Motivation

 The psychological forces acting on an individual that determine:

• Direction—possible behaviors the individual could engage in
• Effort—how hard the individual will work
• Persistence—whether the individual will keep trying or give up
 This is one of the factors that explains why people behave the way
they do in organizations.
• What are some other factors?

(This below line is indicator that this is end of slide)

___________________________________________________________________
• Extrinsic Motivation
Behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid
punishment.
• Examples?
– What motivate you?
– What motivates others you know?
• Intrinsic Motivation
Behavior that is performed for its own sake.
• Examples?
– What motivates you?
– What motivates others you know?
 1) How hard do I have to work?

2) What are the chances of reaching the goal?

3) How attractive is the goal?

Expectancy:
The expectancy is the belief that one’s effort will result in achievement of
desired performance goals. The belief is generally based on an individual’s
past experience, self-confidence (often termed self-efficacy); the perceived
difficulty of the performance standard or goal.

Examples include

If I spend most of tonight studying will it improve my grade tomorrow’s

main exam?
Instrumentality:

The instrumentality is the belief that if one does meet performance

expectations, he or she will receive a greater reward. This reward may come

in the form of a pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of

accomplishment.

Examples include:

"If I produce a higher quality software product, will I get a bigger

raise? A faster promotion? A chance to work on next killer app.”

Valance: The valance refers the value the individual personality places

on the rewards. This is a function of his or her needs, goals and values.

Example include:

How much I really want an “A” in math?

Do I want a bigger raise? Is it worth the extra effort? Do I want a promotion?

 Maslow Theory of Needs

Psychological needs:

Psychological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep etc. When
these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, Irritation, pain, discomfort etc.

Safety Needs:

Safety Needs have to do with establishing stability and consistency in a disordered

world. These needs are mostly psychological in nature. We need the security of a home
and family. Safety needs sometimes motivate people to be religious. Religious comfort
us with the promise of a safe secure place after we die and leave the insecurity of this
world.

Love Needs:

Love and belongingness are next on the ladder. Humans have a design to belong to
groups, clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs etc. We need to feel loved by
others, to be accepted by others. We need to be needed.

Esteem Needs:

There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem, which results from
competence or mastery of a task. Second, there’s the attention and recognition that
comes from others. This is similar to the belongingness level; however; wanting
admiration has to do with the need of power.

Self-Actualization:

The need for self-actualization is “the desire to become more and more what one is, to
become everything that one is capable of becoming.” People who have everything can
maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, experience, self-fulfillment,
and oneness with God etc.
 Theory X
The Manager who believes in applying Theory X. (The Authoritarian) Style tends to
believe that

 People inherently dislike work

 People must be coerced(forced) or controlled to do work to achieve objectives.
 People prefer to be directed

So, he gives close supervision and defines jobs and systems that structure how a worker
allocates and applies their time. They place stress on workers being calculative.

________________________________________________________________________

Theory Y

The Manager who believes in applying Theory Y (The Participative Style) tends to believe
that

 People view work as being as natural as play as rest

 People will exercise self-direction and control towards achieving objectives they
are committed to
 People learn to accept and seek responsibility
 Authoritarian behavior is not usually appropriate Managerial behavior can be
based on the theory Y assumption that other want to do good job.
 Personality
What is personality?

 “Personality is the entire mental organization of a human being at any

stage of his development It embraces every phase of human

character: intellect, temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude

that has been built up in the course of one’s life.” (Warren &

Carmichael, 1930)

 “Personality is the essence of a human being.” (Hall & Kindsey, 1957)

 “An individual’s pattern of psychological processes arising from

motives, feelings, thoughts, and other major areas of psychological

function. Personality is expressed through its influences on the body,

in conscious mental life, and through the individual’s social behavior.”

(Mayer, 2005)
 Stages of Personality
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Basic Important
Stage Conflict Events Outcome
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers
Infancy (birth Trust vs. provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this
to 18 months) Mistrust Feeding will lead to mistrust.

Children develop a sense of personal control over

Early Autonomy vs. physical skills and a sense of independence.
Childhood (2 Shame and Success leads to feelings of autonomy. Lack of
to 3 years) Doubt Toilet Training success results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Children begin asserting control and power over the

environment. Success at this stage leads to a sense
Preschool (3 to Initiative vs. of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power
5 years) Guilt Exploration experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

Children need to cope with new social and academic

School Age (6 Industry vs. demands. Success leads to a sense of competence,
to 11 years) Inferiority School while failure results in feelings of inferiority.

During adolescence, children are exploring their

independence and developing a sense of self. Those
who receive proper encouragement and
reinforcement through personal exploration will
emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self
and a feeling of independence and control. Those
Adolescence Identity vs. who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires tend
(12 to 18 Role Social to face insecurity and confusion about both their
years) Confusion Relationships identity and their future.

Young adults form intimate, loving relationships with

other people. Having a strong sense of identity is key
Early to this. Success leads to secure and committed
Adulthood (19 Intimacy vs. relationships, while a lack of success can result in
to 40 years) Isolation Relationships feelings of loneliness and emotional isolation.

Adults need to create or nurture things that will

outlast them, often by having children or creating a
positive change that benefits other people. Success
Middle Generativity leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment,
Adulthood (40 vs. Work and while failure results in shallow involvement in the
to 65 years) Stagnation Parenthood world.

Older adults need to look back on life and feel a

sense of fulfilment. Success at this stage leads to
Maturity (65 to Ego Integrity Reflection on feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret,
death) vs. Despair Life bitterness, and despair.
 Testing According to Personality

 A Personality test is a questionnaire or other standardized instrument designed

to reveal aspects of an individual’s character or psychological makeup.

 The First personality tests were developed in the early 20th century and were

intended to ease the process of personnel selection, particularly in the armed

forces.

 Since these early efforts, a wide variety of personality tests have been developed,

notably the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the MMPI, and a number of tests

based on the Five Factor Model of personality.

 Today, personality tests are used in a range of contexts, including individual and

relationship counseling, career planning, and employee selection and

development.
 What is psychological test?

Psychological testing is the process of understanding how a person thinks, learns, feels

and interprets his/ her world.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator:

The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used personality assessment

instrument in the world, created by Isabel, Briggs and Myers.

Myers concluded there were four primary ways people different from one another. She

labeled these differences “preferences”. The Indicator is based on four scales. Each scale

represents two ends of a continuum of two preferences. These are like “right” or “left”

handedness to use.

The first set of mental preferences relates to how people PERCEIVE or take in

information.

S These who prefer ‘Sensing’ Perception favor clear, tangible data and information that

fits in well with their direct experience.

N In contrast, those who prefer ‘Intuition’ Perception are drawn to information that is

more abstract, conceptual, big picture and represents imaginative possibilities for the

future.
 The ‘Second’ set of mental preferences identifies how people from “JUDGEMENTS”, to

make decisions.

T Those who prefer ‘Thinking’ judgement have a natural preference for making decisions

in an objective, logical and analytical manner.

F Those whose preference is for ‘Feeling’ judgement make their decisions in a somewhat

global, visceral and value-oriented way. Paying particular attention to the impact of

decisions and actions of other people.

There are two other mental preferences that are part of the MTBI Model.

One pertains to Energy Consciousness

EXTROVERSION & INTROVERSION

The other is Life Management Orientation

JUDGING & PERCEIVING

These classifications are then combined to 16 personality types.

S S N N
I ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ J
I ISTP ISFP INFP INTP P
E ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP P
E ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ J
T F F T
 Stress
Stress???

Types of Stress

Symptoms

Major Stresses

Coping Strategies

Stress:

 Stress is a person’s physical and emotional response due to change in

environment.

 When you feel threatened, a chemical reaction occurs in your body, that

allows you to act in a way to prevent injury.

 The immediate reaction is known as ‘fight-or-flight’ or the stress response.

 During stress response, your heart rate increases, breathing quickens,

muscle tighten, and blood pressure rises.

 Types of Stress

1) Acute Stress
 Acute stress is the most common type of stress.
 It’s your body immediate reaction to a new challenge, it triggers your
fight-or-flight response
 As the pressure of a near-miss automobile accident, an argument
with a family member, your body turns on this biological response.
2) Episodic acute stress
 When acute stress happens frequently, it’s called episodic acute
stress.
 People who always seem to be having a crisis tend to have episodic
acute stress.
 They are often short tempered, irritable and anxious.
3) Chronic Stress
 If acute stress isn’t resolved and begins to increase or lasts for long
periods of time, it becomes chronic stress
 This stress is constant and doesn’t go away.
 It can stem from such things as (reasons)
 a poverty
 a dysfunctional family
 an unhappy marriage
 a bad job
 It can contribute to several serious diseases or health risks, such as:
(effects)
 heart disease, cancer, lung disease, accidents, cirrhosis of the
liver, suicide.
Symptoms of Stress
 Intestinal Distress
 Rapid Pulse
 Insomnia (Lack of sleep)
 Irritability
 Nail Biting
 Lack of Concentration
 Increased use of Drugs
 Hunger for Sweets / Carbohydrates
 High Blood pressure

Types of Conflict
 Approach-approach: having to choose between two or more desirable
alternatives;
 Avoidance- avoidance: having to choose between two or more
undesirable alternatives;
 Approach-avoidance: having to choose between two or more
alternatives which have desirable and undesirable results.
Major stresses
 Stresses are the agents which trigger the various stress reactions.

 Today’s environment provides:

 Physical Stressors
– In factories are usually linked to noise and physical and
chemical hazards.

 Emotional or Mental Stressor

 Conflict with managers, subordinates or colleagues
 May increase work pressure

Organizational Stressors
 Change in work place
 Performance appraisals
 Role ambiguity
 Role conflict
 Career development
 Being responsible for other people
 Assembly line wake
 Piece work
Coping strategy from Stress
1) Communication
 Communication is the best strategy to eliminate stress
 The communicational should be opened
 Employee can easily communicate or transfer their though to the
upper management or colleagues

2) Emotional Climate Control

 The organization must provide sufficient support
 To enable employees can participating in all decisions involving
changing their work or in the structure of organization.

3) Social Support
 Organization provides social support by facilitating to cohesiveness of
work groups and training supervisors
 Manager should clearly state to their subordinates what is expected
of them and what are the responsibilities of their job?

4) Elimination of Work overload & Work underload

 Distribution of work can too much eliminate the cause of stress.
 Time management also reduce the work load
 Management must ensure the job requirement and employee
abilities are matched.

5) Counselling
 Management provides in-house counselling programs that teach
individual