Vol 2 9781119349891 Internet of Things FD QorvoSE

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Internet of Things
Applications
Qorvo Special Edition
by Lawrence Miller, CISSP
These materials are © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Internet of Things Applications For Dummies®, Qorvo Special Edition
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Introduction
T he Internet of Things (IoT) offers many exciting opportuni-
ties for our future, and much of it begins with the smart
home. Home automation systems and devices have been
around for decades, and many of these systems and devices
can now be connected and controlled over the Internet. But
these systems aren’t truly “smart.” Lifestyle systems — offered
as a service (a smart butler, if you will) are the next phase in
the evolution of the smart home. Beyond the smart home, new
IoT applications are being developed or already exist in practi-
cally every industry and will transform business and industry
and virtually every aspect of our lives. The IoT enables better
decisions to be made faster with timely, higher‐quality data.
About This Book

This book details the evolution of the smart home (Chapter 1),
explains smart home lifestyle systems (Chapter 2), explores
IoT applications beyond the smart home (Chapter 3), and
describes some innovative smart home applications for
consumers (Chapter 4).
Foolish Assumptions
It’s been said that most assumptions have outlived their use-
lessness, but I assume a few things nonetheless!
I assume you have more than a passing interest in the future

of the Internet and technology — particularly smart home
technology. Perhaps you’re a device or product developer, a
marketing or sales manager, or an engineer working for a con-
sumer electronics firm, a telecommunications service provider,
a mobile or cable operator, a home construction contractor,
a medical device manufacturer, or a technology company in
some other industry. Or perhaps you’re an entrepreneur or
student exploring new business opportunities or research and
development. I also assume that you are not necessarily a tech-
nical person, so I’ve written this book primarily for nontechni-
cal readers. Of course, technical readers are also welcome!
2 Internet of Things Applications For Dummies, Qorvo Special Edition
If these assumptions describe you, this book is for you! If none

of these assumptions describes you, keep reading anyway.
It’s a great book, and when you finish reading it you won’t feel
like an I‐D‐10‐T when talking about the IoT!
Icons Used in This Book

Throughout this book, I occasionally use special icons to call
attention to important information. Here’s what to expect:
This icon points out information that you should commit to

your nonvolatile memory, your gray matter, or your noggin —
along with anniversaries and birthdays!
You won’t find a map of the human genome here, but if you
seek to attain the seventh level of NERD‐vana, perk up! This
icon explains the jargon beneath the jargon!
Thank you for reading, hope you enjoy the book, please take
care of your writers! Seriously, this icon points out helpful
suggestions and useful nuggets of information.
This icon points out the stuff your mother warned you about.
Okay, probably not. But you should take heed nonetheless —
you might just save yourself some time and frustration!
Beyond the Book

There’s only so much I can cover in 24 short pages, so if you
find yourself at the end of this book, thinking “Gosh, this
was an amazing book, where can I learn more?,” just go to
www.qorvo.com/iot.
Where to Go from Here

Chapter 1 might be a good place to start! But if you see a par-
ticular topic that piques your interest, feel free to jump ahead
to that chapter. Each chapter is written to stand on its own,
so you can start reading anywhere and skip around to your
heart’s content! Read this book in any order that suits you
(though I don’t recommend upside down or backward).
Chapter 1
Home Smart Home
In This Chapter
▶▶Automating basic functions in the home
▶▶Connecting smart home devices to the Internet and each other
▶▶Introducing Smart Home as a Service (SHaaS)
T oday’s smart home is little more than a connected home

with lots of smart “stuff” — not quite as primitive as the
pigasaurus garbage disposal in the Flintstoneses’ home, but
not as sophisticated as the Dispositron in the Jetsons’ home.
Architecting the truly smart home requires combining smart,
connected products with world‐class, value‐added smart
home services in a self‐learning system that can perform
smart actions autonomously. In this chapter, you learn about
the evolution of the smart home.
Phase One: Home Automation

The first phase of the smart home is characterized by various
devices that automate basic functions in an otherwise con-
ventional home. These home automation devices are usually
purchased by the homeowner and installed by a cable, or tele-
com operator (collectively known as multiple‐system opera-
tors, or MSOs), an Internet service provider (ISP), a home
security or entertainment system integrator, an early innova-
tor, or an inspired do‐it‐yourself (DIY) husband who doesn’t
need to read the instructions! Examples include
✓✓Set‐top box or satellite receivers

✓✓Digital video recorders
✓✓Cable modems, routers, and Wi‐Fi access points
✓✓Security cameras, motion sensors, and alarms

✓✓Home entertainment systems
✓✓Programmable thermostats and remote‐controlled
lighting
Many of these devices have actually been around for decades.

However, these devices aren’t really smart devices for several
reasons:
✓✓It takes a smart village. Today’s home automation

devices typically operate as stand-alone devices that
connect to something in the home, but they don’t play
well with others — they lack interoperability and integra-
tion with other devices in the home. For example, a pro-
grammable thermostat might adjust the temperature at a
preset time when no one is typically home, but it doesn’t
share this information with the lighting system so that
the lights can also be turned off during those times. And
the motion sensors connected to your home security
system can detect when the home is actually empty,
but why share that information with the thermostat and
lights, right? The home security system couldn’t care less
that a burglar has to wear a ski mask because he’s cold
and has to use a flashlight to see in the dark!
✓✓Too many remotes, not enough time! Practically every
device has its own remote with more buttons and
options than most homeowners understand or will ever
use! About the closest we’ve come to a universal remote
is one that controls your TV, satellite receiver, DVD
player, and DVR.
✓✓You can’t hit the snooze button on your coffee pot. You
can program your coffee pot to start brewing at the same
time every morning, your thermostat to adjust to specific
temperature settings throughout the day, and your DVR
to record your favorite shows, but none of that is much
more intelligent than setting an alarm clock at night.
What happens if you sleep in one morning, unexpectedly
have to take a business trip for the next several days, or
your favorite show gets preempted? Now you’ll never
know who shot J.R.!
Chapter 1: Home Smart Home 5
Phase Two: Connecting

Smart Stuff
Of course, home automation has its limits, and not being
connected is certainly one of those limits! After all, how useful
is a noisy smoke alarm that just detects smoke and sounds
an alarm when no one is home? If it can’t contact the fire
department and the neighbors aren’t home, the house still
burns down! The second phase of the smart home is about
connectivity — devices directly communicating with a con-
troller over the Internet, or using a gateway router or set‐top
box for Internet connectivity. Once connected to the Internet,
many of these devices can be remotely controlled from a
desktop or smartphone application.
This phase also includes integrating ZigBee with Wi‐Fi in the

home. Wi‐Fi distributes content to various devices throughout
the home, while ZigBee is used in battery‐operated devices
and sensors that require a very long life. Working together in
a home security system, for example, a ZigBee motion sensor
can turn on a Wi‐Fi camera to transmit and record video of an
intruder in the home.
ZigBee and Wi‐Fi play complementary roles to each other and

both have been widely adopted in the smart home industry.
Product manufacturers, insurance companies, and MSOs

are beginning to develop vertically integrated solutions (or
“packages”), such as security services and energy manage-
ment, for their subscribers. As MSOs begin to offer new
services to their subscribers, they will be able to leverage the
roll‐out of ZigBee‐enabled set‐top boxes, transceivers, and
gateways to drive the next phase of the smart home: Smart
Home as a Service (SHaaS).
Phase Three: Smart Home

as a Service (SHaaS)
A home full of different sensors and cameras hanging in every
room and recording your every move may feel a bit like the
set of a Big Brother reality show. In the near future, different
systems, devices, sensors, and applications will begin sharing

information — which means they can share many of the same
sensors so that you’ll still have some room on your walls for
your rare art collection. For example, the same motion sen-
sors can be used to detect an intrusion and activate a home
security system, turn smart lights on or off when the home is
empty, turn a smart TV off when the viewer falls asleep, and
turn a smart thermostat up or down to a comfortable, person-
alized temperature for every person’s bedroom in the home.
A truly smart device “observes” its environment and learns

to do things based on the homeowner’s behavior and prefer-
ences. For example, instead of starting your coffee pot and
adjusting your thermostat at preset times every day, your
smart coffee pot starts brewing coffee when you actually wake
up and your smart thermostat communicates with your smart
car and adjusts the temperature when you’re close to home.
The third phase of the smart home evolution is SHaaS, in

which smart systems, devices, sensors, and applications com-
municate with each other, exchange information, and work
together autonomously, delivered as an a la carte subscrip-
tion service that enables homeowners to choose the specific
solutions they desire and control all of them through a single
smartphone app.
SHaaS solutions can be more affordable than a bunch of con-

nected devices. A SHaaS ecosystem can eliminate the over-
all number of sensors required, reducing redundancy and
maintenance. A single sensor could be used for a variety of
applications. For instance, a motion sensor could be used in
a security system, for controlling lighting, for managing the
home environment, for controlling entertainment options, for
family and senior lifestyle systems (discussed in Chapter 2),
and maybe even for feeding the family pet.
A SHaaS‐enabled smart device requires four key capabilities:
✓✓It must connect to and communicate with other smart

devices in the home. The security system needs to
exchange data and commands with the home’s environ-
mental controls (for example, heating, humidity, and air
conditioning), leak detection, lighting, entertainment,
lifestyle, and others.
Chapter 1: Home Smart Home 7
✓✓It must communicate with external sources of informa-
tion. For example, when the homeowner’s car is nearby,
it should begin preparing the home for arrival by adjust-
ing the temperature and turning on lights, and when the
car is in the driveway, it should open the garage and
unlock the door. If bad weather is approaching, it should
automatically close the windows and, if appropriate,
verify emergency preparedness. (For example, is the gen-
erator charged? Is the hot water heater tank filled? Is the
sump pump in working order?)
✓✓It needs to be intelligent. More than being programmed
to perform certain functions at certain times, a smart
home solution needs to recognize what is going on in a
home and learn what is normal. When something unex-
pected (not “normal”) happens, it needs to take appropri-
ate action and/or send an alert to the residents, proper
authorities, caregivers, or family members.
✓✓It needs to be managed from a single app installed
on a smartphone or tablet. Currently, most connected
devices and appliances require their own app to manage
and control operations. However, consumers don’t want
to shuffle through a screen full of apps in order to figure
out what’s happening in their homes.
If the thought of managing all these different systems, devices,

sensors, and applications causes you some anxiety, fear not!
Smart Home as a Service (SHaaS) will feature a smart butler
“at your service” — and we’re talking Mr. Belvedere smart!
A smart butler is a collection of services that analyzes input
from the smart home sensors, learns how the family lives
and how the home is used, and can make intelligent deci-
sions to make the home more comfortable, safe, and energy
efficient — with no complaints or snarky remarks. The IoT
enables better decisions to be made faster with timely, higher‐
quality information.
There are four basic components in a SHaaS application:
✓✓A network of sensors in the home: Depending on the

size of the home, as few as four sensors (with no cam-
eras needed) — mounted in bedroom and bathroom
doorways, as well as in kitchens and near the front
doors — is sufficient. Comprised of either position or
motion sensors, these sensors can be used to provide a
general indication of when and where movement usually

occurs in the home. Additional motion and position sen-
sors can provide other data: Position sensors on doors
and windows can indicate whether the home is secure,
temperature sensors can help manage the environmental
conditions in the home, and leak detectors mounted on
appliances can provide early warning of plumbing issues.
In addition, individuals in the home can use key fobs to
automatically register entry or departure and provide
their exact location and movements throughout the
home. Similar fobs can even be used on family pets to
keep track of their movements. Wearables with embed-
ded sensors can be used to provide important informa-
tion for monitoring health and safety issues.
✓✓An intelligent cloud service: The information derived
from these sensors is securely transmitted to an intel-
ligent cloud service that collects and analyzes the data
and is then able to generate alerts to family members,
caregivers, and first responders. After initial installa-
tion of sensors linked to analytics, it can take only a few
weeks, depending on the application, for algorithms in
the cloud to accumulate enough data for the application
to “learn” how the family lives and to be able to send
alerts when an unexpected event happens or something
drastically changes.
✓✓A location independent, central management app
accessed via a smartphone or tablet: This enables all
the various services to be consolidated into a single user
interface, in an easy‐to‐use dashboard where homeown-
ers can remotely monitor the state of their home, as
well as the people and pets inside, from anywhere in the
world (unless you’re vacationing on a remote island with
no Internet access).
✓✓The service provider: The service provider installs the
system and is able to easily handle customer support,
billing, and subscriber management, as well as software
and service upgrades and changes.
Although it may seem insignificant, replacing infrared (IR)

remote controls with ZigBee remote controls is a critical, but
simple first step toward the truly smart home.
Chapter 2
Smart Home Lifestyle
Systems
In This Chapter
▶▶Going family style with family lifestyle systems
▶▶Keeping more than just an eye on your baby
▶▶Looking and feeling your best with a lifestyle/fitness coach
▶▶Helping seniors stay safe and independent at home
A smart home lifestyle system consists of a network of

devices and sensors connected to the Internet and
each other, which can be securely monitored and controlled
from within the home or remotely over the Internet with a
smartphone. On the surface, this concept may sound a lot
like the typical smart home services already being rolled out.
However, smart home lifestyle systems are far more sophisti-
cated as you discover in this chapter.
Family Lifestyle: Keeping IoT

All in the Family
Most people think of a smart home as a house full of web‐
connected sensors that monitor various environmental
conditions such as light, temperature, humidity, intrusion,
smoke, carbon monoxide, and so forth, and send alerts to a
smartphone app and/or service provider, such as a security
monitoring service, when appropriate — and no dingbats or
meatheads!
Other smart home devices might include a variety of devices

and appliances such as lamps, washers and dryers, a refrig-
erator, a furnace, an air conditioner, door locks, or any other
device in the home that is worth controlling remotely via
the web.
All these various device examples have sensors that relay

information to the cloud, where it’s monitored and relayed to
a smartphone or tablet, for example. A human operator then
enters the picture, evaluating the data, and deciding what
(if any) action to take, and whether to send an alert or some
other message to the homeowner’s smartphone or tablet.
There might also be some automated intelligence in the loop.

For example, when the sun sets and it gets cold, the house
might be smart enough to turn on the heating system before
everyone gets home.
However, a house suddenly becomes very smart when you

introduce family lifestyle systems. A family lifestyle system is
a cloud‐based application that connects all the sentrollers (the
sensors, actuators, and controllers — actually, all the smart
devices) in a smart home.
A family lifestyle system regularly collects all the pertinent

data in the home from all the smart devices, and then learns
what the occupants’ normal behavior patterns are in the
home — for example:
✓✓When does everyone in the home get up in the morning?

✓✓What utilities are they using and when?
✓✓When do people leave and come back?
✓✓What is the desired temperature in different rooms?
✓✓Where are different individuals located in the home, what
are they doing, and do they need light?
✓✓When do they eat dinner?
✓✓What physical activities do various individuals normally
perform and when?
✓✓When does the laundry get done?
✓✓What are their entertainment or study preferences in the
evening?
Chapter 2: Smart Home Lifestyle Systems 11
✓✓What time does everyone go to bed?
✓✓Is the cat inside the house?
A family lifestyle system learns typical (or “normal”) patterns

in the home, as well as what is not normal and requires imme-
diate attention or action.
A family lifestyle system is also a social media application.

It can inform family members or friends about each other’s
whereabouts, and send alerts for specific events or situations.
It can create a (private) social environment in which people
feel more comfortable, safer, and more secure, because their
physical life is seamlessly interconnected with their social
media life and communications.
Manufacturers and service providers need to work together to

bring all the different home equipment and services together
under a single umbrella with a common user interface (UI).
A single app (a smart home butler) installed on a smartphone
or tablet will enable family members to understand what is
happening in their home and enable them to manage different
situations or circumstances — or manage them for the family.
Baby Monitoring: Tracking

Junior’s Stock Trades
Okay, so maybe your baby isn’t an active day trader with
his own tablet. But how can you be certain? Today’s baby
monitoring systems typically consist of a video camera and a
two‐way radio. Some systems can now be installed in daycare
facilities to allow doting parents to check in on their babies,
and even talk to their babies, throughout the workday.
But cameras don’t always give us a full picture of what is

going on. Is a sleeping baby breathing normally? Does a crying
baby need a diaper change? Are other babies in the facility ill
and potentially spreading germs?
In the near future, smart baby monitoring systems will include

sensors that give parents the peace of mind that their babies
are comfortable and safe, whether in the home or at a daycare
facility.
Lifestyle/Fitness Coach: The IoT

Is Here to Pump . . . You Up!
Lifestyle/fitness coaches today typically consist of wearable
activity monitors and programmable exercise equipment that
can adjust the intensity and variety of a workout, as well as
simulate different road courses, for example.
Future lifestyle/fitness coaches will be able to integrate data

from multiple aspects of a health conscious individual’s life —
for example:
✓✓Data about your medical history can be incorporated in a

completely personalized nutrition and fitness plan.
✓✓Goals and progress can be tracked and appropriate
changes made to your nutrition and fitness plan, if
needed.
✓✓Your lifestyle/fitness coach can guide you through varied
exercise routines every day, including motivational cues
and advice about proper form and technique.
✓✓Sensors in the home will help ensure appropriate levels
of nutrients, water, and caloric intake, and sufficient rest
and recovery.
✓✓Personalized meal plans can be automatically created
and meals automatically prepared and cooked at the
appropriate times.
✓✓Impending or actual injuries can be detected and treated.
Senior Lifestyle: I’ve Fallen,

But My Internet’s Still Up
Advances in modern medicine and healthier lifestyles are
enabling our aging population to live longer and enjoy a
better overall quality of life. Given the choice — and even
possibly for financial reasons (eldercare facilities can be cost
prohibitive) — most people prefer the comfort, familiarity,
and independence of their own home and will fiercely resist a
concerned family member or caregiver’s efforts to move them
into an assisted living or skilled nursing facility.
Chapter 2: Smart Home Lifestyle Systems 13
However, minor accidents in the home can become life
threatening events for elderly people. A slip in the bathroom
might mean a sprained ankle and some swelling for a 40‐year-
old, but that same fall for an otherwise healthy octogenarian
with osteoporosis could mean a broken hip leading to other
illnesses, such as pneumonia, from which he might never
recover. Thus, many families find themselves facing a tough
dilemma — providing the necessary care for their aging loved
ones while at the same time respecting their wishes. Senior
lifestyle systems provide a viable alternative solution.
Unlike many home monitoring solutions today, a senior life-

style system does not require intrusive cameras to be installed
in the home or a pendant device to be worn constantly.
A senior lifestyle system consists of a limited number of small

sensors (without the need for cameras) that are installed
in the home — a few motion sensors and a few open/close
sensors. These sensors are installed at strategic places in
the home (for example, the living room, bathroom, kitchen,
hallway, and front door). They automatically connect wire-
lessly to an Internet gateway router that is provided by a
telephone or cable service provider. Because these sensor
devices are small, battery operated, and do not have to be
worn, they’re truly “install and forget.”
After installation, these sensors start to collect data about

what happens in the home throughout a normal day. This
data is uploaded to an analytics engine in the cloud and
over time, usually a period of about two weeks, the analytics
engine begins to recognize living patterns of grandma:
✓✓What time does she wake up?

✓✓How often and how long does she use the bathroom?
✓✓How frequently does she visit the kitchen?
✓✓How much and what type of physical activity does she
get during the day?
✓✓What is the normal noise level in the home?
✓✓How often does she leave the home and for how long?
✓✓Does she take naps throughout the day and for how long?
✓✓What medications does she take and when?
Although these behavior characteristics may seem very per-

sonal, in a senior lifestyle system this data is being collected
by tiny, inconspicuous sensors, which are far less intrusive
than monitoring cameras (there are some things that can
never be unseen!), pendant devices, and paid caregivers.
When the behavioral patterns are known, exceptions can be

detected and analyzed. Some examples might include minor
exceptions (like skipping a meal) or major exceptions (like
not getting out of bed in the morning), or even suspicious
inactivity in the home.
The senior lifestyle system’s data analytics algorithm basi-

cally compares the inputs from the sensors (or the lack of
inputs) with the normal behavior of a person, and based on
detection of exceptions and anomalies, can send an alert to a
family member, caregiver, friend, or emergency responders.
The system brings peace of mind to both seniors and caregiv-
ers, knowing that accidents will not go unnoticed.
Senior lifestyle systems can also analyze trend data to detect

slow or gradual decline in a person’s health. For example,
gradually slowing walking speed — how fast someone walks
through the house — might be an early symptom of dete-
riorating health, such as a balance problem. By diagnosing
this problem early, caregivers can avoid potentially serious
or even fatal accidents, such as a fall resulting in a broken
hip. This is known as longitudinal information, which can be
derived from long‐term data collection. It’s a lot like boiling
a frog. (Warning: Do not try this at home, or school, or any-
where!) If you drop a frog into a pot of boiling water, it’ll jump
out immediately. But if you put the frog in a pot of warm water
and gradually heat it up, the frog will enjoy its sauna until the
water starts to boil and the frog croaks! Frogs recognize dras-
tic changes, but like humans — don’t notice gradual changes.
Longitudinal data, such as behavioral characteristics

observed over time, can provide valuable insights over the
long term about a person’s general health or other important
information in smart lifestyle systems.
Chapter 3
The IoT Beyond the
Smart Home
In This Chapter
▶▶Planting a seed in the IoT future for agriculture
▶▶Moving people and things
▶▶Shopping a better customer experience in retail
▶▶Strengthening the supply chain
▶▶Improving health with biosensors and nanotechnology
▶▶Populating the IoT with smart cities
I n this chapter, you explore IoT applications beyond the

smart home in industries such as agriculture, retail, and
smart cities, among others.
Agriculture: Old MacDonald

Had a Farm, E‐I‐E‐IoT . . .
The IoT will transform farming as we know it today. (Just
imagine, no sour grapes over sour grapes!) Precision agri-
culture will use a range of technologies that include sensors,
drones, and big data to optimize crop yields and manage
livestock.
Connected applications and interactive dashboards will

capture sensor input, provide actionable data, and remotely
enable farming activities such as seeding, fertilization, irriga-
tion, and harvesting of crops, as well as the feeding and care
of livestock.
For example, applications for plant and soil monitoring can

maximize crop yield using low‐cost, low‐power sensors
planted in the soil and aerial drones to monitor and maintain
optimal soil moisture and nutrient levels based on actual mea-
surement of soil chemistry for individual crops. Integrated
weather forecast data and real‐time weather information will
further optimize farming conditions. Self‐driving farm equip-
ment will be used to plant and harvest crops, greatly improv-
ing farm safety and energy efficiency.
Livestock will be monitored closely using various sensors that

can track body temperature (for example, to detect illness or
fertility), activity and movement, eating patterns, growth and
weight, milk production, and other health factors. Farmers
will be able to identify and treat sick animals individually,
avoid contaminating the herd, select cows that are ready for
fertilization, and optimize individual diets — perhaps Bessie
is a vegan, Elsie prefers Bermuda (grass), and Mrs. O’Leary’s
cow gets fired up for Chicago style pizza!
Transportation: Sure That Car

Has No Driver, But Can It Text
and Put On Makeup, Too?
Not only will smart cars of the future be self‐driving, but they
will also do the following:
✓✓Leverage real‐time traffic and weather information for

optimum routing.
✓✓Safely travel at closer distances and move in synchroni-
zation with other vehicles to reduce traffic congestion,
while you text your friends, put on makeup, and enjoy
your coffee.
✓✓Enable insurance companies to base premiums on a
driver’s actual driving style and habits.
✓✓Provide complete engine diagnostic information to the
vehicle’s owner and automatically schedule maintenance
and repairs. No more guessing what the red light on your
dashboard means or having a service technician read a
cryptic error code and provide a costly repair estimate.
Chapter 3: The IoT Beyond the Smart Home 17
✓✓Optimize fuel consumption and reduce emissions by
traveling along more efficient routes and tuning engine
performance based on real‐time road conditions.
Public and mass transit systems will also leverage the IoT to
offer more convenient, personalized, and comfortable options
for passengers.
Car‐sharing initiatives offer urban residents a convenient and

affordable alternative to car ownership. The IoT further fuels
this emerging trend, in which people are shifting from owner-
ship of products and services to usership, with smart technol-
ogy that enables safe and efficient sharing of products and
services among multiple consumers.
For logistics, IoT applications include the following:
✓✓Item, trailer, and container location and tracking: This

enables interactive searches for individual items and
containers in large areas, such as a warehouse, rail yard,
port, or harbor.
✓✓Fleet tracking: This will help logistics companies control
the routes used for the transportation of delicate goods
(such as medical drugs), valuables (such as precious
gems and metals), or dangerous materials.
✓✓Quality of shipment conditions: This can be monitored
for vibrations, strokes, container openings, or cold chain
maintenance, for quality control and insurance purposes.
✓✓Fleet management based on geolocation: This will allow
significant cost reductions by controlling routes and
work processes to optimize working times, reduce fuel
costs, and schedule preventive maintenance.
Retail: Extreme Couponing

Gets Extremely Smart
For the retail industry, the IoT provides opportunities to
reduce shrinkage, optimize operations, and enhance cus-
tomer experience. Some examples of IoT innovations to help
retailers reduce shrinkage (without creating a “big brother”
nvironment with cameras and one‐way mirrors everywhere)

e
and optimize their operations might include the following:
✓✓Discrete floor sensors that detect minute weight varia-

tions between a shelf, a shopping cart, and a shopper,
indicating whether an item was placed in a cart or some-
where else.
✓✓Sensors that provide indicators of suspicious behavior
and biometric changes such as rapid pulse and unusual
traffic patterns through a store.
✓✓Tagging sensors to automatically track product move-
ment, monitor inventory, and order replenishments.
✓✓Smart shelves that automatically detect low stock levels,
rotate perishables, and discount and promote aging
inventory.
✓✓Automatic climate control to preserve product fresh-
ness, reduce spoilage, maintain proper heat and humidity
levels, and ensure a comfort shopping environment.
✓✓Heat maps that track movement throughout the store to
help store managers assess the effectiveness of product
displays based on level of interest and engagement.
✓✓Electronic shelf labels and smart product tags that can
be updated automatically with real‐time content that can
be pushed from a centralized smart price tag manage-
ment system that does not require human intervention,
and connected to digital signage throughout a store dis-
playing promotions, last‐minute buys, and favorite prod-
ucts that can even be linked to a shopper’s individual
consumer profile. The same promotional content, includ-
ing personalized offers, can also be delivered to kiosks
and smartphones.
Other IoT innovations to improve customer experience might

include the following:
✓✓Automatically scanning products without removing them

from a cart when a customer is ready to check out
✓✓Customer scanning of clothing and product barcodes to
obtain additional information, such as availability of dif-
ferent sizes and colors, price history, and social media
reviews
Chapter 3: The IoT Beyond the Smart Home 19
✓✓Smart mirrors enabling customers to virtually “try on”
clothing and make recommendations regarding style
and fit based on an individual’s physical attributes, age,
gender, appearance, or other characteristics
✓✓Smart, self‐driving shopping carts that avoid collisions,
manage electronic shopping lists, navigate the store
along the most efficient and least congested routes, and
automatically return to the store from the parking lot
Supply Chain Management:

The IoT Is Too Le‐JIT!
Just‐in‐time (JIT) inventory and manufacturing processes,
which greatly increase productivity and efficiency, have
matured over the past several decades. As the supply chain
of almost every business has become an increasingly com-
plex ecosystem of people, processes, and technologies,
JIT processes have become even more critical to business
operations. Upcoming IoT applications will help to improve
collaboration between manufacturers, suppliers, and retail-
ers for data‐driven demand forecasting and inventory
management — just in time!
Supply chain control applications will also monitor storage

conditions throughout the entire supply chain and provide
product tracking for traceability purposes, including ware-
house management, cold chain monitoring, and dispatch
optimization.
Health and Medicine: Take

Two Biosensors and Call Me
in the Morning
Biosensors are analytical devices that evaluate a wide spec-
trum of biological components, including enzymes, organic
compounds, gases, ions, and bacteria. The field of nanotech-
nology involves engineering functional systems at an atomic,
molecular, or supramolecular scale.
Some typical applications for biosensors and nanotechnology

include pregnancy testing, blood glucose analysis for diabet-
ics, blood monitoring, and body fluid analysis, among others.
Biosensors and nanotechnology enable a fast and accurate

medical diagnosis or outcome and bring sophisticated medi-
cal analysis capabilities to the healthcare industry and individ-
uals. Other applications for biosensors and nanotechnology
beyond the medical industry include drug monitoring, food
analysis, water quality testing, gas measurement, and hazard-
ous materials/explosives detection.
Smart Cities: Here Come

the Jetsons, 1‐2‐3
Okay, maybe it’s “Here come the jesters, 1‐2‐3” and the Jetsons
aren’t part of your rock ’n’ roll fantasy, but smart cities will be
a big part of our IoT reality! Smart cities will use IoT technol-
ogy to improve urban space management and interact with
citizens in order to increase their quality of life. Smart city IoT
projects include the following:
✓✓Smart mobility applications, such as traffic monitoring

and advice on the fastest way to get to your destination,
real‐time public transit information, and smart parking
guidance
✓✓Green city applications, such as selective, intelligent,
and weather adaptive lighting systems that turn on lights
when people or cars are detected or when inclement
weather restricts visibility
✓✓Drinking water management to optimize the water supply
system during dry seasons and waste management solu-
tions that optimize waste collection and reduce infra-
structure, operating, and maintenance costs, as well as
prevent contamination associated with wastewater
✓✓People and crowd monitoring solutions to make cities and
large events safer by analyzing the dynamics of people
streams and enabling security and emergency services to
quickly and appropriately respond to different situations
✓✓Smart grid applications that monitor electricity con-
sumption with smart meters, and manage and control
the production and distribution of electricity to avoid
service disruptions
Chapter 4
Six Smart Things a Smart
Home Can Do for You
In This Chapter
▶▶Keeping your smart home safe and secure
▶▶Adding convenience to the smart home
M ost kids today probably can’t imagine a home without

Wi‐Fi, yet that was the reality just 15 years ago. Fifteen
years from now, will kids wonder what it was like to live in the
primitive homes of today? Here are six ways that the smart
homes of the future will change our lives!
✓✓You rang? Lurch is not the smart home butler of the

future. Consumers aren’t interested in a bunch of con-
nected “stuff”; they want a smart home butler to turn off
the lights and lock the back door when no one is home.
The smart home butler is a collection of services that
includes a wide range of connected sensors, Internet con-
nectivity, actuators, and cloud intelligence that gathers
and analyzes data, learns how the family lives and how
the home is used, and performs intelligent actions.
✓✓Shut the front door! Smart home security requires
more. Today’s home security systems usually consist of
various cameras, motion detectors, and contact sensors,
that sound an alarm, alert a monitoring service, and/or
contact a dispatcher when an intrusion is detected.
Future IoT security applications will automatically
close and lock doors and windows and simulate human
activity — such as turning lights on and off throughout
the home, turning a television on and adjusting the
volume, and running a garbage disposal (today’s security
systems do some of these things on a preset and predict-

able schedule) — when the smart home is empty.
✓✓Where there’s smoke, there’s fire . . . and possibly
carbon monoxide and water leakage, too. Today’s home
monitoring systems are typically stand-alone systems
that use a variety of sensors to detect smoke, fire, gas,
carbon monoxide, and possibly even water leakage, and
perform alerting functions. Smart home IoT devices can
leverage the same sensors, controllers, and actuators
(“sentrollers”) throughout the home and perform intel-
ligent actions in addition to alerting, such as shutting off
ventilation in a fire, venting carbon monoxide out of a
home, and shutting off electricity around a water leak.
✓✓The Clapper is sooo 1980s. A smart lighting system can
detect movement throughout the home, and turn on or
adjust smart LED lights as occupants move through the
home. You’ll also be able to chide the kids today about
how easy they have it: “In my day we used to have to get
up and flip a switch or clap our hands, and your grand-
parents had to harvest whale oil and light lamps with a
wet flint — in the snow!”
✓✓Your appliances can call the repairman for you. Smart
appliances or “white goods” — heaters, air conditioners,
washers and dryers, dishwashers, and refrigerators —
will enable you to remotely run the dishwasher, periodi-
cally cycle the dryer while you’re away so your clothes
don’t wrinkle, or automatically scan your refrigerator’s
contents to ensure you have all the ingredients for a
recipe and that they’re fresh. Maintenance controls will
alert you when a filter needs to be changed, contact the
manufacturer when there’s a problem so that it can fixed
remotely, or automatically schedule a service call at a
time that’s convenient for you — based on data from your
family lifestyle system, social media, and other online
information.
✓✓It’s not easy being green, unless you live in a smart
home. Various IoT applications throughout the smart
home not only save consumers money and make their
lives more convenient, safer, and more enjoyable, but
also conserve energy and help the planet.
The Internet started a technological revolution. Well, you know

the IoT will change the world — from the smart home to smart
cities and more by enabling better decisions to be made more
quickly with timely, higher‐quality information!

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Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.

Qorvo Special Edition

by Lawrence Miller, CISSP

LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE

ISBN 978‐1‐119‐34992‐1 (pbk); ISBN 978‐1‐119‐34989‐1 (ebk)

Development Editor: Elizabeth Kuball Production Editor: Kumar Chellappan

About This Book

I assume you have more than a passing interest in the future

If these assumptions describe you, this book is for you! If none

Icons Used in This Book

This icon points out information that you should commit to

Beyond the Book

Where to Go from Here

T oday’s smart home is little more than a connected home

Phase One: Home Automation

✓✓Set‐top box or satellite receivers

✓✓Security cameras, motion sensors, and alarms

Many of these devices have actually been around for decades.

✓✓It takes a smart village. Today’s home automation

Phase Two: Connecting

This phase also includes integrating ZigBee with Wi‐Fi in the

ZigBee and Wi‐Fi play complementary roles to each other and

Product manufacturers, insurance companies, and MSOs

Phase Three: Smart Home

systems, devices, sensors, and applications will begin sharing

A truly smart device “observes” its environment and learns

The third phase of the smart home evolution is SHaaS, in

SHaaS solutions can be more affordable than a bunch of con-

A SHaaS‐enabled smart device requires four key capabilities:

✓✓It must connect to and communicate with other smart

If the thought of managing all these different systems, devices,

There are four basic components in a SHaaS application:

✓✓A network of sensors in the home: Depending on the

general indication of when and where movement usually

Although it may seem insignificant, replacing infrared (IR)

A smart home lifestyle system consists of a network of

Family Lifestyle: Keeping IoT

Other smart home devices might include a variety of devices

All these various device examples have sensors that relay

There might also be some automated intelligence in the loop.

However, a house suddenly becomes very smart when you

A family lifestyle system regularly collects all the pertinent

✓✓When does everyone in the home get up in the morning?

A family lifestyle system learns typical (or “normal”) patterns

A family lifestyle system is also a social media application.

Manufacturers and service providers need to work together to

Baby Monitoring: Tracking

But cameras don’t always give us a full picture of what is

In the near future, smart baby monitoring systems will include

Lifestyle/Fitness Coach: The IoT

Future lifestyle/fitness coaches will be able to integrate data

✓✓Data about your medical history can be incorporated in a

Senior Lifestyle: I’ve Fallen,

Unlike many home monitoring solutions today, a senior life-

A senior lifestyle system consists of a limited number of small

After installation, these sensors start to collect data about

✓✓What time does she wake up?

Although these behavior characteristics may seem very per-

When the behavioral patterns are known, exceptions can be

The senior lifestyle system’s data analytics algorithm basi-

Senior lifestyle systems can also analyze trend data to detect

Longitudinal data, such as behavioral characteristics

I n this chapter, you explore IoT applications beyond the

nvironment with cameras and one‐way mirrors everywhere)