Girls Hostel Building

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objectives of The Industrial Training Programme

The purpose of the training is to get well acquainted to the world of work and to gain
knowledge through hands on observation and job execution. Through this training we can
develop skills in our work ethics, communications, management and others. Moreover, this
practical training program allows us to relate theoretical knowledge with its prime application
in the field.

The basic objective of industrial training is:

1. To provide an opportunity to test our interest in a particular career before permanent

commitments are made.

2. To develop skills in the application of theory of practical work situations.

3. To develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their careers.

4. To build a communication skill with group of workers and to learn proper behaviour of
corporate life in industrial sector.

5. To get good moral values such as responsibility, commitment and trustworthy during
our training period.

1.2 Scope of Industrial Training Programme

The Entire students from Engineering Colleges have to undergo the industrial training as a
compulsory program before they graduate. These are the following industrial scopes:

1. Gain knowledge and precious experience in the construction and management field
which related to civil engineering course.

2. Learn to know the proper way and procedure of execution.

3. Understand the requirement of construction of civil engineering structures.

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1.3 Importance of Industrial Training Programme

As we know industry training is part of the syllabus for all engineering students. In fact it is
one of the compulsory subjects for all students as a condition for obtaining certificate or
degree. The main importance of industrial training is to expose students to the working
environment in industry. So, it will enable students to understand the theories studied with
more detailed and hands on practice within a real job situation.

At the same time, industrial training can also nurture a student’s leadership ability and
responsibility to perform or execute the given task.

Beside of that, the students will be more disciplined to follow rules and regulations when
conducting industrial training. They would be trained for proper schedule planning and time
management. This situation will be fostered responsibly and independent to students. Finally,
through this industrial training student can take this as a challenge and test their preservance
and thinking abilities when facing a decision making situation. Industrial training is a great
and invaluable experience for students.

1.4 Benefits Derived From The Training

The main reason engineering students need to do industrial training is so they are well
prepared for a graduate job in their chosen field. It is a chance for you to put what you have
learned at university to work in the kind of real life situations you will come up against when
you start your career. Industrial training gives you great experience during your Bachelor of
Engineering degree. Many employers use industry work experience as a prerequisite for new
graduates. Employers also use this period as a chance to assess new employees for future
employment. If you can demonstrate the ability to take responsibility, make sound decisions
and apply technical skills- you will stand out as someone that might be great for their
organisation.

1.5 Objectives of The Report

Industrial training report is an important document to each of the students. It is a document

with the activities that have been learned throughout the industrial training, one excellent
work would mean nothing if it cant be reported in a statement that it is excellent. Therefore,
writing reports requires special attention of every student to be able to follow every
instruction set and can meet the needs of an institution. Each student will be grateful to be

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able to prepare his report in a timely manner and can generate a report that includes all the
parts that have been learned during the training industry in their own company.

Among the advantages and benefits to be obtained for this report are:

1. With the existence of this report then it could be used as evidence to the students to
undergo industrial training at the industrial training place.

2. In addition, the objectives of this report are to document all activities that have been
carried out during the period of industrial training for one month.

3. If this report is made, it can train students to follow the directions set by the college.

4. The report also presents a challenge for students to attend an interview which will be
conducted by the polytechnic by leveraging existing experience.

5. Can be used as a reference by prospective employers during a later interview.

6. Provide guidance or as reference materials to students after completing their studies.

7. Students can train themselves to do some paperwork, this is because of the style of
writing and the report is more or less the same for the completion of paperwork.

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CHAPTER 2

COMPANY’s PROFILE

2.1 About Public Works Department (R&B)

With coming up of tremendous development activities, Public Works Department has been
able to raise numerous assets like roads, buildings and other civil structures. Maintenance and
upkeep of these assets has itself become a gigantic task. The task before the engineers is
therefore of two fold; the responsibility of producing unique engineering structures
conforming to IRC/ISI standard and specifications on one hand and the duty of maintenance
of the structures and assets for the service of the mankind on the other side.

The planning of these affairs under these circumstances require perception and a high sense
of administrative knowledge. We must have a systematic and scientifically preserved account
of our assets. We must have ready hand consolidated knowledge of our valued property. It is
also necessary that our engineering and administrative staff should be well equipped with all
the informations pertaining to field data. Necessity was therefore being felt to launch website
that should contain ready hand information about the assets we have and the physical
achievements department has made so far.

2.2 History of Department

Public Works (Roads and Building) Department :- The state of Jammu & Kashmir came
into existence in March 16, 1846 under treaty of Amritsar when it was purchased by Raja
Gulab Singh from Britishers under this treaty for Seventy Five Lakh Rupees. Public works
Department first came into existence in Jammu & Kashmir State in the reign of Maharaja
Partap Singh in the year 1885, the overall technical guidance and supervision was from
British Engineers. Public Works Department in J&K headed by Chief Engineer belonging to
J&K state came into existence in the year 1945. A separate department of PWD Roads and
Buildings J&K state came into existence in the year 1952. The Public Works (Roads &
Buildings) Department was bifurcated in two Divisions of Jammu Province and Kashmir
Province with two Chief Engineers in the year 1958. With coming up of tremendous
development activities, Public Works Department has been able to raise numerous assets like
roads, buildings ,bridges etc. The first road in J&K state named "Jehlum Valley Cart Road"
was started in year 1981. The 92 miles long road stretch from Baramulla to Kohala was
completed in 1890.

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The state of Jammu & Kashmir came into existence in March 16, 1846 under treaty
1 of Amritsar when it was purchased by Raja Gulab Singh from Britishers under this
treaty for Seventy Five Lakh Rupees.
Public works Department first came into existence in Jammu & Kashmir State in the
2 reign of Maharaja Partap Singh in the year 1885. the overall technical guidance and
supervision was from British Engineers.
The first road in the J&K state named "Jehlum Valley Cart road" was started in the
3 year 1881. The 92 miles long road stretch from Baramulla to Kohala was completed
in 1890.
The first road ( 92 miles Baramulla Kohala Stretch of Jehlum Valley Cart road) was
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opened to wheeled traffic in Sept. 1890 by Maharaja Partap Singh.
The first entry of wheeled vehicle in the state was on 13th Sept. 1890 when
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Maharaja Partap Singh was driven on Baramulla Kohala road.
The first road to be brought to asphaltic specifications was Jammu city main road in
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the year 1934.
Banihal Cart road was started in the year 1901. The road was first opened to traffic
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from Jammu to Srinagar on 2nd May 1921 in connection with annual Darbar move.
8 Ladakh road became motorable up to Gagangir by the year 1941.
9 Batote Bhaderwah road was started in 1937 and completed in 1943.
10 Kathua Basholi road was started in 1937 and completed in 1940.
11 Udhampur Ramnagar road was started in 1937 and completed in 1940.
12 Mirpur Bhimber road via Chhapper was started in 1938 and completed in 1939.
13 Patnitop - Sanasar road was started in 1938 and completed in 1939.
14 Saria to Nowshera road was started in 1936 and completed in 1937.
15 Katra Reasi road was constructed in 1934.
16 Mirpur Kotli Poonch road was thrown open to traffic in 1933.
17 Doda - Kishtwar road was constructed in 1941.
In Kashmir Province, Valley road from Sadi Hazi to Drugian was constructed in
1898-99. Durgian bridge to Shalamar Garden road was constructed in 1896-97. The
18 other important road including Tanga road from Srinagar to Gulamrg; Uri Hajipura
road and Avantipur Islamabad road were constructed with a cost of Rs. 67174-00 ;
Rs. 17230-00 and Rs. 53419-00 respectively.
Public Works Department in J&K headed by Chief Engineer belonging to J&K state
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came into existence in the year 1945.
A separate department of PWD Roads and Buildings J&K state came into existence
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in the year 1952.
The Public Works (Roads & Buildings) Department was bifurcated in two Divisions
21 of Jammu Province and Kashmir Province with two Chief Engineers in the year
1958.

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2.2 Working Arena of Department

 Construction of Buildings for other agencies on a deposit work basis

 Maintenance of public parks

 Preparation of book of Schedule of rates and analysis of rates for construction &
maintenance of public buildings

 Design and construction of Public buildings except those of RHD, T&T, Postal
department

 Construction of National Monuments

 Repair and maintenance of Public buildings

 Preparation of book of specifications and code of practice

 Acquisition and requisition of land for construction work

 Procurement of materials & equipment required for construction work.

2.3 Vision

An excellent core road network, a grid of bridges for socio-economic growth of the area and
creating an effective infrastructure for the people. Creation of human resource pool with
spectrum of technical competence.

2.4 Mission and Objectives

a) plan, design, construct and maintain a safe and cost effective core road network / national
highways.

b) standards for uninterrupted flow of traffic with better safety features.

c) Enhanced connectivity to remote and far flung and isolated areas with major district roads
and construction of bridges.

d) Adoption of modern technology for roads, building, bridges.

e) Furnishing information to public under J&K Right to information Act, 2009.

f) Coming forward to help J&K people during disaster management.

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CHAPTER 3

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

3.1 Salient Features of the Project

Name of the Project : Construction of Girls Hostel in Govt. Higher
Secondary School Peeri.

Implementing Agency : J&K Higher Education Department

Executing Agency : Chief Engineer, Public Works (R&B), Jammu.

Funding Agency : Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India.

Year of Start : 2017

Year of Completion : 2018

Cost of project : 446.4 lacs

No. Of storeys : Ground floor + 1st Floor +2nd Floor (3 storeys)

Land for construction : 450 sqm

Length of Building : 27.109m

Width of Building : 16.6m

3.2 Abstract of Estimate

Table 1 Abstract of Estimate
S. No. Particulars Unit Qty. Rate Amount
(in Rs.) (in Lac)
1. Civil Works
1 RCC framed structure with floor Sqm 1000 23500 235.00
height of 3.35m
Total 235.00 (A)
2 Extra for every 0.3m higher Sqm 317 270 0.86
plinth over normal plinth height
of 0.60m (on G.F. area only)
3 Extra for every 0.3m deeper Sqm 317 270 0.86
foundation over normal depth of
1.20m (on G.F. area only)
4 Extra for Strip foundation in Sqm 317 520 1.65
poor soil having bearing
capacity less than 10 Ton/Sqm
(on G.F. area only)
5 Extra for resisting earthquake Sqm 1000 1140 11.40

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forces
2. Services
(Electric/Plumbing)
1 Internal water supply & sanitary 9.40
installation@ 4% of Civil Work
marked (A) i.e. on Rs.235.00
Lac
2 External Service connection 11.75
@5% of (A)
3 Internal Electric installation 29.38
@12.5% of (A)
4 Power wiring & Plugs @4% of 9.40
(A)
5 Telephone Conduits @0.5% of 1.18
(A)
6 Computer Conduiting @0.5% of 1.18
(A)
7 Provisions for Overhead water Ltrs 6000 15 0.90
tanks (Sintex or equivalent)
without staging
8 Provisions for Sump tank Ltrs 15000 15 2.25
9 Fire fighting with Sprinkler Sqm 1000 750 7.50
system
10 Quality Assurance @1% of (A) 2.35
Total 325.04 (B)
3. Misc. Items : and
provisions for:-
1 Septic tank & Soakage Pit L.S. 4.50
2 External Partitions & Furniture L.S. 25.00
3 Construction of storm water mtr 100 1965 1.97
drains
4 Construction of internal roads & Sqm 1000 600 6.00
paths
5 Air conditioning L.S. 15.00
6 UG Set L.S. 12.00
7 Add cost index 103(base 100) on 9.75
CPWD plinth area rates of
01/10/2012 i.e. 3% above (B)
8 Add for Consultancy & 9.75
contingencies charges @ 3% on
(B)
9 Add for service tax & labour 37.38
Cess @10.5% & 1% on (B)
Grand Total 446.38
Say Rs. 446.40Lac

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3.4 Works and Specifications

It has been proposed to construct a School of Engineering Technology and Computer
Technology as per drawing enclosed adopting the following specifications for construction
work.

1) Foundation and Plinth : The Foundations shall be designed for multi storey framed
structure building and shall be taken deep into soil to rest on affirm strata. Column Footings
with plinth beams shall be provided as per the specifications.

2) Superstructure : The superstructure shall be raised in cement concrete columns in M-20

grade and in between the columns 2nd class brick masonry in 1:6 cement sand mortar shall be
provide 6" thick RCC band in M-20 grade of cement concrete shall be provided at lintel level
with nominal reinforcement and 1'-10" thick RCC beam at plinth level in M-20 grade shall
also be laid to bound the structure. Earthquake resistance measures shall be considered while
executing the work.

3) Joinery Work : Door and Window frames shall be Sal wood with appropriate
glazing/panelling fitted with all fixtures and iron grill. Door Structures shall be of 2nd class
Deodar wood with water proof play wood panels.

4) Roofing : It shall consist of RCC slab in M-20 grade concrete as per design.

5) Finishing : Inside and Outside of the building shall be finished with cement sand
plastering in 1:6 mix.

6) Flooring : Vertified tiles shall be provided .Toilet shall be finished with creamic tile
flooring.

7) Face Lifting : Interior walls of the building shall be finished with two coats of oil bound
distemper over Birla putty. The exterior surface shall be finished with water proof cement
paint. Wood/Steel surface shall be finished with two coats of synthetic enamel paint over coat
of priming.

8) Electrification : A well designed layout of electric network shall be laid as a concealed

one provided with all fitting, fixtures including fans and lights.

9) Sanitary Fitting : All the toilets block, toilets shall be provided with superior quality
modern type of sanitary fittings.

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10) Plumbing Forks : All well designed network shall be laid on trouble free and effective
disposal of solid waste water as per specifications.

11) Water Supply System : A well designed network shall be laid for effective and
uninterrupted water supply in connected points,

a) Sump Tank : Sump Tank shall consist of RCC designed underground sump tank.

12) Over Head Storage Tank : It shall consist of PVC water storage tanks rested over RCC
plate forms with all fittings, fixtures and controlling devices.

13) Septic Tank/Soakage Tank : It shall be provided to cater the need of the disposal of
solid waste from toilets as per specifications.

14) Compound Wall : It shall consist 9"thick brick masonry in 1:6 cement sand mortar with
plum concrete footings in M-10 grade of cement concrete. 2nd class brick masonry in 1:6
cement sand mortar shall be provided in super structure.

3.5 Work Completed Before Joining the Site (Before July 2017)

1. Following surveys where done:

a) Topography survey

b) Geotechnical investigations

c) Traffic surveys

2. Site clearance was done

3. Various Field Tests such as

a) Standard Penetration Test

b) Plate Load Test

4. Various Laboratory Tests

5. Excavation Of Earth Work

6. Construction Of Raft Foundation

7. Construction Upto Plinth Level

8. Construction of Engineering Block (finishing work in progress)

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3.6 Pre and Post Construction Works

a) Marking of site:- the site for construction is first of all identified and the outlines are
marked

b) Site clearance:- site had an old rooms of no or very little use. The site is cleared of any
debris left

c) Excavation:- the earth excavation work was carried using a JCB machine. Almost the
entire construction area of had been excavated up to a depth of about 1.5 to 3
meters(Precisely 8 feet). There is much space left between the rectangular shaped excavated
area and the adjoining buildings and Road. The space between the excavated site and
buildings and the street is in the range of 6 to 8 meters. The space between the street and the
excavated site is not a cause of concern, of course; the existing buildings definitely are all the
main area of concern therefore necessary precautions have been taken into account in order to
prevent occurrence of any untoward incident at the site.

Fig 3.1 Figure showing JCB near the site

 Levelling and compaction:- the site is levelled and compacted both mechanically as well
as manually. Dumpy level was used to determine the required depth accurately.

 Laying of stone bed:- on soil testing it was found that the soil is soft. And hence it was
hardened by laying stone bed so that unequal settlement can be avoided.

 Laying of pcc:- After the laying of bed of stone, laying of plain cement concrete that is
PCC is done. A layer of 150 to 200 mm was made in such a manner that it was not mixed

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with the soil. It provides a solid bas for the raft foundation and a mix of 1:5:10 that is, 1
part of cement to 5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume
were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction. Concrete placed
below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing.

 Laying of foundation reinforcement:- the steel bars are placed as per the drawings. Raft
foundation was made from grid 2-10 and isolated footing from grid 1-2 and accordingly
the reinforcement is placed it is done so keeping in view landslides from hospital side.

A raft foundation consists of a raft of reinforced concrete under the whole of a building.
This type of foundation is described as a raft in the sense that the concrete raft is cast on the
surface of the ground which supports it, as water does a raft, and the foundation is not fixed
by foundations carried down into the subsoil. Raft foundations may be used for buildings on
compressible ground such as very soft clay, alluvial deposits and compressible fill material
where strip, pad or pile foundations would not provide a stable foundation without excessive
excavation. The reinforced concrete raft is designed to transmit the whole load of the
building from the raft to the ground where the small spread loads will cause little if any
appreciable settlement.

Fir 3.2 Portion of Raft Foundation

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Fig 3.3 Reinforcement in Raft Foundation

A combined footing is a long footing supporting two or more column. A combined footing is
a rectangular or trapezoidal shaped footing. It represents the simplest, most economical type
and most widely used footing. They are often used where one or two columns are located
along property line and it is not possible to extend spread beyond the edge of the building.

Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when columns are not closely
spaced, and in case of good homogeneous soil. Under the effect of upward soil pressure, the
footing bends in a dish shaped form. An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two
sets of reinforcement bars placed on top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of
property line restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing
is used as an alternative to isolated footing.

 Pouring of concrete:- Concrete is an intimate mixture of:

o Cement,

o Sand (Fine Aggregate),

o Coarse Aggregate,

o Water.

 New Generation Concrete needs use of Special Materials in

addition to above i.e. “ADMIXTURES”

 Admixtures may be Mineral or Chemical Admixtures.

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Requirements of Good Concrete

A good concrete should:

 meet the strength requirements as measured by compressive strength,

 fulfill durability requirements to resist the environment in which the structure

is expected to serve,

 be mixed, transported and compacted as efficiently as possible and

 will be as economical as possible.

Concrete Durability

 “Durability of concrete is the ability of concrete to withstand harmful effects of

environment to which it will be subjected to, during its service life, without
undergoing into deterioration beyond acceptable limits”.

 Durability can be assured keeping in view the environment exposure of structure,

certain minimum cement binder content, max limit on w/c ratio and a certain
minimum grade of concrete for that particular exposure.

The Operations Involved in the Production and Execution of the item of Concrete is
divided into following stages:

 Batching of materials

 Mixing of concrete

 Transportation of mixed concrete

 Placing of concrete

 Compaction of concrete

 Batching of materials :- in order to ensure uniformity in the quality of concrete , it

is necessary that all materials that go into its production are measured accurately
within permissible tolerances. Batching of materials can be done manually or by
using batching plant. In the construction of building, a Tilting-Type Drum Mixer is
used.

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Fig 3.4 Concrete Mixing

Fig 3.5 Concrete Transportation

 Mixing of concrete :- during the process of mixing great care is taken to ensure
that the materials are maintained in a uniform condition. At the site a Tilting

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Drum type of concrete mixer was used. The machine requires careful
supervision so as to obtain the concrete mix of desired consistency.
 Transportation of concrete :- concrete should be transported from the place of
mixing to the place of final deposit in the shortest possible time so that there is
no segregation or loss of ingredients and the concrete remains workable while
being placed in position. Several methods are adopted for transportation of
concrete depending on the type of work. At the site the concrete was
transported manually with help of labourers. Now a days more efficient method
of transporting the concrete is applies called as Pumping Method. In this system,
concrete is conveyed from a central mixing plant to the place of pouring, by an
arrangement of pumps and pipelines . the pipeline is made up of steel tubes
each 3m in length and 100 to 125 mm in dia. Special types of pumps are used .
this is considered to be a very fast and efficient method of transportation of
concrete.

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 Placing of concrete:- concrete should be placed and compacted immediately after

mixing. The arrangement for the conveyance of the concrete mix should be so planed
that the mix mass is used within 30 minutes. This is necessary to prevent the danger
of concrete getting its initial sets.

 Compaction of concrete:-consolidation of concrete should proceed immediately after

placing. The function of consolidation of concrete is to expel the air bubbles in the
mass and make it impermeable enough to attain desired strength. Internal vibrator was
used for compaction. The internal vibrator consists of a metal rod like vibrating head
which is immersed to the full depth of concrete layer. The vibrator is kept immersed
in one location till the surrounding concrete is consolidated completely.

Fig 3.6 Compaction of concrete

Curing:-

Curing of concrete is one of the essential requirement of the process of concreting. Curing is
a process of keeping the set concrete continuously, damped for some days in order to enable
the concrete gain more strength. During the process of curing the concrete absorbs the water
necessary for the concrete for the complete chemical action to reach its required strength. In
general the process of curing should be continuous for 7 to 10 days.

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Fig 3.7 Curing

Construction of Framework:-

Construction of formwork involves the following operations:

 Propping and Centering

 Shuttering

 Provision of Camber

Propping and Centering:- the props used for Centering are of steel, timber posts and Baliies.
Pillars made up of brick masonry in mud mortar are also sometimes used as props. The
wooden plate should have area of at least 0.1 sq m and it should be 40 mm in thickness. The
double wedges are essentially provided between the sole plates and timber props with a view
to permit accurate adjustment of the shuttering prior to concreting operation and to allow easy
removal of shuttering

Shuttering:- it can be made up of timber planks or it may be in the form of panel units made
either by fixing ply wood to timber frames or by welding steel plates to angle framing.

Provision of camber:- certain amount of deflection in structure is unavoidable. It is therefore,

desirable to give an upward camber in the horizontal members of the concrete structures to
counteract the effect of deflection. The provision of desired camber should be made in the
formwork itself during its erection.

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Fig 3.8 Formwork

Columns

Column (Pillar) in architecture and structural engineering is an structural element that

transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below in, other word column is a compression member. Whereas the beam carries the load
longitudinally and transfer it on to the column. For the purpose of wind or earthquake
engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression
members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are
frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest.
In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional
and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed for
structural purposes; many columns are "engaged with", that is to say form part of a wall.

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Fig 3.10 Column at site

Beams

For bigger span and heavy loading conditions or in situations where intermediate walls are
not provided, to reduce the span of the floor slab, rcc beam and slab construction is adopted.
The beam acts as an intermediate walls and the floor slab is designed as a continuous slab
monolithic with the beams. The beams thus are used are known as T beams because a part of
the floor slab assists in resisting the compression developed in the beam. The projecting part
of the beam below the slab is called rib of beam. In a framed structure , the floor is supported
on the system main and secondary beams . the floor slab is laid continuous over secondary
beams which are framed into and supported by main beams

RCC Slab

RCC refers to reinforcement cement concrete. Hence an RCC slab comprises of carefully
worked out steel reinforcements in order to provide tensile strength to the structure as it is an

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obvious fact that concrete mainly withstands compression load and is tremendously weak in
withstanding tensile loads.

Reinforcement in Slab

 A Reinforced Concrete Slab is the one of the most important component in a building.
It is a structural element of modern buildings. Slabs are supported on
Columns and Beams.

 RCC Slabs whose thickness ranges from 10 to 50 centimetres are most often used for
the construction of floors and ceilings.

 Thin concrete slabs are also used for exterior paving purposes.

 In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on

foundations or directly on the sub soil, is used to construct the ground floor of a
building.

 In high rises buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung
between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level.

 While making structural drawings of the reinforced concrete slab, the slabs are
abbreviated to “r.c.slab” or simply “r.c.”.

Design of various types of slab and their reinforcement

For a suspended slab, there are a number of designs to improve the strength-to-weight ratio.
In all cases the top surface remains flat, and the underside is modulated:

 Corrugated, usually where the concrete is poured into a corrugated steel tray. This
improves strength and prevents the slab bending under its own weight. The
corrugations run across the short dimension, from side to side.

 A ribbed slab, giving considerable extra strength on one direction.

 A waffle slab, giving added strength in both directions.

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Fig 3.11 Reinforcement in slab

Reinforcement Design.

 A one way slab has structural strength in shortest direction.

 A two way slab has structural strength in two directions.

 These slabs could be cantilevered or Simply Supported Slabs

Stairs

A stair may be defined as series of steps suitably arranged for the purpose of connecting
different floors of a building. It may also be defined as an arrangement of treads, risers,
stringers, newel posts, hand rail and baluster, so designed and constructed as to provide an
easy and quick access to the different floors, rendering comfort and safety to the users. The
enclosure containing the complete stairway is termed as staircase.

Stairs may be made from various materials like timber, stones, bricks, steel, plain concrete or
reinforced concrete. The selection of the type of material to be used depends upon the
aesthetical importance, funds available, durability desired and fire resisting qualities
expected.

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Location of Stairs

The location of stairs in a building requires careful consideration. In the advent of fire or any
such calamity, stairs provide the only means of communication and as such they are so
located as to serve the purpose for which they are provided. In public building it should be
located near the main entrance and in residential building it should be placed centrally so as
to provide easy access from all the rooms and to maintain privacy at the same time.

Technical Terms

 Steps: a portion of a stairway comprising the tread and the riser which permits ascent
or descent from one floor to another.

 Tread: the horizontal upper part of step on which foot is placed in ascending or
descending order.

 Riser: the vertical portion of the step providing support to the tread.

Reinforcement Concrete Stairs

Reinforced concrete stairs predominate the stairs made from wood, stone or metal. This is
because of the various advantages that RCC has over other materials.

The various advantages of reinforced concrete stairs are:

 They have requisite fire resisting properties to a great extent.

 They are durable, strong, pleasing in appearance and can be easily rendered non
slippery.

 They can be designed for greater widths and longer spans.

 They can be easily cleaned.

 The cost of maintenance is almost nil.

 In a framed structure of reinforcement concrete RCC stairs is perhaps the only choice.

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Fig 3.12 Granite Stairs

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Fig 3.13 Construction of stairs

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3.7 Specifications

Sand used

 River Sand

Design Mix:-

 Reinforced Cement Concrete is designed As Per IS:456 2000 with different grades of
concrete for components:-

1) Column:- M-20

2) Foundation:- M-20

3) Plinth Beam:- M-20

4) Slab Beam:- M-20

Reinforcing Steel:-

Steel used : Fe 415

 All reinforcing steel will be of tested quality confirming to IS:1786 latest

 Clear cover to main reinforcement should be

1) Foundation - 50mm ALL ROUND

2) Column- 40mm ALL ROUND

3) Beam- 25mm ALL ROUND

4) Slab- 20mm TOP BOTTOM

Column Structure:-

 All Columns are Square Columns. Dia of bars= 16mm to 32mm

 Lateral Ties:- rings of 10mm dia/2 legged rings @specified spacings as per design

 Tie bars of 8mm dia

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CHAPTER 4

SAFETY MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION

4.1 Introduction

Safety is the state of being safe and protected from danger or harm, while Building is a
structure such as a hostel building that has a roof and walls . The spate of building collapses
across the country has become a matter of great concern to both government and the citizens.
The major cause being always traceable to unsafe actions of the parties involved (Clients,
Building Consultants/Contractors and Users) . In 1995 the Sampoong Department Store in
Seoul, South Korea collapsed due to structure failure, killing 501 and injuring another 937
people. Upon investigation, it was revealed that this structure failure was due to negligence
and unsafe design changes. These underscore the need for all to understand building safety
precautions in all ramifications.

4.2 Safety Precautions Before Building Construction

Most prospective building owners do not know the right professionals to meet, hence start the
building construction process erroneously. This situation is further worsened by the poor state
of the economy which forces greedy professionals to take advantage of innocent prospective
building owners, leaving professional ethics by the corner. This paper advocates taking safety
precautions from conception stage by using the right professionals. Such first right step
would naturally flow to the end, leaving a safe and sound building for the client and other
users. Perhaps, the following clarifications on professionals in the building industry will be
useful to all prospective building owners.

Architect - prepares building plans based on briefs from the client;

Structural Engineer – prepares design for the structural (load carrying) elements based 0n
the architect’s design;

Service Engineers - are basically electrical and mechanical engineers. They prepare designs
for electrical and mechanical installations in line with the architect’s design ;

Quantity Surveyor – prepares cost estimates for the proposed building based on the designs
from the architect and the engineers;

Land Surveyor – prepares perimeter survey and topographical survey of the building site

Town planning authority – provides development permit for the proposed building; and

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All the above professionals play key roles to actualize their design during building
construction. Using the wrong professional at any stage of the building process is unsafe and
should be discouraged by all the parties concerned. Building design/construction is therefore
a team work for which one professional cannot claim complete knowledge. Remember the
saying that Together Everyone Achieves More (TEAM).

4.3 Safety Precautions During Building Construction

Kirk Bernard listed electrical accidents, falls, struck-by accidents and trenching/excavation
accidents as the four most common types of construction accidents that cause serious injury
and death. It is the duty of builders to make every effort to provide a safe working
environment for workers on building sites. Common types of construction site accidents are
as follows:

 construction site falls

 crane accidents

 scaffolding accidents

 workers being run-over by operating equipment

 electrical accidents

 trench collapses

 fires and explosions

 welding accidents and structure failures.

Each of these mishaps can be tragic and deadly, and each of these accidents can be
completely avoided through effective safety measures.

The following precautions should be enforced at building construction sites: -

 Use of hard hats

 Erection of scaffolds and safeguards

 Protruding nails to be removed

 hammered in or bent in a safe condition

 Electricity lines and other hazards should be encased or guarded

 Check relevant authority for underground utilities

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 Fire protection plan

 Staff training

 First aid

 Lighting

 Sanitation

 Protection of trenches

 Use of good construction materials

 Proper site supervision

4.4 Safety Precautions After Building Construction

Safety precautions must be continued after building construction. The following are unsafe
acts after construction: -

 Increasing building floors beyond design provision, eg. 2 storeys building to 4

storeys;

 Changing floor plans after construction eg. Creating more rooms on supended floors
through partitioning with heavy walls; - Changing building uses eg. Residential
building to Hostel Building

 Creating vibrations through breaking, pounding, etc on suspended floors

 Absence of fire fighting equipment - Illegal electricity connections

 Lack of erosion control - Flooding, etc

4.5 Safety Measures Every Construction Worker Must Take

a) Double-Check Your Work Areas

Scaffolds are an integral part of most construction sites and are associated with a high
number of injuries. So when you are going to be working on them, you must ensure your
safety first. Check with your supervisor or find out yourself whether the scaffold has been
inspected by a professional or a competent person. Never work on an incomplete scaffold
which does not have a strong platform or base.

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Ladders are other essential construction site tools with a high potential for danger. Check the
ladder thoroughly before using it. If you find any part of the ladder wobbly, do not us it. A
ladder should be of proper strength and of a height that always keeps it at least one meter
above the landing. All of the steps or slabs of the ladder must be secured properly. The upper
and lower end of the ladder should preferably be fastened or secured properly. If not, ensure
there is someone manually keeping it secure in order to prevent a fall from height.

b) Be Vigilant with Electricity and Equipment

Construction sites require a lot of electrical installations. Lifting equipment mostly involves
electricity and weights. When working with such equipment, you need to be extra cautious to
see there is no wear and tear in the machine and also to follow the safety precautions listed
for the equipment. If you do not know them, seek help and instructions from a site supervisor
or co-worker who has worked with the equipment before.

If you are using plugged-in portable devices, such as grinders or drills, you should always
check that the cables are protected, the metal casing is grounded, and the power supply is
provided with an earth leakage circuit breaker. Never allow the electrical tools to come in
contact with water.

Never stand or work immediately below a heavy suspended load. And always check that you
are not exceeding the permissible levels of load.

You'll need proper training before operating some equipment, including a material hoist and a
crane. Ensure the hoist is operated only after the gates are locked properly. Know the
working load limits of a hoist and never exceed those limits. Most importantly, when using
material hoists, make sure the communication between you and the operator are clearly
understood. Any error here can cause a major accident on the site.

c) Maintain Fencing and Prevent Fires

Notice the number of fatal injuries and falls that happen in areas where there is no fencing.
Dangerous areas that you see without fencing or with broken and damaged fencing should be
avoided until they are completely repaired or a proper fencing is in place. If this is not
happening in time, inform your site supervisor immediately.

With the machinery that is present, along with combustible chemicals and welding
operations, there is always a possibility of fire on a construction site. Be alert and take some

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measures to prevent them. Open flames should be kept away from construction sites because
of the presence of flammable materials (especially on oil rig sites).

All workers should know the escape or exit route if a fire occurs. Knowing where the fire
extinguishers are and how to use them may prove to be very advantageous in many situations
and is therefore highly recommended. Employers should train workers to use this emergency
equipment.

d) Protective Apparel and PPE

Employers are supposed to provide their workers with proper protective gear and clothing. If
you as a worker do not have them, demand them from your employer and wear them
correctly. Well-fitted helmets and protective eyewear are a must. Ear plugs or muffs for
working in noisy areas and protective gloves when dealing with toxic chemicals should be
worn. Anti-slip footwear and protective apparel are necessary for those working in toxic or
dusty environments. Make sure you wear them. Fall harnesses are very important for every
construction worker. Ensure your harness is sturdy and secured to a strong anchorage point
when you are working at heights.

At sites where there is a lot of movement of heavy vehicles, workers should wear highly
visible clothing so that they can be located and seen easily. Because construction workers
have to be working outdoors regardless of weather conditions, they also should have some
climate protective gear and clothing.

e) Keep First Aid Close

While it may not be possible for workers to carry first aid supplies with them all the time,
both the site supervisor and contractor should ensure that first aid is always accessible to the
workers. If as a worker you find that first aid you will need is not around, inform your
supervisor immediately. Basic first aid for minor burns, cuts, and falls should be available on
site so that the required medical assistance can be provided to the workers immediately. This
is beneficial to the employer, as well, because this ensures that after resting for some time,
the worker can return to his work as soon as possible. Some injuries when treated
immediately helps in limiting the damage immensely and prevents infections from spreading.

4.6 Preventive Measures Taken At Site

1. No labourer below 14 years of age was being employed for any type of work at site.

2. Precautions are being taken to prevent danger to the workers and the public from accidents

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such as fire, falling into excavated pits, injury sprays, unsafe power supply lines etc

3. The contractor has provided Personal protective Equipments such as gloves, gum boots,
helmets, etc. to the workers and safety engineer ensures that these safety Equipments are
used by the workers at the work sites.

4. Necessary measures have been taken for the safety of traffic during construction.
Barricades, signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen have been provided for the information
and protection of traffic approaching or passing through the construction sites.

5. First aid kit is available including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials,
medicines and appliances in order to take care of minor injuries only at site.

4.7 Final Thoughts

A construction worker needs to be careful at all times. Areas that are not properly lit must be
avoided until proper lighting is provided. You should also avoid playing with work
equipment. Always follow instructions during an emergency; if you notice any unsafe
condition, such as a floor opening that is uncovered or not fenced, inform your co-workers
and supervisor immediately. Construction workers play one of the most important roles in our
modern society. It's their job to provide safe buildings, bridges, and many other assets for
society; the workers owe it to themselves and their employers to work safely.

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CHAPTER 5

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

5.1 Quality Assurance

Quality Assurance is known as QA and focuses on preventing defect. Quality Assurance

ensures that the approaches, techniques, methods and processes are designed for the projects
are implemented correctly. Quality assurance activities monitor and verify that the processes
used to manage and create the deliverables have been followed and are operative. Quality
Assurance is a proactive process and is Prevention in nature. It recognizes flaws in the
process. Quality Assurance has to complete before Quality Control.

There are three tools used in quality management: quality audit, process analysis, quality
management, and control tools.

In quality audit, a team of external experts come and review the process and procedures. If
they find any discrepancies, they will suggest corrective action. They may also suggest an
improvement in the process.

Quality audit is a great tool to ensure that the best practice and approved procedures are being
followed.

In process analysis, you analyze the process to find any improvements, discover the root
cause of any problem that occurred, and identify any non-value added activities.

5.2 Quality Control

Quality Control is known as QC and focuses on identifying defect. QC ensures that the
approaches, techniques, methods and processes are designed in the project are following
correctly. QC activities monitor and verify that the project deliverables meet the defined
quality standards. Quality Control is a reactive process and is detection in nature. It
recognizes the defects. Quality Control has to complete after Quality Assurance.

Following are the Quality control Parameters:

1. Authority and Responsibility:

Persons performing the quality control functions must have well-defined responsibility and
authority.

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2. Organization:

The establishment of organization chart is necessary and the relationship between different
departments such as management, purchasing, construction, quality control etc. must be
determined. This chart will identify each group's function and its related responsibility to the
quality control.

3. Drawing:

The quality control system of construction contractors must establish some procedures to
ensure that the latest drawings are used for construction and examination processes.

4. Material Control:

The quality control system of construction contractors must establish a process to ensure
incoming material, receiving in construction site, control and identification and storage
properly are done and are based on the codes and standards requirement.

5. Examination and Inspection Program:

The plant owner or end-user normally provides an inspection and test plan and identifies in
which construction stages an inspector will attend for witnessing a specific test or inspection.
The construction contractor quality control department must provide a project quality control
plan based on the received inspection and test plan and coordinate with plant owner inspector
in due time for witnessing the tests and inspections. A process must be defined to a develop
project quality control plan before the start of construction work.

6. Correction of Non-Conformities:

The construction contractor quality control system must identify a process for corrective
action for all non-conformities found by the plant owner or end-user inspector or the
contractor's own quality control personnel.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
 As a student of Engineering, I have to undergo the industrial training for 4-6
weeks. As a student from the civil engineering I have been briefed and introduced
about the various building materials and techniques of constructing structures. As,
earlier I had little knowledge about the Framed Structures but during my practical
training in construction of Construction of Girls Hostel in Govt. Higher
Secondary School Peeri, I’ve gained a lot of information about framed structures
and it will surely be helpful in my career.

 The total project cost for construction of Construction of Girls Hostel in Govt.
Higher Secondary School Peeri has been worked out to Rs. 446.4 lacs

 Duration for project completion is 18 months (prior to availability of funds and key
construction materials)

 Completion of this project will automatically enhance the education system of Peeri

As a conclusion, I gained a lot of knowledge from this industrial training. Therefore, all the
engineering students should undergo industrial training. So the students can gain much more
experience in the industrial field

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Text include the details carried out through the Site engineers, Supervisors, labourers.

2. Images shown in the report are self-clicked images at various locations at field.

3. Calculation mentioned above are carried out in the daily dairy.

4. Civil Construction Books.

5. Drawings provided at the site.

6. Wikipedia.

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DRAWINGS

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PHOTOGRAPHS OF
SITE

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Coba flooring with columns projected

Aggregates

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Granite stairs (Kota Stone)

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Granite

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Granite cutting and smoothing

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Scaffolding

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