PRK1026

Chemistry II
Tutorial
Semester 2

Centre for Pre-University Studies

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
LU 1 GASEOUS, LIQUID & SOLID STATES

Ideal Gas
1. Convert the following units of pressure:
(a) 0.745 atm to mmHg
(b) 365 kPa to atm
(c) 804 mmHg to kPa

2. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 100 mL at a pressure of 100 kPa. What will be
the volume if the pressure is increased to 250 kPa at constant temperature?

3. Calcium carbonate decomposes at 1200C to form carbon dioxide and calcium oxide.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.
(b) If 25 L of carbon dioxide are collected at 1200C, what will the volume of this gas
be after it cools to 25C?
(c) Calculate the mass, in gram, of calcium carbonate that has been decomposed.
[1 mole of any gas occupies 24.0 L at room temperature and pressure]

4. A balloon containing 1.83 mol of helium gas has a volume of 0.673 L at a particular
temperature and pressure. If 0.50 mol of helium gas is added to the balloon at the
same temperature and pressure, find the new volume of the balloon in L.

5. Calculate the volume of a sample of gas at STP if it occupies a volume of 255 mL at

25C and 650 torr.

6. A toy balloon at 20oC has an internal pressure of 1.05 atm and a volume of 5.0 L. What
will be the volume when the balloon rises to an altitude where the pressure is 0.65
atm and the temperature is –15oC?

7. (a) State the basic assumptions that enable the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, to be derived.
(b) Calculate the volume occupied by 0.55 moles of oxygen gas at 37oC and 150 kPa.

8. A bulb with a volume of 225 mL contains 0.580 g of an unknown gaseous compound.

The pressure is measured as 145.6 kPa at a temperature of 25oC. What is the molar
mass of the compound?

9. The density of a gas is 1.25 g L–1 at 27oC and 1.0 atm. Calculate the relative molecular
mass of the gas.

10. Two flasks are connected with a stopcock. The first flask has a volume of 5 L and
contains nitrogen gas at a pressure of 0.75 atm. The second flask has a volume of 8 L
and contains oxygen gas at a pressure of 1.25 atm. When the stopcock between the
flasks is opened and the gases are free to mix, what will the pressure be in the
resulting mixture?

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11. Copper reacts with dilute nitric acid according to the equation:
3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq)  3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)
A 200.0 mL sample of 2.00 mol L–1 nitric acid is added to 30.48 g of copper. Determine
which reactant is the limiting reagent. What volume of nitrogen monoxide, measured
at 99.5 kPa and 20oC, would be produced?

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

12. 4.0 L of nitrogen at a pressure of 40.0 atm and 1.0 L of argon at a pressure of 20.0 atm
are introduced into a container of volume 2.0 L.
(a) Calculate the partial pressure of nitrogen.
(b) Calculate the partial pressure of argon.
(c) Hence, calculate the total pressure in the container.

13. (a) State the Dalton’s law of partial pressure.

(b) 1.60 g of oxygen and 4.40 g of carbon dioxide are introduced into a container. If
the total pressure on the gases mixture is 2.80 atm, calculate the partial pressure
of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Liquids
14. Given three alcohols: CH3CH2CH2OH, HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH and HOCH2CH2OH.
(a) Rank the three alcohols in order of increasing surface tension at a given
temperature, and explain your ranking.
(b) Rank the three alcohols in order of decreasing viscosity at a given temperature,
and explain your ranking.

Solids
15. (a) Name the types of cubic unit cell in the cubic lattice of the following metals.
(b) What is the number of atoms per unit cell for each of the following metals?
(i) Polonium, Po (ii) Manganese, Mn (iii) Silver, Ag

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Phase Diagrams
16. Construct the phase diagram for a substance based on the following data: (It need not
be to scale)
Temperature (K) Pressure (atm)
Triple point 55 K 0.10 atm
Normal melting point 68 K --
Normal boiling point 183 K --
Critical point 218 K 50 atm

In the phase diagram, label solid, liquid and gas areas, triple point and critical point.

17. Figure 1.1 shows the phase diagram for compound X.

Figure 1.1: The phase diagram for compound X.

(a) What is the critical temperature of compound X?

(b) If you were to have a bottle containing compound X in your closet, what phase
would it most likely be in?
(c) At what temperature and pressure will all three phases coexist?
(d) If I have a bottle of compound X at a pressure of 45 atm and temperature of
100oC, what will happen if I raise the temperature to 400oC?
(e) Why compound X cannot be boiled at a temperature of 200oC?
(f) If I wanted to, could I drink compound X?

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18. Figure 1.2 shows the phase diagram for substance Y.

Figure 1.2: The phase diagram for substance Y

(a) Which point is the normal boiling point for substance Y?

(b) At which point the three physical states of substance Y are in equilibrium with
each other?
(c) Above which point it is not possible to liquefy substance Y?
(d) If the temperature increases from 0oC to 50oC at a constant pressure of 0.5 atm,
what process would be observed?
(e) If the temperature increases from 0oC to 50oC at a constant pressure of 1.0 atm,
what process would be observed?
(f) What would be the physical state of substance Y at STP?

Consolidated Problems
19. Y is a real gas.
(a) State two similarities and two differences between an ideal gas and a real gas.
(b) Under what conditions Y will behave almost like an ideal gas?
(c) Y may not be condensed into a liquid. State the condition.
(d) Y can be converted into a solid. State the conditions.

20. A tank containing 480.0 g of oxygen, O2, and 80.00 g of helium, He, at 30oC has a total
pressure of 7.00 atm. Calculate:
(a) the number of moles of O2 and He.
(b) the mole fractions of O2 and He.
(c) the partial pressure of O2 and He.
(d) the volume of the tank.

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LU 2 SOLUTIONS

Solute, Solvent and Solution

1. Describe how a solution formed and way to determine whether the solute is dissolve
or reacted in a solvent.

2. What affect the solubility of a solute in a solvent? Describe their general trends.

3. Describe ways to determine whether a given sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3, solution

is unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated.

Solubility of a Gas
4. Calculate the solubility of the following gases at 25oC:
(a) Oxygen in water at 3.4 atm,
(b) Hydrogen in water at 2.0 atm,
(c) Nitrogen in water at 5.2 atm,
(d) Carbon monoxide in water at 1.5 atm
[Given the Henry's Law constants:
Oxygen = 1.3 × 10–3 mol L–1 atm–1;
Hydrogen = 7.8 × 10–4 mol L–1 atm–1;
Nitrogen = 6.1 × 10–4 mol L–1 atm–1;
Carbon monoxide = 9.5 × 10–4 mol L–1 atm–1]

5. Calculate the amounts of the following gases in mole and in gram that can dissolve
under the specified conditions.
(a) Oxygen in 50.0 mL of water at 2.5 atm
(b) Hydrogen in 120 mL of water at 5.0 atm
(c) Nitrogen in 325 mL of water at 2.7 atm
(d) Carbon monoxide in 20 mL of water at 4.3 atm
[Use the Henry’s constants given in Question 4]

6. An unknown compound, X, with molar mass of 233 g mol–1 has solubility of 1.356 g in
200 mL of solvent at 1 atm. Calculate the pressure needed for the solubility of the
compound X to reach 0.15 mol L–1.

Separation Techniques
7. List three techniques used in the separation of mixtures.

8. State the differences and the similarities between simple and fractional distillation.

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9. Name the two important components that are essential in a chromatography process
and explain them briefly.

10. A student had performed two TLC analyses by applying two different varieties of
carrot extract, white carrot and orange carrot on two different TLC plates. The TLC
plates were developed by using a mixture of hexane : acetone in the ratio of 3:1 and
obtained the results as shown in Figure 2.1.

White carrot Orange carrot

Figure 2.1: TLC plates of the carrot extracts

(a) List the steps involved in a TLC analyses.

(b) Calculate the Rf values for each spot on the TLC plates.
(c) Indicate the spot that is the most polar component.
(d) Indicate the spot that is the most non-polar component.
(e) Which of these spots are most likely the same compounds?

Colligative Properties
11. List the colligative properties of a solution and explain them briefly.

12. Sucrose, C12H22O11, is a non-volatile compound at 25oC. Calculate the vapour pressure
at 25oC of a solution prepared by adding 222.5 g of sucrose in 500 mL of water. The
vapour pressure of pure water at 25oC is 0.032 atm and its density is 1.00 g mL–1.

13. Vanillin, C8H8O3 is a compound isolated from vanilla bean and gives the taste of
vanilla. It is widely used in food industries for enhancing the taste and aroma of foods
and beverages. Calculate the vapour pressure of a solution which was prepared by
adding 43.45 g of vanillin in 250 mL of water at 25oC. What is the vapour pressure
lowering of the solution? [Given: The vapour pressure and the density of water at 25oC
are 3.17 kPa and 1.00 g mL–1 respectively]

14. A solution was prepared by mixing 20.0 g of ethanol with 250.0 g of water at
temperature of 35oC. The vapour pressure for ethanol and water at that temperature
is 100 mmHg and 42 mmHg respectively.
(a) What is the mole fraction of ethanol in the solution?
(b) What is the vapour pressure of the solution at 35oC if it is assumed that it has
ideal solution behaviour?

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15. A solution is prepared by mixing an equal mass of water and acetone. At 40oC, the
vapour pressure of water is 55.5 torr and acetone is 400.0 torr.
(a) Assuming ideal solution behaviour, what is the vapour pressure of the solution
at 40oC?
(b) What is the mole fraction of acetone in the vapour above the solution?

16. Ketoconazole, C26H28Cl2N4O4, and fluconazole, C13H12F2N6O, are medicines used as

antifungal drug to cure fungal infections. They can be found in tablets form for
internal or oral usage. Calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution formed by
dissolving:
(a) 150.0 mg of ketoconazole in 275 mL of water at 25oC.
(b) 125.5 mg of fluconazole in 380 mL of water at 20oC.

17. An experiment is performed by a group of students in order to determine the

concentration of an aqueous solution of paracetamol, C8H9NO2. The results show that
the osmotic pressure of the solution at 25oC is 0.025 atm.
(a) Find the molarity of paracetamol solution at 25oC.
(b) Calculate the mass of paracetamol dissolved in 150 mL of water at 25oC.
(c) Find the osmotic pressure of paracetamol solution formed at 37oC and 40oC.

18. Water has freezing point and boiling point of 0.0oC and 100.0oC respectively. The Kb
and Kf of water are 0.512oC m–1 and 1.858oC m–1 respectively. Acetic acid in the other
hand has freezing and boiling point of 16.6oC and 118.5oC respectively. The Kb and Kf
constant for acetic acid are 3.08oC m–1 and 3.59oC m–1 respectively. Calculate the
boiling point and the freezing point of the following solutions:
(a) 250.0 mg of fructose, C6H12O6 in 10 g of water.
(b) 15.5 mg penicillin G, C16H18N2O4S in 25 g of acetic acid.

19. A group of student is given a task by their lab facilitator. They are asked to calculate
the amount of vanillin, C8H8O3, dissolved in 355 g of ethanol (Kb = 1.07oC m–1). The
boiling point of the solution is 81.0oC. The normal boiling point of ethanol is 78.0oC.
Calculate:
(a) the molality of the solution.
(b) the mass of vanillin used.

Consolidated Problems
20. Define the following terms or laws:
(a) Ideal solution.
(b) Enthalpy of solution.
(c) Chromatography.
(d) Retardation factor.
(e) Henry's Law.
(f) Raoult’s Law.
(g) Colligative properties.

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LU 3 REACTION KINETICS

Rate, Rate Law, Order, Rate Constant

1. The hydrolysis of CH3Br by OH is given by the following equation:

CH3Br + OH  CH3OH + Br 

If the rate of change of CH3Br = 0.80 mol s,

(a) What is the rate of change of OH?
(b) What is the rate of change of Br?

2. The hydrolysis of CH3Br by OH is given by the following rate law:

Rate = k[CH3Br][OH]

(a) What is the order with respect to OH?

(b) What is the order of the chemical reaction?

3. The reaction given below is 1st order with respect to BrO3(aq) and 1st order with
respect to SO32–(aq).

BrO3(aq) + 3SO32–(aq) → Br(aq) + 3SO42–(aq)

Write the rate law for the reaction.

4. The reaction of iodide ion and hypochlorite ion is a rapid reaction as shown below:-

OCl(aq) + I(aq) → OI(aq) + Cl(aq)

[OCl] / [I] / Initial rate formation of Cl /

Expt.
mol L–1 mol L–1 mol L–1s–1
1 1.7 × 10–3 1.7 × 10–3 1.75 × 104
2 3.4 × 10–3 1.7 × 10–3 3.50 × 104
3 1.7 × 10–3 3.4 × 10–3 3.50 × 104

(a) Determine the rate law.

(b) What is the order of reaction with respect to I?
(c) Determine the value of rate constant.

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5. (CH3)3CBr + OH → (CH3)3COH + Br

The above reaction occurs at 55oC with the following data:-

Initial rate of formation
[(CH3)3CBr] / [OH] /
Expt. of (CH3)3COH /
mol L–1 mol L–1
mol L–1 s–1
1 0.10 0.10 1.0 × 10–3
2 0.20 0.10 2.0 × 10–3
3 0.30 0.10 3.0 × 10–3
4 0.10 0.20 1.0 × 10–3
5 0.10 0.30 1.0 × 10–3

(a) Determine the rate law for the reaction.

(b) What will happen to the initial rate if the concentrations of reactants are both
doubled?

First Order Reaction and Half-Life

6. The reaction A  B + C is a first order reaction.
(a) What will happen to the amount of A as reaction proceeds longer?
(b) Sketch a graph to show changes of A against time.
(c) Write an equation to relate concentration A and time for 1st order reaction.
(d) If the half-life of the reaction in the question is 20 minutes, starting amount of A
is 24 g, how long it takes for A to become half its original amount?
(e) What fraction of A is left if it reacts for 2 hours?

7. The reaction 2N2O5(g)  2N2O4(g) + O2(g) is a first order reaction with a rate
constant of 8.40 × 10–3 s–1 at 45C.
(a) Write a rate law for the reaction.
(b) If the initial concentration of N2O5 is 0.5 mol L–1, what is the concentration
after 1 minute?
(c) How long (in sec) will it take for the concentration of N2O5 to decrease from
0.25 mol L–1 to 0.15 mol L–1?

8. The hydrolysis of (CH3)3CBr in alkaline is a first order reaction to the bromo compound
only. The hydrolysis product formed is (CH3)3COH. The rate constant at a particular
temperature is 3.30 × 10 min:
(a) Write a rate law for the reaction.
(b) Calculate the half-life for the reaction.
(c) If the initial amount of (CH3)3CBr is 2 mol, how long does it takes for 60% of the
substance to be hydrolysed?
(d) Sketch a graph to show the change of quantity of (CH3)3CBr against time.

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Collision Theory, Activation Energy, Catalyst
9. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Explain.
(a) At higher temperature, molecules are more energetic.
(b) At higher temperature, more molecules are above activation energy than at low
temperature.
(c) At higher temperature, gas molecules are moving faster than at low temperature.
(d) At a higher temperature, probability of molecules colliding with each other is
higher.
(e) If more molecules with activation energy or more, then a chemical reaction will
become faster.
(f) At higher temperature, the activation energy is higher than at low temperature.
(g) At low temperature, molecules are moving slower and there will be no collision.
(h) At low temperature, % of molecules with activation energy and more is lesser
compared to at high temperature.
(i) At a higher temperature, the molecules are not moving randomly.
(j) At a lower temperature, the molecules are moving more orderly.

10. Determine whether the following statements are true or false regarding the collision
theory. Explain.
(a) Collision of molecules is a necessity for chemical reaction.
(b) Every collision will result in a chemical reaction.
(c) A collision will form an intermediate prior to final product.
(d) A collision must have enough energy to result in a product.
(e) Minimum energy for a collision to produce a chemical reaction is called activation
energy.
(f) When frequency of collision increases, the chance of getting a product is higher.
(g) At higher temperature, frequency of collision is higher.
(h) Collision between molecules must happen at right orientation to produce a
chemical reaction.
(i) When more chemicals are used, the frequency of collisions increases.
(j) Use of a catalyst helps to increase the frequency of collisions.
(k) For gaseous reactants, decrease the volume will increase the probability of
collisions.
(l) Some collisions between reactant molecules can be elastic.

Reaction Mechanism, and Rate Determining Step

11. NO and H2 reacts as in the following steps:-
I. 2NO → N2O2
II. N2O2 + H2 → N2O + H2O
III. N2O + H2 → N2 + H2O
(a) Write an overall chemical reaction for the reaction between NO and H2.
(b) State, if any, the intermediate species.

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12. The reaction NO2 + CO → NO + CO2 is a second order reaction.
If the rate law = k[NO2]2, and the mechanism of reaction is
2NO2 → NO3 + NO ---------------- (a)
NO3 + CO → CO2 + NO2 -------- (b)
Which is the rate determining step? Why?

13. A reaction: A B + C
has Ea for forward reaction as +160 kJ mol1
has Ea for reverse reaction as +185 kJ mol1
has Ea for catalysed forward reaction as +80 kJ mol1
(a) Sketch the reaction profile for the reaction.
(b) Describe the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.

Consolidated Problems
14. The decomposition of sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, is as shown in equation below:
SO2Cl2  SO2 + Cl2

At a certain temperature, the decomposition of SO2Cl2 was studied as in table:

[ SO2Cl2] / mol L1 Time/min
0.1000 0
0.0876 100
0.0768 200
0.0673 300
0.0590 400
0.0517 500
0.0453 600
0.0397 700

The decomposition of sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, is known to be of the 1st order.

(a) Add a column in the table for data ln[SO2Cl2].
(b) Plot a graph of ln[ SO2Cl2] against time.
(c) Based on the graph, determine the rate constant, k, for the reaction.
(d) What will be the initial rate of reaction if [SO2Cl2] = 0.100 mol L1.
(e) Determine the half-life of the decomposition of [SO2Cl2].

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LU 4 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Dynamic Equilibrium, Chemical Equilibrium Constants

1. State two characteristics of a system in dynamic equilibrium.

2. For each of the following systems, sketch the graph of variation of concentrations
against time for the reactants A, P and X and the products C, R and Z.
System I: A + B → C
System II: P + Q ⇌ R (Only a small amount of Q reacted in this reaction)
System III: X + Y ⇌ Z (A large quantity of Z was produced in this reaction)

3. Steam reacts with carbon monoxide to produce hydrogen according to the following
equilibrium:
H2O(g) + CO(g) ⇌ H2(g) + CO2(g)
At 250oC the equilibrium mixture contains the following:
[H2O] = 0.045 mol L–1
[CO] = 0.352 mol L–1
[H2] = 0.600 mol L–1
[CO2] = 0.653 mol L–1
(i) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction at 250oC.
(ii) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc for H2(g) + CO2(g) ⇌ H2O(g) + CO(g) at the
same temperature.

4. Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of a little concentrated sulphuric
acid to yield ethyl ethanoate.
CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) ⇌ CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l)
When 1.0 mole of ethanoic acid and 1.0 mole of ethanol were allowed to reach
equilibrium at 75oC, the equilibrium mixture contained 0.67 mole of ester.
(a) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction.
(b) Calculate the amount of ester present at equilibrium when 1.0 mole of ethanoic
acid reacts with 4.0 moles of ethanol under the same conditions.

Le Chatelier’s Principle
5. (a) State Le Chatelier’s Principle.
(b) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to predict how the following equilibrium is affected by:
CH4(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g); ΔH = ‒ve
(i) Increasing the pressure of the system.
(ii) Increasing the temperature of the system.
(iii) Removing HCl through condensation.
(iv) Adding a suitable catalyst.
(v) Adding argon at constant pressure.

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Consolidated Problems
6. Consider the following equilibrium:
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g); ΔH = + 30.0 kJ mol–1
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, and state its unit.
(b) 1.0 mole of dinitrogen tetroxide was introduced into a vessel of volume 10.0 L at
400 K. At equilibrium, 45% of dinitrogen tetroxide had dissociated.
(i) Sketch a graph of the variation of the concentration of the substance with
time.
(ii) Calculate Kc.
(c) If the experiment is carried out at 500 K, state qualitatively how the equilibrium
composition will change.

7. (a) State the equilibrium law.

(b) Name the factors that will affect the equilibrium position of a reversible reaction.
Which of these factors also affect(s) the value of the equilibrium constant?
(c) Consider the reaction:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen in the mole ratio of 1:3 was allowed to reach
equilibrium at 40oC and 3.0 × 104 kPa. The percentage conversion of nitrogen into
ammonia was 60%. Calculate Kp at the same temperature.

8. In the Haber process, nitrogen and hydrogen reacts in the presence of iron to produce
ammonia.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g); ΔH = ‒184 kJ
The equilibrium constant, Kc, at 500oC and 500 atm is 0.057 mol–2 L2.
(a) Write the equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction.
(b) Explain why a high pressure of 500 atm is used.
(c) What is the purpose of iron in the reaction?
(d) At a particular time, the concentration of the mixture is:

[N2] = 1.00 mol L–1

[H2] = 0.87 mol L–1
[NH3] = 0.35 mol L–1

Determine whether the system is at equilibrium at that instance.

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9. The following reaction is one of the steps in the Contact Process for the manufacture
of sulphuric acid.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g); ΔH = ‒196 kJ
(a) State the conditions of temperature and pressure necessary to ensure a high
yield.
(b) The temperature used in most sulphuric acid plants is a compromise between
cost and rate. Suggest two reasons why a temperature of 450oC is used.
(c) Name the catalyst used.
(d) What effect does the catalyst have on the equilibrium system?
(e) Sketch the energy profile for the reaction, showing both the catalysed and
uncatalysed route.
(f) At 450oC, the equilibrium partial pressures of the mixture are:

P(O2) = 0.70 atm

P(SO2) = 0.10 atm
P(SO3) = 0.80 atm

Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kp at 450oC.

10. The thermal decomposition of phosphorus(V) chloride can be represented by the

following equilibrium:
PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
At a total pressure of 200 kPa, the percentage dissociation of PCl5 is 50% at 200oC and
85% at 350oC.
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc and Kp for the system.
(b) Calculate the value of Kp at
(i) 200oC
(ii) 350oC
(c) Is the dissociation of PCl5 an endothermic or exothermic process?
(d) Predict how the percentage of dissociation would be affected by:
(i) An increase in the total pressure.
(ii) A decrease in temperature.
(iii) Addition of a catalyst.

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LU5 ACIDS & BASES

Theories of Acids and Bases

1. Define acids and bases based on the following theories:
(a) Arrhenius theory
(b) Brønsted-Lowry theory
(c) Lewis theory

2. Classify the following underlined substances as an acid or a base according to Brønsted

Lowry Theory.
(a) NH4+ + H2O ⇌ NH3 + H3O+
(b) NaH + H2O ⇌ NaOH + H2
(c) H2O + HCO3 ⇌ CO32– + H3O+
(d) HNO3 + H2SO4 ⇌ H2NO3+ + HSO4−
(e) H2NCONH2 + H2O ⇌ NH2CONH3+ + OH−

3. Identify the Brønsted-Lowry acid and its conjugate base:

(a) HSO4− + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + SO42–
(b) HSO4− + H2O ⇌ H2SO4 + OH−
(c) NH4+ + OH− ⇌ NH3 + H2O
(d) [Fe(H2O)6]3+ + H2O ⇌ [Fe(H2O)5OH]2+ + H3O+

pH, pOH
4. Calculate the pH for each of the following concentrations:
(a) [H+] = 2.20 × 10–3 mol L–1
(b) [H+] = 1.70 × 10–5 mol L–1
(c) [OH−] = 1.30 × 10–5 mol L–1
(d) [OH−] = 2.70 × 10–4 mol L–1
(e) 0.09 mol L–1 of HNO3
(f) 0.12 mol L–1 of Ba(OH)2

5. Calculate, at 25°C
(a) the [H+] and pH of a tap water sample in which [OH−] = 2.0 × 10–7 mol L–1.
(b) the [H+] and [OH−] of human blood at pH 7.40.
(c) the pOH of a solution in which [H+] = 5.0[OH−].

Ka and Kb
6. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of solutions containing:
(a) 0.01 mol L–1of hydrochloric acid.
(b) 0.5 mol L–1 of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) with Ka = 6.5 × 10-5 mol L–1.
(c) 0.5 mol L–1 of pyridine (C5H5N) with Kb = 1.7 × 10–9 mol L–1.

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7. When 5.0 g of anhydrous acetic acid, CH3COOH is added into 400.0 mL of pure water,
calculate the following if Ka for CH3COOH = 1.8 × 10–5.
(a) The pH of the solution.
(b) The percentage by mass of CH3COO− ion in the acetic acid.

8. Exactly 24.3 mL of 0.5 M sulphuric acid is required to neutralise the sodium hydroxide
in 50 mL of sodium hydroxide solution using titration method. Calculate the pH of the
sodium hydroxide solution.

9. Phenol, C6H5OH, is a weak acid that is partially dissociated when dissolved in water.
[Ka for phenol = 1.3 × 10–10]
(a) Write the dissociation equation of phenol.
(b) Derive the dissociation constant, Ka of phenol.
(c) Determine the pH of 0.2 M aqueous solution of phenol.

Titration Curves
10. In an acid-base titration, a 0.20 M nitric acid, HNO3 is titrated with 25.0 mL of 0.20 M
potassium hydroxide, KOH.
(a) Determine the volume of HNO3 needed to reach the equivalence point.
(b) Calculate the pH of the solution at the beginning of the titration.
(c) Calculate the pH of the solution after 50 mL of HNO3 was added.
(d) What is the pH of the solution at the equivalence point? Explain your answer.
(e) Sketch the curve for the titration by using all the calculated values above.

11. For a 0.80 M ammonia, NH3 solution, [Kb for NH3 = 1.8 × 10–5]
(a) Calculate the pH of the ammonia solution.
(b) Predict the pH of the solution if 25 mL of 0.80 M hydrochloric acid, HCl, is added
to 25 mL of the ammonia solution by using appropriate chemical equations.

Indicator and Titration

12. In an experiment, a student is required to carry out a titration between hydrochloric
acid, HCl and ammonia, NH3. Determine the best indicator for the titration. Explain
your answer. Choose between Methyl orange, Bromothymol blue, Thymol blue and
Phenolphthalein.

Buffer Solutions
13. A buffer solution is a very special solution.
(a) Define a buffer solution
(b) A basic buffer solution with pH 10.5 is prepared by dissolving ammonium
chloride, NH4Cl, into 30 mL 0.15 M ammonia, NH3, solution. Calculate the
amount of ammonium chloride required in gram. Given Kb for NH3 = 1.8 × 10–5.
(c) Explain qualitatively how the above buffer solution controls its pH when
(i) A small amount of NaOH is added.
(ii) A small amount of HCl is added.

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14. A buffer solution is prepared by adding 1.55 g of sodium benzoate, NaC6H5CO2, to 500
mL of 0.15 mol L–1 benzoic acid. What is the pH of the buffer solution? (Ka for benzoic
acid is 6.5 × 10–5 mol L–1).

15. In preparation of an acidic buffer solution with pH 3.23, a certain amount of sodium
benzoate, C6H5COONa, is added into 250.0 mL of 0.15 M benzoic acid, C6H5COOH.
Calculate the mass of sodium benzoate added. [Ka for benzoic acid = 6.3 × 10–5]

Solubility Product, Ksp

16. Calculate the solubility of:
(a) Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2, in water at 25oC if the Ksp is 6.60 × 10–6 M3
(b) Silver(I) cyanide, AgCN, in water at 25oC if the Ksp is 5.97 × 10–17M2
(c) Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2, in 0.15 M lead(II) iodide solution at 25oC if the Ksp is
6.60 × 10–6 M3.

17. Differentiate between solubility and solubility product, Ksp. Then, calculate the
following:
(a) At 25°C, 1.434 × 10–4 g of AgCl was dissolved in 100.0 mL water. Calculate
(i) the molar solubility and
(ii) solubility product of AgCl at this temperature.
(b) Predict whether the precipitate will occur if 400.0 mL of 0.050 M HCl solution
was added into 600.0 mL of 0.010 M AgNO3 solution.

18. Given that the solubility product, Ksp for PbSO4 is 1.57 × 10–8,
(a) Calculate the solubility of PbSO4 in:
(i) pure water
(ii) 0.30 M H2SO4 solution
(b) Compare the solubility of PbSO4 in (a)(i) and (a)(ii). Explain your answer.

19. At 25°C, barium fluoride, BaF2 is dissolved into a 0.20 M sodium fluoride, NaF
solution. Calculate the molar solubility of BaF2 in NaF solution.

20. Predict whether the precipitate will occur when 0.050 mol CaCl2 and 0.25 mol NaOH
was dissolved in water to form 500.0 mL solution. [Ksp for Ca(OH)2 = 8.0×10-6].

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Group Discussion & Presentation

Group 1
Titration of 25 mL of 0.03 M Ba(OH)2 with 0.06 M HCl, using methyl orange as the
indicator.

Group 2
Titration of 50 mL of 0.20 M H2SO4 with 1.10 M NaOH, using phenolphthalein as the
indicator.

Guidelines for Group 1 and Group 2

- Determine the pH at the beginning of titration, at equivalence point, and after 20 mL
excess of titrant added. Show the calculations. Predict the titration curves.
- Discuss whether the pH indicator used in the titration suitable or not. Why?

Group 3
Titration of 25 mL of 0.30 M HF with 0.30 M NaOH, the Ka value is 6.6 × 10−4.

Guidelines for Group 3

- Discuss buffer solution and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
- Determine the pH of the following point in the titration:
o The initial pH
o After adding 10 mL of NaOH
o After adding 12.50 mL of NaOH
o After adding 25 mL of NaOH
o After adding 26 mL of NaOH

Group 4
Cadmium is a highly toxic environmental pollutant that enters wastewaters associated
with zinc smelting (Cd and Zn commonly occur together in ZnS ores) and in some
electroplating processes.
One way of controlling cadmium in effluent streams is to add sodium hydroxide, which
precipitates insoluble Cd(OH)2 (Ks = 2.5 × 10–14).
If 1000 L of a certain wastewater contains Cd2+ at a concentration of 1.6 × 10–5 M, what
concentration of Cd2+ would remain after addition of 10 L of 4 M NaOH solution?

Guidelines for Group 4

- Write down the solubility product expression.
- First, you need to assume when Cd(OH)2, when all the Cd2+ is precipitated.
- Then calculate the equilibrium using the final concentration
- Can the treated water meet the environmental standard and be released?

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LU6 Electrochemistry

Electrolysis
1. A solution of lead(II) nitrate was electrolysed in an electrolytic cell with inert
electrodes. Predict the products of this electrolysis.

2. Aqueous solutions of zinc nitrate and copper(II) nitrate are mixed and used as an
electrolyte. What are the products obtained at both inert electrodes?

3. Identify the products obtained from the electrolysis of the following electrolytes using
an inert electrodes:
(a) Molten silver iodide.
(b) Concentrated magnesium chloride solution.
(c) Concentrated copper(II) chloride solution.
(d) Distilled water.
(e) Dilute sulphuric acid solution.

4. Molten magnesium chloride is electrolysed for 1.5 minutes using a current of 0.8 A.
Inert electrodes are used. [at STP, 1 mol of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L]
(a) Write the half-cell reactions for the anode and cathode.
(b) Write the equation for the overall reaction.
(c) What are the products at both electrodes?
(d) Determine the total electrical charge supplied during the electrolysis.
(e) Determine the number of moles of electrons transferred by the power supply
during the electrolysis. [1F = 96500 C/mol]
(f) Calculate the amount of products produced at both electrodes at STP.

5. An electrolysis of 200 mL copper(II) sulphate solution has been carried out using a
current of 1.5 A.
(a) If carbon electrodes are used, draw and label the electrolytic cell for the above
process.
(b) Determine the minimum concentration of the copper(II) sulphate solution
required if the electrolysis was to be carried out for 3 hours. [1F = 96500 C/mol]
(c) Describe your observation at both electrodes and the electrolyte during the
electrolysis process.

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Application of Electrolysis
6. The Hall-Heroult cell is used in the extraction of aluminium. The electrolyte used in
this process is a mixture of cryolite (Na3AlF6) and aluminium oxide.
What is the purpose of adding cryolite into the electrolyte?
(a) Which ions move to the cathode?
(b) Which ions move to the anode?
(c) Write the ionic half-equations to show the reactions taking place at the cathode
and anode.
(d) Write the equation for the overall reaction.
(e) How is the aluminium extracted from the cell?
(f) Why must the anodes be replaced periodically?

7. A spoon making factory uses electrolysis to place a coat of silver over the manufactured
spoons.
(a) What are the benefits of electroplating spoons with silver?
(b) In the electroplating process above, which electrode will the spoon become?
(c) Suggest a suitable substance for the other electrode and the electrolyte.
(d) Write the half-equation at both electrodes.
(e) Will there be any observable change to the electrodes over time? State your
predicted observations.

Galvanic Cells
8. A galvanic cell is set up using zinc and copper electrodes. Given that EZn2+/Zn = –0.76
V and ECu2+/Cu = +0.34 V.
(a) Draw with labels the galvanic cell setup above and suggest the suitable half-cell
electrolytes and the salt bridge.
(b) Write the half-cell equations at both electrodes.
(c) Write the cell notation for this galvanic cell.
(d) How did you determine which electrode would be the cathode in the above cell?
(e) Calculate the standard cell potential.

9. A galvanic cell is constructed using nickel and silver half-cells under standard
conditions. Given that ENi2+/Ni = –0.23 V and EAg+/Ag = +0.80 V,
(a) Determine the reducing agent in the cell.
(b) Write the cell notation.
(c) Calculate the standard cell potential.
(d) Will the cell potential change if the concentrations of the half-cell electrolytes are
increased? Explain your answer.

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10. A galvanic cell is set up using a zinc electrode and a standard hydrogen electrode
o
(SHE). Given that EZn 2
/Zn
  0.76 V and EHo  /H  0.00 V .
2

(a) Determine the anode and cathode of this cell.

(b) Write the half-equations for both half-cells.
(c) Calculate the e.m.f. of this cell.
(d) Write the cell notation.

11. The zinc electrode in Question 10 is replaced with a silver electrode. Given that EAg+/Ag
= +0.80 V.
(a) Write the half-equations for both half-cells.
(b) State the cell notation.
(c) Calculate the e.m.f of this cell.

Strength of an Oxidising and Reducing Agent, and Spontaneity of a

Chemical Reaction
12. Consider the following half-reactions:
Half-reactions E(V)
Cl2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cl−(aq) +1.36
Br2(l) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br−(aq) +1.07
Cu2+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ Cu(s) +0.34
Pb2+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ Pb(s) –0.13
Determine:
(a) The strongest reducing agent.
(b) The strongest oxidising agent.
(c) The elements or ions that can be reduced by Cu(s).
(d) The standard cell voltage for a voltaic cell built using the bromine and lead half-cells.
(e) The cell notation for the voltaic cell in (d).

13. Consider the following half-reactions;

Half-reactions E(V)
I2(s) + 2e− ⇌ 2I−(aq) +0.53
Fe3+(aq) + e− ⇌ Fe2+(aq) +0.77
Br2(l) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br−(aq) +1.07

Which of the following mixture will result in a spontaneous reaction under standard
conditions?
(a) Aqueous iron(II) sulphate with bromine gas.
(b) Aqueous iron(III) nitrate with aqueous potassium bromide.
(c) Aqueous iron(II) nitrate with aqueous potassium bromide.
(d) Aqueous iron(II) nitrate with aqueous sodium iodide.
(e) Iodine with aqueous bromide solution.

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Nernst Equation
14. A galvanic cell was set up using cobalt and iron half-cells:
Half-reactions E(V)
Co2+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ Co(s) –0.28
Fe2+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ Fe(s) –0.44

(a) Calculate the Ecell for this voltaic cell.

(b) If the half-cells used have the following concentrations, [Co2+(aq)] = 0.15 mol L–1
and [Fe2+(aq)] = 0.65 mol L–1,
(i) Write the half-reaction equations at both electrodes.
(ii) Write the equation for the overall reaction.
(iii) Determine the number of electrons transferred between the cathode
and anode (n).
(iv) Calculate the reaction quotient (Q) for this cell.
(v) Calculate the Ecell.

15. Calculate the cell potential for a Daniell cell if the concentrations of the half-cells used
are as follow:
[Cu2+(aq)] = 0.25 mol L–1 and [Zn2+(aq)] = 0.40 mol L–1.

Group Presentations
16. In groups, discuss the electrolysis of the following electrolyte using inert electrodes:
(a) Molten magnesium bromide.
(b) 0.5 M magnesium chloride.
(c) Concentrated magnesium chloride solution.
(d) Dilute sulphuric acid.

In your presentation, include the following:

 Half-reaction equations & overall electrolysis reaction equation.
 Relevant factor(s) that contribute to the selection of ions being discharged at both
electrodes.
 Products of electrolysis at both electrodes.

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LU7 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Alkyl Halides
1. Name the alkyl halides given below and classify the compounds as primary, secondary
or tertiary.
(a) (CH3)3CBr (b) CH3CH2CH(CH2Br)CH2CH3
(c) ClCH2CH2Cl (d) CH2CHCHBrCH3

2. Write all the possible structural formulae of alkyl halides with the molecular formula,
C4H9I and name them using IUPAC system.

3. Outline the synthesis of 1-bromopropane from an alkene.

4. Arrange and determine the order of the rate of hydrolysis for:

(a) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br, CH3CH2CH2CH2I, CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl
(b) CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH2Br, (CH3)3CBr

5. Under suitable conditions, 2-bromopropane can be converted into an alcohol or an

alkene.
(a) What is the reagent and condition for the conversion of 2-bromopropane into an
alcohol?
(b) What is the role of this reagent in the reaction in (a)?
(c) What is the type of reaction in (a)?
(d) What is the reagent and condition for the conversion of 2-bromopropane into an
alkene?
(e) What is the role of this reagent in the reaction in (d)?
(f) What is the type of reaction in (d)?

6. A compound D, CH3CHClCH2CH3, was boiled under reflux for some time with dilute
NaOH solution. Dilute nitric acid was then added to the mixture, followed by dilute
silver nitrate solution. A few drops of concentrated ammonia solution were then added.
What observations were expected and explain the observations with the help of
chemical equations.

7. Consider the following sequence of reactions:

HCl KCN in ethanol

Alcohol Y CH3CH(CN)CH3 Z
reflux

(a) Draw the display formulae of compound X and Y and name the compounds.
(b) What is the mechanism reaction for the conversion of X to Y?
(c) Name the reagent and condition for the conversion of CH3CH(CN)CH3 to
compound Z.

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Alcohols
8. Write the structural formulae of the following alcohols and classify them as primary,
secondary or tertiary.
(a) 2-Methylpropan-1-ol
(b) 3,3-Dimethylpentan-2-ol
(c) 2-Methylpropan-2-ol

9. Arrange the following alcohols in descending order of boiling point:

CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3CH(OH)CH3, CH2OHCH2OH, CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2OH

10. Using ethanol as an example, write balanced chemical equations and the expected
observations for the following reactions:
(a) CH3CH2OH and Na
(b) CH3CH2OH and PCl5
(c) C6H5COOH and CH3CH2OH in the presence of a few drops of concentrated H2SO4
(d) CH3CH2OH undergoes oxidation by acidified K2Cr2O7 solution

11. Arrange the following in ascending rate of reaction when mixed with Lucas reagent.
(a) CH3CH2OH (b) CH3CH(OH)CH3

(c) CH3
OH

12. Dehydration of alcohols under suitable conditions will produce alkenes. Write the
structural formulae of the alkenes when the following alcohols are dehydrated.
(a) CH3CH2CH2OH
(b) CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3
(c) Propan-2-ol

13. Complete the following equations:

(a) CH3CH(OH)CH3 + [O] →
(b) CH3C(CH3)(OH)CH3 + [O] →

14. Pentan-3-ol can be oxidised to form a carbonyl compound.

(a) Write the structural formula of the carbonyl compound formed
(b) Name the oxidising agent used for the conversion
(c) Name the carbonyl compound formed

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Aldehydes and Ketones
15. Categorise the followings as aldehydes or ketones
(a) CH3CH2CHO (b) CH3CH2COC6H5
(c) C6H5CH2COCH3 (d) C6H5CHO

(e) CH2BrCH2COCH3 (f) O

16. Name the followings using IUPAC system:

(a) CH3CH2CHO (b) CH3C(CH3)2CHO
(c) CH3CH2COCH2CH3 (d) C6H5CH2CHO
(e) CH3CH2CH(CH3)COCH3 (f) C6H5CH2COCH3

17. Using propanal, CH3CH2CHO and butanone, CH3CH2COCH3 as examples, write

balanced equations for the addition reactions when each is treated with HCN.

18. Using propanal, CH3CH2CHO, and butanone, CH3CH2COCH3, as examples, write

balanced equations for the condensation reaction when each is treated with
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.

19. Using CH3CHO as an example, write balanced equations for the followings:
(a) With Tollen’s reagent (ammonia solution of silver nitrate);
(a precipitate of silver observed or the famous silver mirror test)
(b) With Fehling’s solution (or alkaline copper sulphate solution);
(a reddish chocolate precipitate of Cu2O observed)
(c) With oxidising agent (acidified KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7);
(a change of colour observed)

20. An organic compound has the following reactions:

(a) no reaction with Fehling’s solution
(b) gives an orange precipitate when reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
Which of the following compounds match the descriptions.
(a) CH3CH(CH3)CHO (b) CH3C(CH3)2CHO
(c) CH2BrCH2CHO (d) C2H5COCH3
(e) CH3CH2COCH2CH3 (f) C6H5CH2COCH3
(g) C2H5CH(CH3)COCH3 (h) CH2BrCH2COCH(CH3)CH3

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Carboxylic Acids and Esters
21. Name the following carboxylic acids according IUPAC system:-
(a) C2H5COOH (b) BrCH2COOH
(c) C6H5CH2COOH (d) CH3CHClCOOH
(e) BrCH2CH2COOH (f) (CH3)3CCH2CHClCO2H

22. Using CH3COOH as an example, write chemical equations for the reactions with:
(a) an active metal like Mg to liberate gas H2.
(b) a base like KOH to form salt and water.
(c) with carbonate like sodium carbonate to liberate gas carbon dioxide.
(d) sodium bicarbonate to liberate gas carbon dioxide.

23. Write chemical equations when C2H5COOH is reacted with each of the following
reagent:
(a) PCl5
(b) CH3OH in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid.
(c) Propan-2-ol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid.

24. Name the following esters using IUPAC system:

(a) CH2ClCOOCH3 (b) C2H5COOCH3
(c) C6H5COOCH3 (d) HCOOC2H5
(e) CH3CHClCOOC2H5 (f) CH(CH3)ClCOOC6H5
(g) HOCH2CH2COOC6H5 (h) CH3CH2COOCH(CH3)2
(i) C6H5COOC6H5

25. Write the equation for the hydrolysis of methyl ethanoate in dilute sulphuric acid.

26. Write the equation for the hydrolysis of methyl ethanoate in dilute sodium hydroxide
solution.

27. Write the organic product when CH3COCl is treated with the following reagents:
(a) water
(b) C2H5OH
(c) propan-2-ol

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Consolidated Problems
28. (a) Two compounds, W and X, have the molecular formula, C3H6O. Compound W can
be easily oxidised to Y, C3H6O2, whereas compound X can hardly being oxidised.
Identify W, X and Y
(b) An unsaturated alcohol Z also has the molecular formula, C3H6O.
(i) Give the displayed formula of Z.
(ii) Describe two (2) chemical tests to distinguish W from Z.

29. Compounds S, T and V have the same molecular formula of C4H9Br. On hydrolysis
with dilute NaOH solution, S forms a product which can be easily oxidised to form a
compound, W, with formula C4H8O2. Hydrolysis of T forms compound X which can be
oxidised to form Z. Z can react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhyrazine but give a negative
result towards Tollens’ reagent. Hydrolysis of V produces compound Y, which resists
any oxidation reaction.
(a) Identify, with reasons, the structural formula of S, T, V, W, X, Y and Z.
(b) Write the chemical equations for the reactions involving compound Z.

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