Professional Documents
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PROLOGO
Presentamos a usted este trabajo, que pretende ser una herramienta para
el estudio de la Ingeniería en Alimentos y en especial para las asignaturas del área
de las Operaciones Unitarias e Ingeniería de Procesos, para los alumnos de la
especialidad de la Universidad de La Serena.
INDICE DE CONTENIDOS
Símbolo Definición
1/3 1/ 3
h v2 h v2
;
k a
Número de condensación NCo
k g
p pp
Número de Euler NEu 2
; 2
pu G
pD(∆p f )
2G 2 (∆L )
Factor de Fricción de Fanning f
kt αt
Número de Fourier NFo o
cpL2 L2
u2 u2
Número de Froude NFr ;
aL gL
cLG L∇
Número de Graetz NGz o
k α
L3 p 2 β g ∆ t L2 β g ∆ t
Número de Grashof NGr o
u2 u2
h cµ
2/3
o (N St )(N Pr )
2/3
Factor de Transferencia de Calor jH
cG k
k α
Número de Lewis NLe o
cpDv Dv
2/3
ke µ
µ pDv
Factor de transferencia de masa jM
hL hD
Número de Nusselt NNu ;
k k
9
Lucp Lu D∇
Número de Peclet NPe o ;
k α α
Cµ v
o
k α
Número de Prandtl NPr
u
Razón de Velocidades de Prandtl u+
u*
Lup DG
Número de Reynolds NRe ;
µ µ
ru * ρ
+
Número de Reynolds, Local y
µ
µ
Número de Schmidt NSc
ρDv
o jM N Re (N Sc )
kc L 1/1
Número de Sherwood NSh
Dv
h h
;
Número de Stanton NSt
cρu cG
L3 ρ 2 gλ
Número de condensación de vapor NCv
kµ ∆ t
Lu 2 ρ DG 2
Número de Weber NWc ;
σ ρσ
10
ÍNDICE ALFABÉTICO
CONSTANTES FÍSICAS
g = 9,80665 m/s2
980,665 cm/s2
32, 1740 ft/s2
e = 1,60219 x 10-19 c
Constante de Boltzman
Constante de Einstein
Constante de Faraday
Constante Gravitacional
Constante de Planck
h = 6,626186 x 10-34 Js
6, 626186 x 10-27 erg s
Constante de Stefan-Boltzman
σ = 5,6697 x 10-8 W / m 2 K4
1,7121 x 10-9 Btu/h ft2 (•R)4
16
R = 8,31434 J / mol K
8,31434 x 103 J / kg – mol K
1,98717 cal/mol K
82, 0562 cm3 atm/mol k
0, 0820562 1 atm /mol K
6, 23627 x 104 cm3 mm Hg/mol K
10,7314 ft3 (Ibf/in2) lb-mol ºR
me = 9,1096 x 10-31 kg
mp = 1,6726 x 10-27 kg
Número de Avogadro
Permeabilidad en vacío
Permitividad en vacío
Po = 1,01325 x 105 Pa
1,0332 kgf/cm2
760,0 mm Hg (0°C)
CONCEPTOS DE VELOCIDAD
Cantidad por unidad de tiempo, por unidad de volumen, por unidad de fuerza
impulsora:
En general k
Coeficiente de transferencia de calor h W/(m2 K)
individual
Global U W/(m2 K)
Coeficiente de transferencia de
masa individual k Kmol /( s m 2 )
película de gas kG Para definir fuerza
(u. fuerza impuls.)
película de líquido kL
impulsora, usar el subíndice:
global: k
c para kmol/m3
en base a película de gas k
P para Pa
en base a película de líquido kL
x para fracción molar.
Térmica α
m²/s
Emisividad, razón para radiación e
Energía interna por mol U J/Kmol
Entalpía por mol H J/Kmol
Entropía por mol S J/(Kmol K)
Factor de compresibilidad z
Fugacidad f Pa
Gibbs, energía libre de, por mol G, F J/Kmol
Helmholtz, energía libre de, por mol A J/mol
Peso molecular M Kg
Presión de vapor P* Pa
Reflectividad para radiación p
Tensión superficial σ N/m
Transmisividad de radiación τ
Viscosidad absoluta µ Pa s
cinemática ν m²/s
Volumen molar v m3/kmol
19
CONCENTRACIÓN
CONCEPTOS GEOMÉTRICOS
Ángulo α, θ, φ
en plano x, y α
en plano y, z φ
en plano z, x θ
sólido ω
Área A m2
Sección transversal S m2
Fracción libre de sección transversal σ
Proyectada A m2
Superficie P
por unidad de masa Aw, S m2/kg
por unidad de volumen Av, A m2/ m3
Dimensión Lineal m
Ancho b m
Diámetro D m
Distancia entre trayectorias s, x m
Altura sobre un plano dado Z m
Altura equivalente H m, m2/m
Radio hidráulico rH m
Distancia lateral desde un plano Y m
largo L m
Distancia longitudinal desde un lugar dado x m
Paso libre promedio λ m
Radio r m
Factor de forma de partícula φs
Grosor B m
Longitud de onda λ m
Volumen V m3
fracción de hueco ε
de humedad VH m3/kg aire seco
21
PROPIEDADES INTENSIVAS
PREFIJOS NUMÉRICOS
MÚLTIPLOS SUBMÚLTIPLOS
E exa (1018) d deci (10-1)
P Peta (1015) c centi (10-2)
T tera (1012) m mili (10-3)
G giga (109) µ micro (10-6)
M mega (106) n nano (10-9)
k kilo (103) p pico (10-12)
h hecto (102) f femto (10-15)
da deca (101) a alto (10-18)
22
ALFABETO GRIEGO
Α α ALFA Ν ν UN
Β β BETA Ξ ξ XI
Γ γ GAMMA Ο o OMICRON
∆ δ DELTA Π π PI
Ε ε EPSILON Ρ ρ RO
Ζ ζ ZETA Σ σ SIGMA
Η η ETA Τ τ TAU
Θ θ THETA ϒ υ UPSILON
Ι ι IOTA Φ φ PSI
Κ κ KAPPA X × CHI
Λ λ LAMBDA ψ ψ FI
Μ µ MU Ω ω OMEGA
23
s 1m
ψ= = 1 rad =
r 1m
Angulo Sólido
F 1m 2
= 1sr =
r2 1m 2
esfera = 4π sr ≅ 12.56 sr
Longitud
m in ft yd milla milla
(pulgada) (pie) (yarda) terrestre marina
Superficie
milla2 a
2 2 2 2
m in ft yd acre (terrestre) (Área)
1 m2 1 1,550 ⋅ 103 1,076 ⋅ 101 1,196 2,471 ⋅ 10-4 3,861 ⋅ 10-7 1,0 ⋅ 10-2
in2 6,452 ⋅ 10-4 1 6,944 ⋅ 10-3 7,716 ⋅ 10-4 1,594 ⋅ 10-7 2,490 ⋅ 10-10 6,452 ⋅ 10-6
ft2 9,290 ⋅ 10-2 1,440 ⋅ 102 1 1,111 ⋅ 10-1 2,295 ⋅ 10-5 3,588 ⋅ 10-8 9,290 ⋅ 10-4
yd2 8,361 ⋅10-1 1,296 ⋅ 103 9 1 2,066 ⋅ 10-4 3,227 ⋅ 10-7 8,361 ⋅ 10-3
acre 4,047 ⋅ 103 6,272 ⋅ 106 4,355 ⋅104 4,840 ⋅ 103 1 1,562 ⋅ 10-3 4,047 ⋅101
milla2 2,590 ⋅ 106 4,015 ⋅ 109 2,787 ⋅ 107 3,098 ⋅ 106 6,40 ⋅ 102 1 2,590 ⋅ 104
a 1,0 ⋅ 102 1,550 ⋅ 105 1,076 ⋅ 103 1,196 ⋅ 102 2,471 ⋅ 10-2 3,861 ⋅ 10-5 1
Volumen
gal (US)
gal (UK)
(gallon
m3 1 (litro) in3 ft3 yd3 (galón inglés)
Americano)
1 m3 1 103 6,102 ⋅ 104 3,531 ⋅ 101 1,308 2,642 ⋅ 102 2,20 ⋅ 102
1 (litro) 10-3 1 6,102 ⋅ 101 3,531 ⋅ 10-2 1,308 ⋅ 10-3 2,642 ⋅ 10-1 2,20 ⋅ 10-1
in3 1,639 ⋅ 10-5 1,639 ⋅ 10-2 1 5,787 ⋅ 10-4 2,143 ⋅ 10-5 4,329 ⋅ 10-3 3,605 ⋅ 10-3
ft3 2,832 ⋅10-2 2,832 ⋅ 101 1,728 ⋅ 103 1 3,704 ⋅ 10-2 7,481 6,229
yd3 7,646 ⋅ 10-1 7,646 ⋅ 102 4,666 ⋅104 2,7 ⋅ 101 1 2,020 ⋅ 102 1,682 ⋅ 102
gal (US) 3,785 ⋅ 10-3 3,785 2,310 ⋅ 102 1,337 ⋅ 10-1 4,951 ⋅ 10-3 1 8,327 ⋅ 10-1
Gal (UK) 4,546 ⋅ 10-3 4,546 2,774 ⋅ 102 1,605 ⋅ 10-1 5,946 ⋅ 10-3 1,201 1
25
Tiempo
Velocidad Angular
rad/ s Grado /s
Aceleración Angular
Aceleración Lineal
m/ s2 ft/s2
1 m/ s2 1 3,281
ft / s2 3,048 ⋅ 10-1 1
26
Velocidad Lineal
m/s
km/h milla/h (terrestre) nudo ft/s ft/min
Frecuencia
1 s-1 1 60 60
min-1 1,667⋅ 10-2 1 1
rpm 1,667 ⋅ 10-2 1 1
Masa
Densidad
1 kg/m3 1 1,0 ⋅ 10-3 6,243 ⋅ 10-2 3,610 ⋅ 10-5 1,002 ⋅ 10-2 8,345 ⋅ 10-3
kg/dm3 1,0 ⋅ 103 1 6,243 ⋅ 101 3,610 ⋅ 10-2 1,002 ⋅ 101 8,345 ⋅ 100
lbm/ft3 1,602⋅ 101 1,602 ⋅ 10-2 1 5,790 ⋅ 10-4 1,605 ⋅ 10-1 1,337 ⋅ 10-1
lbm/in3 2,768 ⋅ 104 2,768 ⋅ 10-1 1,727 ⋅ 103 1 2,272⋅ 102 2,310 ⋅ 102
lbm/gal (UK) 9,978 ⋅ 101 9,978 ⋅ 10-2 6,23 3,606 ⋅ 10-3 1 8,330 ⋅ 10-1
lbm/gal (US) 1,198 ⋅ 102 1,198 ⋅ 10-1 7,479 4,330⋅ 10-3 1,201 1
Momento Angular
Momento de Inercia
kg m2 lbm ft2
1 kg m2 1 2,373 ⋅ 101
lbm ft 2 4,214 ⋅ 10-2 1
28
Fuerza
N kg*, kgf, kp lbf (libra din (dina) ton f (UK) ton f (US) pdl
(kg m/s2) (kilo fuerza) fuerza) (tonelada larga) (tonelada (poundal)
corta)
1N 1 1,020 ⋅ 10-1 2,248 ⋅ 10-1 1,0 ⋅ 105 1,004 ⋅ 10-4 1,124 ⋅ 10-4 7,233
kg* 9,807 1 2,205 9,807 ⋅ 105 9,842 ⋅ 10-4 1,102 ⋅ 10-3 7,089 ⋅ 101
lbf 4,448 4,536 ⋅ 10-1 1 4,448 ⋅ 105 4,466 ⋅ 10-4 5,0 ⋅ 10-4 3,216 ⋅ 101
din 1,0 ⋅ 10-5 1,020 ⋅ 10-6 2,248 ⋅ 10-6 1 1,004 ⋅ 10-9 1,124 ⋅ 10-9 7,231 ⋅ 10-5
tonf (UK) 9,964 ⋅ 103 1,016 ⋅ 103 2,240 ⋅ 103 9,964 ⋅ 108 1 1,120 7,199 ⋅ 104
tonf (US) 8,896 ⋅ 103 9,075 ⋅ 102 2,0 ⋅ 103 8,893 ⋅ 108 8,932 ⋅ 10-1 1 6,433 ⋅ 104
pdl 1,383 ⋅ 10-1 1,411 ⋅ 10-2 3,109 ⋅ 10-2 1,383 ⋅ 104 1,389 ⋅ 10-5 1,554 ⋅ 10-5 1
Flujo Másico
Caudal
Momento
1 kg m/s 1 7,233
lbm ft/s 1,383 ⋅ 10-1 1
30
Presión
Pa kg*/cm2
(N/m2) bar kgf/cm2 atm Torr psi (lbf/in2)
(kg/m s2) kg/cm2
atm
1 Pa 1 1,0 ⋅ 10-5 1,020 ⋅ 10-5 9,869 ⋅ 10-6 7,501 ⋅ 10-3 1,450 ⋅ 10-4
bar 1,0 ⋅ 105 1 1,020 9,869 ⋅ 10-1 7,501 ⋅ 102 1,450 ⋅ 101
kg/cm2 9,807 ⋅ 104 9,807 ⋅ 10-1 1 9,678 ⋅ 10-1 7,356 ⋅ 102 1,422 ⋅ 101
atm 1,013 ⋅ 105 1,013 1,033 1 7,60 ⋅ 102 1,470 ⋅ 101
Torr 1,333 ⋅ 102 1,333 ⋅ 10-3 1,360 ⋅ 10-3 1,316 ⋅ 10-3 1 1,934 ⋅ 10-2
psi 6,895 ⋅ 103 6,895 ⋅ 10-2 7,031 ⋅ 10-2 6,805 ⋅ 10-2 5,172 ⋅ 101 1
Presión Barométrica
Pa
(N/m2) bar m H2O mm H2O mmHg in Hg ft H20 in H2O
(kg/m s2)
1 Pa 1 1,0 ⋅ 10-5 1,020 ⋅ 10-4 1,020 ⋅ 10-1 7,501 ⋅ 10-3 2,953 ⋅ 10-4 3,346 ⋅ 10-4 4,015 ⋅ 10-3
bar 1,0 ⋅ 105 1 1,020 ⋅ 101 1,020 ⋅ 104 7,501 ⋅ 102 2,953 ⋅ 101 3,346 ⋅ 101 4,015 ⋅ 102
m H2O 9,807 ⋅ 103 9,807 ⋅ 10-2 1 1,0 ⋅ 103 7,356 ⋅ 101 2,895 3,280 3,935 ⋅ 101
mm H2O 9,807 9,807 ⋅ 10-5 1,0 ⋅ 10-3 1 7,356 ⋅ 10-2 2,895 ⋅ 10-3 3,280 ⋅ 10-3 3,935 ⋅ 10-2
mm Hg 1,333 ⋅ 102 1,333 ⋅ 10-3 1,360 ⋅ 10-2 1,360 ⋅ 101 1 3,937 ⋅ 10-2 4,461 ⋅ 10-2 5,351 ⋅ 10-1
In Hg 3,386 ⋅ 103 3,386 ⋅10-2 3,453 ⋅ 10-1 3,453 ⋅ 102 2,540⋅ 101 1 1,133 1,359 ⋅ 101
ft H20 2,989 ⋅ 103 2,989 ⋅ 10-2 3,048 ⋅ 10-1 3,048 ⋅ 102 2,242 ⋅ 101 8,825 ⋅ 10-1 1 1,199 ⋅ 101
in H2O 2,491 ⋅ 102 2,491 ⋅ 10-3 2,540 ⋅ 10-2 2,540 ⋅ 101 1,869 7,357 ⋅ 10-2 8,336 ⋅ 10-2 1
31
Tensión
Pa kg/cm2 kg/mm2 tonf/in2 tonf/in2 (US)
(N/m2) N/mm 2
daN/cm 2
daN/mm 2
kgf/cm2 kgf/mm2 (UK)
(kg/m s2) (MPa) kg/cm2 kg/mm2
1 Pa 1 1,0 ⋅ 10-6 1,0 ⋅ 10-5 1,0 ⋅ 10-7 1,020 ⋅ 10-5 1,020 ⋅ 10-7 6,475 ⋅ 10-8 7,252 ⋅ 10-8
N / mm2 1,0 ⋅ 106 1 1,0 ⋅ 101 1,0 ⋅ 10-1 1,020 ⋅ 101 1,020 ⋅ 10-1 6,475 ⋅ 10-2 7,252 ⋅ 10-2
daN/cm2 1,0 ⋅ 105 1,0 ⋅ 10-1 1 1,0 ⋅ 10-2 1,020 1,020 ⋅ 10-2 6,475 ⋅ 10-3 7,252 ⋅ 10-3
daN/mm2 1,0 ⋅ 107 1,0 ⋅ 101 1,0 ⋅ 102 1 1,020 ⋅ 102 1,020 6,475 ⋅ 10-1 7,252 ⋅ 10-1
kg/cm2 9,807 ⋅ 104 9,807 ⋅ 10-2 9,807 ⋅ 10-1 9,807 ⋅ 10-3 1 1,0 ⋅ 10-2 6,349 ⋅ 10-3 7,112 ⋅ 10-3
kg/mm2 9,807 ⋅ 106 9,807 9,807 ⋅ 101 9,807 ⋅ 10-1 1,0 ⋅ 102 1 6,349 ⋅ 10-1 7,112 ⋅ 10-1
tonf/in2(UK) 1,544 ⋅ 107 1,544⋅ 101 1,544 ⋅102 1,544 1,575 ⋅ 102 1,575 1 1,120
tonf/in2 (US) 1,379 ⋅ 107 1,379 ⋅ 101 1,379 ⋅ 102 1,379 1,407 ⋅ 102 1,407 8,929 ⋅ 10-1 1
1 m2/s 1 1,0 ⋅ 106 3,60 ⋅ 103 1,0 ⋅ 106 1,076 ⋅ 101 3,875 ⋅ 104
mm2/s 1,0 ⋅ 10-6 1 3,60 ⋅ 10-3 1,0 1,076 ⋅ 10-5 3,875 ⋅ 10-2
m2/h 2,778 ⋅ 10-4 2,778 ⋅ 102 1 2,778 ⋅ 102 2,999 ⋅ 10-3 1,076 ⋅ 101
cSt 1,0 ⋅ 10-6 1,0 3,60 ⋅ 10-3 1 1,076 ⋅ 10-5 3,875 ⋅ 10-2
ft2/s 9,290 ⋅ 10-2 9,290 ⋅ 104 3,346 ⋅ 102 9,290 ⋅ 104 1 3,60 ⋅ 103
ft2/h 2,581 ⋅ 10-5 2,581 ⋅ 101 9,290 ⋅ 10-2 2,581 ⋅ 101 2,778 ⋅ 10-4 1
Tensión Superficial
kg/m
N/m
mN/m kgf/m din/cm
(kg/s2)
kg/m
1 N / m= 1 1,0 ⋅ 103 1,020 ⋅ 10-1 1,0 ⋅ 103
mN/m 1,0 ⋅ 10-3 1 1,020 ⋅ 10-4 1,0
Kg/m 9,807 9,807 ⋅ 103 1 9,807 ⋅ 103
din/cm 1,0 ⋅ 10-3 1,0 1,020 ⋅ 10-4 1
33
Energía (Trabajo)
J kg m
(N m) kW h kgf m PS h lbf ft erg HP h kcal BTU
2 2
(kg m /s ) kg m
Energía (Calor)
J BTU CHU
(N m) kcal British thermal Unit Centigrad heat unit th
(kg m2/s2) Thermie
1J 1 2,388 ⋅ 10-4 9,478 ⋅ 10-4 5,263 ⋅ 10-4 2,388 ⋅ 10-7
kcal 4,187 ⋅ 103 1 3,968 2,204 1 ⋅ 10-3
BTU 1,055 ⋅ 103 2,520 ⋅ 10-1 1 5,553 ⋅ 10-1 2,520 ⋅ 10-4
CHU 1,90 ⋅ 103 4,537 ⋅ 10-1 1,80 1 4,537 ⋅ 10-4
th 4,187 ⋅ 106 1 ⋅ 103 3,968 ⋅ 103 2,204 ⋅ 103 1
34
Potencia
W kg m/s PS
(J/s) kgf m/s HP (metr.) HP erg/s ft lbf/s kcal/h BTU/h
(kg m2/s3) kg m/s
1W 1 1,020 ⋅ 10-1 1,360 ⋅ 10-3 1,341 ⋅ 10-3 1,0 ⋅ 107 7,375 ⋅ 10-1 8,598 ⋅ 10-1 3,412
kg m/s 9,807 1 1,333 ⋅ 10-2 1,315 ⋅ 10-2 9,807 ⋅ 107 7,233 8,432 3,347 ⋅ 101
PS 7,355 ⋅ 102 7,5 ⋅ 101 1 9,863 ⋅ 10-1 7,355 ⋅ 109 5,425 ⋅ 102 6,322 ⋅ 102 2,510 ⋅ 103
HP 7,460 ⋅ 102 7,604 ⋅ 101 1,013 1 7,460 ⋅ 109 5,50 ⋅ 102 6,412 ⋅ 102 2,546 ⋅ 103
erg/s 1,0 ⋅ 10-7 1,020 ⋅ 10-8 1,360 ⋅ 10-10 1,341 ⋅ 10-10 1 7,375 ⋅ 10-8 8,598 ⋅ 10-8 3,414 ⋅ 10-7
ft lbf/s 1,356 1,383 ⋅ 10-1 1,844 ⋅ 10-3 1,818 ⋅ 10-3 1,356 ⋅ 107 1 1,166 4,626
kcal/h 1,163 1,186 ⋅ 10-1 1,582 ⋅ 10-3 1,560 ⋅ 10-3 1,163 ⋅ 107 8,578 ⋅ 10-1 1 3,968
BTU/h 2,931 ⋅ 10-1 2,987 ⋅ 10-2 3,984 ⋅ 10-4 3,930 ⋅10-4 2,929 ⋅ 106 2,162 ⋅ 10-1 2,520 ⋅ 10-1 1
1J
J/cm2 1 1,020 ⋅ 10-1
kg m/cm2 9,807 1
35
Temperatura (Puntual)
K = °C + 273, 15
°R= °F + 459,67°
Conductividad Térmica
W/m k
kacl/m h °C Btu/ ft h°F BTU/ in h° F BTU in/ ft2 h °F
(kg m/s3 k)
Difusividad Térmica
Entropía
Calor Específico
ELECTRICIDAD
LUZ
ρ kg/m3
T, °C 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 999.839 999.846 999.852 999.859 999.865 999.871 999.877 999.882 999.888 999.893
1 999.898 999.903 999.908 999.913 999.917 999.921 999.925 999.929 999.933 999.936
2 999.940 999.943 999.946 999.949 999.952 999.954 999.956 999.959 999.961 999.962
3 999.964 999.966 999.967 999.968 999.969 999.970 999.971 999.971 999.972 999.972
4 999.972 999.972 999.972 999.971 999.971 999.970 999.969 999.968 999.967 999.965
5 999.964 999.962 999.960 999.958 999.956 999.954 999.951 999.949 999.946 999.943
6 999.940 999.937 999.934 999.930 999.926 999.923 999.919 999.915 999.910 999.906
7 999.901 999.897 999.892 999.887 999.882 999.877 999.871 999.866 999.860 999.854
8 999.848 999.842 999.836 999.829 999.823 999.816 999.809 999.802 999.795 999.788
9 999.781 999.773 999.765 999.758 999.750 999.742 999.734 999.725 999.717 999.708
10 999.699 999.961 999.682 999.962 999.663 999.654 999.644 999.635 999.625 999.615
11 999.605 999.595 999.584 999.574 999.563 999.553 999.542 999.531 999.520 999.509
12 999.497 999.486 999.474 999.462 999.451 999.439 999.426 999.414 999.402 999.389
13 999.377 999.364 999.351 999.338 999.325 999.312 999.299 999.285 999.272 999.258
14 999.244 999.230 999.216 999.202 999.188 999.173 999.159 999.144 999.129 999.114
15 999.099 999.084 999.069 999.054 999.038 999.022 999.007 998.991 998.975 998.958
16 998.943 998.926 998.910 999.894 998.877 998.860 998.843 998.826 998.809 998.792
17 998.775 998.757 998.740 998.722 998.704 998.686 998.668 998.650 998.632 998.614
18 998.595 998.577 998.558 998.539 998.520 998.502 998.482 998.463 998.444 998.425
19 998.405 998.385 998.366 998.346 998.326 998.306 998.286 998.265 998.245 998.224
20 998.204 998.183 998.162 998.141 998.120 998.099 998.078 998.057 998.035 998.014
21 997.992 997.971 997.949 997.927 997.905 997.883 997.860 997.838 997.816 997.793
22 997.770 997.747 997.725 997.702 997.679 997.656 997.632 997.609 997.585 997.562
23 997.538 997.515 997.491 997.467 997.443 997.419 997.394 997.370 997.345 997.321
24 997.296 997.272 997.247 997.222 997.197 997.172 997.146 997.121 997.096 997.070
40
25 997.045 997.019 996.993 996.967 996.941 996.915 996.889 996.863 996.836 996.810
26 996.783 996.757 996.730 996.703 996.676 996.649 996.622 996.595 996.568 996.540
27 996.513 996.485 996.458 996.430 996.402 996.374 996.346 996.318 996.290 996.262
28 996.233 996.205 996.176 996.148 996.119 996.090 996.061 996.032 996.003 995.974
29 995.945 995.915 995.886 995.856 995.827 995.797 995.767 995.737 995.707 995.677
30 995.647 995.617 995.586 995.556 995.526 995.495 995.464 995.433 995.403 995.372
31 995.341 995.310 995.278 995.247 995.216 995.184 995.153 995.121 995.090 995.058
32 995.026 994.997 994.962 994.930 994.898 994.865 994.833 994.801 994.768 994.735
33 994.703 994.670 994.637 994.604 994.571 994.538 994.505 994.472 994.438 994.405
34 994.371 994.338 994.304 994.270 994.236 994.202 994.168 994.134 994.100 994.066
35 994.032 993.997 993.963 993.928 993.893 993.859 993.824 993.789 993.754 993.719
36 993.684 993.648 993.613 993.578 993.543 993.507 993.471 993.436 993.400 993.364
37 993.328 993.292 993.256 993.220 993.184 993.148 993.111 993.075 993.038 993.002
38 992.965 992.928 992.891 992.855 992.818 992.780 992.743 992.706 992.669 992.631
39 992.594 992.557 992.519 992.481 992.444 992.406 992.368 992.330 992.292 992.254
40 992.215 992.177 992.139 992.100 992.062 992.023 991.985 991.946 991.907 992.868
41 991.830 991.791 991.751 991.712 992.673 991.634 991.594 991.555 991.515 991.476
42 991.436 991.396 991.357 991.317 991.277 991.237 991.197 991.157 991.116 991.076
43 991.036 990.995 990.955 990.914 990.873 990.833 990.792 990.751 990.710 990.669
44 990.628 990.587 990.546 990.504 990.463 990.421 990.380 990.338 990.297 990.255
45 990.213 990.171 990.129 990.087 990.045 990.003 989.961 989.919 989.876 989.834
46 989.792 989.749 989.706 989.664 989.621 989.578 989.535 989.492 989.449 989.406
47 989.363 989.320 989.276 989.233 989.190 989.146 989.103 989.059 989.015 988.971
48 988.928 988.884 988.840 988.796 988.752 988.707 988.663 988.619 988.574 988.530
49 988.485 988.441 988.396 988.352 988.307 988.262 988.217 988.172 988.127 988.082
50 988.037 987.992 987.946 987.901 987.844 987.810 987.764 987.719 987.673 987.627
51 987.581 987.536 987.490 987.444 987.398 987.351 987.305 987.259 987.213 987.166
52 987.120 987.073 987.027 986.980 986.933 986.886 986.840 986.793 986.746 986.699
53 986.652 986.604 986.557 986.510 986.463 986.415 986.368 986.320 986.272 986.225
41
54 986.177 986.129 986.081 986.033 985.985 985.937 985.889 985.841 985.793 985.745
55 985.696 985.648 985.599 985.551 985.502 985.454 985.405 985.356 985.307 985.258
56 985.219 985.160 985.111 985.062 985.013 984.963 984.914 984.865 984.815 984.766
57 984.716 984.666 984.617 984.567 984.517 984.467 984.417 984.367 984.317 984.267
58 984.217 984.167 984.116 984.066 984.016 983.965 983.914 983.864 983.813 983.762
59 983.712 983.661 983.610 983.559 983.508 983.457 983.406 983.354 983.303 983.252
60 983.200 983.149 983.097 983.046 982.994 982.943 982.891 982.839 982.787 982.735
61 982.683 982.631 982.579 982.527 982.475 982.422 982.370 982.318 982.265 982.213
62 982.160 982.108 982.055 982.002 981.949 981.897 981.844 981.791 981.738 981.685
63 981.631 981.578 981.525 981.472 981.418 981.365 981.311 981.258 981.204 981.151
64 981.097 981.043 980.989 980.935 980.881 980.827 980.773 980.719 980.665 980.611
65 980.557 980.502 980.443 980.393 980.339 980.284 980.230 980.175 980.120 980.065
66 980.011 979.956 979.901 979.846 979.791 979.736 979.680 979.625 979.570 979.515
67 979.459 979.403 979.348 979.293 979.237 979.181 979.126 979.070 979.014 978.958
68 978.902 978.846 978.790 978.734 978.678 978.621 978.565 978.509 978.452 978.396
69 978.339 978.283 978.226 978.170 978.113 978.056 977.999 977.942 977.885 977.828
70 977.771 977.714 977.657 977.600 977.543 977.485 977.428 977.370 977.313 977.255
71 977.198 977.140 977.082 977.025 976.967 976.909 976.851 976.793 976.735 976.677
72 976.619 976.561 976.503 976.444 976.386 976.327 976.269 976.211 976.152 976.093
73 976.035 975.976 975.917 975.858 975.800 975.741 975.682 975.623 975.564 975.504
74 975.445 975.386 975.327 975.267 975.208 975.148 975.089 975.029 974.970 974.910
75 974.850 974.791 974.731 974.671 974.611 974.551 974.491 974.431 974.371 974.311
76 974.250 974.190 974.130 974.069 974.009 973.948 973.888 973.827 973.767 973.706
77 973.645 973.584 973.524 973.463 973.402 973.341 973.280 973.218 973.157 973.096
78 973.025 972.974 972.912 972.851 972.789 972.728 972.666 972.605 972.543 972.481
79 972.419 972.358 972.296 972.234 972.172 972.110 972.048 971.986 971.923 971.861
80 971.799 .971.737 971.674 971.612 971.549 971.487 971.424 971.361 971.299 971.236
81 971.173 971.110 971.048 970.985 970.922 970.859 970.796 970.732 970.669 970.606
42
82 970.543 970.479 970.416 970.353 970.289 970.226 970.162 970.098 970.035 969.971
83 969.907 969.843 969.772 969.715 969.652 969.587 969.523 969.459 969.395 969.331
84 969.267 969.202 969.138 969.073 969.009 968.944 968.880 968.815 968.751 968.686
85 968.621 968.556 968.491 968.427 968.362 968.297 969.232 968.166 968.101 968.036
86 967.971 967.906 967.840 967.775 967.709 967.641 967.578 967.513 967.447 967.381
87 967.316 967.250 967.184 967.118 967.052 966.986 966.920 966.854 966.788 966.722
88 966.656 966.589 966.523 966.457 966.390 966.324 966.257 966.191 966.124 966.057
89 965.991 965.924 965.857 965.790 965.723 965.656 965.589 965.522 965.455 965.388
90 965.321 965.254 965.187 965.119 965.052 964.984 964.917 964.849 964.782 964.714
91 964.647 954.579 964.511 964.443 964.376 964.308 964.240 964.172 964.104 964.036
92 963.967 963.899 963.831 963.763 963.694 963.626 963.558 963.489 963.421 963.352
93 963.284 963.215 963.146 963.077 963.009 962.940 962.871 962.802 962.733 962.664
94 962.595 962.526 962.457 962.387 962.318 962.249 962.180 962.110 962.041 961.971
95 961.902 961.832 961.762 961.693 961.693 961.553 961.483 961.414 961.344 961.274
96 961.204 961.134 961.064 960.993 960.923 960.853 960.783 960.712 960.642 960.572
97 960.501 960.431 960.360 960.289 960.219 960.148 960.077 960.006 959.936 959.865
98 959.794 959.723 959.652 959.581 959.510 959.438 959.367 959.296 959.225 959.153
99 959.082 959.010 958.939 958.867 958.796 958.724 958.653 958.581 958.509 958.431
100 958.365
43
50 13472.54 13470.11 13467.67 13465.24 13462.81 13460.38 13457.94 13455.51 13453.08 13450.65
60 13448.22 13445.80 13443.37 13440.94 13438.51 13436.09 13433.66 13431.23 13428.81 13426.39
70 13423.96 13421.54 13419.12 13416.69 13414.27 13411.85 13409.43 13407.01 13404.59 13402.17
80 13399.75 13397.34 13394.92 13392.50 13390.08 13387.67 13385.25 13382.84 13380.42 13378.01
90 13375.59 13373.18 13370.77 13368.36 13365.94 13363.53 13361.12 13358.71 13356.30 13353.89
100 13351.5 13349.1 13346.7 13346.7 13341.9 13339.4 13337.0 13334.6 13332.2 13329.8
110 13327.4 13325.0 13322.6 13332.6 13317.8 13315.4 13313.0 13310.6 13308.2 13305.8
120 13303.4 13301.0 13298.6 13298.6 13293.8 13291.4 13288.9 13286.6 13284.2 13281.8
130 13279.4 13277.0 13274.6 13274.6 13269.8 13267.4 13265.0 13262.6 13260.2 13257.8
140 13255.4 13253.0 13250.6 13250.6 13245.8 13243.4 13241.0 13238.7 13236.3 13233.9
150 13231.5 13229.1 13226.7 13226.7 13221.9 13219.5 13217.1 13214.7 13212.4 13210.0
160 13207.6 13205.2 13202.8 13202.8 13198.0 13195.6 13193.2 13190.8 13188.5 13186.1
170 13303.7 13181.3 13178.9 13178.9 13174.1 13171.7 13169.4 13167.0 13164.6 13162.2
180 13159.8 13157.4 13155.0 13155.0 13150.3 13147.9 13145.5 13143.1 13140.7 13138.3
190 13136.0 13133.6 13131.2 13131.2 13126.4 13124.0 13121.7 13119.3 13116.9 13114.5
200 13112.1 13109.7 13107.4 13107.4 13102.6 13100.2 13097.8 13095.4 13093.1 13090.7
210 13088.3 13085.9 13083.5 13083.5 13078.8 13076.4 13074.0 13071.6 13069.2 13066.8
220 13064.5 13062.1 13059.7 13059.7 13054.9 13052.6 13050.2 13047.8 13045.4 13043.0
230 13040.6 13038.3 13035.9 13035.9 13031.1 13028.7 13026.4 13167.0 13021.6 13019.2
240 13016.8 13014.5 13012.1 13012.1 13007.3 13004.9 13002.5 13000.2 12997.8 12995.4
44
250 12993.0 12990.6 12988.3 12988.3 12983.5 12981.1 12978.7 12976.3 12974.0 12971.6
260 12969.2 12966.8 12964.4 12964.4 12959.7 12957.3 12954.9 12952.5 12950.1 12947.7
270 12945.4 12943.0 12940.6 12940.6 12935.8 12933.4 12931.1 12928.7 12926.3 12923.9
280 12921.5 12919.1 12916.7 12916.7 12912.0 12909.6 12907.2 12904.8 12902.4 12900.0
290 12897.7 12895.3 12892.9 12892.9 12888.1 12885.7 12883.3 12880.9 12878.5 12876.2
300 12873.8 12871.4 12869.0 12869.0 12964.2 12861.8 12859.4 12857.0 12854.6 12852.2
310 12849.9 12847.5 12845.1 12845.1 12840.3 12837.9 12835.5 12833.1 12830.7 12828.3
320 12825.9 12823.5 12821.1 12821.1 12816.3 12813.9 12811.5 12809.1 12806.7 12804.3
330 12801.9 12799.5 12797.1 12797.1 12792.3 12789.9 12787.5 12785.1 12782.7 12780.2
340 12777.8 12775.4 12773.0 12773.0 12768.2 12765.8 12763.4 12761.0 12758.6 12756.1
350 12753.7
45
Líquido X Y Líquido X Y
Aceite de linasa, crudo 7.5 27.2 Freón 11 14.4 9.0
Acetaldehído 15.2 4.8 Freón 12 16.8 15.6
Acético, ácido al 100% 12.1 14.2 Freón 21 15.7 7.5
Acético, ácido al 70% 9.5 17.0 Freón 22 17.2 4.7
Acético, anhídrido 12.7 12.8 Freón 113 12.5 11.4
Acetona, al 100% 14.5 7.2 Glicerol, al 100% 2.0 30.0
Acetona, al 35% 7.9 15.0 Glicerol, al 50% 6.9 19.6
Acetonitrilo 14.4 7.4 Heptano 14.1 8.4
Acrílico, ácido 12.3 13.9 Hexano 14.7 7.0
Agua 10.2 13.0 Isobutílico, alcohol 7.1 18.0
Alílico, alcohol 10.2 14.3 Isobutírico, ácido 12.2 14.4
Alilo, bromuro 14.4 9.6 Isopropílico, alcohol 8.2 16.0
Alilo, yoduro 14.0 11.7 Isopropilo, bromuro 14.1 9.2
Amílico, alcohol 7.5 18.4 Isopropilo, cloruro 13.9 7.1
Amilo, acetato 11.8 12.5 Isopropilo, yoduro 13.7 11.2
Amoniaco, 100% 12.6 2.0 Mercurio 18.4 16.4
Amoniaco, al 26% 10.1 13.9 Metanol, al 100% 12.4 10.5
Anilina 8.1 18.7 Metanol, al 90% 12.3 11.8
Anisol 12.3 13.5 Metanol, al 40% 7.8 15.5
Arsénico, tricloruro 13.9 14.5 Metil etil cetona 13.9 8.6
Azufre, dióxido 15.2 7.1 Metilo, acetato 14.2 8.2
Benceno 12.5 10.9 Metilo, acrilato 13.0 9.5
Bromo 14.2 13.2 Metilo, i-butirato 12.3 9.7
Bromotulueno 20.0 15.9 Metilo, n-butirato 13.2 10.3
Butilo, acetato 12.3 11.0 Metilo, cloruro 15.0 3.8
Butilo, acrilato 11.5 12.6 Metilo, formiato 14.2 7.5
Butílico, alcohol 8.6 17.2 Metilo, propionato 13.5 9.0
Butílico, ácido 12.1 15.3 Metilo, sulfuro 15.3 6.4
Carbono, dióxido 11.6 0.3 Metilo, yoduro 14.3 9.3
Carbono disulfuro 16.1 7.5 Metil propil cetona 14.3 9.5
Carbono, tetracloruro 12.7 13.1 Naftaleno 7.9 18.1
Ciclohexano 9.8 12.9 Nítrico, ácido al 95% 12.8 13.8
Ciclohexanol 2.9 24.3 Nítrico, ácido al 60% 10.8 17.0
Clorhídrico, ácido al 31.5% 13.0 16.6 Nitrobenceno 10.6 16.2
Clorobenceno 12.3 12.4 Nitrógeno, dióxido 12.9 8.6
Cloroformo 14.4 10.2 Nitrotolueno 11.0 17.0
Clorosulfónico, ácido 11.2 18.1 Octano 13.7 10.0
Clorotolueno, orto 13.0 13.3 Octílico, alcohol 6.6 21.1
Clorotolueno, meta 13.3 12.5 Pentacloroetano 10.9 17.3
Clorotolueno, para 13.3 12.5 Pentano 14.9 5.2
Cresol, meta 2.5 20.8 Propílico, alcohol 9.1 16.5
Dibromometano 12.7 15.8 Propilo, acetato 13.1 10.3
Dicloroetano 13.2 12.2 Propilo, bromuro 14.5 9.6
46
T°C 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
-14 1.361 1.348 1.336 1.324 1.312 1.300 1.288 1.276 1.264 1.253
-13 1.490 1.477 1.464 1.450 1.437 1.424 1.411 1.399 1.386 1.373
-12 1.632 1.617 1.602 1.588 1.574 1.559 1.546 1.532 1.518 1.504
-11 1.785 1.769 1.753 1.737 1.722 1.707 1.691 1.676 1.661 1.646
-10 1.950 1.934 1.916 1.899 1.883 1.866 1.849 1.833 1.817 1.800
-9 2.131 2.112 2.093 2.075 2.057 2.039 2.021 2.003 1.985 1.968
-8 2.326 2.306 2.285 2.266 2.246 2.226 2.207 2.187 2.168 2.149
-7 2.537 2.515 2.493 2.472 2.450 2.429 2.408 2.387 2.367 2.346
-6 2.765 2.742 2.718 2.695 2.672 2.649 2.626 2.603 2.581 2.559
-5 3.013 2.987 2.962 2.937 2.912 2.887 2.862 2.838 2.813 2.790
-4 3.280 3.252 3.225 3.198 3.171 3.144 3.117 3.091 3.065 3.039
-3 3.568 3.539 3.509 3.480 3.451 3.422 3.393 3.364 3.336 3.308
-2 3.880 3.848 3.816 3.785 3.753 3.722 3.691 3.660 3.630 3.599
-1 4.217 4.182 4.147 4.113 4.079 4.045 4.012 3.979 3.946 3.913
-0 4.579 4.542 4.504 4.467 4.431 4.395 4.359 4.323 4.287 4.252
-10 2.149 2.134 2.116 2.099 2.084 2.067 2.050 2.034 2.018 2.001
-9 2.326 2.307 2.289 2.271 2.254 2.236 2.219 2.201 2.184 2.167
-8 2.514 2.495 2.475 2.456 2.437 2.418 2.399 2.380 2.362 2.343
-7 2.715 2.695 2.674 2.654 2.633 2.613 2.593 2.572 2.553 2.533
-6 2.931 2.909 2.887 2.866 2.843 2.822 2.800 2.778 2.757 2.736
-5 3.163 3.139 3.115 3.092 3.069 3.046 3.022 3.000 2.976 2.955
-4 3.410 3.384 3.359 3.334 3.309 3.284 3.259 3.235 3.211 3.187
-3 3.673 3.647 3.620 3.593 3.567 3.540 3.514 3.487 3.461 3.436
-2 3.956 3.927 3.898 3.871 3.841 3.813 3.785 3.575 3.730 3.702
-1 4.258 4.227 4.196 4.165 4.135 4.105 4.075 4.045 4.016 3.986
-0 4.579 4.546 4.513 4.480 4.448 4.416 4.385 4.353 4.320 4.289
52
PTFE 0.94 1.43 1.94 2.1 2.15 2.16 2.20 2.25 2.3 2.5
Pirex 0.12 0.20 0.33 0.42 0.51 0.57 0.88 1.1 1.6 2.1
Rodio 2900 3900 1000 370 250 190 160 150 145 140
Selenio (eje) 140 57 25 15 10 8 6 4 3 2
Sílice ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ........ 1.34 1.52 1.70 1.87 2.22 2.60
Tantalio 108 146 88 68 62 59 58 57 58 58 59 59 60 61 62
Teluro 300 93 29 17 13 11 6 4 3 3
Titanio ....... 14 28 39 37 33 31 26 21 20 20 19
Tungsteno ....... ........ 880 330 310 280 190 180 170 150 140
Uranio ....... ........ ........ 20 22 23 26 28 30 32
55
Vidrio de ventana
Borosilicato 20 0.78(avg) 2700 0.84 3.4
Yeso 30-75 1.09 2200
Perfil metálico 20 0.48 1440 0.84 4.0
Perfil de madera 20 0.47
Piedra: 20 0.28
Granito
Piedara caliza 1.73-3.98 2640 0.82 8-18
Mármol 100-300 1.26-1.33 2500 0.90 5.6-5.9
Arenisca 2.07-2.94 2500-2700 0.80 10-13.6
Madera (transversal al 40 1.83 2160-2300 0.71 11.2-11.9
grano):
Balsa, 8.8 lb/pie3
Ciprés 30 0.055 140
Abeto 30 0.097 460
Arce 23 0.11 420 2.72 0.96
Pino amarillo 30 0.166 540 2.4 1.28
Pino blanco 23 0.147 640 2.8 0.82
30 0.112 430
Material aislante
Asbesto:
Líquido T, ºF k
Aceite de oliva 68 .097
212 .095
Aceite de ricino 68 .104
212 .100
Aceites 86 .079
Acético, ácido al 100% 68 0.099
50% 68 .20
Acetona 86 .102
167 .095
Agua 32 .343
100 .363
200 .393
300 .395
420 .376
620 .275
Alílico, alcohol 77-86 .104
Amílico (n-), alcohol 86 .094
212 .089
(iso) 86 .088
167 .087
Amilo, acetato 50 .083
Amoniaco 5-86 .29
Amoniaco, solución acuosa al 26% 68 .261
140 .29
Anilina 32-68 .100
Azufre, dióxido 5 .128
86 .111
Benceno 86 .092
140 .087
Bromobenceno 86 .074
212 .070
Butílico, (n) alcohol 86 .097
167 .095
(iso) 50 .091
Butilo (n), acetato 77-86 .085
Cimeno (para) 86 .078
140 .079
Carbono, disulfuro 86 .093
167 .088
Carbono, tetracloruro 32 .107
154 .094
59
Clorobenceno 50 .083
Cloroformo 86 .080
Decano (n) 86 .085
140 0.83
Diclorodifluorometano 20 .057
60 .053
100 .048
140 .043
180 .038
Dicloroetano 122 0.82
Diclorometano 5 .111
86 .096
Éter de petróleo 86 0.75
167 0.73
Etilbenceno 86 .086
140 .082
Etilén glicol 32 .153
Etílico alcohol, al 100% 68 .105
80% 68 .137
60% 68 .176
40% 68 .224
20% 68 .281
100% 122 .087
Etílico, éter 86 .080
167 .078
Etilo, acetato 68 .101
Etilo, bromuro 68 .070
Etilo, yoduro 104 .064
167 .063
Gasolina 86 .078
Glicerol, al 100 68 .164
80% 68 .189
60% 68 .220
40% 68 .259
20% 68 .278
100% 212 .164
Heptano (n-) 86 .081
140 .079
Heptílico (n-), alcohol 86 .094
167 .091
Hexano (n-) 86 0.080
140 .078
Hexílico (n-), alcohol 86 .093
167 .090
Mercurio 82 4.83
60
GRAFICO DE MOODY
76
b = 88,0 (e / D )
0 , 44
c = 1,62 (e / D )
0 ,134
CHURCHILL {
f = 2 (8/Re ) + 1 / (A + B )
12
}
1 / 12 1 / 12
{ [
A = 2,457. ln 1 / (7 / Re )
0,9
+ (0,27.e / D ) ]}
16
B = (37.530 / Re )
16
CHEN 1/ f = −4 log (A - B + C)
A = (e / 3,705 D )
B = (− 5,0452 / Re ). log (e/D ) { 1,1098
/ 2,8257 }
C = 5,8506 / Re 0,898
Ley de la Potencia
1 4 4 0,4
= 0, 75 log Re ⋅ f 1 - − 1.2
f n 2 n
D n v 2− n ρ 4n n
Re =
8 n −1 3n + 1
81
Para las contracciones y ensachamientos bruscos la longitud equivalente esta dada en pies de
tubería del diámetro inferior, la línea de trazos indica la forma de determinar la longitud equivalente
para un codo tipo de 6”.
88
CARTA PSICROMETRICA
89
90
T ps 103 Ys Hs T ps 103 Ys Hs
0 4.58 3.78 2.25 35 42.18 36.6 30.8
1 4.93 4.07 2.66 36 44.56 38.8 32.4
2 5.29 4.37 3.08 37 47.07 41.1 34.0
3 5.69 4.70 3.52 38 49.69 43.5 35.7
4 6.10 5.03 3.96 39 52.44 46.0 37.6
k x αt To − Too
m= n= x= Y=
hL x1 L2 Ti − Too
92
k x αt T − Too
m= n= x= y= o
hL x1 R 2
Ti − Too
93
k x αt To − Too
m= n= x= y=
hR x1 R2 Ti − Too
94
100 373.15 0.916 2.69 1.022 0.0307 33.6 21.673 23.6 0.71
120 393.15 0.870 2.55 1.025 0.0320 37.0 22.555 25.9 0.71
140 413.15 0.827 2.43 1.027 0.0333 40.0 23.340 28.2 0.71
150 423.15 0.810 2.37 1.028 0.0336 41.2 23.732 29.4 0.71
160 433.15 0.789 2.31 1.030 0.0344 43.3 24.124 30.6 0.71
180 453.15 0.755 2.20 1.032 0.0357 47.0 24.909 33.00 0.71
200 473.15 0.723 2.11 1.035 0.0370 49.7 25.693 35.5 0.71
250 523.15 0.653 1.89 1.043 0.0400 60.0 27.557 42.2 0.71
95
LA FUNCIÓN DE ERROR
x x x x x x
fer fer fer
2 ατ 2 ατ 2 ατ 2 ατ 2 ατ 2 ατ
0.00 0.00000 0.76 0.71754 1.52 0.96841
0.02 0.02256 0.78 0.73001 1.54 0.97059
0.04 0.04511 0.80 0.74210 1.56 0.97263
0.06 0.06762 0.82 0.75381 1.58 0.97455
0.08 0.09008 0.84 0.76514 1.60 0.97636
(e) Seis pasos de cubierta, doce o más pasos de tubos. (f) Flujo Transversal o cruzado un paso de
cubierta; una o más hileras paralelas de tubos; para más de dos pasos, se utiliza FT = 1.0 (h)
Flujo Transversal o cruzado un paso de cubierta, un paso de tubo, los dos fluidos no se mezclan.
99
(i) Flujo transversal o cruzado (tipo de goteo) dos pasos horizontales con conexiones de codos en
U (tipo trombón). (j) Flujo transversal o cruzado (tipo de goteo), serpentines helicoidales con dos
vueltas.
100
Tz − T
LETALIDAD A LA TEMPERATURA “i” Fi = log −1
z
105
Continuación
106
200 0.0996 6.214.-4 1.370 334.8 518.1 3.724 4.640 0.855 6.64 0.105
210 0.1879 6.139.-4 0.7589 343.2 522.7 3.765 4.620 0.864 5.65 0.102
220 0.3317 6.431.-4 0.4476 351.8 527.4 3.805 4.603 0.873 4.88 0.098
230 0.5531 6.549.-4 0.2784 360.6 531.1 3.844 4.590 0.882 4.26 0.094
240 0.8781 6.675.-4 0.1811 369.5 536.8 3.881 4.579 0.891 3.77 0.090
250 1.3359 6.810.-4 0.1225 378.0 541.5 3.918 4.570 0.902 3.37 0.087
260 1.959 6.970.-4 0.08559 387.7 546.1 3.954 4.563 0.913 3.03 0.083
270 2.784 7.112.-4 0.06147 397.0 550.7 3.989 4.558 0.926 2.75 0.080
280 3.285 7.282.-4 0.04543 406.5 555.1 4.023 4.554 0.942 2.52 0.076
290 5.184 7.470.-4 0.03888 416.1 559.4 4.057 4.551 0.959 2.31 0.072
300 6.840 7.678.-4 0.02582 426.0 563.5 4.090 4.548 0.979 2.14 0.069
310 8.860 7.912.-4 0.01992 436.0 567.3 4.122 4.546 1.005 2.00 0.065
320 11.29 8.173.-4 0.01553 446.2 570.9 4.154 4.543 1.041 1.86 0.061
330 14.17 8.478.-4 0.01218 456.8 574.0 4.186 4.541 1.093 1.74 0.058
340 17.58 8.840.-4 0.00957 467.8 576.5 4.218 4.538 1.166 1.60 0.054
350 21.57 9.286.-4 0.00750 479.4 578.2 4.250 4.533 1.264 1.45 0.050
360 26.19 9.868.-4 0.00582 492.1 578.7 4.285 4.525 1.39 1.28 0.046
370 31.56 1.072.-3 0.00439 506.4 577.2 4.322 4.514 1.55 1.06 0.041
380 37.76 1.237.-3 0.00305 524.7 571.2 4.369 4.900 ..... 0.75
385 41.31 1.876.-3 0.00188 551.1 551.1 4.437 4.437 ∞ 0.31 ∞
113
250 2.5867 7.105.-4 0.0665 16.78 178.20 0.0691 0.7148 1.120 2.94 0.083
260 3.7188 7.289.-4 0.0470 27.36 182.81 0.1102 0.7082 1.144 2.65 0.079
270 5.1893 7.492.-4 0.0340 38.36 187.21 0.1514 0.7027 1.170 2.41 0.075
280 7.0530 7.720.-4 0.0251 49.77 191.35 0.1923 0.6980 1.197 2.18 0.072
290 9.3660 7.979.-4 0.0188 61.55 195.16 0.2330 0.6937 1.225 1.99 0.068
300 12.19 8.280.-4 0.0143 73.68 198.56 0.2734 0.6896 1.254 1.79 0.064
310 15.57 8.637.-4 0.0109 86.17 201.43 0.3134 0.6852 1.285 1.59 0.060
320 19.60 9.081.-4 0.0084 99.06 203.57 0.3532 0.6798 1.317 1.40 0.056
330 24.35 9.666.-4 0.0064 112.53 204.62 0.3933 0.6723 1.351 1.23 0.052
340 29.95 1.053.-4 0.0048 127.13 203.71 0.4351 0.6604 1.386 1.07 0.048
350 36.62 1.220.-3 0.0033 145.44 197.82 0.4859 0.6355 1.422 0.93 0.044
355.3c 40.75 1.786.-3 0.0018 174.00 174.00 0.5634 0.5634
115
200 2.1999 7.014.-4 0.0803 -37.45 131.45 -0.1710 0.6735 0.817 2.56 0.099
210 3.4713 7.204.-4 0.0520 -26.36 134.84 -0.1173 0.6503 0.896 2.25 0.094
220 5.2281 7.426.-4 0.0350 -15.10 137.87 -0.0656 0.6298 0.988 1.98 0.088
230 7.5713 7.687.-4 0.0242 -3.65 140.49 -0.0155 0.6112 1.017 1.73 0.082
240 10.61 8.001.-4 0.0172 8.07 142.58 0.0334 0.5939 1.227 1.52 0.076
250 14.46 8.386.-4 0.0124 20.22 143.98 0.0817 0.5767 1.382 1.33 0.070
260 19.25 8.874.-4 0.0090 33.10 144.38 0.1305 0.5585 1.57 1.17 0.065
270 25.13 9.526.-4 0.0064 47.22 143.23 0.1816 0.5373 1.79 1.03 0.059
280 32.27 1.050.-3 0.0045 63.64 139.25 0.2384 0.5085 2.03 0.91 0.054
290 40.87 1.264.-3 0.0028 86.41 127.51 0.3131 0.4548 2.32
ν 0.0131 0.0141 1.196 1.625 2.046 2.463 3.295 4.123 6.190 8.254
1 H 231.7 268.3 826.0 932.7 1037.9 1143 1354 1574 2172 2826
S 14.62 16.96 43.56 46.63 48.98 50.89 53.93 56.38 61.17 64.96
0.0131 0.0140 0.2006 0.3039 0.3958 0.4839 0.6553 0.8238 1.241 1.655
ν
231.7 272.1 775.0 903.4 1017.6 1128 1345 1568 2170 2826
5 H
14.57 16.88 35.80 39.52 42.07 44.07 47.20 49.68 54.66 58.31
S
0.0130 0.0138 0.0181 0.1376 0.1895 0.2366 0.3255 0.4116 0.6221 0.8303
ν
237.2 277.0 412.1 861.8 991.1 1109 1334 1560 2167 2826
10 H
14.50 16.77 22.09 35.95 38.85 40.99 44.23 46.75 51.63 55.44
S
0.0129 0.0136 0.0167 0.0521 0.0866 0.1135 0.1611 0.2057 0.3129 0.4179
ν 248.2 286.9 406.5 752.0 934.7 1070 1312 1546 2163 2826
20 H 14.37 16.58 21.33 30.17 35.19 37.67 41.15 43.76 48.71 52.55
S
........... 0.0133 0.0155 0.0216 0.0376 0.0533 0.0796 0.1033 0.1586 0.2119
ν ........... 307.3 413.5 589.3 823.5 997 1271 1521 2155 2826
40 H ............ 16.26 20.50 25.49 30.73 33.91 37.87 40.65 45.75 49.64
S
............. 0.0130 0.0147 0.0182 0.0254 0.0351 0.0532 0.0697 0.1073 0.1433
ν ............ 328.0 427.2 570.1 757.0 940 1237 1499 2149 2828
60 H .............. 15.98 19.95 24.03 28.19 31.54 35.82 38.76 43.99 47.92
S
118
.............. 0.0127 0.0142 0.0167 0.0211 0.0273 0.0406 0.0531 0.0818 0.1090
ν .............. 348.9 443.5 572.3 732.8 905 1210 1482 2146 2831
80 H .............. 15.74 19.53 23.21 26.78 29.93 34.34 37.37 42.72 46.69
S
.............. 0.0125 0.0138 0.0158 0.0190 0.0233 0.0335 0.0434 0.0666 0.0885
ν .............. 369.8 461.1 581.5 727.4 888 1192 1469 2144 2835
100 H .............. 15.53 19.19 22.63 25.88 28.80 33.19 36.28 41.73 45.73
S
.............. 0.0117 0.0125 0.0136 0.0150 0.0167 0.0207 0.0253 0.0368 0.0480
ν .............. 474.4 556.1 658.7 776.9 908 1182 1458 2156 2869
200 H .............. 14.71 17.99 20.93 23.56 25.94 29.88 32.97 38.59 42.72
S
.............. .............. 0.0113 0.0119 0.0126 0.0134 0.0151 0.0171 0.0225 0.0279
ν .............. .............. 751.0 841.9 945.4 1059 1303 1560 2249 2973
400 H .............. .............. 16.59 19.20 21.50 23.58 27.07 29.94 35.48 39.67
S
ν .............. .............. 0.0106 0.0110 0.0115 0.0120 0.0131 0.0144 0.0178 0.0214
600 H .............. .............. 941.5 1027 1124 1231 1463 1709 2385 3107
S .............. .............. 15.68 18.14 20.29 22.24 25.57 28.31 33.74 37.92
ν .............. .............. .............. 0.0104 0.0107 0.0111 0.0120 0.0130 0.0155 0.0181
800 H .............. .............. .............. 1302 1302 1405 1628 1870 2535 3255
S .............. .............. .............. 19.43 19.43 21.30 24.50 27.20 32.54 36.70
.............. .............. .............. 0.0099 0.0102 0.0106 0.0112 0.0120 0.0140 0.0160
ν
.............. .............. .............. 1378 1478 1578 1796 2032 2692 3403
1000 H
.............. .............. .............. 16.72 18.75 20.58 23.70 26.33 31.63 35.75
S
240 1.0226 1.468.-3 1.115 -912.9 456.2 5.113 10.817 4.43 2.73 0.615
250 1.6496 1.495.-3 0.712 -868.2 470.6 5.294 10.650 4.48 2.45 0.592
260 2.5529 1.524.-3 0.472 -823.1 483.8 5.471 10.498 4.54 2.20 0.569
270 3.8100 1.551.-3 0.324 -777.3 495.6 5.643 10.358 4.60 1.97 0.546
280 5.5077 1.589.-3 0.228 -730.9 506.0 5.811 10.228 4.66 1.76 0.523
290 7.741 1.626.-3 0.165 -683.8 514.7 5.975 10.108 4.73 1.58 0.500
300 10.61 1.666.-3 0.121 -636.0 521.5 6.135 9.994 4.82 1.41 0.477
310 14.24 1.710.-3 0.091 -587.2 526.1 6.293 9.885 4.91 1.26 0.454
320 18.72 1.760.-3 0.069 -537.5 528.2 6.448 9.779 5.02 1.13 0.431
330 24.20 1.815.-3 0.053 -486.7 527.5 6.602 9.675 5.17 1.02 0.408
340 30.79 1.878.-3 0.0410 -434.3 523.3 6.755 9.571 5.37 0.92 0.385
350 38.64 1.925.-3 0.0319 -380.0 515.1 6.908 9.465 5.64 0.83 0.361
360 47.90 2.039.-3 0.0249 -323.2 501.8 7.063 9.354 6.04 0.75 0.337
370 58.74 2.148.-3 0.0194 -262.6 481.9 7.222 9.235 6.68 0.69 0.313
380 71.35 2.291.-3 0.0149 -196.5 452.7 7.391 9.100 7.80 0.61 0.286
390 85.98 2.499.-3 0.0113 -120.9 408.1 7.578 8.935 10.3 0.50 0.254
400 103.0 2.888.-3 0.0077 - 23.5 329.0 7.813 8.694 21. 0.39 0.21
105.4c 113.0 4.255.-3 0.0043 142.7 142.7 8.126 8.216 ∞ 0.25 ∞
REFERENCIAS
Foust, A., Wenzel, L., Clump, C., Maus, L., Andersen, L.B. 1972. Principios de
Operaciones Unitarias. Compañía editorial continental S.A., México 22, D.F.
Perry, R.H. 1995. Manual del Ingeniero químico. Sexta edición. McGraw-Hill.