QUADRANT METHOD

By :
Monica Widianti (B1A015005)
Fannisa Hapsari (B1A015027)
Angelin Marhavyna Cristy (B1A015030)
Entourage :I
Group : 10
Assistant : Eka Nur Rahmawati

PLANT ECOLOGY PRACTICAL REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 1. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Vegetation is an important part of the ecosystem that reflects the effects of the
entire environment. Vegetation complex fluctuates from season to season in a cyclic
way, and over the years in a successional manner, these fluctuations suggest a
response by each species population to the prevailing heat, moisture, and light as
modified by the vegetation itself. Vegetation ecology includes the investigation of
species composition and the sociological interaction of species in communities. Such
as, plants growing together have a mutual relationship among themselves and with
the environment. The development and death or decay of plant species alters the
pattern of the species distribution in a community (Mandal & Joushi, 2014).
Vegetation is a collection of plants, usually consisting of several species that
live together in a place. In the mechanism of living together there is a close
interaction, both among the individual composers of vegetation itself as well as with
other organisms. So it is a living and growing system and dynamic within the scope
of the ecosystem. Vegetation of somewhere will vary with vegetation elsewhere
because of the different environmental factors. Forest vegetation is a dynamic
system, always evolving according to the condition of its habitat (Marsono, 1977).
The forests are an area overgrown with trees and other plants. These areas are
present in large areas of the world and serve as carbon dioxide sinks, animal habitats,
hydrologic current modulators, and soil conservationists , and is one of the most
important aspects of the earth's biosphere. Forests are a form of life scattered
throughout the world. Forests can find forests both in tropical and cold climates, in
the lowlands and in the mountains, on small islands as well as in large continents
(Ariyanto et al., 2012). Forests are a collection of plants, especially trees or other
woody plants, which occupy a large area. The tree itself is a fairly high plant with
years of life. The tree is a woody upright plant with a minimum height of 1.5m and a
stem diameter at chest height of at least 0.5m (Tjitrosoepomo, 2003).
Biodiversity according to Ariyanto et al. (2014), refers to the variety and
abundance of species, their genetic composition, and the communities, ecosystems,
and landscapes in which they belong. Another definition states that biodiversity is
the diversity of life in all its forms, and at all levels of the organization. The whole
form states that biodiversity includes plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other
microorganisms. All organizational levels show that biodiversity refers to the
diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems. Biodiversity also refers to the kind of
ecological structure, function or process at all levels above. Krebs (2001), states that
the history and stability of the environment will increase diversity. predation,
competition and heterogeneity also contribute to diversity.
B. Objectives

The objectives of this laboratory activity are students learn to measure the
quantitative structure of forests by type of constituent and index of importance.
 II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Metode kuadran atau “Point-Centered Quarter Method” merupakan salah satu

metode jarak (Distance Method).Metode ini tidak menggunakan petak contoh
(plotless) dan umunya digunakan dalam analisis vegetasi tingkat pohon atau tiang
(pole).Metode ini dapat pula dilengkapi dengan tingkat pancang (saling atau belta)
dan anakan pohon (seedling) jika ingin mengamati struktur vegetasi pohon. Pohon
adalah tumbuhan berdiameter > 20 cm, diameter 10-20 cm adalah pancang, diameter
> 10 cm dan tinggi pohon > 2,5 m adalah pancang, serta tinggi pohon > 2,5 m adalah
anakan. Syarat penerapan metode kuadran adalah distribusi pohon atau tiang yang
akan dianalisis harus acak dan tidak mengelompok atau seragam.Parameter yang
diamati dalam pengamatan dengan menggunakan metode kuadran adalah kerapatan,
frekuensi, dan dominansi.Pengolahan data yang diperoleh dari setiap parameter tidak
lagi menggunakan faktor koreksi seperti halnya yang diterapkan pada metode jarak
lainnya (Ariyanto et al., 2012).
Quadrant method is one of the methods that used for the analysis activities of a
community. According to Irawati (2014), this method can be used for the analysis of
tree strata vegetation. According to Silva et al. (2017), states that distance methods
can be used to determine general spatial patterns or population distributions and
determine interspecific and intraspecific kinship relationships of plant communities.
The lack of distance method is the loss of detailed spatial pattern information on
different spatial scales, and describes spatial structures only on the closest scales.
Knowing the structure of the forest is essential to understanding the forest
ecosystem.
Quadrant method is easier and faster used to know the composition, the
dominance of the tree and the volume estimates. This method is easy and faster to
use to find out the composition, the dominance of trees and the volume estimates.
This method is often referred to as a plot less method because it does not require a
plot with a certain size, the area of the trail is only a point. This method is suitable
for individuals who live scattered so that to do the analysis by doing the calculations
one by one will take a very long time, usually this method is used for forest-shaped
vegetation or other complex vegetation. Some traits are present in the individual
plants in forming the population, whose properties when analyzed will help in
determining the structure of the community (Syafe'i, 1990).
 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials

The tools that used in this laboratory activity are tape measure, stationary, and
raffia.
The material that used in this laboratory activity is Damar tree (Agathis
dammara).

B. Methods

The methods that used in this laboratory activity are as follows:

1. The sample is determined in the form of four adjacent trees.
2. The sampling point or center point is determined.
3. We measured the distance from the sampling point or the center to the nearest tree
in each square, so that four measurements were produced (Figure 3.1)
4. The tree sample is measured around the stem in each quadrant by calculating the
height of the adult's chest.
5. The data is accumulated by each group.
6. Parameters such as dominance, frequency of a type, relative frequency, density,
relative and important value index are calculated

Figure 3.1. Metode point centered quarter

 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Table 4.1. Observation Data of Plant Species

Repetition Tree Scientific Distanc Circum Radius Diameter Area

Numbe name of e (m) ference (m) (m) (m)
r Tree (m)
1 1 Agathis 4,58 2,20 0,35 0,70 0,38
dammara
2 Agathis 6,47 1,65 0,26 0,52 0,21
dammara
3 Agathis 5,73 2,06 0,325 0,65 0,33
dammara
4 Agathis 3,08 3,14 0,5 1 0,78
dammara
2 1 Agathis 5,03 1,14 0,18 0,36 0,10
dammara
2 Agathis 7,43 1,94 0,305 0,61 0,29
dammara
3 Agathis 8,60 2,43 0,385 0,77 0,46
dammara
4 Agathis 16,99 1,40 0,22 0,44 0,15
dammara
3 1 Agathis 2,59 2,43 0,385 0,77 0,46
dammara
2 Agathis 3,93 2,80 0,445 0,89 0,62
dammara
3 Agathis 3,40 3,27 0,52 1,04 0,84
dammara
4 Agathis 5,16 2,43 0,385 0,77 0,46
dammara
4 1 Agathis 3,03 1,66 0,26 0,52 0,21
dammara
2 Agathis 2,46 1,21 0,19 0,38 0,11
dammara
3 Agathis 4,02 2,52 0,40 0,80 0,50
dammara
4 Agathis 3,60 2,68 0,425 0,85 0,56
dammara
5 1 Agathis 3,75 2,25 0,355 0,71 0,39
dammara
2 Agathis 4,50 2,10 0,33 0,66 0,34
dammara
3 Agathis 3,10 2,00 0,315 0,63 0,31
dammara
4 Agathis 5,00 3,10 0,49 0,98 0,75
dammara
Total 102,45 44,41 7,025 14,05 8,25
Average 5,12 2,220 0,351 0,702 0,412

Distance of each tree

Average distance =
Number of tree
102,45
= = 5,12
20
10000
Density of all types per ha =
(Average of tree distance)2
10000
=
(5,12)2
= 381,46 pohon/ha
Number of a plant type
Relative density (%) = X 100%
Number of all plant type
1
= X 100%
20
= 5%
Relative density of plant
Species Relative density
in 1 ha
Agathis dammara 5% 381
Total 5% 381

Number of base fields Number of base fields

Species
(Area) /∑tree
Agathis dammara 8,25 0,412
1. Dominancy = Base fields area x tree density / ha
= 8,25 x 381
= 3.143,25
Basic fields number of a type
Relative Dominancy= X 100%
Basic fields number of all type
8,25
= X 100%
8,25
= 100%
Number of a discover a plots of a type
2. Frequency of a type =
Number of all plots
 5
=
5
=1
Frequency of a type
Relative frequence = X 100%
Frquency of all type
1
= X 100%
1
= 100%
Number of a plant type
3. Relative density (%) = X 100%
Number of all plant type

20
= X 100%
20

= 100%

4. Index of important value = relative frequency + relative dominancy + relative

density
= 100 %+ 100 % + 100 %
= 300 %

The order
Relative Relative Relative Important of
Species
Dominancy Density Frequency value important
value

Agathis
100% 100% 100% 300 1
dammara
B. Discussion

Baturraden Botanical Garden was inaugurated as Botanical Garden December

29, 2004 by Central Java Governor then strengthened by Minister of Forestry Decree
No. 85 / Menhut-II / 2005 dated April 4, 2005. Location of selected area of 143.5 Ha
in plot 1 and 3 in the form of (HPT) Limited Production Forest, geographically
Baturaden Botanical Gardens lies between 109º 14'30 "LS - 109º15'00" LS and
7º17'30 "BT - 7º18'30" BT. Based on the forest management administration located
in the Resort Pemangkuan Hutan (RPH) Baturraden, Section of Unity Pemangkuan
Hutan (BKPH) Mount Slamet West, Forest Section (BH) Mount Slamet, Unitary
Pengluan Forest East Banyumas, Perum Perhutani. Administratively, this Botanical
Garden area is located in Kemutug Lor Village, Baturraden Subdistrict, Banyumas
Regency, bordering with Lokawisata Baturraden and Baturraden Campground
(Mandiriati et al., 2016)
According to Mandiriati et al., (2016), the development of Baturraden
Botanical Garden is the government's way to conserve the plants. The selection of
the location raises a number of issues that must be handled in conservative
consideration, since before being designated as Baturraden Botanical Gardens the
area is HPT (Limited Production Forest), a monoculture forest dominated by Damar
(Agathis Alba), since it was previously designated as HPT (Limited Production
Forest ) Perhutani only utilize the limited tapping sap Damar (Agathis dammara).
Baturraden is one of the famous tourist sites in Central Java and is a forest
ecosystem with its own uniqueness, because it is a transition from lowland to
highland. According to the function of this forest ecosystem as a production forest
area managed by Perum Perhutani Unit I and includes company class (Agathis
dammara Warb.) (Garsetiasih, M., & Nur, MH 2007). The Baturraden Botanical
Garden is located in the Baturaden Forest Management Area (RPH) which is
included in the Banyumas Timur Forest Management Unit (KPH). Baturraden
Botanical Garden has a topography ramps up to hilly with a slope of 20% to 70%.
The height of the place ranges from 600-750 m dpl.The air temperature ranges from
20-300C. Baturraden Botanical Garden has a variety of flora, according to its
function as an ex-situ conservation area various types of plants . The types of plants
in the Baturaden Botanical Gardens include: Damar (Agathis lorantifolia), Puspa
(Schima wallichii), Rasamala (Altingia excelsa), Mahoni (Switenia macrophyll.),
Kaliandra (Callyandra calothyrsus), ferns, pockets semar, and orchid species
(Central Java Forestry Service, 2003 in Budiana & Sukarsa, 2012).
Based on the result of this laboratory activity shows that the dominance of
plant species in Baturraden Botanical Garden area is a Damar Tree (Agathis
dammara Warb.) with the relative density of tree per hectare is 381 trees per hectare,
number of base fields area per number of trees are 0,412, and index of important
value (INP) is 300 %. Smith (1977) in Pitopang & Mohammad (2014), states that the
dominant type is the type that can utilize the environment of it occupies efficiently
than other types in the same place. The dominance of damar tree that reaches 100%
indicates that forest vegetation in Baturraden Botanical Gardens is homogeneous.
Agathis dammara is a kind of trade wood with Agathis / Damar trade name,
which is one of the wood species that is not only utilized by wood but also its resin /
dammar which is intercepted by local people and it is one of wood product Non
Timber Forest Product) which is important in Indonesia (Pitopang & Mohammad,
2014). The genus Agathis has been known as kauri or damar. Includes from a few
tree genus of 21 species of evergreen tree. This genus is part of the family or family
of Araucariaceae (conifer). This group is widespread during the Jurassic period, but
now partly (de Laubenfels, 1988 in Santoso et al., 2014). The physical properties of
this resin, such as the height of trees 50-55 m or more, have rigid branches, and bark
is gray or black. The resin produced by the resin plant is a viscous fluid containing
terpene compounds and dissolved solids that make the resin thick and sticky.
Classification of Agathis dammara, namely Regnum: Plantae, Divisio: Pinophyta,
Classis: Pinopsida, Order: Pinales, Familia: Araucariaceae, Genus: Agathis, Species:
A. dammara (Lamb.) Rich. & A. Rich. (Santoso et al., 2014).
According to Suraida et al. (2013), states that the double plot method (squared)
is a versatile method. Squares is a method used to measure the extent of a habitat in
various forms that can limit vegetation, so that vegetation cover in the area can be
calculated and the extent of vegetation in the studied habitat can be estimated. This
method is different from the quadrant method, because the quadrant method does not
use the plot. The advantage of this quadrant method is that it is easier and faster to
use for knowing the composition, the dominance of the tree, and the volume
estimation.
 V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on the result and discussion, it can be conclude that:

1. Vegetation of plants in Baturraden Botanical Gardens is a homogeneous

vegetation.
2. Vegetation of plants in Baturraden Botanical Garden is dominated by Agathis
dammara tree.

B. Suggestion

Suggestions for this agenda practical activity are students must be scrupulous
in measuring the distance or circumference of the tree and it should be better if the
information of every practical agenda is informed for a long time and also it will be
better if there is a group to share every information thats related with the practical
activity.
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