is increasing.
difference all change L increases in the
direction. direction of current flow
Note that whether you if current is decreasing. The potential
The decreases if the
increase or decrease the L is measured in the potential current is increasing
current, the inductor direction of current in always The potential
the circuit decreases increases if the
with an induced current. current is
decreasing
Self Inductance Self Inductance
Self Inductance: Calculation of self inductance : A solenoid Accurate
calculations of L are generally difficult. Often the answer
When a current flows in a circuit, it creates a
depends even on the thickness of the wire, since B
magnetic flux which links its own circuit. This is
becomes strong close to a wire.
called self-
for the flux linkage B). In the important case of the
solenoid, the first approximation
The strength of B is everywhere proportional to the I
result for L is quite easy to obtain:
B = LI,
earlier we had
Where L = self-inductance of the circuit N 2A
N Hence
L depends on shape and size of the circuit. It may B 0 I B NAB 0 I
B N2A n : the number of turns
when I = 1 amp. Then, L B
0 0 n2 A
Wb T m2 I per unit length
The unit of inductance is the henry 1 H 1 1
A A So L is proportional to n2 and the volume of the solenoid

Self Inductance Self Inductance

N2A 2
n : the number of turns
L 0 0n A A changing current in a
per unit length
coil can induce an emf
Example: the L of a solenoid of length 10 cm, area 5 cm2, I B
in itself
with a total of 100 turns is
L = 6.28 10 H
0.5 mm diameter wire would achieve 100 turns in a single If the current is steady, the coil acts like an ordinary
layer. piece of wire.
Going to 10 layers would increase L by a factor of 100. But if the current changes, B changes and so then
Adding an iron or ferrite core would also increase L by does , and Faraday tells us there will be an
about a factor of 100. induced emf.

The expression for L shows that 0 has units H/m, c.f, such a direction as to produce a current which
Tm/A obtained earlier makes a magnetic field opposing the change.

Self Inductance Example: Finding Inductance

The self inductance of a circuit element (a coil,
wire, resistor or whatever) is L = B/I.
Then exactly as with mutual inductance = - L
dI/dt.
Since this emf opposes changes in the current (in
- gives
inductance.
What is the (self) inductance of a solenoid with
area A, length d, and n turns per unit length?
In the solenoid B = 0nI, so the flux
through one turn is B = BA = 0nIA
The total flux in the solenoid is (nd) B
Therefore, B = 0n2IAd and so L = B/I
L= 2Ad (only geometry)
0n

Inductance Affects Circuits and Stores

Energy

First an observation: Since cannot be infinite

neither can dI/dt. Therefore, current cannot
change instantaneously. 17.4 Energy stored in an inductor
We will see that inductance in a circuit affects
current in somewhat the same way that
capacitance in a circuit affects voltage.

circuit is called an inductor.

Energy Stored in an Inductor Think about I 0 - I2R - d((1/2)LI2)/dt = 0

S R I 0 is the power (energy per unit time)

+ I
delivered by the battery.
0 - L I2R is the power dissipated in the resistor.
2]/dt as
Recall the original circuit when current was changing
(building up). The loop method gave: e0 - IR + eL = 0 the rate
at which energy is stored in the inductor.
Multiply by I and use eL = - L dI/dt In creating the magnetic field in the
Then: inductor, we are storing energy
Ie0 - I2R - ILdI/dt = 0 The amount of energy in the magnetic field is:
or:
Ie0 - I2R d[(1/2)LI2]/dt = 0
{d[(1/2)LI2]/dt=ILdI/dt} UB = (1/2) LI2

Energy Density in a Magnetic Field Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

1
We have shown U B LI 2
2
Apply this to a solenoid:
The left side of Eq. represents the rate
1 2 2 A 2 2 2 A at which the emf device delivers
UB o n A I o n I B2
2 2 o 2 o energy to the rest of the circuit.
The rightmost term represents the
Dividing by the volume of the solenoid, the rate at which energy appears as
stored energy density is: uB = B2/(2 0) thermal energy in the resistor.
Energy that is delivered to the circuit
This turns out to be the but does not appear as thermal energy
energy density in a magnetic field must, by the conservation-of-energy,
be stored in the magnetic field of the
inductor.

Energy Density of a Magnetic Field

Consider a length l near the middle of a long solenoid of
cross-sectional area A carrying current i; the volume
associated with this length is Al.
The energy stored per unit volume of the field is

17.5 Mutual induction

L 0 n2lA

17.5 Mutual Inductance 17.5 Mutual Inductance

Transformer and mutual A current I1 is flowing in the
inductance primary coil 1 of N1 turns
The classic examples of and this creates flux B
mutual inductance are which then links coil 2 of
N2 turns.
transformers for power
The mutual inductance M2 1
conversion and for making is defined such that the
high voltages as in gasoline induction 2 is given by
engine ignition. M2 1: Mutual Inductance of
2 L2 I 2 M 21I1
the coils
Also
Generally, M 1 2 = M 2 1
1 L1I1 M12I 2
Typical Transformers Step-up Transformer
Np < Ns
PRIMARY COIL SECONDARY COIL

~ Vs
AC POWER Np
SUPPLY Ns
Vp
IRON CORE

VS
= N
Transformers usually heavy S
due to iron core
VP N P

Step-down Transformer TRANSFORMER

Np > Ns TRANSFORM VOLTAGES
SECONDARY COIL PRIMARY COIL

Vs ~ CORE
Ns
Np AC POWER
COIL COIL
SUPPLY
IRON CORE Vp
VS
VP
= N
N
S

TRANSFORMER

Ns Np
Vp
Vs
~
AC POWER
SUPPLY
VS
VP
= N
N
S

DC TRANSFORMER
VS 12
CORE VP
= 120 =N
N
S

PRIMARY
COIL

SECONDARY
COIL
Step-down transformer Mutual Inductance
Changing current and
induced emf
Consider two fixed coils
with a varying current I1 in
coil 1 producing magnetic
field B1. The induced emf
in coil 2 due to B1 is
proportional to the
magnetic flux through coil
2: B1 dA2 N 2
2 2

Mutual Inductance Mutual Inductance

2 B1 dA2 N2 2
Changing current and Changing current and induced emf
induced emf 2 N2 2
M
f2 is the flux through a single I1 I1
loop in coil 2 and N2 is the d 2 d 2 dI1 dI1
M ;
number of loops in coil 2. But we 2
dt dI1 dt dt
know that B1 is proportional to I1 d 2
which means that F2 is M
dI1
proportional to I1. The mutual
inductance M is defined to be The induced emf is proportional to M and to
the constant of proportionality the rate of change of the current .
between F2 and I1 and depends
on the geometry of the situation.

Mutual Inductance Mutual Inductance

Example Example of inductor: Car ignition coil
Now consider a tightly wound concentric solenoids. Two ignition coils, N1=16,000 turns, N2=400 turns
Assume that the inner solenoid carries current I1 and the wound over each other.
magnetic flux on the outer solenoid FB2 is created due l=10 cm, r=3 cm. A current through the primary coil
to this current. Now the flux produced by the inner I1=3 A is broken in 10-4 sec. What is the induced emf ?
solenoid is:
dI1 B2
B1 n I where n1 N1 / 2 M 12 ; M 21 n n ( r12 )
0 2 1
0 1 1 dt I1
The flux through the outer solenoid dI1
3 10 4 A s -1
due to this magnetic field is: dt
N2 B1 A1 N 2 B1 ( r12 ) n n ( r12 )I1 2 6,000 V
B2 0 2 1

B2 Spark jumps across gap in a spark plug and ignites a

M 21 n2 n1 ( r12 ) ; in general M 21 M 12 M.
I1
0
gasoline-air mixture

Mutual Inductance Mutual Inductance

Two coils, 1 & 2, are arranged such that flux
Bof 1 through 2
from one passes through the other. I
We already know that changing the current in 1 2
The mutual inductance M is the proportionality
1 changes the flux (in the other) and so constant between 2 and I1:
induces an emf in 2. 2 = M I1
This is known as mutual inductance. so d 2 /dt = M dI1 /dt

2= -d 2 /dt = - M dI1 /dt

Bof 1 through 2 Hence M is also the proportionality constant

I between 2 and dI1 /dt.
1 2
Mutual Inductance
M arises from the way flux from one coil
passes through the other: that is from the
geometry and arrangement of the coils.
Mutual means mutual. Note there is no
subscript on M: the effect of 2 on 1 is Summary
identical to the effect of 1 on 2.
The unit of inductance is the Henry (H).
1 H = 1Weber/Amp = 1 V-s/A

Magnetic Flux Defined

Magnetic flux depends on field strength, area
and angle to the field. circuit is given by the rate of change of
magnetic flux.
BA cos
N
n
t

Motional Emf
Lenz: the minus sign in Conducting bar moves through a magnetic
field perpendicular to bar.
the polarity of the Emf depends on field, speed and bar length.
induced emf opposes Application: voltages across aircraft wings.
the applied change.
Application: circuit
breakers. Blv

Self-inductance Summing up
Inductors are devices where a changing The magnetic force on a moving charge helps
current induces an emf voltage. us define magnetic field strength.
Application: electronic circuits The magnetic field strength can be readily
calculated for a current-carrying wire.
I A changing magnetic field and flux can induce
L voltages.
t