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Abstract—With more and more big wind farms integrating China Power Grid on April 17, 2011, which was triggered by
to grid, the faults of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) the 2-phase short-circuit fault of a 35 kV overhead line, led to
grouping tripped off (GTO) have occurred and bring serious 644 wind turbines tripped off from power grid successively
power impacts on the grid. Usually, it was considered that the
fault of DFIGs GTO is only related to the low/high voltage by voltage protection with 854 MW power injection lost,
disturbances in the grid and manipulated as an electromagnetic and finally caused the frequency of North China Power Grid
transients. But, we discover that the fault of DFIGs GTO dropping to 49.95 Hz [3]. For another example, the fault in
are also related to operating condition of DFIGs and schemes Northwest China on April 24, 2011 was triggered by the 3-
of crowbar protection equipped with DFIGs, and it may be phase short-circuit fault of a 35 kV cable, similarly resulted
extended to an electromechanical transient in some situations.
Based on the investigation of the factors related to DFIGs GTO in 598 wind turbines tripped off from power grid by voltage
, such as degree of voltage disturbances, operating conditions protection with 837.34 MW power injection lost, and finally
of DFIGs and schemes of crowbar protection, three types of caused the frequency of Northwest China Power Grid dropping
DFIGs GTOs are classified and corresponding mechanisms are to 49.854 Hz [4].
revealed. The calculation methods to confirm the mechanism As a simple example of a DFIG integrating to grid under
are established. The effectiveness of the proposed methods are
verified by simulating some cases of DFISs GTO. a certain load condition, rotor currents of the DFIG will be
related with a voltage dip in the grid. If the voltage dip is
Index Terms—Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), severe enough, rotor currents of the DFIG will reach the
grouping tripped off (GTO), simultaneously grouping tripped limitation of rotor-side voltage source converter (VSC). For
off (SGTO), cascading grouping tripped off (CGTO), over-speed protecting rotor-side VSC from being damaged, the crowbar
grouping tripped off (OGTO).
protection equipped with the DFIG can be started up to block
rotor-side VSC and 3-phase rotor windings are short-circuited
instantaneously, and then, via a short time delay, the DFIG
is tripped off from power grid by opening the switchgear of
I. I NTRODUCTION 3-phase stator windings.
1600
grid has been revealed, and three types of DFIGs GTO
(simultaneously GTO, cascading GTO with no low voltage 1400
and over-speed GTO with active crowbar) have been defined 1200
the rotor currents will be changed under a voltage disturbance III. T HE M ECHANISM C AUSING DFIG S GTO AND
ΔUs applied at the stator windings. C LASSIFICATION OF DFIG S GTO
To analyze dynamic behaviors of a DFIG, the rotor currents Voltage disturbances in grid and initial loaded conditions of
equations and the rotor motion equations are necessary. DFIGs are important to the faults of DFIGs GTO.
In a d-q synchronous reference frame, the rotor currents Considering a wind farm of n DFIGs, due to the spatial
equations of a DFIG [11] are as follows: allocation of DFIGs and the dynamics of wind field, the wind
⎧ √ speeds driving each wind turbine at the same moment are very
⎪
⎪ 2Us0 Lm (ΔUs )
different. That means all DFIGs have different initial states at
⎪ i
⎨ rd (t) = + 1 − cos (ω1 t) e−t/Ts
ω1 Lm M ω1 the same moment [15].
⎪ √ A wind power vector is defined as P = [P1 , P2 , . . . , Pn ],
⎪
⎪ 2 (Lsl + Lm ) Ps0 Lm |ΔUs |
⎩irq (t) = + sin (ω1 t) e−t/Ts where Pj (j = 1, 2, . . . , n) is the active power of the j-th
3Lm Us0 M ω1
(1) DFIG. Rearranging the power sequence of P1 , P2 , . . . , Pn in
descending order, a monotonic decreasing sequence can be ob-
where Ts = (Lsl + Lrl Lm )/[Rs (Lrl + Lm )], M = (Lsl + tained like P1order , P2order , . . . , Pnorder , denoted as an ordered
Lm )(Lrl + Lm ) − (Lm )2 , Ps0 is the initial active power of the wind power vector P order = [P1order , P2order , . . . , Pnorder ].
DFIG, Us0 is the initial stator voltage of the DFIG, ΔUs is a Obviously, P1order is the maximum and Pnorder is the minimum.
voltage disturbance applied at the stator windings, and u, i, R, Generally, P1order could be more than 3 times of Pnorder (see
L and ω1 represent voltages, currents, resistances, inductances Appendix Table AI). That means the spatial dispersion of wind
and the synchronous angular speed, respectively. speeds is evident and cannot be ignored.
All coefficients and variables in (1) are reduced to the A. How Voltage Disturbances Cause DFIGs GTO for Passive
stator winding basis. The subscripts s and r represent stator Crowbar
variables and rotor variables, respectively. The subscripts d
and q represent d-axis components and q-axis components, For simplification, we assume that all voltage drops in wind
respectively. The subscripts l and m represent leakage induc- farm collecting system can be ignored.
tance and mutual inductance, respectively. A suddenly voltage dip in grid will stimulate an increase of
rotor currents of each DFIG in the wind farm, and the initial
The rotor motion equation of a DFIG [14] is
value of rotor currents can be estimated based on (1).
dΩr ω1 ∗ 2 2
= (T − Te∗ ) (2) 1 Lsl + Lm
order 2
dt Tj m i2rk (0) = 2 2
Us0 +2 Pk (3)
ω1 Lm 3Lm Us0
where the superscript * represents the per unit value. Ωr , Tm , According to (3), it is obvious that, a heavily loaded DFIG is
Te and Tj represent the rotor angular speed, the mechanical with bigger initial rotor current. Therefore, for the same type of
torque, the electromagnetic torque and the inertia time constant DFIGs with a unique icbset , corresponding to the descending
of the DFIG, respectively. ordered wind power vector P order , a vector of rotor current
margin Δir (0) = [icbset − ir1 (0), icbset − ir2 (0), . . . , icbset −
C. Rotor Currents are Related to Voltage Disturbance and irn (0)] can be derived with the same rank of P order . It is easy
Operating Conditions to know that icbset − ir1 (0), icbset − ir2 (0), . . . , icbset − irn (0)
is an ascending ordered sequence and the maximum of Δir (0)
Eq. (1) indicates that under a voltage disturbance, the rotor must be the final (n-th) element [icbset − irn (0)].
currents are not only related to the magnitude of voltage In this case, there is a critical voltage disturbance ΔUkcritical
disturbance but also related to the initial loaded condition of under which the rotor current just reaches icbset . With the same
the DFIG. rank of P order , the voltage disturbance vector ΔU critical =
If the magnitude of rotor currents reaches icbset , crowbar [ΔU1critical , ΔU2critical , . . . , ΔUncritical ] can be derived. Simi-
circuit will be started up to short-circuit the terminals of 3- lar to Δir (0), ΔU1critical , ΔU2critical , . . . , ΔUncritical is also an
phase rotor windings via a resistor Rcb . From that moment, ascending ordered sequence.
the DFIG operates as an inductive machine until the stator Fundamentally, ΔUkcritical reflects the margin of rotor cur-
windings are tripped off (for passive crowbar) or the rotor- rent and loaded level of DFIG Pkorder .
side VSC is restarted (for active crowbar). The structure of the For analyzing the effect of voltage disturbances, a suddenly
DFIG operating as an inductive machine is shown in Fig. 4. voltage dip ΔUgrid at the high voltage side of main trans-
former is considered. There are three possibilities as follows:
UH
Contactor Relay Grid 1) ΔUgrid ≥ ΔUncritical .
Gearbox DFIG
Box Main Transmission
Rotor currents of all DFIGs will go out of icbset under
Rotor-side Grid-side transformer transformer Line the disturbance. Consequently, crowbars of all DFIGs will be
VSC VSC Reactor
started up and lead all DFIGs in the wind farm to be tripped
off from the grid simultaneously.
2) ΔUkcritical < ΔUgrid < ΔUk+1 critical
.
order
Fig. 4. The structure of a DFIG operating as an inductive machine after DFIGs corresponding to P1 , P2order , . . . , Pkorder will be
action of crowbar circuit. tripped off from grid under the voltage disturbance. So, at
106 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2018
least, partial DFIGs in the wind farm will be tripped off from However, for a DFIG equipped with an active crowbar
the grid simultaneously. circuit, after the action of crowbar, the DFIG will not be
DFIGs GTO from grid in situations (a) or (b) are denoted tripped off from powe grid simultaneously, but wait for some
as DFIGs simultaneously grouping tripped off (SGTO). conditions to reboot rotor-side VSC to turn the inductive
3) ΔUgrid < ΔU1critical . machine state back to the VSCF mode. In this case, because
Because ΔU1critical is the minimum of ΔU critical , any of imbalanced mechanical torques on rotor and long transient
rotor current will be less than icbset under the disturbance. time span, the electromechanical transient has to be considered
Therefore, no DFIG will be tripped off from power grid. especially in the near fully loaded initial condition of DFIGs.
As a braking torque, the electromagnetic torque Te of a
B. DFIGs with Passive Crowbar GTO Are Related to Oper-
DFIG after the action of the crowbar circuit [14] is derived as
ating Condition
follows:
Generally, a crowbar circuit can be started up within 4ms Rr +Rcb
after appearing of a disturbance to short circuit terminals 3U12 ×
Te = s
of rotor windings. But stator windings of the DFIG will be 2 (4)
Rr +Rcb 2
tripped off from power grid via a more than 30ms delay due ω1 Rs + + (Xs + Xr )
to the use of mechanical circuit breaker. Before stator windings s
are tripped off from power grid, the DFIG is still connected where U1 is the stator voltage, Xs is the leakage reactance
to grid and operates as an inductive machine [5]. of stator windings and Xr is the leakage reactance of rotor
If a wind farm meets strong wind, the generating wind windings.
powers of most DFIGs approach rated power, although some From (4), it is obvious that Te is sensitively related to the
generating power of DFIGs could be low due to the dispersion stator voltage U1 .
of wind speeds [15]. In this case, the wind farm is denoted as During the electromechanical transient process mentioned
operating at the near fully loaded state. above, Tm , as a driven torque, can be assumed to be the same
For the near fully loaded state of a wind farm, the first as the pre-disturbance value [14]. Te is different from the pre-
few elements of the ordered wind power vector P order should disturbance value and can be determined by (4). Generally, the
approach or equal to the rating power and correspond to a change of Te will break the equilibrium between Tm and Te ,
small values of rotor current margin Δir (0) and critical voltage and lead to sustained increase of Ωr .
disturbance ΔU critical . To prevent mechanical damages of the wind turbine, Ωr
We consider a small sudden voltage dip ΔUgrid caused by is limited within a rotor speed limitation Ωrlim by an over-
a slight fault in grid. And the post-disturbance voltage is not speeding protection. If Ωr reaches the setting value Ωrlim of
obvious low (e.g. ΔUgrid < 0.1 p.u.). over-speeding protection, the over-speeding protection will be
Therefore, if ΔUkcritical < ΔUgrid < ΔUk+1 critical
, the crow- activated to brake the wind turbine and trip the DFIG off
order
bar circuits of DFIGs corresponding to P1 , P2order , . . . , (OGTO) from power grid. If many DFIGs are tripped by their
Pkorder will be started up as the first round. Then DFIGs over-speeding protection, this is the case of DFIGs over-speed
corresponding to P1order , P2order , . . . , Pkorder enter inductive grouping tripped off from grid, denoted as DFIGs (OGTO).
machine state until their stator windings are tripped off from For a DFIG in near fully loaded condition (or over-
grid. synchronous state), Ωr will be high. Therefore, those DFIGs
During the period of inductive machine state, the first k with an active crowbar and near fully loaded condition face
DFIGs will absorb large amount of reactive power because of with high risk of being tripped off from power grid by over-
the heavily loaded operating state and the loss of the excitation speeding protection under voltage disturbance.
from rotor-side VSC. The further voltage drop will emerge and
critical
increase ΔUgrid to ΔUgrid , then if ΔUk+m < ΔUgrid < A. Classification of DFIGs GTO
critical order
ΔUk+m+1 is satisfied, the DFIGs corresponding to Pk+1 , In summary, DFIGs GTO are related to voltage disturbances
order order
Pk+2 , . . . , Pk+m will be tripped off from power grid as the in grid, loaded conditions of DFIGs, the schemes of crowbar
second round. The cascading process may go further to the protection, and transient processes after action of a crowbar
next round or stop in this stage. protection circuit. Comprehensively considering these factors,
This is the kernel mechanism of DFIGs cascading grouping the types of DFIGs GTO can be classified as:
tripped, denoted as DFIGs (CGTO) with no low voltage. 1) DFIGs GTO due to electromagnetic transient.
For DFIGs equipped with passive crowbar, under a serious
IV. DFIG S WITH ACTIVE C ROWBAR GTO A RE R ELATED enough voltage disturbance (no whether the loaded condition
TO E LECTROMECHANICAL T RANSIENT of DFIGs), all DFIGs in a wind farm instantaneously reach the
After a crowbar circuit is started up, the DFIG with a passive conditions to be tripped off from grid, simply called DFIGs
crowbar will be tipped off from grid via a short delay of stator SGTO.
circuit breaker. Under heavily loaded conditions of DFIGs and a small
In previous studies on DFIGs GTO, due to the fast action voltage disturbance in grid, partial DFIGs in a wind farm may
of a crowbar circuit, only an electromagnetic transient is reach the conditions of DFIGs to be tripped off from grid.
considered, while the electromechanical transient of DFIG is The tripped DFIGs could lead to worsening of voltage profile,
usually ignored [16], [17]. which could make other DFIGs be tripped off from power
MU et al.: THE MECHANISM OF DFIGS GROUPING TRIPPED OFF FROM POWER GRID 107
grid. The process, simply called DFIGs CGTO, is cascading. B. Calculation Method for DFIGs CGTO
During the process, the voltage is not obvious low.
2) DFIGs GTO due to electromechanical transient. For a wind farm which runs at near fully loaded state, during
For DFIGs equipped with active crowbar, during the tran- the period of inductive machine state after passive crowbar
sient process after action of a crowbar circuit, the equilibrium started up, those DFIGs will absorb large amount of reactive
between mechanical torque and electromechanical torque is power because of the heavily loaded state and the loss of the
broken, which lead to sustained increase of rotor speed. Finally excitation from rotor-side VSC.
Ωr will reach rotating limitation and make DFIGs be tripped If the time sequences of the absorbed reactive power by a
off from grid, simply called DFIGs OGTO. single DFIG are known, DFIGs CGTO can be calculated.
The classifications of DFIGs GTO are shown in Fig. 5. Based on the system of a single DFIG connected to grid,
the steps to calculate DFIGs CGTO are as follows:
SGTO
(Simultaneously GTO) 1) Reveal the relationships between starting up of crowbar
Electromagnetic
Transient Related protection and ΔUkcritical which makes the rotor current just
CGTO reach icbset for a single DFIG at near full loaded state, and
(Cascading GTO)
DFIGs GTO get the action time Tc of crowbar.
Electromechanical OGTO These can be achieved through electromagnetic transient
Transient Related (Over Speed GTO)
simulations of a single DFIG connected to grid on softwares,
e.g. PSCAD/EMTDC.
Fig. 5. The classification of DFIGs GTOs from grid.
For different operating conditions of DFIGs, the time from
Most of previous studies focused on DFIGs SGTO and appearances of voltage dips to the rotor current reaching icbset
ignored DFIGs CGTO from grid and DFIGs OGTO. is Tc and the minimum simulation result of voltage dips which
makes the rotor current reach icbset is ΔUkcritical .
2) Get the maximum absorbed reactive power Qmax of
V. C ALCULATION M ETHODS FOR DFIG SGTO
stator windings for a single DFIG connected to grid and the
A. Calculation Method for DFIGs SGTO appearing time of Qmax at near full loaded state.
For a loaded condition of a wind farm consisted of n DFIGs, This can also be achieved through electromagnetic transient
according to P order of the wind farm and a given voltage simulations of a single DFIG connected to grid on softwares.
disturbance ΔU , the steps to calculate DFIGs SGTO are as 3) Based on 1) and 2), in a near full loaded state of a wind
follows: farm, according to wind speed distribution in a wind farm,
1) According to (1), we can get analyze the switching conditions of DFIGs CGTO through
√ power flow calculation.
2Us0 Lm ΔUkcritical −t/Ts
2
+ 1 − cos (ω1 t) e + According to 1), for a small suddenly voltage change
ω1 Lm M ω1 ΔUgrid , if ΔUkcritical < ΔUgrid < ΔUk+1 critical
, the crowbars of
√ 2 order order
, . . . , Pkorder will be
2 (Lsl + Lm ) Pkorder Lm ΔUkcritical
the DFIGs corresponding to P1 , P2
−t/Ts
+ sin (ω1 t) e activated as the first round. Then those DFIGs enter inductive
3Lm Us0 M ω1
machine state until their stator windings are tripped off from
= i2rk (k = 1, 2, . . . , n) (5) grid.
According to 2), during the period of inductive machine
ΔUkcritical is the minimum of the values which make the
state, the absorbed reactive power Qtotal of the first k DFIGs
curves of irk (t) intersect the line irk (t) = icbset . According
can be got. Therefore, the further voltage drop can be obtained
to (5), for every ΔUkcritical (0 < ΔUkcritical < 1), we can plot
by power flow calculation.
the curve of the corresponding irk (t) and determine whether
irk (t) intersects the line irk (t) = icbset . So, the approximation If the additional reactive power makes ΔUgrid increase to
critical critical
of ΔUkcritical can be obtained by method of bisection. ΔUgrid and ΔUk+m < ΔUgrid < ΔUk+m+1 be satisfied,
order order order
2) If ΔU ≥ ΔUncritical , rotor currents of all DFIGs go out of the DFIGs corresponding to Pk+1 , Pk+2 , . . . , Pk+m will
icbset under the disturbance ΔU , then crowbars of all DFIGs be tripped off as the second round. The above-mentioned
will be started up and all DFIGs will be tripped off from grid cascading process may go further to the next round or stop
simultaneously. So DFIGs SGTO will happen. in this stage.
3) If ΔUkcritical < ΔU < ΔUk+1 critical
, partial rotor currents Based on the proposed method, the process of DFIGs CGTO
of DFIGs corresponding to P1 order
, . . . , Pkorder go out of icbset can be calculated.
under the disturbance, then these DFIGs will be tripped off, Taking the wind farm Tao located in Northeast China
so k DFIGs corresponding to P1order , . . . , Pkorder will SGTO. as an example, the parameters of wind farm Tao can be
4) If ΔU < ΔU1critical , rotor currents of all DFIGs are less found in [10]. By simulation analyses based on the proposed
than icbset under the disturbance, therefore no DFIG will be calculation methods for DFIGs SGTO and CGTO from grid,
tripped off from grid. the relationship among DFIGs SGTO, DFIGs CGTO, voltage
For a given loaded state of wind farm, all powers of DFIGs, disturbances and loaded conditions of DFIGs is shown in
and voltage disturbance ΔU , DFIGs SGTO can be calculated. Fig. 6.
108 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2018
No GTO
G49 G50 G51 G52 G53 G54 G55 G56 G57 G58
0.5
G46 G47
C. Calculation Method for DFIGs OGTO G21 G22 G23 G24 G25 G26 G27 G28 G29
During an electromechanical transient process induced by G17 G18
a voltage disturbance, if Tm > Te after action of an active
crowbar, then according to (2) rotor speed will increase G19 G20
G13 G14 G15 G16
continually.
Given Ωrlim and initial rotor speed Ωri,0 of the i-th DFIG, G07 G08 G09 G10 G11 G12
there is a corresponding critical acceleration time Tcr , which
is the time span for rotor speed Ωri,0 of the i-th DFIG just
reaching to Ωrlim . G01 G02 G03 G04 G05 G06
According to (2), Tcri of the i-th DFIG can be deduced as
Fig. 7. The rounds of the 58 DFIGs tripped off from the grid.
Tj (Ωrlim − Ωri,0 )
Tcri = ∗ − T∗) (6)
ω1 (Tmi ei
According to (6), Tcr is related to operating conditions 194.5 kW. The group of 33 DFIGs are in the over-synchronous
of DFIGs. Different operating conditions of DFIGs lead to state, and the other 25 DFIGs are in the sub-synchronous state.
order
different Tcr . Substituting P58 = 194.5 kW into (5), the approximation
critical critical
For a given loaded state of a wind farm, how to calculate of ΔU58 is ΔU58 = 0.47 p.u..
DFIGs OGTO are as follows: So, if ΔUgrid at the connecting point of the wind farm is
According to the dispersion of wind speeds on wind tur- bigger than ΔU58 critical
= 0.47 p.u. (UH = 1 − ΔU58 critical
=
∗
bines, calculate Tmi and Tei∗ . Obtain corresponding Tcr,i for 0.53 p.u.), the crowbar protection of all 58 DFIGs can be
each DFIG according to (6). started up, causing all of them to be disconnected from
For a unique acceleration time T , all DFIGs with Tcr,i ≤ T the grid. The DFIGs SGTO occur due to low grid voltage
will be tripped off from grid by over-speeding protection. disturbance.
Therefore, according to Tcr,i , DFIGs OGTO can be calcu-
lated. B. Simulation and Case studies of DFIGs CGTO with No Low
Voltage
VI. S IMULATION AND C ASE S TUDIES 1) Simulation study of a single DFIG connected to grid in
the near fully loaded conditions.
A. Case study of DFIGs SGTO Caused by Low Voltage
Taking a single DFIG connected to grid as an example,
Taking the wind farm Tao located in Northeast China as the simulation model of a single DFIG connected to grid
an example, we investigate the DFIGs SGTO with low grid at PSCAD/EMTDC is developed to investigate the absorbed
voltage. reactive power of the stator windings after action of crowbar.
The installed capacity of wind farm Tao is 49.3 MW, The diagram of the simulation is shown in Fig. 8.
consisting of 58 DFIGs, each of which is of rating power
850 kW. Gamesa G58-850 kW
Contactor Relay f 0.69 kV 10.5 kV 10.5 kV 66 kV
(3)
The electrical diagram of wind farm Tao is shown in Fig. 7, Gear DFIG
box
and the parameters of DFIGs can be found in [10]. Reactor 0.9 MVA Collcetor 31.5 MVA Grid
Grounding line
At the initial state, before the grid voltage dips, the recorded resistance
Rcb
wind power of wind farm Tao is 22.5 MW, 45.6% of the Crowbar Back to back
installed capacity. The wind powers of DFIGs are listed in protection converter
Appendix Table AI. The maximum and minimum of the wind
powers of DFIGs were P1order = 608.9 kW and P58 order
= Fig. 8. The diagram of the simulation of a single DFIG connected to grid.
MU et al.: THE MECHANISM OF DFIGS GROUPING TRIPPED OFF FROM POWER GRID 109
The circuit breaker operation sequence, the parameters of Crowbar Back to back resistance MVA Line
protection converter
the DFIG and icbset = 500 A can be found in [10].
The simulation result is shown in Fig. 9. Gamesa G58-850 kW 0.69 kV 35 kV
Gear DFIG2 Contactor Relay 10 km
box
Collcetor
Reactor 0.9 MVA line
stator volt- Grid volt-
age (p.u.) age (p.u.)
3-phase
1 35 kV
0 Rcb
−1 Crowbar Back to back
protection converter
3-phase
1
0 Fig. 10. The diagram for the simulation of 2 DFIGs connected to grid.
−1
Bus voltage of 220 kV (p.u.)
rotor cur-
rent (kA)
3-phase
1 1
0 0.5
−1
Terminal voltage of DFIG1 (p.u.)
1
0.5
absorbed by signal of
DFIG (MVar) crowbar
1
Reactive power Action
0
0.5
Rotor current of DFIG1 (kA)
0 1
0
−1
0.2
0 Terminal voltage of DFIG2 (p.u.)
−0.2 1
−0.4 0.8
0.99 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 0.6
t (s) Rotor current of DFIG2 (kA)
0.5
0
Fig. 9. The waveforms with ΔU critical = 0.059 p.u. when wind speed is −0.5
16 m/s. Reactive power absorbed by DFIG1 (MVar)
0
−0.2
−0.4
The stator voltage drops from 1.0 p.u. to 0.941 p.u. and the Reactive power absorbed by DFIG2 (MVar)
crowbar is triggered at t0 + 0.5 ms. Since then, rotor windings 0
−0.2
are short circuited. The DFIG operates as an inductive machine −0.4
and absorbs reactive power from grid. At t0 + 0.5 ms + 22 ms, Action signal of crowbar1 Action signal of crowbar2
1
the absorbed reactive power reaches its maximum 0.36 MVar. 0.5
0
2) Simulation study of 2 DFIGs connected to grid in the 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85
t (s)
near fully loaded conditions.
Two DFIGs connected to grid is the simplest system of Fig. 11. The simulation waveforms of 2 DFIGs connected to grid system.
DFIGs group. Taking 2 DFIGs connected to grid as an
example, how the first tripped DFIG causing the other DFIG t = 0.6155 s, 35 kV bus voltage drops from 0.97 p.u. to
to be tripped should be quantitatively studied. 0.96 p.u. and the crowbar of DFIG1 is triggered.
t = 0.6795 s, about 64 ms after the crowbar triggered of
The simulation model of 2 DFIGs connected to grid at
DFIG1, reactive power absorbed by DFIG1 reaches 0.32 MVar.
PSCAD/EMTDC is developed. The diagram of the simulation
The terminal voltage of DFIG2 U2 drops from 0.97 p.u. to
is shown in Fig. 10.
0.8 p.u. and the crowbar of DFIG2 is triggered.
The parameters of DFIG and icbset = 500 A can be found So, 2 DFIGs are cascading tripped off from power grid.
in [10]. The fault of f (3) is applied at the 35 kV bus, as shown 3) Case studies of DFIGs CGTO.
in Fig. 10, which starts at t = 0.615 s and lasts for 90 ms. The case of DFIGs CGTO with no low grid voltage has
Other simulation parameters are shown in Table I. occurred in wind farm Tao in 2009. This case is analyzed by
the proposed method.
TABLE I According to the recorded fault process data:
S IMULATION PARAMETERS
a) Before grid voltage was disturbed, the total wind power of
The Output The duration of inductive wind farm Tao was 46.76 MW, 94.9% of the installed capacity.
Wind speeds (m/s)
Power (kW) machine state (ms) The wind powers of DFIGs are given in [10]. The maximum
VDFIG1 = 16 PDFIG1 = 850 80
VDFIG2 = 13 PDFIG2 = 845.8
and minimum of the wind powers of the DFIGs were 862 kW
and 837.8 kW. All of the 58 DFIGs were in the near fully
loaded conditions.
The simulation result is shown in Fig. 11. b) A grid voltage disturbance led the voltage of the con-
110 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2018
necting point UH to drop from 1.0 p.u. to 0.916 p.u. (still 12 DFIGs are greater than synchronous speed, and they were
within the normal range). From the moment of disturbance to tripped off from the grid due to over-speeding protection. Two
all DFIGs being tripped off, the recorded time is about 80 ms. DFIGs were tripped off from the grid due to the converter fault.
Using our methods, the process of the 58 DFIGs CGTO The statistics of DFIGs tripped off from grid divided by fault
include three rounds which are shown Fig. 7 [10]: messages are listed in Table II.
a) In the first round, the crowbars of 14 DFIGs, each of
TABLE II
which was of active power 850 kW, were started up due to T HE S TATISTICS OF T HE DFIG S D IVIDED BY T HE FAULT M ESSAGES
the decline of UH , which would make these 14 DFIGs be
disconnected from grid. Number of units Unit Number Reasons for Tripping off
b) In the second round, all 14 DFIGs entered inductive 2, 5, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22,
12 Due to overspeed
24, 26, 27, 31 and 33
machine state and totally reactive power absorbed reached 2 16 and 23 Due to converter fault
5.04 MVar because their stator windings were still connected
in grid. The voltage profile of the wind farm was worsened. 3) The acceleration time of 33 DFIGs is 430 ms.
This effect caused the other 43 DFIGs, each of which was of Using our method, the critical acceleration time Tcr of 31
the minimal wind power 840 kW, to be tripped off from grid. DFIGs (the 16-th DFIG and the 23-th DFIG are not included)
c) In the third round, all 43 DFIGs totally absorbed reactive are calculated by (4) and (6) and listed in Table III.
power reached 7.92 MVar, and the voltage profile of the wind
farm was further worsened. This caused the 5-th DFIG, with TABLE III
T HE C ALCULATED R ESULTS OF T HE C RITICAL ACCELERATION T IME OF
wind power of 837.8 kW, to be tripped off from grid. T HE DFIG S
The duration of 58 DFIGs CGTO obtained by the simulation
is 78 ms, which is closed to the recorded time 80 ms. No. of DFIG Tcr (ms) No. of DFIG Tcr (ms)
2* 345.6 24 * 384.9
C. Case study of DFIGs OGTO Caused by Over-speeding 20 * 345.7 5* 396.8
33 * 346 7 438.7
In 2012, in wind farm Bei located in Northeast China, after 3 348.1 6 438.8
32 348.2 1 498.7
the fault of f (2) in the grid, a case of DFIGs OGTO occurred. 15 * 348.3 29 566.1
The installed capacity of wind farm Bei is also 49.5 MW, 12 350.6 28 584.1
consisting 33 DFIGs, each of which is of rating power 27 * 350.7 19 609.2
17 * 350.7 25 635.9
1.5 MW. The single line diagram of wind farm Bei is shown 26 * 350.7 8 642.9
in Fig. 12, and the parameters of the DFIGs are given in [14]. 22 * 353.2 18 654.1
31 * 353.2 10 672.2
4 358.1 11 684.6
Legend
13 362.9 14 691.5
The DFIGs Tripped off due MainTransformer
to converter fault 30 363 9 691.6
50 MVA U Line f (2) Grid 21 * 365.3
The DFIGs Tripped off due H
to overspeed 35 kV 220 kV 32.27 km 220 kV Annotation: The colored area is the DFIGs whose critical acceleration time
Tcr are less than 430 ms and the number with * are the DFIGs tripped off
from grid listed in Table II.
G18 G16
G29
G11 G10 G9 G17 G25 Based on our method for DFIGs OGTO, 12 DFIGs listed
G24
G19 G15 in Table II, which were tripped off from the grid due to over-
speeding protection, are recognized. The simulation results
completely agree with the recorded datas.
G8 G7 G6 G5 G4 G3 G14 G22 G23 G27 G28
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3 398.9 10 279.8
23 394.5 37 257.1 Gang Mu (M’07) received his Ph.D. in Electri-
32 391.2 51 244.6 cal Engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing
40 389.8 49 236.6 China, in 1991. He is currently a professor with the
1 388.3 56 194.5 School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric
Annotation: The boldfaced figures are data recorded for the DFIGs in the Power University, Jilin, China. His research interests
near fully loaded conditions. are power system stability analysis and renewable
power generation.
R EFERENCES
[1] Global Wind Energy Council, “Global Wind Report 2016–Annual mar-
ket update,” Global Wind Energy Council, New Delhi, Rep. Apr. 25, Jian Wang obtained his Ph.D. degree in Electri-
2017. cal Engineering from North China Electric Power
[2] J. Z. Liu, “Basic issues of the utilization of large-scale renewable power University, Beijing, China, in 2016. His research
with high security and efficiency,” Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 33, interests is analysis of wind power connected into
no. 16, pp. 1–8, Jun. 2013. grid.
[3] X. Ye, Y. Qiao, and Z. X. Lu, “Cascading tripping out of numerous
wind turbines in china: fault evolution analysis and simulation study,” in
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in northwest china power grid in 2011 and its lessons,” Power System
Technology, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 76–80, Oct. 2012. Gangui Yan obtained his Ph.D. degree in Electri-
[5] Y. Cui, G. G. Yan, L. Meng, and G. Mu, “Analysis on abnormal dis- cal Engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing,
connection of doubly fed induction generator wind turbines from power China, in 2003. He is currently a professor at North-
grid and its demand on reactive power,” Power System Technology, vol. east Electric Power University, Jilin, China. His
35, no. 1, pp. 158–163, Jan. 2011. research interests are power system stability analysis
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