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The fact which makes it possible to combine steel and

concrete is that concrete on setting grips fast the


embedded steel rods. Thus when the R.C.C. member is
loaded the transference of force between concrete and
embedded steel reinforcements takes place only virtue of
the grip, adhesion or bond between the two materials. The
bond between concrete and steel must be sufficient to
make them act jointly. In case the grip between the two
materials is not perfect, an R.C. beam when loaded will fill
as the steel reinforcement on account of the imperfect
bond will slip and will not contribute to resist any stresses
developed in the beam. The grip depends upon the mix
and quality of the concrete, surface and shape of the bars,
the length of embedment and the cover of concrete on
steel reinforcement.
To achieve increased bond between steel and concrete
the following factors should be kept in view:
(i) Use rich mix of concrete
(ii) The compaction and curing of concrete should be
perfect
(iii) Provide adequate cover to steel reinforcement
(iv) Use rough surface steel bars. The bars with smooth or
polished surface will not be able to provide adequate
frictional resistance for the purpose of perfect grip.
(v) Use deformed or twisted bars.
23.2 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
The check for satisfying the requirement of permissible
bond stress specified in the earlier code has now been
replaced by the concept of development length. It is
obvious that bar with sufficient embedment in concrete
cannot be pulled out. Development length is the minimum
length of bar which must be embedded in concrete beyond
any section to develop by bond (between the concrete and
steel), a force equal to the total tensile force in the bar at
that section. Development length is represented by a
symbol L and it is expressed in terms of the diameter of
d

the bar.
Refer Fig. 23.1. Let a mild steel reinforcing bar of diameter
( ) be embedded in a concrte block. Let T be the pull or
tensile force applied to the bar at its free end and Let L be
d

the minimum length of embedment of the bar in the


concrete block so as to withstand the tensile force without
any slippage.
If be the stress developed in the steel reinforcement bar
due to the T. The pull T can also be written as

The tensile force due to the pull has to be transmitted to


the concrete by bond stress in the embedment length L . d

Bond stress is the local longitudinal shear stress per unit


of bar surface. Bond stress can also be defined as the
shear force per unit of nominal surface area of a
reinforcing bar acting parallel to the bar on the interface
between the bar and the surrounding concrete. The
magnitude of bond stress varies along the length of the
bar. Its value will be maximum at lower face of block and
minimum at end of bar in concrete. Based on experimental
evidence it is seen that value of L derived based on
d

average bond stress works out to be safe.


Let be the average bond stress developed in concrete
due to the pull in the bar. achieve condition of no slippage
of bar and equilibrium
Force developed in bar in concrete = Applied pull

Code has specified values of average permissible bond


stress for plain bar in tension for different grades of
concrete which has been reproduced in Table 23.1 for
ready reference.
TABLE 23.1 Permissible bond stress (Average) for plain
bars in tension.
M M M M M M M
Grade of concrete 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Permissible stress
in bond (\[{\tau
_{bd}}\]) —
\[inN/m{m^2}\] - 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Note 1. The bond stress given above shall be increased
by 25 per cent for bars in compression.
Note 2. In the case of deformed bars conforming to IS :
1139 -1966 and IS: 1786 – 1979, the bond stress given in
Table 23.1 may be increased by 40%.
23.3 DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS IN
REINFORCEMENT
For ensuring full development of the calculated tension or
compression in any bar at any section, it is necessary that
the bar under consideration should extend on each side of
the section by appropriate length which is termed as
development length. The formula for calculating
development length of bars in tension and compression for
mild steel and HYSD bars are given below:
(i) Development length of bars in tension. The
development length L for bars in tension is given by
d

Note. The development length includes anchorage values


of hooks in tension reinforcement.
It may be noted that the above expression for
development length is similar to the one for bond length as
given in earlier code, except change of symbol in the
relationship. Based on the above formula the values
of for plain and deformed bars for M 15 grade of concrete
can be worked out as under:
(a) Development length for plain m.s. bars in tension :
For plain m.s. bars
The development length of mild steel bars and HYSD bars
for different grades of concrete are given Table 23.2
TABLE 23.2 Development lengths for M.S and HYSD bars
in tension
Mild steel bars (
\[{\sigma HYSD bars ( \[{\tau
_{st}}=140N/m{m^2}\ _{st}}=230N/m{m^2})\]
] )
\[{\tau
_{bd}}\]
Grad in
e of \[N/m{m \[{\tau
concr ^2}\] _{bd}}\] in \[N/
ete L d m{m^2}\] L d

58
\[{\rm{}}\p 68 \[{\rm{}
hi\] }\phi\]
M 15 0.6 0.84
44 \[{\rm{} 52 \[{\rm{}
}\phi\] }\phi\]
M 20 0.8 1.12
39 \[{\rm{} 46 \[{\rm{}
}\phi\] }\phi\]
M 25 0.9 1.26
35 \[{\rm{} 41 \[{\rm{}
}\phi\] }\phi\]
M 30 1.0 1.40
32 \[{\rm{} 37 \[{\rm{}
}\phi\] }\phi\]
M 35 1.1 1.54
29 \[{\rm{} 34 \[{\rm{}
}\phi\] }\phi\]
M 40 1.2 1.68
(ii) Development length for bars in compression. It is
simpler to pull a bar out of concrete than to push it inside.
The Code accordingly permits 25 percent increase in the
value permissible bond stress for bars in compression.
Based on the above, the development length for bars in
compression is given by

23.4 ANFHORAGE FOR REINFORCEMENT BARS


The development length of bars as obtained from the
above formula can be provided in the form of straight
length or it may be partially straight and partially anchored.
The anchorage is normally provided in the form of bends
and hooks.
(i) Anchoring bars in tension: In case of deformed bars in
tension, the development length is provided straight
without end anchorage. In case of plain bars ends hooks
are normally provided for anchorage.
The anchorage value of bend shall be taken as 4 times the
diameter of the bar for each 45˚ bend subject to a
maximum of 16 times the diameter of the bar. The
dimensions of a standard hook and a standard 90˚ bend
are shown in Fig. 23.2). The value of k to be adopted
depends upon the type of steel. Its value as per code is as
under.
Min.
Type of value of
steel k
(i) Mild steel 2
Cold
worked
(ii) steel 4
The anchorage value of a standard hook and a standard
bend are taken as 16 and 8 respectively.
Let be the required value of development length for a
reinforcing bar and and be the straight lengths required
when the end bar anchorage are provided in the form of a
semi-circular hook and a right angle bend hook
respectively. The value of and in term of can be written
as
(ii) Anchoring bars in compression: The anchorage length
of straight bar in compression shall be equal to the
development length of bar in compression as obtained
from the formula

The end of a bar in compression require no special


anchorage.
(iii) Anchoring shear reinforcement: The shear
reinforcement can be provided in the form of inclined bar
as well as stirrups.
(a) In case of inclined bars: The development length shall
correspond to development length of bars in tension
allowing for hook and bends when provided and measures
as under:
(1) In tension zone; from the end of inclined portion of
bars.
(2) In compression zone; from the mid-depth of the beam..
(b) In case of stirrups: In case of stirrups complete
development length and anchorage shall be deemed to
have been provided when
(i) the bar is bent through an angle of at least 90˚ round a
bar of at least its own diameter and is continued beyond
the end of the curve for a length of at least eight diameters
or
(ii) when the bar is bent through an angle of 135˚ and is
continued beyond the end of the curve for a length of at
least six bar diameters or
(iii) when the bar is bent through an angle of 180˚ and
is continued beyond the end of the curve for a length of at
least four bar diameters.
23.5 TO DECIDE THE CURTAILMENT OF BARS
A repeated reference has been made in this chapter and
in the chapter on shear regarding bent up bars. To find out
the point at which the bars at mid-span of a simply
supported beam loaded with uniformly distributed load,
can be safely curtailed or bent up, proceed as below:
Area of steel at mid span of a beam is obtained by using
the formula

Assuming the beam to be of constant depth, the


denominator i.e., j.d. may be taken to be a constant, say
K

or
Or the number of bars required at any section of the
beam the bending moment at the section.
Let M and n , represent the bending moment and the
c c

number of bars, (provided to resist the bending moment)


respectively at the mid span of the beam.
Let M and n represent the bending moment at any
x x

distance x from the mid-span and the number of the bars


which can be curtailed. The number of bars left at section
x to resist the B.M. of
This equation gives us a relation between the number of
bars which can be curtailed or bent up at any distance x,
from the mid span of the beam, so that the beam remains
safe from considerations of bending moment.

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