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Nitrification
Denitrification
Denitrification is a conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas. This
conversion process is carried out by microorganisms through a
sequence of reduction reactions.
Denitrification is an anoxic process that requires (a) the absence
of oxygen and (b) the presence of a suitable organic carbon
source as electron donor. This process is usually carried out by
facultative heterotrophic bacteria termed denitrifiers.
The organic carbon source is required for the growth of
denitrifiers. Based on the organic carbon sources, denitrification
can be classified as (a) combined carbon oxidation
nitrification/denitrification systems (single-sludge systems) using
incoming raw wastewater as the sole organic carbon source and
(b) separate-stage denitrification systems (separate-sludge
systems) using a suitable external organic carbon source such as
methanol. The denitrification reaction can be achieved in either
a suspended growth or attached growth reactor.
Biological Nitrogen Removal
Bardenpho Process.
The propriety Bardenpho process for nitrogen removal was modified
(called Phoredox modification) for combined nitrogen and
phosphorus removal. The process has five stages of anaerobic,
anoxic, and aerobic zones with sludge and internal recycling.
PROCESSES OF BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
UCT Process.
The modified University of Cape Town (UCT) process for nitrogen and
phosphorus removal uses anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic reactor
sequence. Both the return activated sludge and the aeration tank
contents are recycled to the anoxic zone, and the contents of the
anoxic zone are then recycled to the anaerobic zone.
CAPABILITIES OF BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
Orbal Process.
The Orbal process typically
consists of three concentric
channels operating in series
where the outside channel is
maintained in an oxygen deficit
condition, but a sizeable amount
of oxygen is delivered, allowing
simultaneous nitrification-
denitrification. Orbals are
designed for 80 percent total
nitrogen removal; higher removal
rates (96 percent and more) are
accomplished by recycling MLSS
from the third channel back to
the first. For biological
phosphorus removal, a strong
oxygen deficit condition is
maintained in the first channel,
and a minor deficit condition is
kept in the second channel.
Process Design Parameters for Biological Nutrient Removal Systems
Process
Design
Unit Anoxic/
Parameters Modified
A2/O UCT VIP SBR PhoStrip Orbal Anaerobic/
Bardenpho
Aerobic
kg
F/M ratio BOD5/kg 0.1 – 0.2 0.15 – 0.25 0.1 – 0.2 0.1 – 0.2 0.1 – 0.2 0.1 – 0.5 0.1-0.2 0.1 – 0.2
MLVSS·d
MLSS mg/L 2000-5000 2000-4000 2000-5000 1500-3000 600-5000 2000-4000 2000-6000 3000-4000
HRT
h
1–2 0.5 – 1.5 1–2 1–2 0.0 – 3.0 8 – 12 3–6 0.7 – 1.2
Anaerobic
2–4 0.5 – 1.0 2–4 1–2 0.0 – 1.6 --- 4–8 1.0 – 3.0
Anoxic
4 – 12 3.5 – 6.0 4 – 12 2.5 – 4 0.5 – 1.0 4 – 10 6 – 12 4.0 – 6.0
Aerobic
2–4 --- 2–4 0.0 – 0.3 --- ---
Anoxic
0.5 – 1.0 --- --- 0.0 – 0.3 --- ---
Aerobic
--- --- 1.5 – 2.0 --- ---
Settle/
Decant
Total 9.5 – 23.0 4.5 – 8.5 9 – 22 4.5 – 8 4.0 – 9.0 12 – 22.0 13 – 26 5.7 – 10.2
Internal
% of Qo 400 – 600 100 – 300 100 – 600 200 – 400 --- --- 0 – 400 0
recycle
Aerobic
% Qo 50 – 100 --- --- --- --- ---
recycle
Effluent TP mg/L <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <0.5 <5 <2
Effluent TN mg/L <6 <6 <6 <6 <6 <8 <5 <8
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
Plant 106.4MLD, 55.1MLD, Start Date Oct. 2014 End Date Reactor
Mar. 2015
Capacity 168.7MLD
Overview of Hanyu STP Administration Building of Hanyu STP
USDInflow
88,587 Nutrient Removal Dedicated to the
Primary Sedimentation Tank
treatment facilities
Study on Sewerage System Improvement in Yokohama City, Japan
Identification of the issues of existing sewerage facilities Anoxic Oxic
Phosphorus
on the Condition
Anoxic Oxic
Formulation of improvement plan for the existing sewer Larger Return Sludge Longer A-SRT
For Phosphorous Removal
Plant
Tank
Layout Plan of Agematsu STP Out
Oxidation Ditch
222 MLD
Capacity
Activities Performed by Consultant Proposed Step-Feed Recycled Nitrogen Removal Process for
Upgrading
Process
Area in Cambodia
Amount
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