Group 1 elements (positive ion, 1+)

1. Have 1 valence electron

2. Known as ALKALI METALS (because they like to react with water to produce alkali)
3. Examples:
- Lithium, Li - Rubidium
- Sodium, Na - Caecium, Cs
- Potassium, K - Francium, Fr.
4. Physical properties :
- Soft metal (can be cut easily)
- Silvery grey in colour with shiny surface
- Good heat & electricity conductor
- Going DOWN
# atomic size DECREASES
# melting, boiling point & hardness DECREASES
5. Chemical properties :
- React with OXYGEN GAS to produce METAL OXIDE
X + O2 X2O
4X + O2 2X2O (white solid)
- React with WATER to produce METAL HYDROXIDE and HYDROGEN GAS
2X + 2H2O 2XOH + H2
- React with CHLORINE GAS to produce METAL CHLORIDE
2X + Cl2 2XCl (S) (white solid)
6. Electropositivity INCREASES going DOWN group 1 because:
- Atomic radius INCREASES
- The FURTHER the distance between the nucleus towards the valence electron
- The WEAKER the forces of attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron
- The EASIER for the valence electron to be donated to other element

Group 17 elements (negative ion, -1)

1. Have 7 valence electrons
2. Known as HALOGENS (poisonous substances)
3. Exist as DIATOMIC molecules
4. Examples :
 - Fluorine gas – F2
- Chlorine gas – Cl2
- Bromine liquid – Br2
- Iodine solid – I2
- Astatine solid – At2
5. Physical properties :

Elements State at r.t.p. Colour

Fluorine Gas Pale yellow
Chlorine Gas Greenish / pale yellow
Bromine Liquid Brown
Iodine Solid Solid – black / gas – purple
Astatine Solid Black
6. Going down the group :
- Boiling & melting point increases because :
# proton number increases
# atomic radius / size increases
# forces of attraction between the molecules become stronger
# more heat is needed to overcome the f.o.a.
- Reactivity and electropositivity decreases because
# atomic radius INCREASES
# distance between nucleus & valence shell is further
# f.o.a between nucleus & valence shell becomes weaker
# thus, more difficult to receive electron to achieve stable octet
electron configuration (arrangement)
7. Chemical properties :
- React with WATER to produce 2 TYPES OF ACID
X2 + H2O HX+ HOX (hydro__ic acid) + (hypo__us acid)
- React with SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION to produce 2 TYPES OF SALTS and
WATER.
X2 + 2NaOH NaX + NaOX + H2O

(sodium ___ide) (sodium ___ate (I) / sodium hypo__ite)

- React with IRON to produce IRON (III) HALIDE

2Fe + 3X2 2FeX3

Group 18 (no charged ion)

1. Have the most stable electron arrangement

2. Known as inert / noble gas
3. Chemically NOT REACTIVE. (don’t donate / receive electron)
4. Exist as MONOATOMIC gas
5. Example :
 - Helium – stable duplet electron arrangement
- Neon
- Argon
- Krypton octet electron arrangement
- Xenon
- Radon
6. Uses of gases :
- Helium : to fill airship & weather balloon / as protective atmosphere
- Neon : to fill advertising light bulbs / as indicator light( to show a circuit is on)
- Argon : to fill electric bulb / supply inert atmosphere for welding/ as
carrier gas in liquid-gas chromatography
- Krypton : to fill high speed photographic flash lamp / in laser to repair
retina of the eye
- Xenon : used in electron tubes & stroboscopic lamp/ for lighting the
airplane’s landing
- Radon : to treat cancer as it is radioactive
7.

Element Proton no. Atomic radius Melting & boiling point

Helium 2 Increase because 1. Size of atom increases
Neon 10 more number of 2. F.o.a between atoms are
Argon 18 occupied electron stronger
Krypton 36 shells 3. More heat needed to
Xenon 54 overcome the f.o.a
Radon 86

Example of chemical equation

Group 1
With OXYGEN GAS = metal oxide
1. Li (S) + O2 (G) Li2O
4Li (S) + O2 (G) 2Li2O

With WATER = metal hydroxide & hydrogen gas

2. 2Na (S) + 2H2O(L) 2NaOH + H2

 3. 2K (S) + Cl2 (G) 2KCl (S)

Group 17

With WATER = 2 types acid

1. F2 + H2O HF + HOF (hydrofluoric acid) + (hypofluorus acid)

2. Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl (hydrochloric acid) + (hypochlorus acid)

3. BR2 + H2O HBR + HOBR (hydrobromic acid) + (hypobromus acid)
4. I2 + H2O HI + HOI (hydroiodic acid) + (hypoiodus acid)

With NaOH = 2 types salt & water

1. Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

2. Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H2O
3. I2 + 2NaOH NaI + NaOI + H2O

With iron = iron (III) halide

1. 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCL3 (iron (III) chloride)

2. 2Fe + 3Br2 2FeBr2 (iron (III) bromide)
3. 2Fe + 3I2 2FeI3 (iron (III) iodide)