FABRICATION AUTO FEED DRILL MACHINE SOLAR OPERATED

ABSTRACT

The real power required for machine equipment depends on the resistance to the movement of it.
Some of these resistances are the wind resistance, the rolling resistance and the gradient
resistance.

Even now, in 98% of the contemporary machines that run, this power for movement is provided
by the burning of fossil fuels in the IC engines or the external combustion engines. This, as
evident, has led to widespread air, water and noise pollution and most importantly has led to a
realistic energy crisis in the near future.

The main aim for our project has been to develop a auto feed operated drill machine, which is
solar and wind powered. In this machine we use a solar panel and horizontal wind turbine to
capture and convert solar and wind energy into electrical energy which in turn is used to charge
four 12V batteries, which then gives the necessary power to a shunt wound DC motor.
Consequently, in this project an attempt is made to make the electric and mechanical systems
share their powers in an efficient way.

Thus taking into consideration the ever increasing pollution levels and the stringent pollution
norms (EURO-II and onwards) set up by the POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS, and since the
fossil fuels are depleting, probably may last within the decades to come or earlier, and to reduce
the running cost of the drill machine, we are in an attempt to incorporate the above mentioned
features in our drill machine.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS USED:

 3 DC Motor

 Drill bit

 Arduino

 Relay switch

 Lead Screw

 Guide rods

 12 v, 7.5 Ah DC Battery
COMPONENTS USED

1. MILD STEEL FRAME

2. GUIDE RODS

3. LEAD SCREW

4. 12V 7.5 BATTERY

5. ARDUINO

6. RELAY SWITCH

7. DC GEARED MOTOR

8. SOLAR PANEL 12V 5W

2D DIAGRAM

Dc motor

Dc motor for drill Guide way

Lead screw

Dc motor

Battery

Microcontroller

Solar panel
MECHANISM

Drilling Machine is very simple machine. Job or work piece is fixed on work table. Tool rotating
at high speed, is fed into work piece for operation.

We use the power or electricity generated by solar panel to operate the machine. The solar
energy is directly connected to the battery for power generation. The prototype fabrication
consist of drill machine which is connected to DC motor , drill machine can be moved up and
down using remote . This system provides the safety and accurately, as operated. The auto feed
drill machine operates drilling according to the programme provided by the programmer in this
project the drill machine comes down by the help of an guide rod using screw rod mechanism
and positions according to the target a position has required.

USES

A drilling machine, called a drill press, is used to cut holes into or through metal, wood, or other
materials .Drilling machines use a drilling tool that has cutting edges at its point. This cutting
tool is held in the drill press by a chuck or Morse taper and is rotated and fed into the work at
variable speeds. Drilling machines may be used to perform other operations. They can perform
countersinking, boring, counter boring, spot facing, reaming, and tapping .Drill press operators
must know how to set up the work, set speed and feed, and provide for coolant to get an
acceptable finished product. The size or capacity of the drilling machine is usually determined by
the largest piece of stock that can be center-drilled .
Other ways to determine the size of the drill press are by the largest hole that can be drilled, the
distance between the spindle and column, and the vertical distance between the worktable and
spindle.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

 Do not support the workplaces by hand.

 Never make any adjustments while the machine is operating. Drilling machines are one
of the most dangerous hand operated pieces of equipment in the shop area. Following
 Never clean away chips with your hand. Use a brush. safety procedures during drilling
operations will help eliminate accidents, loss of time, and materials.
 Keep all loose clothing away from turning tools.
 Make sure that the cutting tools are running straight before starting the operation.
 Never place tools or equipment on the drilling tables.
 Keep all guards in place while operating
 Ease up on the feed as the drill breaks through the work
 to avoid damaged tools or workplaces.
 Remove all chuck keys and wrenches before operating
 Always wear eye protection while operating any drilling machine

ADVANTAGES

 Uses renewable energy sources.

 To achieve mass production
 To reduce man power
 To increase the efficiency of the plant
 To reduce the work load
 To reduce the production cost
 To reduce the production time
 To reduce the material handling
 To reduce the fatigue of workers
 To achieve good product quality
 Less Maintenance

PURPOSE
This chapter contains basic information pertaining to drilling machines. A drilling machine
comes in many shapes and sizes, from small hand-held power drills to bench mounted and finally
floor-mounted models. They can perform operations other than drilling, such as countersinking,
counterboring, reaming, and tapping large or small holes.
Because the drilling machines can perform all of these operations, this chapter will also cover the
types of drill bits, took, and shop formulas for setting up each operation.
Safety plays a critical part in any operation involving power equipment. This chapter will cover
procedures for servicing, maintaining, and setting up the work, proper methods of selecting tools,
and work holding devices to get the job done safely without causing damage to the equipment,
yourself, or someone nearby

USES

A drilling machine, called a drill press, is used to cut holes into or through metal, wood, or other
materials .Drilling machines use a drilling tool that has cutting edges at its point. This cutting
tool is held in the drill press by a chuck or Morse taper and is rotated and fed into the work at
variable speeds. Drilling machines may be used to perform other operations. They can perform
countersinking, boring, counterboring, spot facing, reaming, and tapping .Drill press operators
must know how to set up the work, set speed and feed, and provide for coolant to get an
acceptable finished product. The size or capacity of the drilling machine is usually determined by
the largest piece of stock that can be center-drilled . For instance, a 15-inch drilling machine can
center-drill a 30-inch-diameter piece of stock.
Other ways to determine the size of the drill press are by the largest hole that can be drilled, the
distance between the spindle and column, and the vertical distance between the worktable and
spindle.

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINES

Hand-feed
The hand-feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in
use today. These are light duty machines that are hand-fed by the operator, using a feed handle.
so that the operator is able to “feel” the action of the cutting tool as it cuts through the workpiece.
These drilling machines can be bench or floor- mounted. They are driven by an electric motor
that turns a drive belt on a motor pulley that connects to the spindle pulley. Hand-feed machines
are essentially high-speed
machines and are used on small workplaces that require holes 1/2 inch or smaller. Normally, the
head can be movedup and down on the column by loosening the locking bolts which allows the
drilling machine to drill different heights of work

Power-Feed

The power-feed drilling machines are usually larger and heavier than the hand-feed. They are
equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool into the work automatically,
at a preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle, usually in thousandths of an inch per
revolution. These machines are used in maintenance shops for medium- duty work, or work that
uses large drills that require power feeds. The power-feed capability is needed for drills or
cutting took that are over 1/2 inch in diameter, because they require more force to cut than that
which can be provided by using hand pressure. The speeds available on power-feed machines
can vary from about 50 RPM to about 1,800 RPM. The slower
speeds allow for special operations, such as counterboring, countersinking, and reaming.
The sizes of these machines generally range from 17-inch to a 22-inch center-drilling capacity,
and are usually floor mounted. They can handle drills up to 2 inches in diameter, which mount
into tapered Morse sockets. Larger workplaces are usually clamped directly to the table or base
using T-bolts and clamps, while small workplaces are held in a vise. A depth-stop mechanism is
located on the head, near the spindle,
to aid in drilling to a precise depth.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
DRILLING MACHINE SAFETY

 Do not support the workplaces by hand.

 Never make any adjustments while the machine is operating. Drilling machines are one
of the most dangerous hand operated pieces of equipment in the shop area. Following
 Never clean away chips with your hand. Use a brush. safety procedures during drilling
operations will help eliminate accidents, loss of time, and materials.
 Keep all loose clothing away from turning tools.
 Make sure that the cutting tools are running straight before starting the operation.
 Never place tools or equipment on the drilling tables.
 Keep all guards in place while operating
 Ease up on the feed as the drill breaks through the work
 to avoid damaged tools or workplaces.
 Remove all chuck keys and wrenches before operating
 Always wear eye protection while operating any drilling machine

ADVANTAGES

 To achieve mass production

 To reduce man power
 To increase the efficiency of the plant
 To reduce the work load
 To reduce the production cost
 To reduce the production time
 To reduce the material handling
 To reduce the fatigue of workers
 To achieve good product quality
 Less Maintenance
MECHANISM

Drilling Machine is very simple machine. Job or work piece is fixed on work table. Tool rotating
at high speed, is fed into work piece for operation.

It consist of drill machine which is connected to DC motor , drill machine can be moved up and
down automatically . This system provides the safety and accurately, sensing the wood plates the
automatic drilling machine comes to the target position through the automatic lift system. The
drilling machine drills the particular position and moving up direction then , The wood plate will
rotate for next position. The drilling machine drills the next position also like this the machine
will drills the no of wood plates and different positions also.

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

DRILL

A drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment, usually a drill bit
or driver bit, used for drilling holes in various materials or fastening various materials together
with the use of fasteners. The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated
while pressed against the target material. The tip, and sometimes edges, of the cutting tool does
the work of cutting into the target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings (twist drills or
auger bits), grinding off small particles (oil drilling), crushing and removing pieces of the
workpiece (SDS masonry drill), countersinking, counterboring, or other operations.

Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction and do-it-yourself

projects. Specially designed drills are also used in medicine, space missions and other
applications. Drills are available with a wide variety of performance characteristics, such as
power and capacity.
HISTORY

The earliest drills existed some thirty-five thousand years ago. The drills consisted of little more
than a pointed rock which would be spun between the hands. The next major development was
the bow drill, which dates back to the ancient Harappans and Egyptians. The drill press as a
machine tool evolved from the bow drill and is many centuries old. It was powered by various
power sources over the centuries, such as human effort, water wheels, and windmills, often with
the use of belts. Churn drills date back to as early as Qin Dynasty China. Churn drills in ancient
China were built of wood and were labor intensive, but were able to go through solid rock.With
the coming of the electric motor in the late 19th century, there was a great rush to power machine
tools with such motors, and drills were among them. The invention of the first electric drill is
credited to Arthur James Arnot and William Blanch Brain, in 1889, at Melbourne, Australia.
Wilhelm Fein invented the portable electric drill in 1895, at Stuttgart, Germany. In 1917, Black
& Decker patented a trigger-like switch mounted on a pistol-grip handle.

Types

Pistol-grip (corded) drill

Anatomy of a pistol-grip corded drill.

Drills with pistol grips are the most common type in use today, and are available in a huge
variety of subtypes. A less common type is the right-angle drill, a special tool used by tradesmen
such as plumbers and electricians. The motor used in corded drills is often a universal motor due
to its high power.

For much of the 20th century, many attachments could commonly be purchased to convert
corded electric hand drills into a range of other power tools, such as orbital sanders and power
saws, more cheaply than purchasing conventional, self-contained versions of those tools (the
greatest saving being the lack of an additional electric motor for each device). As the prices of
power tools and suitable electric motors have fallen, however, such attachments have become
much less common. A similar practice is currently employed for cordless tools where the battery,
the most expensive component, is shared between various motorised devices, as opposed to a
single electric motor being shared between mechanical attachments.

Drills can also be used at an angle to join two boards.

Hammer drill

The hammer drill is similar to a standard electric drill, with the exception that it is provided
with a hammer action for drilling masonry. The hammer action may be engaged or disengaged as
required. Most electric hammer drills are rated (input power) at between 600 and 1100 watts.
The efficiency is usually 50-60% i.e. 1000 watts of input is converted into 500-600 watts of
output (rotation of the drill and hammering action).

The hammer action is provided by two cam plates that make the chuck rapidly pulse forward and
backward as the drill spins on its axis. This pulsing (hammering) action is measured in Blows
Per Minute (BPM) with 10,000 or more BPMs being common. Because the combined mass of
the chuck and bit is comparable to that of the body of the drill, the energy transfer is inefficient
and can sometimes make it difficult for larger bits to penetrate harder materials such as poured
concrete. The operator experiences considerable vibration, and the cams are generally made from
hardened steel to avoid them wearing out quickly. In practice, drills are restricted to standard
masonry bits up to 13 mm (1/2 inch) in diameter. A typical application for a hammer drill is
installing electrical boxes, conduit straps or shelves in concrete.

In contrast to the cam-type hammer drill, a rotary/pneumatic hammer drill accelerates only the
bit. This is accomplished through a piston design, rather than a spinning cam. Rotary hammers
have much less vibration and penetrate most building materials. They can also be used as "drill
only" or as "hammer only" which extends their usefulness for tasks such as chipping brick or
concrete. Hole drilling progress is greatly superior to cam-type hammer drills, and these drills are
generally used for holes of 19 mm (3/4 inch) or greater in size. A typical application for a rotary
hammer drill is boring large holes for lag bolts in foundations, or installing large lead anchors in
concrete for handrails or benches.

A standard hammer drill accepts 6 mm (1/4 inch) and 13 mm (1/2 inch) drill bits, while a rotary
hammer uses SDS or Spline Shank bits. These heavy bits are adept at pulverising the masonry
and drill into this hard material with relative ease.

However, there is a big difference in cost. In the UK a cam hammer typically costs £12 or more,
while a rotary/pneumatic costs £35 or more. In the US a typical hammer drill costs between $70
and $120, and a rotary hammer between $150 and $500 (depending on bit size). For DIY use or
to drill holes less than 13 mm (1/2 inch) in size, the hammer drill is most commonly used.

Rotary hammer drill

A rotary hammer drill used in construction

The rotary hammer drill (also known as a rotary hammer, roto hammer drill or masonry drill)
combines a primary dedicated hammer mechanism with a separate rotation mechanism, and is
used for more substantial material such as masonry or concrete. Generally, standard chucks and
drills are inadequate and chucks such as SDS and carbide drills that have been designed to
withstand the percussive forces are used. Some styles of this tool are intended for masonry
drilling only and the hammer action cannot be disengaged. Other styles allow the drill to be used
without the hammer action for normal drilling, or hammering to be used without rotation for
chiselling.

Cordless drills

Cordless drill

A cordless drill is an electric drill which uses rechargeable batteries. These drills are available
with similar features to an AC mains-powered drill. They are available in the hammer drill
configuration and most have a clutch, which aids in driving screws into various substrates while
not damaging them. Also available are right angle drills, which allow a worker to drive screws in
a tight space. While 21st century battery innovations allow significantly more drilling, large
diameter holes (typically 12–25 mm (0.5–1.0 in) or larger) may drain current cordless drills
quickly.

For continuous use, a worker will have one or more spare battery packs charging while drilling,
and quickly swap them instead of having to wait an hour or more for recharging, although there
are now Rapid Charge Batteries that can charge in 10–15 minutes.
Early cordless drills used interchangeable 7.2 V battery packs. Over the years battery voltages
have increased, with 18 V drills being most common, but higher voltages are available, such as
24 V, 28 V, and 36 V. This allows these tools to produce as much torque as some corded drills.

Common battery types of are nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries and lithium-ion batteries, with
each holding about half the market share NiCd batteries have been around longer, so they are
less expensive (their main advantage), but have more disadvantages compared to lithium-ion
batteries. NiCd disadvantages are limited life, self-discharging, environment problems upon
disposal, and eventually internally short circuiting due to dendrite growth. Lithium-ion batteries
are becoming more common because of their short charging time, longer life, absence of
memory effect, and low weight. Instead of charging a tool for an hour to get 20 minutes of use,
20 minutes of charge can run the tool for an hour. Lithium-ion batteries also have a constant
discharge rate. The power output remains constant until the battery is depleted, something that
nickel-cadmium batteries also lack, and which makes the tool much more versatile. Lithium-ion
batteries also hold a charge for a significantly longer time than nickel-cadmium batteries, about
two years if not used, vs. 1 to 4 months for a nickel-cadmium battery.

Drill press

A drill press
Woman operating drill press (boring machine), boring wooden reels for winding barbed wire,
1917.

A drill press (also known as pedestal drill, pillar drill, or bench drill) is a fixed style of drill that
may be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor or workbench. Portable models with a magnetic
base grip the steel workpieces they drill. A drill press consists of a base, column (or pillar), table,
spindle (or quill), and drill head, usually driven by an induction motor. The head has a set of
handles (usually 3) radiating from a central hub that, when turned, move the spindle and chuck
vertically, parallel to the axis of the column. The table can be adjusted vertically and is generally
moved by a rack and pinion; however, some older models rely on the operator to lift and reclamp
the table in position. The table may also be offset from the spindle's axis and in some cases
rotated to a position perpendicular to the column. The size of a drill press is typically measured
in terms of swing. Swing is defined as twice the throat distance, which is the distance from the
center of the spindle to the closest edge of the pillar. For example, a 16-inch (410 mm) drill press
has an 8-inch (200 mm) throat distance.

A drill press has a number of advantages over a hand-held drill:

 Less effort is required to apply the drill to the workpiece. The movement of the chuck
and spindle is by a lever working on a rack and pinion, which gives the operator
considerable mechanical advantage
 The table allows a vise or clamp to be used to position and restrain the work, making the
operation much more secure
  The angle of the spindle is fixed relative to the table, allowing holes to be drilled
accurately and consistently
 Drill presses are almost always equipped with more powerful motors compared to hand-
held drills. This enables larger drill bits to be used and also speeds up drilling with
smaller bits.

For most drill presses—especially those meant for woodworking or home use—speed change is
achieved by manually moving a belt across a stepped pulley arrangement. Some drill presses add
a third stepped pulley to increase the number of available speeds. Modern drill presses can,
however, use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system. Medium-
duty drill presses such as those used in machine shop (tool room) applications are equipped with
a continuously variable transmission. This mechanism is based on variable-diameter pulleys
driving a wide, heavy-duty belt. This gives a wide speed range as well as the ability to change
speed while the machine is running. Heavy-duty drill presses used for metalworking are usually
of the gear-head type described below.

Drill presses are often used for miscellaneous workshop tasks other than drilling holes. This
includes sanding, honing, and polishing. These tasks can be performed by mounting sanding
drums, honing wheels and various other rotating accessories in the chuck. This can be unsafe in
some cases, as the chuck arbor, which may be retained in the spindle solely by the friction of a
taper fit, may dislodge during operation if the side loads are too high.

Geared head drill press

Geared head drill press. Shift levers on the head and a two speed motor control immediately in
front of the quill handle select one of eight possible speeds

A geared head drill press is a drill press in which power transmission from the motor to the
spindle is achieved solely through spur gearing inside the machine's head. No friction elements
(e.g., belts) of any kind are used, which assures a positive drive at all times and minimizes
maintenance requirements. Gear head drills are intended for metalworking applications where
the drilling forces are higher and the desired speed (RPM) is lower than that used for
woodworking.

Levers attached to one side of the head are used to select different gear ratios to change the
spindle speed, usually in conjunction with a two- or three-speed motor. Most machines of this
type are designed to be operated on three phase power and are generally of more rugged
construction than equivalently sized belt-driven units. Virtually all examples have geared racks
for adjusting the table and head position on the column.

Geared head drill presses are commonly found in tool rooms and other commercial environments
where a heavy duty machine capable of production drilling and quick setup changes is required.
In most cases, the spindle is machined to accept Morse taper tooling for greater flexibility.
Larger geared head drill presses are frequently fitted with power feed on the quill mechanism,
with an arrangement to disengage the feed when a certain drill depth has been achieved or in the
event of excessive travel. Some gear-head drill presses have the ability to perform tapping
operations without the need for an external tapping attachment. This feature is commonplace on
larger gear head drill presses. A clutch mechanism drives the tap into the part under power and
then backs it out of the threaded hole once the proper depth is reached. Coolant systems are also
common on these machines to prolong tool life under production conditions.
Radial arm drill press.

Radial arm drill press

Radial arm drill press controls

A radial arm drill press is a large geared head drill press in which the head can be moved along
an arm that radiates from the machine's column. As it is possible to swing the arm relative to the
machine's base, a radial arm drill press is able to operate over a large area without having to
reposition the workpiece. This saves considerable time because it is much faster to reposition the
drill head than it is to unclamp, move, and then re-clamp the workpiece to the table. The size of
work that can be handled may be considerable, as the arm can swing out of the way of the table,
allowing an overhead crane or derrick to place a bulky workpiece on the table or base. A vise
may be used with a radial arm drill press, but more often the workpiece is secured directly to the
table or base, or is held in a fixture. Power spindle feed is nearly universal with these machines
and coolant systems are common. Larger size machines often have power feed motors for
elevating or moving the arm. The biggest radial arm drill presses are able to drill holes as large
as four inches (101.6 millimeters) diameter in solid steel or cast iron. Radial arm drills are
specified by the diameter of the column and the length of the arm. The length of the arm is
usually the same as the maximum throat distance. The Radial Arm Drill pictured in this article is
a 9-inch column x 3-foot arm. The maximum throat distance of this drill would be approximately
36", giving a swing of 72" (6 feet).

Mill drill

Mill drills are a lighter alternative to a milling machine. They combine a drill press (belt driven)
with the X/Y coordinate abilities of the milling machine's table and a locking collet that ensures
that the cutting tool will not fall from the spindle when lateral forces are experienced against the
bit. Although they are light in construction, they have the advantages of being space-saving and
versatile as well as inexpensive, being suitable for light machining that may otherwise not be
affordable.

DRILL BIT

Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes, almost always of circular cross-
section. Bits are held in a tool called a drill, which rotates them and provides torque and axial
force to create the hole. Specialized bits are also available for non-cylindrical-shaped holes.

The shank is the part of the drill bit grasped by the chuck of a drill. The cutting edges of the drill
bit are at one end, and the shank is at the other.

Drill bits come in standard sizes, described in the drill bit sizes article. A comprehensive drill bit
and tap size chart lists metric and imperial sized drill bits alongside the required screw tap sizes.

The term drill may refer to either a drilling machine or a drill bit for use in a drilling machine. In
this article, for clarity, drill bit or bit is used throughout to refer to a bit for use in a drilling
machine, and drill refers always to a drilling machine.
Exceptionally, specially-shaped bits can cut holes of non-circular cross-section; a square cross-
section is possible

Characteristics

Drill bit geometry has several aspects:

 The spiral (or rate of twist) in the drill bit controls the rate of chip removal. A fast spiral
drill bit is used in high feed rate applications under low spindle speeds, where removal of
a large volume of swarf is required. Low spiral drill bits are used in cutting applications
where high cutting speeds are traditionally used, and where the material has a tendency to
gall on the bit or otherwise clog the hole, such as aluminum or copper.
 The point angle, or the angle formed at the tip of the bit, is determined by the material
the bit will be operating in. Harder materials require a larger point angle, and softer
materials require a sharper angle. The correct point angle for the hardness of the material
controls wandering, chatter, hole shape, wear rate, and other characteristics.
 The lip angle determines the amount of support provided to the cutting edge. A greater
lip angle will cause the bit to cut more aggressively under the same amount of point
pressure as a bit with a smaller lip angle. Both conditions can cause binding, wear, and
eventual catastrophic failure of the tool. The proper amount of lip clearance is determined
by the point angle. A very acute point angle has more web surface area presented to the
work at any one time, requiring an aggressive lip angle, where a flat bit is extremely
sensitive to small changes in lip angle due to the small surface area supporting the cutting
edges.
 The length of a bit determines how long a hole can be drilled, and also determines the
stiffness of the bit and accuracy of the resultant hole. Twist drill bits are available in
standard lengths, referred to as Stub-length or Screw-Machine-length (short), the
extremely common Jobber-length (medium), and Taper-length or Long-Series (long).

Most drill bits for consumer use have straight shanks. For heavy duty drilling in industry, bits
with tapered shanks are sometimes used.
The diameter-to-length ratio of the drill bit is usually between 1:1 and 1:10. Much higher ratios
are possible (e.g., "aircraft-length" twist bits, pressured-oil gun drill bits, etc.), but the higher the
ratio, the greater the technical challenge of producing good work.

Materials

Titanium nitride coated twist bit

Many different materials are used for or on drill bits, depending on the required application.
Many hard materials, such as carbides, are much more brittle than steel, and are far more subject
to breaking, particularly if the drill is not held at a very constant angle to the workpiece, e.g.
when hand-held.

Steels
  Soft low carbon steel bits are inexpensive, but do not hold an edge well and require
frequent sharpening. They are used only for drilling wood; even working with hardwoods
rather than softwoods can noticeably shorten their lifespan.
 Bits made from high carbon steel are more durable than low-carbon steel bits due to the
properties conferred by hardening and tempering the material. If they are overheated
(e.g., by frictional heating while driling) they lose their temper, resulting in a soft cutting
edge. These bits can be used on wood or metal.
 High speed steel (HSS) is a form of tool steel; HSS bits are hard, and much more
resistant to heat than high carbon steel. They can be used to drill metal, hardwood, and
most other materials at greater cutting speeds than carbon steel bits, and have largely
replaced carbon steels.
 Cobalt steel alloys are variations on high speed steel which contain more cobalt. They
hold their hardness at much higher temperatures, and are used to drill stainless steel and
other hard materials. The main disadvantage of cobalt steels is that they are more brittle
than standard HSS.
 Hi-moly tool steel is heat-treated at 1196 °C (2185 °F) and then nitro-carburize finished
at 510 °C (950 °F) to be measurably harder than high-speed steel. Nitro-carburized steel
withstands substantially higher drilling temperatures while maintaining sharpness.

Others

 Tungsten carbide and other carbides are extremely hard, and can drill virtually all
materials while holding an edge longer than other bits. The material is expensive and
much more brittle than steels; consequently they are mainly used for drill bit tips, small
pieces of hard material fixed or brazed onto the tip of a bit made of less hard metal.
However, it is becoming common in job shops to use solid carbide bits. In very small
sizes it is difficult to fit carbide tips; in some industries, most notably PCB
manufacturing, requiring many holes with diameters less than 1 mm, carbide bits are
used.
 Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is among the hardest of all tool materials and is
therefore extremely resistant to wear. It consists of a layer of diamond particles, typically
about 0.5 mm (0.019") thick, bonded as a sintered mass to a tungsten carbide support.
Bits are fabricated using this material by either brazing small segments to the tip of the
 tool to form the cutting edges, or by sintering PCD into a vein in the tungsten carbide
"nib". The nib can later be brazed to a carbide shaft; it can then be ground to complex
geometries that would otherwise cause braze failure in the smaller "segments". PCD bits
are typically used in the automotive, aerospace, and other industries to drill abrasive
aluminum alloys, carbon fiber reinforced plastics, and other abrasive materials, and in
applications where machine downtime to replace or sharpen worn bits is exceptionally
costly.

Coatings

 Black oxide is an inexpensive black coating. A black oxide coating provides heat
resistance and lubricity, as well as corrosion resistance. Coating increases the life of high-
speed steel bits.
 Titanium nitride (TiN) is a very hard ceramic material that can be used to coat a high-
speed steel bit (usually a twist bit), extending the cutting life by three or more times.
However, when the bit is sharpened the new edge will not have the benefits of the
coating.
 Titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) is a similar coating that can extend tool life five or
more times.
 Titanium carbon nitride (TiCN) is another coating also superior to TiN.
 Diamond powder is used as an abrasive, most often for cutting tile, stone, and other very
hard materials. Large amounts of heat are generated by friction, and diamond coated bits
often have to be water cooled to prevent damage to the bit or the workpiece.
 Zirconium nitride has been used as a drill bit coating for some tools under the
Craftsman brand name.

General-purpose drill bits can be used in wood, metal, plastic, and most other materials.

Twist drill bits

The twist drill bit is the type produced in largest quantity today. It comprises a cutting point at
the tip of a cylindrical shaft with helical flutes; the flutes act as an Archimedean screw and lift
swarf out of the hole.
The twist drill bit was invented by Steven A. Morse of East Bridgewater, Massachusetts in 1861.
The original method of manufacture was to cut two grooves in opposite sides of a round bar, then
to twist the bar (giving the tool its name) to produce the helical flutes. Nowadays, the drill bit is
usually made by rotating the bar while moving it past a grinding wheel to cut the flutes in the
same manner as cutting helical gears.

Twist drill bits range in diameter from 0.002 to 3.5 in (0.051 to 89 mm) and can be as long as
25.5 in (650 mm).

The geometry and sharpening of the cutting edges is crucial to the performance of the bit. Small
bits that become blunt are often discarded because sharpening them correctly is difficult and they
are inexpensive. For larger bits, special grinding jigs are available. A special tool grinder is
available for sharpening or reshaping cutting surfaces on twist drill bits in order to optimize the
bit for a particular material.

Manufacturers can produce special versions of the twist drill bit, varying the geometry and the
materials used, to suit particular machinery and particular materials to be cut. Twist drill bits are
available in the widest choice of tooling materials. However, even for industrial users, most
holes are drilled with standard high speed steel bits.

The most common twist drill bit (sold in general hardware stores) has a point angle of 118
degrees, acceptable for use in wood, metal, plastic, and most other materials, although it does not
perform as well as using the optimum angle for each material. In most materials it does not tend
to wander or dig in.

A more aggressive angle, such as 90 degrees, is suited for very soft plastics and other materials;
it would wear rapidly in hard materials. Such a bit is generally self-starting and can cut very
quickly. A shallower angle, such as 150 degrees, is suited for drilling steels and other tougher
materials. This style of bit requires a starter hole, but does not bind or suffer premature wear so
long as a suitable feed rate is used.

Drill bits with no point angle are used in situations where a blind, flat-bottomed hole is required.
These bits are very sensitive to changes in lip angle, and even a slight change can result in an
inappropriately fast cutting drill bit that will suffer premature wear.
Long series drill bits are unusually long twist drill bits. However, they are not the best tool for
routinely drilling deep holes, as they require frequent withdrawal to clear the flutes of swarf and
to prevent breakage of the bit. Instead, gun drill bits are preferred for deep hole drilling.

Twist drill bit cutting edges

Twist drill bit with Morse taper shank

11/32" (8 mm) drill bits - long-series morse, plain morse, jobber

Step drill bits

A step drill bit is a drill bit that has the tip ground down to a different diameter. The transition
between this ground diameter and the original diameter is either straight, to form a counterbore,
or angled, to form a countersink. The advantage to this style is that both diameters have the same
flute characteristics, which keeps the bit from clogging when drilling in softer materials, such as
aluminum; in contrast, a drill bit with a slip-on collar does not have the same benefit. Most of
these bits are custom-made for each application, which makes them more expensive.
Unibit

A pair of unibits.

A unibit (often called a step drill bit) is a roughly conical bit with a stair-step profile. Due to its
design, a single bit can be used for drilling a wide range of hole sizes. Some bits come to a point
and are thus self-starting. The larger-size bits have blunt tips and are used for hole enlarging.

Unibits are commonly used on sheet metal and in general construction. One drill bit can drill the
entire range of holes necessary on a countertop, speeding up installation of fixtures. They are
most commonly used on softer materials, such as plywood, particle board, drywall, acrylic, and
laminate. They can be used on very thin sheet metal, but metals tend to cause premature bit wear
and dulling.

Unibits are ideal for use in electrical work where thin steel, aluminum or plastic boxes and
chassis are encountered. The short length of the unibit and ability to vary the diameter of the
finished hole is an advantage in chassis or front panel work. The finished hole can often be made
quite smooth and burr-free, especially in plastic.

An additional use of unibits is deburring holes left by other bits, as the sharp increase to the next
step size allows the cutting edge to scrape burrs off the entry surface of the workpiece. However,
the straight flute is poor at chip ejection, and can cause a burr to be formed on the exit side of the
hole, more so than a spiral twist drill bit turning at high speed.

The unibit was invented by Harry C. Oakes and patented in 1973. It was sold only by the Unibit
Corporation in the 1980s until the patent expired, and was later sold by other companies.
Hole saw
Main article: Hole saw

1.25" (32mm) hole saw bit.

Hole saws take the form of a short open cylinder with saw-teeth on the open edge, used for
making relatively large holes in thin material. They remove material only from the edge of the
hole, cutting out an intact disc of material, unlike many drills which remove all material in the
interior of the hole. They can be used to make large holes in wood, sheet metal and other
materials.

Metal drill bits

Center and spotting drill bits

Center drill bits, numbers 1 to 6

Center drill bits are used in metalworking to provide a starting hole for a larger-sized drill bit or
to make a conical indentation in the end of a workpiece in which to mount a lathe center. In
either use, the name seems appropriate, as the bit is either establishing the center of a hole or
making a conical hole for a lathe center. However, the true purpose of a center drill bit is the
latter task, while the former task is best done with a spotting drill bit (as explained in detail
below). Nevertheless, because of the frequent lumping together of both the terminology and the
tool use, suppliers may call center drill bits combined-drill-and-countersinks in order to make it
unambiguously clear what product is being ordered. They are numbered from 00 to 10 (smallest
to largest).

Use in making holes for lathe centers

Center drill bits are meant to create a conical hole for "between centers" manufacturing processes
(typically lathe or cylindrical-grinder work). That is, they provide a location for a (live, dead, or
driven) center to locate the part about an axis. A workpiece machined between centers can be
safely removed from one process (perhaps turning in a lathe) and set up in a later process
(perhaps a grinding operation) with what is often a negligible loss in the co-axiality of features.

Use in spotting hole centers

Traditional twist drill bits may tend to wander when started on an unprepared surface. Once a bit
wanders off-course it is difficult to bring it back on center. A center drill bit frequently provides
a reasonable starting point as it is short and therefore has a reduced tendency to wander when
drilling is started.

While the above is a common use of center drill bits, it is a technically incorrect practice and
should not be considered for production use. The correct tool to start a traditionally-drilled hole
(a hole drilled by a high-speed steel (HSS) twist drill bit) is a spotting drill bit (or a spot drill bit,
as they are referenced in the U.S.). The included angle of the spotting drill bit should be the same
as, or greater than, the conventional drill bit so that the drill bit will then start without undue
stress on the bit's corners, which would cause premature failure of the bit and a loss of hole
quality.
Most modern solid-carbide bits should not be used in conjunction with a spot drill bit or a center
drill bit, as the solid-carbide bits are specifically designed to start their own hole. Usually, spot
drilling will cause premature failure of the solid-carbide bit and a certain loss of hole quality. If it
is deemed necessary to chamfer a hole with a spot or center drill bit when a solid-carbide drill bit
is used, it is best practice to do so after the hole is drilled.

Center drill bits wander as easily as anything else in hand-held power drills—so for such
operations, a center punch is often used to spot the planned hole center prior to drilling a pilot
hole. However, a center drill bit works nearly as well as a spotting drill bit for most rigidly-
clamped drilling operations, especially in softer metals such as aluminum and its alloys.

The small starting tip has a tendency to break, so it is economical and practical to make the drill
bit double-ended.

Core drill bit

Three-fluted core drill bit as used on castings

The term core drill bit is used for two quite different tools.

Enlarging holes

A bit used to enlarge an existing hole, as pictured, is called a core drill bit. The existing hole may
be the result of a core from a casting or a stamped (punched) hole. The name comes from its first
use, for drilling out the hole left by a foundry core, a cylinder placed in a mould for a casting that
leaves an irregular hole in the product. This core drill bit is solid.

These core drill bits are similar in appearance to reamers as they have no cutting point or means
of starting a hole. They have 3 or 4 flutes which enhances the finish of the hole and ensures the
bit cuts evenly. Core drill bits differ from reamers in the amount of material they are intended to
remove. A reamer is only intended to enlarge a hole a slight amount which, depending on the
reamers size, may be anything from 0.1 millimeter to perhaps a millimeter. A core drill bit may
be used to double the size of a hole.

Using an ordinary two-flute twist drill bit to enlarge the hole resulting from a casting core will
not produce a clean result, the result will possibly be out of round, off center and generally of
poor finish. The two fluted drill bit also has a tendency to grab on any protuberance (such as
flash) which may occur in the product.

Extracting core

A hollow cylindrical bit which will cut a hole with an annular cross-section and leave the inner
cylinder of material (the "core") intact, often removing it, is also called a core drill bit. Unlike
other drills, the purpose is often to retrieve the core rather than simply to make a hole. A
diamond core drill bit is intended to cut an annular hole in the workpiece. Large bits of similar
shape are used for geological work, where a deep hole is drilled in sediment or ice and the drill
bit, which now contains an intact core of the material drilled with a diameter of several
centimeters

Countersink bit

A countersink is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object; a countersink bit (sometimes
called simply countersink) is the cutter used to cut such a hole. A common use is to allow the
head of a bolt or screw, with a shape exactly matching the countersunk hole, to sit flush with or
below the surface of the surrounding material. (By comparison, a counterbore makes a flat-
bottomed hole that might be used with a hex-headed capscrew.) A countersink may also be used
to remove the burr left from a drilling or tapping operation.

Ejector drill bit

Used almost exclusively for deep hole drilling of medium to large diameter holes (about 3/4" up
to about 4" diameter). An ejector drill bit uses a specially designed carbide cutter at the point.
The bit body is essentially a tube within a tube. Flushing water travels down between the two
tubes. Chip removal is back through the center of the bit.
Gun drill bit

Gun drills are straight fluted drills which allow cutting fluid (either compressed air or a suitable
liquid) to be injected through the drill's hollow body to the cutting face.

Main article: Gun drill

Indexable drill bit

Indexable drill bits are primarily used in CNC and other high precision or production equipment,
and are the most expensive type of drill bit, costing the most per diameter and length. Like
indexable lathe tools and milling cutters, they use replaceable carbide, HSS or ceramic inserts as
a cutting face to alleviate the need for a tool grinder. One insert is responsible for the outer radius
of the cut, and another insert is responsible for the inner radius. The tool itself handles the point
deformity, as it is a low-wear task. The bit is hardened and coated against wear far more than the
average drill bit, as the shank is non-consumable. Almost all indexable drill bits have multiple
coolant channels for prolonged tool life under heavy usage. They are also readily available in
odd configurations, such as straight flute, fast spiral, multiflute, and a variety of cutting face
geometries.

Typically indexable drill bits are used in holes that are no deeper than about 5 times the bit
diameter. They are capable of quite high axial loads and cut very fast.

Left-hand bit

An 1/8 inch left-hand drill bit

Left-hand bits are almost always twist bits and are predominantly used in the repetition
engineering industry on screw machines or drilling heads. Left-handed drill bits allow a
machining operation to continue where either the spindle cannot be reversed or the design of the
machine makes it more efficient to run left-handed. With the increased use of the more versatile
CNC machines, their use is less common than when specialized machines were required for
machining tasks.

Screw extractors are essentially left-hand bits of specialized shape, used to remove common
right-hand screws whose heads are broken or too damaged to allow a screwdriver tip to engage,
making use of a screwdriver impossible. The drill bit is pressed against the damaged head and
rotated counter-clockwise and will tend to jam in the damaged head and then turn the screw
counter-clockwise, unscrewing it.

Metal spade bit

A spade drill bit for metal is a two part bit with a tool holder and an insertable tip, called an
insert. The inserts come in various sizes that range from 7⁄16 to 2.5 inches (11 to 64 mm). The tool
holder usually has a coolant passage running through it.[13] They are capable of cutting to a depth
of about 10 times the bit diameter. This type of drill bit can also be used to make stepped holes.

Straight fluted bit

Straight fluted drill bits do not have a helical twist like twist drill bits do. They are used when
drilling copper or brass because they have less of a tendency to "dig in" or grab the material.

Trepan
See also: Trepanning (drilling)

A trepan, sometimes called a BTA drill bit (after the Boring and Trepanning Association), is a
drill bit that cuts an annulus and leaves a center core. Trepans usually have multiple carbide
inserts and rely on water to cool the cutting tips and to flush chips out of the hole. Trepans are
often used to cut large diameters and deep holes. Typical bit diameters are 6" to 14" and hole
depth from 12" up to 71 feet.
Wood drill bits

Lip and spur drill bits

10.5 mm lip and spur bit

The lip and spur drill bit is a variation of the twist drill bit which is optimized for drilling in
wood. It is also called the brad point bit or dowelling bit.

Conventional twist drill bits tend to wander when presented to a flat workpiece. For metalwork,
this is countered by drilling a pilot hole with a spotting drill bit. In wood, the lip and spur drill bit
is another solution: The centre of the drill bit is given not the straight chisel of the twist drill bit,
but a spur with a sharp point and four sharp corners to cut the wood. The sharp point of the spur
simply pushes into the soft wood to keep the drill bit in line.

Metals are typically isotropic, and an ordinary twist drill bit shears the edges of the hole cleanly.
Wood drilled across the grain has long strands of wood fiber. These long strands tend to pull out
of the wood hole, rather than being cleanly cut at the hole edge. The lip and spur drill bit has the
outside corner of the cutting edges leading, so that it cuts the periphery of the hole before the
inner parts of the cutting edges plane off the base of the hole. By cutting the periphery first, the
lip maximizes the chance that the fibers can be cut cleanly, rather than having them pull messily
out of the timber.

Lip and spur drill bits are also effective in soft plastic. Conventional twist drill bits in a hand
drill, where the hole axis is not maintained throughout the operation, have a tendency to smear
the edges of the hole through side friction as the drill bit vibrates.
In metal, the lip and spur drill bit is confined to drilling only the thinnest and softest sheet metals
in a drill press. The bits have an extremely fast cutting tool geometry: no point angle and a large
(considering the flat cutting edge) lip angle causes the edges to take a very aggressive cut with
relatively little point pressure. This means these bits tend to bind in metal; given a workpiece of
sufficient thinness, they have a tendency to punch through and leave the bit's cross-sectional
geometry behind.

Lip and spur drill bits are ordinarily available in diameters from 3 mm (1/8") to 16 mm (5/8").

Wood spade bits

Spade bits are used for rough boring in wood. They tend to cause splintering when they emerge
from the workpiece. They are flat, with a centering point and two cutters. The cutters are often
equipped with spurs in an attempt to ensure a cleaner hole. With their small shank diameters
relative to their boring diameters, spade bit shanks often have flats forged or ground into them to
prevent slipping in drill chucks. Some bits are equipped with long shanks and have a small hole
drilled through the flat part, allowing them to be used much like a bell-hanger bit. Intended for
high speed use, they are used with electric hand drills. Spade bits are also sometimes referred to
as "paddle bits."

Spade drill bits are ordinarily available in diameters from 6 mm (1/4") to 36 mm (1 1/2").

Spade bits
 

Tiny spade bit

Spoon bits

Spoon bits consist of a grooved shank with a point shaped somewhat like the bowl of a spoon,
with the cutting edge on the end. The more common type is like a gouge bit that ends in a slight
point. This is helpful for starting the hole, as it has a center that will not wander or walk. These
bits are used by chair-makers for boring or reaming holes in the seats and arms of chairs. Their
design is ancient, going back to Roman times. Spoon bits have even been found in Viking
excavations. Modern spoon bits are made of hand-forged carbon steel, carefully heat-treated and
then hand ground to a fine edge.

Spoon bits are the traditional boring tools used with a brace. They should never be used with a
power drill of any kind. Their key advantage over regular brace bits and power drill bits is that
the angle of the hole can be adjusted. This is very important in chairmaking, because all the
angles are usually eyeballed. Another advantage is that they do not have a lead screw, so they
can be drilled successfully in a chair leg pretty much without having the lead screw peek out the
other side.

When reaming a pre-bored straight-sided hole, the spoon bit is inserted into the hole and rotated
in a clockwise direction with a carpenters' brace until the desired taper is achieved. When boring
into solid wood, the bit should be started in the vertical position; after a "dish" has been created
and the bit has begun to "bite" into the wood, the angle of boring can be changed by tilting the
brace a bit out of the vertical. Holes can be drilled precisely, cleanly and quickly in any wood, at
any angle of incidence, with total control of direction and the ability to change that direction at
will.
Parallel spoon bits are used primarily for boring holes in the seat of a Windsor chair to take the
back spindles, or similar round-tenon work when assembling furniture frames in green
woodworking work.

The spoon bit may be honed by using a slipstone on the inside of the cutting edge; the outside
edge should never be touched.

Forstner bits

25 mm (1") Forstner bit

Another Forstner bit

Forstner bits, named after their inventor, Benjamin Forstner, bore precise, flat-bottomed holes in
wood, in any orientation with respect to the wood grain. They can cut on the edge of a block of
wood, and can cut overlapping holes. Because of the flat bottom to the hole, they are useful for
drilling through veneer already glued to add an inlay. They require great force to push them into
the material, so are normally used in drill presses or lathes rather than in portable drills. Unlike
most other types of drill bits, they are not practical to use as hand tools.

The bit includes a center point which guides it throughout the cut (and incidentally spoils the
otherwise flat bottom of the hole). The cylindrical cutter around the perimeter shears the wood
fibers at the edge of the bore, and also helps guide the bit into the material more precisely. The
tool in the image has a total of two cutting edges in this cylinder. Forstner bits have radial cutting
edges to plane off the material at the bottom of the hole. The bit in the image has two radial
edges. Other designs may have more. Forstner bits have no mechanism to clear chips from the
hole, and therefore must be pulled out periodically.

Sawtooth bits are also available, which include many more cutting edges to the cylinder. These
cut faster, but produce a more ragged hole. They have advantages over Forstner bits when boring
into end grain.

Bits are commonly available in sizes from 8 mm (5/16") to 50 mm (2") diameter. Sawtooth bits
are available up to 100 mm (4") diameter.

Originally the Forstner bit was very successful with gunsmiths because of its ability to drill an
exceedingly smooth-sided hole.

Center bits

The center bit is optimized for drilling in wood with a hand brace. Many different designs have
been produced.

The center of the bit is a tapered screw thread. This screws into the wood as the bit is turned, and
pulls the bit into the wood. There is no need for any force to push the bit into the workpiece, only
the torque to turn the bit. This is ideal for a bit for a hand tool. The radial cutting edges remove a
slice of wood of thickness equal to the pitch of the central screw for each rotation of the bit. To
pull the bit from the hole, either the female thread in the wood workpiece must be stripped, or the
rotation of the bit must be reversed.
The edge of the bit has a sharpened spur to cut the fibers of the wood, as in the lip and spur drill
bit. A radial cutting edge planes the wood from the base of the hole. In this version, there is
minimal or no spiral to remove chips from the hole. The bit must be periodically withdrawn to
clear the chips.

Some versions have two spurs. Some have two radial cutting edges.

Center bits do not cut well in the end grain of wood. The central screw tends to pull out, or to
split the wood along the grain, and the radial edges have trouble cutting through the long wood
fibers.

Center bits are made of relatively soft steel, and can be sharpened with a file.

A 19 mm (3/4 inch) center bit, made sometime before 1950

Center bit tip detail

Auger bits

The cutting principles of the auger bit are the same as those of the center bit above. The auger
adds a long deep spiral flute for effective chip removal.

Two styles of auger bit are commonly used in hand braces: the Jennings or Jennings-pattern bit
has a self-feeding screw tip, two spurs and two radial cutting edges. This bit has a double flute
starting from the cutting edges, and extending several inches up the shank of the bit, for waste
removal. This pattern of bit was developed by Russell Jennings in the mid-19th century.

The Irwin or solid-center auger bit is similar, the only difference being that one of the cutting
edges has only a "vestigal flute" supporting it, which extends only about 1/2" (12 mm) up the
shank before ending. The other flute continues full-length up the shank for waste removal. The
Irwin bit may afford greater space for waste removal, greater strength (because the design allows
for a center shank of increased size within the flutes, as compared to the Jenning bits), or smaller
manufacturing costs. This style of bit was invented in 1884, and the rights sold to Charles Irwin
who patented and marketed this pattern the following year.

Both styles of auger bits were manufactured by several companies throughout the early- and
mid-20th century, and are still available new from select sources today.

The diameter of auger bits for hand braces is commonly expressed by a single number, indicating
the size in 16ths of an inch. For example, #4 is 4/16 or 1/4" (6 mm), #6 is 6/16 or 3/8" (9 mm),
#9 is 9/16" (14 mm), and #16 is 16/16 or 1" (25 mm). Sets commonly consist of #4-16 or #4-10
bits.

The bit shown in the picture is a modern design for use in portable power tools, made in the UK
in about 1995. It has a single spur, a single radial cutting edge and a single flute. Similar auger
bits are made with diameters from 6 mm (3/16") to 30 mm (1-3/16"). Augers up to 600 mm
(2 feet) long are available, where the chip-clearing capability is especially valuable for drilling
deep holes.
 

20 mm (3/4") auger bit for wood

Auger bit tip detail

Gimlet bits

The gimlet bit is a very old design. The bit is the same style as that used in the gimlet, a self-
contained tool for boring small holes in wood by hand. Since about 1850, gimlets have had a
variety of cutter designs, but some are still produced with the original version. The gimlet bit is
intended to be used in a hand brace for drilling into wood. It is the usual style of bit for use in a
brace for holes below about 7 mm (1/4") diameter.

The tip of the gimlet bit acts as a tapered screw, to draw the bit into the wood and to begin
forcing aside the wood fibers, without necessarily cutting them. The cutting action occurs at the
side of the broadest part of the cutter. Most drill bits cut the base of the hole. The gimlet bit cuts
the side of the hole.
 

Gimlet bit for wood, made sometime before 1950.

Gimlet bit tip detail

Hinge sinker bits

30 mm hinge sinker bit

The hinge sinker bit is an example of a custom drill bit design for a specific application. Many
European kitchen cabinets are made from particle board or medium-density fiberboard (MDF)
with a laminated plastic veneer. Those types of pressed wood boards are not very strong, and the
screws of butt hinges tend to pull out. A specialist hinge has been developed which uses the
walls of a 30 mm (1-3/16") diameter hole, bored in the particle board, for support. This is a very
common and relatively successful construction method.

A Forstner bit could bore the mounting hole for the hinge, but particle board and MDF are very
abrasive materials, and steel cutting edges soon wear. A tungsten carbide cutter is needed, but
making a tungsten carbide Forstner bit is impractical, so this special drill bit is commonly used.
It has cutting edges of tungsten carbide brazed to a steel body; a center spur keeps the bit from
wandering.

Adjustable wood bits

An adjustable wood bit meant for use in a brace

An adjustable wood bit has a small center pilot bit with an adjustable, sliding cutting edge
mounted above it, usually containing a single sharp point at the outside, with a set screw to lock
the cutter in position. When the cutting edge is centered on the bit, the hole drilled will be small,
and when the cutting edge is slid outwards, a larger hole is drilled. This allows a single drill bit
to drill a wide variety of holes, and can take the place of a large, heavy set of different size bits,
as well as providing uncommon bit sizes. A ruler or vernier scale is usually provided to allow
precise adjustment of the bit size.

These bits are available both in a version similar to an auger bit or brace bit, designed for low
speed, high torque use with a brace or other hand drill (pictured to the right), or as a high speed,
low torque bit meant for a power drill. While the shape of the cutting edges is different, and one
uses screw threads and the other a twist bit for the pilot, the method of adjusting them remains
the same.
DC motor

A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC).
The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore its current. The current in the rotor is
switched by the commutator to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle
between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the
maximum torque.

DC motors have a rotating armature winding (winding in which a voltage is induced) but non-
rotating armature magnetic field and a static field winding (winding that produce the main
magnetic flux) or permanent magnet. Different connections of the field and armature winding
provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can
be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field current.
The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed
control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems called DC drives.

The introduction of DC motors to run machinery eliminated the need for local steam or internal
combustion engines, and line shaft drive systems. DC motors can operate directly from
rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles. Today DC
motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate
steel rolling mills and paper machines.

Principles of operation

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying

conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite
(North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South)
repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational
motion.
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that BEAMers will see), the
external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets1. The stator is the
stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent
magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotate with
respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being
electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout --
with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when power
is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and
the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches
alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding.
Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the
rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common
number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with
our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned
with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a
moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both
commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy,
and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that
it would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic
with the position of the rotor).
 APPLICATIONS OF D. C. MOTORS

D. C. Motor are used when,

 High starting torque is required.

 The load is directly coupled to the motor.
 For running trains, cranes, conveyors, etc.

Some applications of the 3 types of D.C. motors, viz, shunt series and compound
motors have already been mentioned under their respective headings. However, we may
summarize the application as follows:

BATTERY

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in
1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell cell in 1836,
batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.
According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales
each year, with 6% annual growth.

There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to
be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to
be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come in many sizes, from miniature cells used to
power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power
for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
CONCLUSION

The present situation in our country all the drill machine is working on AC main To
reduce the power consumption from the electricity board to avoid this problem , we need to
have some kind of power source system to operate the drill machine .

 We are trying to implement a prototype model of an drill machine system within the
limited available source and economy.
 The system can be subjected to further development using advanced techniques.
 It may become a success if our project can be implemented through out our country.

The drilling machine drills the particular position and moving up direction then , The wood plate
will rotate for next position. The drilling machine drills the next position also like this the
machine will drills the no of wood plates and different positions