Mathematics Methods

Subject Code: MTM315117

2017 External Examination Information Sheet

ALGEBRA & FUNCTION STUDY

y2 - y1
Gradient: m = Point- gradient formula y  y1  m( x  x1 )
x2 - x1
Sum and Difference of cubes x3  y 3  ( x  y)( x 2  xy  y 2 ) x3  y 3  ( x  y)( x 2  xy  y 2 )
Quadratic Formula:
b  b 2  4 ac
If ax  bx  c  0
2
Then x  where  = b 2  4 ac
2a
Graph Shapes:
Linear Quadratic Cubic Exponential
y  mx  c y  a x  h   k y  a x  h   k y  a  bx  k
2 3

c (1, ab +k)
(0, a + k)

Logarithmic
y  a logn  x  h   k

Gradient of normal =  1
m

Graphical Transformations:
y   f (x) is a reflection of the graph of y  f (x ) in the x axis
y  f ( x) is a reflection of the graph of y  f (x ) in the y axis
y  a f (x) is a dilation of the graph of y  f (x ) by factor a in the direction of the y axis
y  f (ax) is a dilation of the graph of y  f (x ) by factor 1
a in the direction of the x axis
y  f ( x  h) is a translation of the graph of y  f (x) by h units to the left
y  f ( x)  k is a translation of the graph of y  f (x) by k units upwards

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 Index Laws Useful log results Log Laws
a  a a
m n m n
Definition: If y  a , log a y  n
n
log a m  log a n log a mn
am  an  am  n loga 1  0 m
log a m  log a n  l og a  
loga a  1 n
a 
n
m
 a mn
log a m p  p log a m
a 10
log a n
1 log b n 
a n
 n log a b
a
1 m

a n
 a and  a   n a m
n n

Pascal’s Triangle 1 1
1 1 x  y
1 2 1 x 2  2 xy  y 2
1 3 3 1 x3  3x2 y  3x y 2  y3
Binomial Expansion x  y n  n C 0 x n  n C1 x n 1 y  n C 2 x n  2 y 2  . . .  n C n 1 x y n 1  n C n y n
TRIGONOMETRY
Right Angle Trigonometry:

o  h 
 sin  
o
cos  
a
tan  
o
a  h h a

Non Right Angle Trigonometry

C 
Sine Rule Cosine Rule
a b c b2  c 2  a 2 a  b 
  a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A cos A 
sin A sin B sin C 2bc B  A 
c 

180 
Conversion: Radians to degrees: multiply by Degrees to radians: multiply by
 180
sin x
Basic Identities: sin 2 x  cos2 x 1 tan x 
cos x

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 Exact Values: CAST DIAGRAM

    3 /2
x 0 π 2π
6 4 3 2 2
1 2 3
sin x 0 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2 S A
3 2 1  0
cos x 1 0 -1 0 1
2 2 2 T C
3
tan x 0 1 3 undefined 0 undefined 0
3 3
/2

y  sin x y  cos x y  tan x

y  a sin nx or y  a cos nx y  tan nx then period = 

n
amplitude = a period = (FIRST asymptote, solve nx =  )
2

CALCULUS
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
Definition of Derivative: f ' x   lim
h0 h
d
Differentiation: If f (x)  kxn then f ' (x)  nkxn 1 OR If y  kxn then (kxn )  nkxn 1
dx

Nature of stationary points (and ‘change in the sign’ of the gradient):

stationary point
maximum: + to 0 to – y y
of inflection
+ to 0 to +
y

x x x

minimum: – to 0 to + stationary point

of inflection
– to 0 to –

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PROBABILITY

n(E)
Calculating Probability: Pr(E) =
n(ε)

Venn diagrams:
 A B

A  B AB A  B

A  B

Addition rule: Pr(A  B) = Pr(A)  Pr(B)  Pr(A  B)

Pr(A  B)
Conditional probability: Pr( A B) =
Pr(B)

Independent events: Pr(A  B)  Pr(A) × Pr (B) as Pr ( B A)  Pr(B)

n!
Combinations: n
Cr  Where n! n( n  1)( n  2)  3  2  1
r !n  r !

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