SEDIMENT

TRANSPORT
SEDIMENTATION
embodies the processes of
erosion, entrainment,
transportation, deposition, and
the compaction of sediment.
 FORMS OF SEDIMENT
 Suspended
Load
 Bed Load

 Saltating Load
 suspended load
 the finer particles which are held in suspension
by the eddy currents in the flowing stream, and
which only settle out when the stream velocity
decreases, such as when the streambed becomes
flatter, or the stream discharges into a pond or
lake.

bed load
 larger solid particles that are rolled along the
streambed
sediment by saltation
 particles produced by an intermediate type of
movement where they move downstream in a
series of bounces or jumps, sometimes touching
the bed and sometimes carried along in
suspension until they fall back to the bed.
Sedimentation Rate in the Philippines:
(assuming sediment density of 1.65 tons/m3)

De Vera Study (1981) = 600 to 2,000 tons/km2/year

JICA Sabo FS (1997) = 1,500 tons/km2/year
Present NIA Standard = 500 tons/km2/year
 Magat Reservoir Sedimentation
(White, 1988)

Feasibility (1973) = 20 tons/ha/year

(design life=100 years)
2 years after cons. (1984) = 38 tons/ha/year
(useful life=25 years)
Laoag Sabo Project (2007)

Hipolito, Sosa and Reyes. 2007. Laoag River Basin Flood

Control and Sabo Project. FCSEC Newsletter.
Laoag Sabo Project (2002)
Hydraulic Model test for the
Laoag River Basin Flood Control
and Sabo Project (2002)

The main objective of this study of UPERDFI-

NHRC is to conduct hydraulic model test in
order to confirm the flow conditions of the
alluvial fan rivers and effects on spur dike
system in the Cura/Labugaon, Solsona,
Madongan and Papa Rivers in the Laoag River
Basin in Ilocos Norte. This physical movable-
bed modeling study provides technical inputs to
the JICA-assisted DPWH flood control and
sabo project for the Laoag River Basin.

Hipolito, Sosa and Reyes. 2007. Laoag

River Basin Flood Control and Sabo
Project. FCSEC Newsletter.
Status of Sabo Dams (2015)
Status of Sabo Dams (2015)
Status of Sabo Dams (2015)
Status of Diversion Dams (2015)
 SUSPENDED LOAD
estimation
 Grab Samples
 Depth-Integrating Samplers
 Point-Integrating Samplers
 Pumping Samplers
 Continuous Sampling
 Empirical Formula
 BED LOAD
estimation
 DirectMeasurements
 Samplers
 Radioactive Tracers
 Empirical Equations
 SUSPENDED LOAD
 GRAB SAMPLING
 DEPTH-INTEGRATING SAMPLER
 SUSPENDED LOAD
 POINT INTEGRATING SAMPLERS
 SUSPENDED LOAD
 PUMPING SAMPLERS
BED LOAD
BED LOAD
LABORATORY SET UP
 SEDIMENT LOAD
estimation
 EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS

qs =sediment discharge
q = streamflow
 SEDIMENT LOAD THEORY
yo

qs =  c v d y
o
qs = sediment discharge per unit channel width
c = concentration of suspended sediments at any
depth from the bottom
v = average flow velocity at any depth y
yo = depth of flow of the stream
Prandtl’s Mixing Length Theory
 BED LOAD THEORY

𝑞𝑠 ∝ 𝜏 − 𝜏𝑐
 tractive force
the force acting on the particle
composing the perimeter of
the channel and is the result of
the flow of water past these
particles.
SEDIMENT DISCHARGE
FORMULA

(1) DuBoys equation (1879)

(2) Meyer-Peter formula (1948)
(3) Shields Equation (1936)
(4) Einstein formula (1950)
 DuBoys Equation

𝑞𝑠 = λ𝜏 𝜏 − 𝜏𝑐
qs = sediment discharge per unit channel width (m2/s)
τ = tractive shear experienced by the channel (Pa)
τc = critical shear stress (Pa)
λ = characteristic sediment coefficient by Schoklitsch
0.54
λ=
𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌 𝑔
 Meyer-Peter Equation
3/2
𝑞𝑠 4𝜏
= − 0.188
3 𝜌 𝑆𝐺 − 1 𝑔𝑑50
𝑆𝐺 − 1 𝑔𝑑50
qs = sediment discharge per unit channel width (m2/s)
SG = specific gravity of the sediment
S = slope of the channel
𝜌 = density of water (kg/m3)
d50 = median particle size diameter (m)
τ = shear stress experienced by the channel (Pa)
 Einstein Formula
𝑞𝑠 𝜌 𝑆𝐺 − 1 𝑔𝑑35
= 2.15𝑒𝑥𝑝 −0.391
3 𝜏
𝑆𝐺 − 1 𝑔𝑑35
 Shields Formula
𝑆 𝜏 − 𝜏𝑐
𝑞𝑠 = 10𝑞
𝑆𝐺 𝜌𝑔 𝑆𝐺 − 1 𝑑50
qs = sediment discharge per unit channel width(m2/s)
q= water discharge (m2/s)
τ = shear stress experienced by the channel (Pa)
τc = critical shear stress (Pa)
S = slope of the channel
SG = specific gravity of the sediment
d50 = median particle size diameter (m)
Identify the sediment transport equation based on
the assumption from which it was developed:

1. The shear energy is consumed for both drag

motion of soil solids and the liquid itself. (Meyer-
Peter)

2. The material moves in parallel layers and the shear

stress varies linearly. (DuBoys)

3. This involves that movement and accumulation of

sediments governed by probability. (Einstein)
 Sample Problem
The bed-load transport rate must be
estimated for a certain river at a particular
cross-section. The hydraulic data are the
following: flow rate of about 530 m3/s, flow
depth of 4.27 m, bed slope of about 0.0011
and a width of 34 m. The channel bed is a
sediment mixture with a median grain size of
0.012 m. Use a critical shear stress of 5 Pa
and assume SG= 2.65.
 ANSWERS
Note: for very large canals,
Hydraulic Radius, R = depth

METHOD qs (m2/s) Qs (m3/s)

Meyer-Peter 0.0035 0.119
Einstein 0.0022 0.074
DuBoys 0.0630 2.140
Shields 0.0139 0.473
Comparison of Sediment Discharge Formulas
Equation qs versus q relation
1. Meyer Peter qs α q2/3
2. Schoklitsch qs α q
3. Shields qs α q5/3 (Chezy)
qs α q8/5 (Manning)
4. DuBoys qs α q4/3 (Chezy)
qs α q6/5 (Manning)
5. Einstein-Brown qs α q2 (Chezy)
qs α q9/5 (Manning)
6. Kalinske qs α q5/3 (Chezy)
qs α q8/5 (Manning)