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be/T-q_ZXmfiLI
Indirect Utility Function: Direct utility converts x and y into ̅ in the cheapest way
Expenditure Function How much does it cost to get 𝑼
Solve Indirect for B
happiness. Indirect uses prices and budget to do this, indirectly. given Px & Py?
(Invert)
̅) = Pxxc + Pyyc
E(Px,Py,𝑈
𝐵 .3 𝐵 .7
Utility*= V(Px, Py, 𝐵̅) Example: U = .5423*
( ) ( ) .7 .3 .7 .3
𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑦
Solve Expenditure for U ̅ (3𝑃𝑦 ) + Py 𝑈
Example: Px 𝑈 ̅ (𝑝𝑦 ) (𝑝𝑥 )
̅ (7𝑃𝑥 ) = 10𝑈
7𝑃 𝑥 3𝑃 𝑦 7 3
(Invert)
Indirect Money Metric Utility Function: Take the Indirect Utility function and put Money Metric Utility Function: Plug the original utility function into the
bars on 𝑃̅𝑥 , 𝑃̅𝑦 , 𝐵̅. Substitute this fn. into the expenditure function for 𝑈
̅. This will
Expenditure function. This tells you “The mimimum $ needed to get the same
tell you how much $ you need to get the same utility you were getting at 𝑃̅𝑥 , 𝑃̅𝑦 , utility as I get from xo and yo. Example: MM=1.842𝑦𝑜.7 𝑥𝑜.3 𝑝𝑦.7 𝑝𝑥.3
𝑝𝑥 𝑝𝑦 𝐵 .3 .7 ̅
𝐵̅ under new prices Px & Py. Example: IMM= .3 .7
𝑝̅𝑥 𝑝̅𝑦
Legend: Green indicates various common symbols others might use for the same thing.
B, I, m: Budget, Income, money: If they are a free variable, or the outcome.
𝐵̅ or (𝐼 ,̅ 𝑚
̅ , 𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑜 ):The bar or subscript, e.g. Bo (read “B nought”) means fixed level of income- the main constraint. Should think of as usually fixed.
U: Utility, happiness, satisfaction. 𝑈 ̅ or Uo : A fixed level of Utility that we want to achieve. U*: The optimal level of utility possible
x and y: Two goods we are consuming to produce Utility
x* and y* : Optimal levels of x and y that maximize utility; demand for x and y.
xc , yc : Hicksian demands for x and y; optimal levels of x and y that attain 𝑈 ̅ the cheapest way
Px and Py : Prices of the goods x and y.