Report Phase 3

Three Phase Sequence Checker
ABSTRACT:
Phase sequence is the order in which the rotated voltage or current generated by 3-phase
system attain peak or maximum value. Each sequence voltage is 120 degree apart. Therefore,
the maximum value achieved by each sequence is at the definite time interval. Based on this
individual response time a technique of phase detection system is discussed in this project.
The project is designed to check the sequence of the 3 phase supply. It is very important
to know the phase sequence particularly for 3 phase motors. For example, if the 3 phase motor
is used for pumping action, any phase reversal accidentally resulting in wrong sequence could
force the motor run in the wrong direction. This could result in dry run of the motor to develop
permanent fault.
In this project direct 3-phase AC supply 50Hz is fed through voltage drop arrangement
duly stabilized by zener diodes to a logic circuit comprising of NAND gates and OR gates to
detect the proper sequence of RYB by series of pulses of fixed duration. In the event of
changing the sequence from RYB to say YBR, the combination of NAND and OR gates
develops an output with a missing pulse during the fixed time duration. This pulse is used in
triggering an input signal to a 8051 series microcontroller through a timer to drive LEDs placed
in a circle. In proper sequence the LEDs run clockwise having received no triggering. While
the sequence is not there the triggering is done which is indicated by LEDs running clockwise
for some time and then anti clockwise for the next and so it continues. DC requirement of the
circuit is powered from a step down transformer along with a bridge rectifier, regulators and
filter capacitor. Further this project can be enhanced by providing a relay to circuit to cutoff
the supply to the load.
SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In this chapter, it explains briefly on the background and system overview of this project. Also
in this chapter it explains the objectives of the project, the scope of study and the thesis outline.
1.2 System Overview
An electromagnetic or induction instrument is used to indicate the phase sequence in three-

phase electric circuits. The phase sequence determines the direction of rotation of three-phase
electric motors; the correct operation of some measuring instruments and automatic control
devices also depends on the phase sequence. Phase-sequence indicators are usually constructed
as miniature asynchronous electric motors in which an aluminum disk serves as the rotor. The
disk rotates when acted upon by a magnetic field excited by currents in three windings when
the windings are connected to the conductors of the circuit being tested. A certain order of
phase sequence is marked on the terminals of the phase-sequence indicator. If the disk rotates
in the direction of an arrow marked on the disk, the phase sequence corresponds to the marks
on the terminals of the instrument. General-purpose phase-sequence indicators can be used to
determine the power factor and the phase shift between voltage and current.
In indicator there is a LED light source. It gives us the presence of the current source
by indicate its light. If the phase of the indicator is not equal to the supply voltage then it cannot
give us the presence of current source by its LED light off. If the phase of indicator is equal
with the main supply phase then its remaining bright and continuous gives us the indication of
current source.
Phase sequence is the order, or sequence, in which each of the line voltages of a three-phase
system reach their peak values. If 'normal' phase sequence is considered to be A-B-C (or R-S-T,
etc.), then 'reverse phase sequence' would be A-C-B. Phase sequence detection and
controlled power supply system is mainly used to detect the phase sequence of any machine or any
other electrical equipment which works on three phase supply.
As we know that in three phase supply there is three phase R-Y-B. It is mandatory
that these three phase are in correct order, because if it is not in correct manner than there is damage
in windings of machines. Machine whose phase sequence is to be detect is connected to the input
of our system, now if the phase sequence is correct the array of LED’s ring are glowing in clock
wise direction. When the sequence is wrong than the array of LED’s ring is glowing in

anticlockwise direction. If the voltage of input is less than the required one, means that when under
voltage condition comes on that time the system amplify the input voltage and comes it to the
normal voltage range, than the phase sequence detection is starts. Now, if the input voltage is much
over than the required range, means that when over voltage condition come on that time system
trip the circuit with the use of relay’s and protect the equipment. So our main aim is to provide a
simpler and efficient system which gives a better phase sequence detection, in comparison of
conventional lamp method and synchronoscope method. The best use of this system is in sub-
station, where after maintenance of m/c it is very difficult to connect the right phase R-Y-B. So at
that place we easily used this system.

What is three phase sequence ?
This three-phase supply consists of three phases, generally represented as R, Y and B

or A, B and C. These three phases of a three-phase AC supply attain maximum voltage when
they are in a particular sequence. This sequence of three phases while they attain their
maximum voltage is called as Phase Sequence.
This phase sequence of a three-phase power plays a critical role in controlling the
direction of rotation of the three-phase-electrical motors. If this sequence is altered, then the
direction of the motor gets altered, which may cause temporary or permanent failure of motor.
So, it is important to keep the phase in sequence or to maintain the proper phase sequence.
Hence, for checking phase sequence, there is a device called as a Phase- sequence indicator or
Phase-sequence checker for a three-phase supply.
It is essential because of the following reasons:-
1. The parallel operation of three phase transformer or alternator is only possible when its phase
sequence is known.
2. The rotational direction of three phase induction motor depends upon its sequence of phase
on three phase supply and thus to reverse its direction the phase sequence of the supply given
to the motor has to be changed.

CHAPTER 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Fig 1. Block Diagram Of 3 Phase Sequence Checker
to know the phase sequence particularly for 3 phase motors. For example, if the 3 phase
motor is used for pumping action, any phase reversal accidentally resulting in wrong
sequence could force the motor run in the wrong direction. This could result in dry run of
the motor to develop permanent fault.
In this project direct 3-phase AC supply 50Hz is fed through voltage drop arrangement
duly stabilized by zener diodes to a logic circuit comprising of NAND gates and OR gates
to detect the proper sequence of RYB by series of pulses of fixed duration.
In the event of changing the sequence from RYB to say YBR, the combination of
NAND and OR gates develops an output with a missing pulse during the fixed time duration.
This pulse is used in triggering a monostable 555 timer. Thus, while the sequence is not
there the triggering to the timer is missed which is indicated by an LED driven from the
output of the 555 timer. DC requirement of the circuit is powered from a step down
transformer along with a bridge rectifier and filter capacitor.

Further this project can be enhanced by providing an inbuilt digital sequence checker
comprising of LEDs in a circle to indicate wrong sequence by glowing of LEDs in anti-clockwise
direction. The LEDs can be driven from a programmable microcontroller .
2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Fig 2. Circuit Diagram Of 3 Phase Sequence Checker
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION:
Connections:
R, Y, B phase lines are connected to four series resistor of 18k each. Zener D2, D4, D6 anodes
are connected to neutral and anodes are connected to U1: D pin 12, U1: C pin 8, U1: A pin 2
resp. The output of U1 i.e. pin 11 is connected to trigger pin of 555 timer. Pin 4 & 5 of timer
are given +12V pin 3 is connected to a transistor BC547 base with a series resistor of 330R.Its
collector with a pull up resistor of 10K is fed to microcontroller pin number11.Standard
connections to the microcontroller with 10k resistor and 1uF capacitor is connected to give the
reset time constant along with crystal as required.

Working :
The three-phase alternating current phase detector circuit is composed of the
phase sequence detection circuit, trigger control circuit and LED display circuit. Phase
sequence detection circuit is comprising of the rectifier diodes D1, D3, D5 which convert AC
to DC. In each phase four no. series resistors of 18k are connected instead of 72k in order to
distribute the voltage drop across each resistor to avoid flash over. Zeners D2, D4, D6 are used
to clamp the voltage at 6V. Trigger control circuit consists of four gates NAND IC (CD4011)
with gates U1: A, U1: B, U1: C, U1:D. When L1, L2, L3 phase connections are in correct
sequence, then the output of U1: D is low because of its input pin no. 13 comes from a set-
reset latch formed out of U1: B & U1: C.
The latch is set at the beginning of the second phase i.e. L2 and is made reset
at beginning of L3. Thus in correct phase sequence the input of U1: D attains logic states of 0,
1 - 1,0 - 0, 0 resulting in its output low which triggers the monostable 555 timer. 10k resistor
and 1uF capacitor are connected to give the required time constant of 10ms for the correct
sequential triggering in our 50Hz supply at every half cycle. Hence the output at pin 3 of timer
is high which makes transistor BC547 ON to deliver zero logic to the controller pin 11 that
while executing the program delivers output to a set of 8 LEDs placed in a circle to run in
clockwise indicate correct phase sequence
If phase sequence is not in order of L1, L2, L3 then the output of U1: D is
high because the set-reset latch operation is disturbed due to which trigger pin of 555 goes high
and its output pin goes low making the transistor BC547 OFF to deliver zero high from its
pulled up collector to the controller pin 11 that delivers output LEDs to run clockwise and then
anticlockwise in an oscillating manner indicating the connection is out of sequence.

CHAPTER 3

COMPONENTS USED IN PROJECT
TRANSFORMER (230-12V AC)
It is a general purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 230V

primary windings and centre tapped secondary winding. The transformer has flying colored
insulated connecting leads (Approx 100 mm long). The Transformer act as step down
transformer reducing AC - 230V to AC - 12V. Power supplies for all kinds of project & circuit
boards.
Step down 230 V AC to 12V with a maximum of 1Amp current. In AC circuits, AC
voltage, current and waveform can be transformed with the help of Transformers. Transformer
plays an important role in electronic equipment. AC and DC voltage in Power supply
equipment are almost achieved by transformer’s transformation and commutation
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION :
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an
electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications.
It is a step down transformer in which the secondary winding is more than primary
winding. Due to this windings it can able to step down the voltage. A Transformer changes
electricity from high to low voltage or low to high voltage using two properties of electricity.
Fig 3.1 Transformer (230V-12V AC)

FEATURES :
 Output current:1A
 Supply voltage: 220-230VAC
 Output voltage: 12VAC
 Soft Iron Core
 1Amp Current Drain
APPLICATIONS :
 On chassis AC/AC converter.

 Designing a battery Charger.
 Electronic applications.
 Step down applications (Power transmission).
1) RESISTANCE :
The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. This symbol is used to
indicate a resistor in a circuit diagram, known as a schematic. Resistance value is designated
in units called the "Ohm." A 1000 Ohm resistor is typically shown as 1K-Ohm ( kilo Ohm
), and 1000 K-Ohms is written as 1M-Ohm ( mega Ohm ).There are two classes of resistors;
fixed resistors and the variable resistors. They are also classified according to the material
from which they are made. The typical resistor is made of either carbon film or metal film.
There are other types as well, but these are the most common. The resistance value of the
resistor is not the only thing to consider when selecting a resistor for use in a circuit. The
"tolerance" and the electric power ratings of the resistor are also important. The tolerance
of a resistor denotes how close it is to the actual rated resistance value. For example, a ±5%
tolerance would indicate a resistor that is within ±5% of the specified resistance value. The
power rating indicates how much power the resistor can safely tolerate. The maximum rated
power of the resistor is specified in Watts. Power is calculated using the square of the
current (I2) x the resistance value (R) of the resistor. If the maximum rating of the resistor
is exceeded, it will become extremely hot and even burn. Resistors in electronic circuits
are typically rated 1/8W, 1/4W, and 1/2W. 1/8W is almost always used in signal circuit

applications. Generally, it's safe to choose a resistor which has a power rating of about
twice the power consumption needed.
From the top of the photograph

 1/8W
 1/4W
 1/2W
Fig 3.2 Resistor Color Code

1) CAPACITOR :
The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The capacitor also
functions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct current (DC). The
capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates facing each other, but separated by an
insulator. When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each
electrode. While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will stop flowing when
the capacitor has fully charged.
The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates facing each other, but separated by
an insulator. When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each
electrode. While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will stop flowing when
the capacitor has fully charged.
 Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors):-
Aluminum is used for the electrodes by using a thin oxidization membrane. Large
values of capacitance can be obtained in comparison with the size of the capacitor, because the
dielectric used is very thin. The most important characteristic of electrolytic capacitors is that
they have polarity. They have a positive and a negative electrode. [Polarized] This means that
it is very important which way round they are connected. If the capacitor is subjected to voltage
exceeding its working voltage, or if it is connected with incorrect polarity, it may burst. It is
extremely dangerous, because it can quite literally explode. Generally, in the circuit diagram,
the positive side is indicated by a "+" (plus) symbol. Electrolytic capacitors range in value
from about 1μF to thousands of μF.
Mainly this type of capacitor is used as a ripple filter in a power supply circuit, or
as a filter to bypass low frequency signals, etc

Fig 3.3 electrolytic capacitors
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:
1. Voltage Regulator 7805 :
All voltage sources cannot able to give fixed output due to fluctuations in the circuit. For getting
constant and steady output, the voltage regulators are implemented. The integrated circuits
which are used for the regulation of voltage are termed as voltage regulator ICs. Here, we can
discuss about IC 7805
The voltage regulator IC 7805 is actually a member of 78xx series of voltage regulator ICs.
It is a fixed linear voltage regulator. The xx present in 78xx represents the value of the fixed
output voltage that the particular IC provides. For 7805 IC, it is +5V DC regulated power
supply. This regulator IC also adds a provision for a heat sink. The input voltage to this voltage
regulator can be up to 35V, and this IC can give a constant 5V for any value of input less than
or equal to 35V which is the threshold limit.
Fig 3.4 ic 7805

PIN 1-INPUT :
The function of this pin is to give the input voltage. It should be in the range of 7V to 35V. We
apply an unregulated voltage to this pin for regulation.
PIN 2-GROUND :
We connect the ground to this pin. For output and input, this pin is equally neutral (0V).
PIN 3-OUTPUT :
This pin is used to take the regulated output.
2. IC 7812 :
7812 is a famous IC which is being widely used in 12V voltage regulator circuits. Truly
speaking it is a complete standalone voltage regulator. We only need to use two capacitors, one
on the input and second one on the output of 7812 in order to achieve clean voltage output and
even these capacitors are optional to use. To achieve 12V 1A current, 7812 should be mounted
on a good heatsink plate. Thanks to the transistor like shape of 7812 which makes it easy to
mount on a heatsink plate. 7812 has built in over heat and short circuit protection which makes
it a good choice for making power supplies.
Fig 3.5 IC 7812

3. 4011(NAND):
The 4011 is a member of the 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains four
independent NAND gates, each with two inputs. The pinout diagram, given on the right, is the
standard two-input CMOS logic gate IC layout:
 Pin 7 is the negative supply

 Pin 14 is the positive supply
 Pins 1&2, 5&6, 8&9, 12&13 are gate inputs
 Pins 3, 4, 10, 11 are gate outputs

FIG 3.6 4011 (NAND)

4. 555 TIMER IC :
The 555 timer IC is an integral part of electronics projects. It is simple project
involving a single 8 bit micro-controller and some peripherals or a complex one involving
system on chips (SoCs), 555 timer working is involved. These provide time delays, as an
oscillator and as a flip-flop element among other applications.
Introduced in 1971 by the American company Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due
to its low price, ease of use and stability. It is made by many companies in the original bipolar
and low-power CMOS types. According to an estimate, a billion units were manufactured back
in the year 2003 alone.
Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and
15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8). Variants
consists of combining multiple chips on one board. However 555 is still the most popular. Let’s
look at the pin diagram to have an idea about the timer IC before we talk about 555 timer
working.
Fig 3.7 555 timer ic
Connects to the positive power supply (Vs). This can be any voltage between 4.5V and 15V
DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working with digital ICs.

Fig 3.8 pin diagram of 555 time
Some important features of the 555 timer:
555 is used in almost every electronic circuit today. For a 555 timer working as
a flip flop or as a multi-vibrator, it has a particular set of configurations. Some of the
major features of the 555 would be,
 It operates from a wide range of power ranging from +5 Volts to +18 Volts supply
voltage.
 Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current.
 The external components should be selected properly so that the timing intervals
can be made into several minutes along with the frequencies exceeding several
hundred kilo hertz.
 The output of a 555 timer can drive a transistor-transistor logic (TTL) due to its high
current output.
 It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm) per degree Celsius change
in temperature which is equivalent to 0.005 %/ °C.
 The duty cycle of the timer is adjustable.

 Also, the maximum power dissipation per package is 600 mW and its trigger and
reset inputs has logic compatibility.
555 timer working :
The 555 generally operates in 3 modes. A-stable, Mono-stable and Bi-stable modes.
1. Astable mode
This means there will be no stable level at the output. So the output will be swinging
between high and low. This character of unstable output is used as clock or square wave output
for many applications.
2. Mono-stable mode
This configuration consists of one stable and one unstable state. The stable state can be
chosen either high or low by the user. If the stable output is set at high(1), the output of the
timer is high(1). At the application of an interrupt, the timer output turns low(0). Since the low
state is unstable it goes to high(1) automatically after the interrupt passes. Similar is the case
for a low stable monostable mode.
3. Bi-stable mode
In bi-stable mode, both the output states are stable. At each interrupt, the output changes
from low(0) to high(1) and vice versa, and stays there. For example, if we have a high(1) output,
it will go low(0) once it receives an interrupt and stay low(0) till the next interrupt changes the
status

2) MICROCONTROLLER AT89C2051 :
The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM). The device
is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible
with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which
provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of
RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a
full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In
addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency
and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other
chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Fig 3.9 AT89C2051
Features:
• Compatible with MCS®-51Products
• 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory – Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase
Cycles
• 2.7V to 6V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• Two-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 15 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial UART Channel
• Direct LED Drive Outputs
• On-chip Analog Comparator
3) DIODES :
 1N4007 :
A rectifier diode is used as a one-way check valve. Since these diodes only allow
electrical current to flow in one direction, they are used to convert AC power into DC power.
When constructing a rectifier, it is important to choose the correct diode for the job; otherwise,
the circuit may become damaged. Luckily, a 1N4007 diode is electrically compatible with other
rectifier diodes, and can be used as a replacement for any diode in the 1N400x family.
Forward Voltage and Power Dissipation:
When the maximum allowable consistent current amount is flowing through the diode,
the voltage differential between the anode and the cathode is 1.1 volts. Under these conditions,
a 1N4007 diode will dissipate 3 watts of power (about half of which is waste heat).
FIG 3.11 1N4007 DIODE

 ZENER DIODE :
A zener diode is a special type of device designed to operate in the zener breakdown
region. Zener diodes acts like normal p-n junction diodes under forward biased condition.
When forward biased voltage is applied to the zener diode it allows large amount of electric
current and blocks only a small amount of electric current.
Zener diode is heavily doped than the normal p-n junction diode. Hence, it has very
thin depletion region Therefore, zener diodes allow more electric current than the normal p-n
junction diodes. Zener diode allows electric current in forward direction like a normal diode
but also allows electric current in the reverse direction if the applied reverse voltage is greater
than the zener voltage. Zener diode is always connected in reverse direction because it is
specifically designed to work in reverse direction.
A zener diode is a p-n junction semiconductor device designed to operate in the reverse
breakdown region. The breakdown voltage of a zener diode is carefully set by controlling the
doping level during manufacture.
The name zener diode was named after the American physicist Clarance Melvin Zener
who discovered the zener effect. Zener diodes are the basic building blocks of electronic
circuits. They are widely used in all kinds of electronic equipments. Zener diodes are mainly
used to protect electronic circuits from over voltage.
Fig 3.12 symbol of zener diode

Applications of zener diode
 It is normally used as voltage reference
 Zener diodes are used in voltage stabilizers or shunt regulators.
 Zener diodes are used in switching operations
 Zener diodes are used in clipping and clamping circuits.
 Zener diodes are used in various protection circuits
4) TRANSISTOR :
The transistor's function is to amplify an electric current. Many different kinds of

transistors are used in analog circuits, for different reasons. This is not the case for digital
circuits. In a digital circuit, only two values matter; on or off. The amplification ability of a
transistor is not relevant in a digital circuit. In many cases, a circuit is built with integrated
circuits (ICs). Transistors are often used in digital circuits as buffers to protect ICs. For
example, when powering an electromagnetic switch (called a 'relay'), or when controlling a
light emitting diode. Two different symbols are used for the transistor.
 BC547 TRANSISTOR
BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of

resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger
current at collector & emitter terminals.
BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain
of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor
is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified
and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The
voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is

biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it
gets completely off.
Fig 3.13 pin diagram of bc547 transistor
5) LIGHT EMITTING DIODES(LED) :
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are the most widely used semiconductor diodes among
all the different types of semiconductor diodes available today. Light emitting diodes emit
either visible light or invisible infrared light when forward biased. The LEDs which emit
invisible infrared light are used for remote controls.
A light Emitting Diode (LED) is an optical semiconductor device that emits light
when voltage is applied. In other words, LED is an optical semiconductor device that converts
electrical energy into light energy.
When Light Emitting Diode (LED) is forward biased, free electrons in the conduction band
recombines with the holes in the valence band and releases energy in the form of light.
The process of emitting light in response to the strong electric field or flow of electric current is
called electroluminescence.

A normal p-n junction diode allows electric current only in one direction. It allows electric
current when forward biased and does not allow electric current when reverse biased. Thus,
normal p-n junction diode operates only in forward bias condition.
Like the normal p-n junction diodes, LEDs also operates only in forward bias condition. To
create an LED, the n-type material should be connected to the negative terminal of the battery
and p-type material should be connected to the positive terminal of the battery. In other words,
the n-type material should be negatively charged and the p-type material should be positively
charged.
The construction of LED is similar to the normal p-n junction diode except that gallium,
phosphorus and arsenic materials are used for construction instead of silicon or germanium
materials.
In normal p-n junction diodes, silicon is most widely used because it is less sensitive to the
temperature. Also, it allows electric current efficiently without any damage. In some cases,
germanium is used for constructing diodes.
However, silicon or germanium diodes do not emit energy in the form of light. Instead, they
emit energy in the form of heat. Thus, silicon or germanium is not used for constructing LEDs.
Fig 3.15 Symbol Of Leds

6) CONNECTING WIRES :
Often, when building electronics projects, little thought is given thought is given to the
connecting wire. While it is possible to "get away with" almost anything for many projects, it
is sometimes necessary to connect the various electronics components using the right wire. For
example it is often useful to use coloured connecting wire to indicate such items as electronics
wire used for connecting the supplies, signals, and grounds. In this way it is easier to identify
the different signals and lines and this reduces the possibility of errors. In addition to this it is
sometimes necessary to have connecting wire of a particular size to ensure the connections are
made in the right manner. If the wire is too thick it may not be easy to accommodate in some
situations, whereas thicker wire may be needed for higher currents of physical strength or
robustness in other situations.

CHAPTER 4

PROCEDURE OF MAKING PCB
Printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect
electronic components using conductive pathways, or traces, etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Alternative names are printed wiring board (PWB),
and etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA).
PCBs are rugged, inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more
layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed
circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics
industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are
published by the IPC organization. Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper foil.
Insulating materials have a wider scale: phenolic paper, glass fibre and different plastics are
commonly used. Usually PCB factories use prepregs (short for preimpregnated), which are a
combination of glass fibre mat, nonwoven material and resin. and polyester). Other widely used
materials are polyimide, teflon and some ceramics.
Patterning (etching):-
The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of copper over
the entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, (creating a "blank PCB") then removing
unwanted copper after applying a temporary mask (eg. by etching), leaving only the desired
copper traces. A few PCBs are made by adding traces to the bare substrate (or a substrate with
a very thin layer of copper) usually by a complex process of multiple electroplating steps.
There are three common "subtractive" methods (methods that remove copper) used for
the production of printed circuit boards:
1. Silk screen printing uses etch-resistant inks to protect the copper foil. Subsequent etching
removes the unwanted copper. Alternatively, the ink may be conductive, printed on a blank
(non-conductive) board. The latter technique is also used in the manufacture of hybrid circuits.

2. Photoengraving uses a photomask and chemical etching to remove the copper foil from the
substrate. The photomask is usually prepared with a photoplotter from data produced by a
technician using CAM, or computer-aided manufacturing software. Laser-printed
transparencies are typically employed for phototools; however, direct laser imaging techniques
are being employed to replace phototools for high-resolution requirements.
3. PCB milling uses a two or three-axis mechanical milling system to mill away the copper foil
from the substrate. A PCB milling machine (referred to as a 'PCB Prototyper') operates in a
similar way to a plotter, receiving commands from the host software that control the position
of the milling head in the x, y, and (if relevant) z axis. Data to drive the Prototyper is extracted
from files generated in PCB design software and stored in HPGL or Gerber file format.
"Additive" processes also exist. The most common is the "semi-additive" process. In this
version, the un-patterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then
applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that
will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the
unmasked areas; copper may be plated to any desired weight. Tin-lead or other surface plating
are then applied. The mask is stripped away and a brief etching step removes the now-exposed
original copper laminate from the board, isolating the individual traces.
Drilling :-
Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with tiny drill bits made of solid tungsten
carbide. The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement controlled
by a drill tape or drill file. These computer-generated files are also called numerically
controlled drill (NCD) files or "Excellon files". The drill file describes the location and size of
each drilled hole.
When very small holes are required, drilling with mechanical bits is costly because of
high rates of wear and breakage. In this case, the holes may be evaporated by lasers. Laser-
drilled holes typically have an inferior surface finish inside the hole.

Screen Printing :-
Line art and text may be printed onto the outer surfaces of a PCB by screen printing.
When space permits, the screen print text can indicate component designators, switch setting
requirements, test points, and other features helpful in assembling, testing, and servicing the
circuit board.
Screen print is also known as the silk screen, or, in one sided PCBs, the red print.
Lately some digital printing solutions have been developed to substitute the traditional
screen printing process. This technology allows printing variable data onto the PCB, including
serialization and barcode information for traceability purposes, holes are called micro holes.
Printed circuit assembly :-
After the printed circuit board (PCB) is completed, electronic components must be
attached to form a functional printed circuit assembly, or PCA (sometimes called a "printed
circuit board assembly" PCBA). In through-hole construction, component leads are inserted in
holes. In surface-mount construction, the components are placed on pads or lands on the outer
surfaces of the PCB. In both kinds of construction, component leads are electrically and
mechanically fixed to the board with a molten metal solder.
There are a variety of soldering techniques used to attach components to a PCB. High
volume production is usually done with machine placement and bulk wave soldering or reflow
ovens, but skilled technicians are able to solder very tiny parts (for instance 0201 packages
which are 0.02" by 0.01") by hand under a microscope tweezers and a fine tip soldering iron
for small volume prototypes. Some parts are impossible to solder by hand, such as Ball Grid
Array (BGA) packages.
Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the
board became far more common with surface-mounting than through-hole mounting, allowing
much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of
automation, reducing labour cost and greatly increasing production and quality rates. Surface
mount devices (SMDs) can be one-quarter to one-tenth the size and weight, and passive
components can be one-half to one-quarter the cost of through-hole parts.

CHAPTER 5

MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL :
Fig. Matlab Simulink Model
SIMULATION MODEL:
The simulation model is basically a tool provided by the MATLAB, which helps in
designing virtual system which works in a manner similar to the actual system. Various blocks
are provided by the MATLAB simulation, with predefined properties, by virtue of which, it
function like a particular element like transformer, voltage source etc. Various block used in
the project are discussed below.
A. Three Phase AC Voltage Source block

The Three-Phase Source block implements a balanced three-phase voltage source with
internal R-L impedance. This is the source whose phase sequence we have to detect. The three
voltage sources are connected in Y with a neutral connection that can be internally grounded
or made accessible. The source internal resistance and inductance can bespecified either
directly by entering R and L values or indirectly by specifying the source inductive short-circuit
level and X/R ratio.
The general parameters of this block are

B. Voltage Measurement Block

The Voltage Measurement block measures the instantaneous voltage between two
electric nodes. The output provides a Simulink signal that can be used by other Simulink
blocks. One input of this block is connected to the phase of 3 phase AC source, and other is
connected to the neutral of the source block. So a single voltage measurement block measures
the voltage of 1 phase of the three phase source. Each phase is provided with its own voltage
measurement block. The output signal of this block can be further used for other operations or
voltage waveform display purpose.
C. Relational Operator Block

This block can provide the basic function of a Zero Crossing Detector (Z.C.D.) when
used in two input mode. By default, the Relational Operator block compares two inputs using
the Relational operator parameter that is specified.
The first input corresponds to the top input port and the second input to the bottom input
port. The output of the block is a signal of amplitude 1 whenever the imposed condition
satisfies. In this system, the output is high when the signal at the first input is greater than zero.
This is achieved by connecting first input port to output of voltage measurement block and
second input to a signal of zero magnitude.
D. Monostable Multivibrator
This block requires input as a rectangular wave shape. The block provides output when
s either rising or falling

The time span of the pulse is user defined. It’s chosen as 0.0012s for this project.
E. Scope
The scope acts as the main output device of the system. It displays the signals generated
during the simulation and plot them against time. The scope can either display various signals
on a same axis plot (by using Multiplexer) or various signals on different axis plot. The scale
of the axis can be varied. Also the colour of different signals can also be changed.

PROTEUS SIMULATION :
Fig. Proteus Simulation circuit

MATLAB SIMULINK OUTPUTS :
Fig. Correct Phase Sequence
Fig. Incorrect Phase Sequence

CHAPTER 6

Hardware Photos :
Printed Circuit Board
Hardware Model

Program Burned in 89C2051 Microcontroller:
#include<at89x52.h>
#define LED P1
sbit switch1=P3^7;
void delay();
unsigned int i;
void main()
{
while(1)
{
if(switch1==1)
{
P1=0xFE;delay();delay();//delay();P1=0x00;
P1=0xFD;delay();delay();//delay();P1=0x00;
P1=0xFB;delay();delay();//delay();P1=0x00;
P1=0xF7;delay();delay();//delay();P1=0x00;
P1=0xEF;delay();delay();//delay();P1=0x00;
P1=0xDF;delay();delay();//delay();P1=0x00;
P1=0xBF;delay();delay();//delay();P1=0x00;
P1=0x7F;delay();delay();//delay();P1=0x00;
}
else if(switch1==0)
{
P1=0x7F;delay();delay();//P1=0xFF;
P1=0xBF;delay();delay();//P1=0xFF;
P1=0xDF;delay();delay();//P1=0xFF;
P1=0xEF;delay();delay();//P1=0xFF;
P1=0xF7;delay();delay();//P1=0xFF;
P1=0xFB;delay();delay();//P1=0xFF;
P1=0xFD;delay();delay();
P1=0xFE;delay();delay();
}
}
void delay()
{
unsigned int d,d1;
for(d=0;d<3;d++)
for(d1=0;d1<2000;d1++);
}

ADVANTAGES :
1. It is More reliable and efficient.

2. Easy detection of phase sequence supply
3. Three phase motor can be prevented from burning.
4. This equipment can be available in low cost.
5. Easy to understand all features of equipments.
6. Increases working life of motoring applications.
7. Low running maintenance of motors & its pump.
8. Reduces losses in motors.
FUTURE SCOPE :.
1. In future work of our system we can connect number of rotating machinery system such as
cutting tool machinery.
2. Also we can give the message of phase sequence fault to respective operator and
technician..
3. It is mostly used to avoid future major accidents. From phase sequence.

CONCLUSION:
In three-phase equipment such as motors and measuring instruments, the correct phase
sequence determines whether the motor will rotate in the right direction, or if the instrument
works as expected. However, the phase sequence may not be obvious and it is important to
have a means of verifying that the sequence is correct, otherwise the system may not function
properly or as expected.
to know the phase sequence particularly for 3 phase motors. For example, if the 3 phase motor
is used for pumping action, any phase reversal accidentally resulting in wrong sequence could
force the motor run in the wrong direction. This could result in dry run of the motor to develop
permanent fault.
Phase sequence is the order in which the rotated voltage or current generated by 3-phase
system attain peak or maximum value. Each sequence voltage is 120 degree apart. Therefore,
the maximum value achieved by each sequence is at the definite time interval. Based on this
individual response time a technique of phase detection system is discussed in this project.

REFERENCES :
[1.] Ward, Jack (2004). The 555 Timer IC – An Interview with Hans Camenzind. The
Semiconductor Museum. Retrieved 2010-04-05 10) Tony R. Kuphaldt. "Lessons In
Electric Circuits: Volume VI - Experiments".
[2.] Chapter 8. Albert Lozano. "Introduction to Electronic Integrated Circuits (Chips)"
van Roon, Fig 3 & related text. Scherz, Paul (2000) "Practical Electronics for
Inventors", p. 589. McGraw-Hill/TAB Electronics. ISBN 978-0-07-058078-7.
Retrieved 2010-04-05
[3.] Golding & Widdis, Electrical Measurements and MeasuringInstruments (Wheeler
Publishing, Allahabad, India).
[4.] Melville B S, Basic Electrical Measurements (Printice Hall of India Private
Limited, New Delhi) 1985.
[5.] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on
magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan,
vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301,
1982].
[6.] J. W. Kolar and T. Friedli, The essence of three-phase PFC rectifier systems Part
I, ‖ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 176–198, Jan. 2013.

Report Phase 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report Phase 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Three Phase Sequence Checker

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 1

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 2

1.2 System Overview

An electromagnetic or induction instrument is used to indicate the phase sequence in three-

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 3

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 4

What is three phase sequence ?

This three-phase supply consists of three phases, generally represented as R, Y and B

It is essential because of the following reasons:-

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 5

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 6

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 1. Block Diagram Of 3 Phase Sequence Checker

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 7

2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Fig 2. Circuit Diagram Of 3 Phase Sequence Checker

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 8

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 9

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 10

COMPONENTS USED IN PROJECT

TRANSFORMER (230-12V AC)

It is a general purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 230V

Fig 3.1 Transformer (230V-12V AC)

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 11

 On chassis AC/AC converter.

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 12

twice the power consumption needed.

From the top of the photograph

Fig 3.2 Resistor Color Code

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 13

 Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors):-

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 14

Fig 3.3 electrolytic capacitors

Fig 3.4 ic 7805

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 15

Fig 3.5 IC 7812

 Pin 7 is the negative supply

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 16

FIG 3.6 4011 (NAND)

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 17

Fig 3.7 555 timer ic

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 18

Fig 3.8 pin diagram of 555 time

Some important features of the 555 timer:

a flip flop or as a multi-vibrator, it has a particular set of configurations. Some of the

major features of the 555 would be,

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 19

555 timer working :

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 20

Fig 3.9 AT89C2051

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 21

• Two-level Program Memory Lock

Forward Voltage and Power Dissipation:

FIG 3.11 1N4007 DIODE

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 22

Fig 3.12 symbol of zener diode

SGGSIE&T, Nanded Electrical Engineering Department Page 23

Applications of zener diode

 It is normally used as voltage reference

 Zener diodes are used in voltage stabilizers or shunt regulators.

 Zener diodes are used in switching operations

 Zener diodes are used in clipping and clamping circuits.

 Zener diodes are used in various protection circuits