DEC 16 / JAN 17

Q1 a)

1. Clear communication and the shortest routes

2. A fine-tuned instinct for precise timing
3. Intelligent and efficient organization of energy
4. Team spirit and fast action to produce outstanding performance

System efficiency
- Organise land use, social and economic activities in such a way that the need for
transport and the use of fossil fuels is reduce.
- Reduce or avoid travel or the need to travel
Travel efficiency
- Make use of energy-efficient model likes public transport and non-motorised modes to
reduce energy consumption per trip.
- Shift to more energy efficient modes
Vehicle efficient
- Consuming as little as possible per vehicle kilometre by using advanced technologies
and fuels and by optimising vehicle operation.
- Improve the efficient through the vehicle technology.

b)

Pulverized fuel boiler

- Pulverized coal power blown with combustion air into boiler through burner nozzle.
- Combustion temperature to 1300-1700oC
- Benefits: varying coal quality coal, quick respond to load changes and high pre-heat air
temperature.
Stroke fire boiler
- Uses both suspension and grate burning.
- Coal fed continuously over burning coal bed.
- Coal fines burn in suspension and larger coal pieces burn on grate.
- Good flexibility to meet changing load requirement.
- Preferred over other type of stroke in industrial application.
c)

𝑇𝐻
(Heat pump) max COP = ? COP max = 𝑇𝐻−𝑇𝐿

Parit raja Kemaman

5 5
TH = 70 F = (70+459.67)x(9)= 294.26K TH = 70 F = (70+459.67)x(9)= 294.26K
5 5
TL = 40 F = (40+459.67)x(9)= 277.59K TL = 15 F = (15+459.67)x(9)= 263.7K

294.26 294.26
COP max = 294.26−277.59 COP max = 294.26−263.7
= 17.65 = 9.63

Q2
a)

i)
- The single payment present worth factor is used to determine the present worth of a known
future worth (F) at the end of “n” years at a given interest rate ‘i' per interest period.
- The present worth (P), future worth (F) and the total interest period ‘n' years.

ii) - The reciprocal of the single-payment compound amount factor.

-
150 fixture X 4 floors = 600 fixture
600 fixture X 2 lamps = 1200 lamps
1200 lamps X 34-watt = 40800watt ~ 40.8 kW

10% on = 168 hours/week

52 weeks/year X 168 Hours = 8736 hours

Annual overhead = total watt X total hours per year

= 40.8 kW X 8736 h = 356428.8 kWh

450 worker X 1 gallon = 450 gallon/day

450 gallon/day X 365 day/year = 160200 gallon/year
1 gallon = 0.170 kWh/gal
160200 gallon X 0.170 kWh/gal = 27234 kWh ~ total annual electrical used
Q3
Q4

Major factors affecting cooling tower leaving water temperatures are:

1. Cooling load
2. Water flow
3. Air flow
4. entering air condition
5. condition of tower
 = (100)(4.2) X (40-33) = 2.94 MW

This section includes main areas for improving energy efficiency of cooling towers. The main
areas for energy conservation include:
i. Selecting the right cooling tower (because the structural aspects of the cooling tower
cannot be changed after it is installed)
ii. Fills
iii. Pumps and water distribution system
iv. Fans and motors
Q5

Strainer
- Strainers are devices which arrest these solids in flowing liquids or gases, and protect
equipment from their harmful effects, thus reducing downtime and maintenance.
- A strainer should be fitted upstream of every steam trap, flowmeter and control valve.
Insulator
- Conserve energy by reducing heat loss or gain
- Control surface temperatures for personnel protection and comfort
- Facilitate temperature control of a process
- Prevent vapour flow and water condensation on cold surfaces
- Increase operating efficiency of heating/ventilating/cooling, plumbing, steam, process
and power systems found in commercial and industrial installations
- Prevent or reduce damage to equipment from exposure to fire or corrosive
atmospheres

 For boilers and combustion systems to operate at peak efficiency and minimum
energy consumption, it is necessary that they receive regular maintenance and service.
Significant energy savings can be achieved by routinely making adjustments to the
combustion controls.
 Proper routine maintenance should be the first step in any energy management
program for boilers and combustion systems. Since the combustion process is the
heart of boilers and combustion systems, most energy conservation maintenance is
directed at the burner controls

Three important aspects of waste heat management are:

1) the effect on energy conversion efficiency
2) the effect of waste heat on the environment
3) the control and possible utilization of waste heat emissions.