RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete Report of Introduction to Biotechnology Experiment with the title

“A Simple Biogas” that arranged by :
name : Sri Hardiyanti Asad
ID : 1514442004
class : Biology Education of International Class Program
group : IV (four)
After checked and approved by assistant and assistant coordinator, this report
was accepted.

Makassar, March 2018

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Suhariyanti Amir, S. Pd Ola Mulya

ID. 1414141002

Known by,
Responsibility Lecture

Prof. Dr. Ir. Hj. Yusminah Hala, M.S

ID. 19611212 198601 2 002
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Biogas is a by product of the anaerobic (without oxygen) breakdown of
organic matter. The organic matter could be any of a number of materials, but on
the farm, it most often comprises animal manure or other agricultural waste. The
most important component in biogas is methane, a flammable gas that can be used
in furnaces, for cooking, or even as an engine fuel. However, biogas also contains
carbon dioxide and small amounts of hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and
water vapor.
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the
breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced
from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant
material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source
and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint. Biogas can be produced
by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a
closed system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials. Biogas is primarily
methane and carbon dioxide and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide
moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide can
be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be
used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also
be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.
Biogas produced from biomass takes on a special role among renewable
energies: it is suitable for the simultaneous production of electricity and heat, as a
fuel and as a natural gas substitute. In addition, it is flexible in use and relatively
easy to store. Energy generation from biogas is not subject to fluctuations due to
the time of year, the time of day or the weather; it can thus be put into service on a
long term basis in securing the basic supply of electricity (the so-called “baseload
capacity”), also helping to deal with peak loads. That is why efforts are in
progress to expand the flexible and demand-oriented production of biogas.
 Based on explained above, we have to do this experiment so we can know
how to make a simple biogas by sewage or green waste and by feses of animal
and know how to make an innovation in renewable of biogas.

B. Purpose
1. To know how to make a simple biogas
2. To know how to make biogas an innovation in renewable of energy source

C. Benefit
1. Practician can know how to make a simple biogas by Eicchornia crassipes
and feses of animal
2. Practician can know how to make biogas becom an innovation in renewable of
energy source
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Biogas is a clean renewable energy produced from organic wastes using

anaerobic digestion as a method. The anaerobic digestion is a biological
degradation of organic matter by bacteriological flora in anaerobic mode. The
products of the digestion are biogas and residue. Biogas is a mixture of methane
(CH4) with percentage over than 65% and carbon dioxide (CO2). CH4 is the
highest component of natural gas. The digestate is the liquid residue containing
non-degraded materials. The anaerobic digestion is carried out in four
phases as follows : hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis
(Laskri and Nawel, 2015).
Biogas that known has processed from cattle dung in an airtight state.
Scientifically, the biogas produced from organic waste is combustible gas. This
gas is produced from the fermentation of organic materials by anaerobic bacteria.
All kinds of organic materials can be processed to produce biogas. General only
organic materials either solid or liquid are suitable for simple biogas systems.
When the organic waste is decomposed, will produce methane gas (CH4) and
carbon dioxide (CO2). Only the CH4 is fueled. Biogas mostly contains methane
gas (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The energy contained in biogas depends on
the concentration of methane (CH4). The higher the methane content the greater
the energy content in biogas (Romadhoni and Putu, 2014).
Biogas technology, also known as anaerobic digestion (AD) technology, is
the use of biological processes in the absence of oxygen for the breakdown of
organic matter and the stabilization of these material, by conversion to biogas and
nearly stable residue (digestate). Biogas is a mixture of methane (45-75%) and
carbon dioxide (25-55%); the actual proportion depending on the feedstock
(substrate) used and processes employed. For biogas to be flammable the methane
content must be ≥ 40%. Apart from methane and carbon dioxide, biogas may also
contain small amounts (≤ 3%) of impurities, such as hydrogen sulphide, ammonia,
carbon monoxide, and other gases (Ngumah et al, 2013).
 Biogas production through anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environmental
friendly process utilizing the increasing amounts of organic waste produced
worldwide. A wide range of waste streams, including industrial and municipal
waste waters, agricultural, municipal, and food industrial wastes, as well as plant
residues, can be treated with this technology. It offers significant advantages over
many other waste treatment processes. The main product of this treatment, i.e., the
biogas, is a renewable energy resource, while the by-product, i.e., the digester
residue, can be utilized as fertilizer because of its high nutrient content available
to plants. The performance of the AD process is highly dependent on the
characteristics of feedstock as well as on the activity of the microorganisms
involved in different degradation steps. The conversion of organic matters into
biogas can be divided in three stages: hydrolysis, acid formation, and methane
production. In these different stages which are however carried out in parallel,
different groups of bacteria collaborate by forming an anaerobic food chain where
the products of one group will be the substrates of another group. The process
proceeds efficiently if the degradation rates of the different stages are in balance
(Horvath et al, 2016).
According to Hariansyah (2018), conversion of waste through anaerobic
digestion process by producing biogas has several advantages, as follows :
1) Biogas is energy without the use of materials that still have benefits including
biomass, so that biogas does not damage the balance of carbon dioxide caused
by deforestation and the destruction of the soil.
2) Methane is one of the greenhouse gases that its presence in the atmosphere will
increase the temperature, using biogas as a fuel will reduce the methane gas in
the air.
3) Waste in the form of animal waste is a material that does not helpful, even can
caused very dangerous toxins. The anaerobic digestion application will
minimize the effect and increase the value of the waste benefits.
4) In addition to the energy advantages obtained from the anaerobic digestion
process by producing biogas, by products such as sludge. This meterial is
obtained from the anaerobic digestion process remaining in the form of solid
 and liquid. Each can be used as fertilizer in the form of liquid fertilizer and
solid fertilizer.
5) Biogas energy can serve as a replacement energy of fossil fuels so it will lower
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and other emissions.
Biogas is a combustible gaseous fuel that is collected from the microbial
degradation of organic matter in anaerobic conditions. Biogas is principally a
mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) along with other trace gases.
Biogas can be collected from landfills, covered lagoons, or enclosed tanks called
anaerobic digesters. The biogas typically has 60% methane and 35% carbon di
oxide. There is also some percentage of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia,
moisture etc. Organic material is something that was living and can decay. Wasted
or spoiled food, plant clippings, animal manure, meat trimmings and sewage are
common types of organic material used with anaerobic digestion. In contrast,
inorganic material includes things like rocks, dirt, plastic, metal and glass
(Sharma and Kapil, 2016).
New biogeochemical processes that diminish the hydraulic conductivity of
sand or fractured rocks are: (1) formation of biogas microbubbles by denitrifying
bacteria and (2) fixation of these bubbles using biocementation by urease-
producing bacteria. However, the simultaneous biochemical nitrate reduction
(“denitrification”) and the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea in the calcium-containing
medium were not applicable because denitrification activity was inhibited at
concentration of Ca2+ above 0.1 M. Meanwhile, the sequential performance of
these biochemical processes in the sand columns using pure cultures of
denitrifying and urease-producing bacteria was possible due to the formation of
biogas microbubbles, which were fixed in sand pores due to urease-depending
bioclogging of the channels between the sand pores (Ivanov and Viktor, 2017).
Biogas is commonly made from animal slurry, sludge settled from wastewater and
at landfills containing organic wastes. However, biogas can also be made from
almost any organic waste has the ability to produce biogas: human excreta, slurry,
animal slurry, fruit and vegetable waste, slaughterhouse waste, meat packing
waste, dairy factory waste, brewery and distillery waste, etc. Fiber rich wastes
like wood, leaves, etc. make poor feed stocks for digesters as they are difficult to
digest. Many wastewaters contain organic compounds that may be converted to
biogas including municipal wastewater, food processing wastewater and many
industrial wastewaters. Solid and semi-solid materials that include plant or animal
matter can be converted to biogas (Sharma and Kapil, 2016).
The use of beneficial microorganims is mostly oriented to improve plant
growth and protection in an agricultural context, nevertheless several applications
in a wider environmental sense could be prospected, as reported by our group in
scientific literature. Pseudomonas fluorescent, Bacillus subtilis, Rhizobium spp,
are some of beneficial bacteria applied in our experimental/scientific work as
biofertilizers and/or biocontrol agents in agriculture. Other potential applications
currently include micropropagation, bioremediation and phytoremediation,
phosphate solubilization, soil aggregation, sewage treatment, bioleaching, oil
recovery, coal scrubbing and biogas production (Agbo, 2017).
Therefore, another bioprocess for the clogging of water-saturated sand
with potentially lower requirements for reagents was proposed and studied in this
paper. The idea of the proposed biochemical process was to produce microbubbles
of biogas inside the pores of sand using denitrifying bacteria and to immobilize
these microbubbles in the pores using urease-dependent biocementation of the
channels between the pores. So, it was expected that this process can
replace an expensive filling of the sand pores with biocement making
bioclogging of sand competitive with the clogging of sand by ultrafine cement
(Ivanov and Viktor, 2017).
 CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Wednesday / March 7th 2018
Time : 12.30 – 14.40 am
Place : Biology Department Yard Mathematic and Science Faculty State
University of Makassar

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a. Scissors
b. Knife
c. Bottle
d. Pipe
e. Fuel Tap
f. Plastic Hose
g. Board
h. Container
i. Funnel
j. Hand skun
2. Materials
a. Eicchornia crassipes
b. Chicken feses
c. Cow feses
d. Goat feses
e. Aquadest
f. Black Paint
C. Work Procedure

Eicchornia crassipes Eicchornia crassipes that

was cut by scissors has been cut was mixed
with chicken feses

The bottle was pushed by Then it was entered

hand and the mouth of into bottle by funnel
bottle was closed

Then, it was kept After seven days, biogas

as seven days was tested by match
 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result
Table 4.1 Observation Result
Before Seven Days After Seven Days

The bottle was deflate The bottle was expands

B. Discussion
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
B. Suggestion
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agbo, Eddy C. 2012. Innovations In Biotechnology. ISBN 978-953-51-0096-6.

Croatia : Janeza Trdine.

Hariansyah, M. 2018. Pemanfaatan Kotoran Ternak Sapi Sebagai Penghasil Bio

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Horvath, I.R., Meisam T., Keikhorso K., and Rejeev K. 2016. Recent Update on
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Ivanov V. and Viktor S. 2017. Construction Biotechnology : Biogeochemistry,

Microbiology, and Biotechnology of Construction Materials and
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Laskri N. and Nawel N. 2015. Comparative Study for Biogas Production from
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Ngumah, C., Jude N., Justina C., and Ekpewerechi S. 2013. Biogas Potential of
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University of Technology Owerri.

Romadhoni, H.A. and Putu W. 2014. Pembuatan Biogas dari Sampah Pasar.
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Technology. India : Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture &
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