Rhythm

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Rhythm (disambiguation).

Simple [quadr]duple drum pattern, against which duration is measured in much popular music:
Play (help·info).

Compound triple drum pattern: divides three beats into three. Play (help·info) Contains repetition on three
levels.

Rhythm, a sequence in time repeated, featured in dance: an early moving picture demonstrates the waltz.

Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός, rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry" (Liddell and
Scott 1996)) generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and
weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions" (Anon. 1971, 2537). This general meaning
of regular recurrence or pattern in time can apply to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena
having aperiodicity or frequency of anything from microseconds to millions of years.
In the performance arts rhythm is the timing of events on a human scale; of musical sounds and
silences, of the steps of a dance, or the meter of spoken language and poetry. Rhythm may also
refer to visual presentation, as "timed movement through space" (Jirousek 1995,[page needed]) and a
common language of pattern unites rhythm with geometry. In recent years, rhythm and meter
have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas
includes books by Maury Yeston (Yeston 1976), Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan
Kramer, Christopher Hasty (Hasty 1997), Godfried Toussaint (Toussaint 2005), William Rothstein,
and Joel Lester (Lester 1986).
In Thinking and Destiny, Harold W. Percival defined rhythm as the character and meaning of
thought expressed through the measure or movement in sound or form, or by written signs or
words Percival 1946, 1006.
 noun
1.
movement or procedure with uniform or patterned recurrence of abeat, accent, or the like.
2.
Music.

a. the pattern of regular or irregular pulses caused in music by theoccurrence of strong and we
ak melodic and harmonic beats.

b. a particular form of this:

duple rhythm; triple rhythm.

3.
measured movement, as in dancing.
4.
Art, Literature. a patterned repetition of a motif, formal element, etc.,at regular or irregular intervals
in the same or a modified form.
5.
the effect produced in a play, film, novel, etc., by the combination orarrangement of formal elements
, as length of scenes, speech anddescription, timing, or recurrent themes, to create movement, tensi
on,and emotional value in the development of the plot.
6.
Prosody.

a. metrical or rhythmical form; meter; cadence.

b. a particular kind of metrical form.

c. metrical movement.

7.
the pattern of recurrent strong and weak accents, vocalization andsilence, and the distribution and c
ombination of these elements inspeech.

Full Definition of RHYTHM

1

a : an ordered recurrent alternation of strong and weak elements in the flow of sound and
silence in speech

b : a particular example or form of rhythm <iambic rhythm>

2

a : the aspect of music comprising all the elements (as accent, meter, and tempo) that relate to
forward movement

b : a characteristic rhythmic pattern <rumba rhythm>; also : 1METER 2

c : the group of instruments in a band supplying the rhythm —called also rhythm section

a : movement, fluctuation, or variation marked by the regular recurrence or natural flow of

related elements <the rhythms of country life>

b : the repetition in a literary work of phrase, incident, character type, or symbol

: a regularly recurrent quantitative change in a variable biological process <a

circadian rhythm> — compare BIORHYTHM

: the effect created by the elements in a play, movie, or novel that relate to
the temporaldevelopment of the action

: RHYTHM METHOD

See rhythm defined for English-language learners

See rhythm defined for kids

Dance
For other uses, see Dance (disambiguation).
"Dancer" and "Dancing" redirect here. For other uses, see Dancer (disambiguation) and Dancing
(disambiguation).

See also: List of basic dance topics

Dance
 Modern dance

Originating culture Various

Originating era Prehistory-Antiquity

Dance is a performance art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human

movement. This movement has aestheticand symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by
performers and observers within a particular culture.[nb 1] Dance can be categorized and described
by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin.
An important distinction is to be drawn between the contexts
of theatrical and participatory dance,[4] although these two categories are not always completely
separate; both may have special functions,
whether social, ceremonial, competitive, erotic, martial, orsacred/liturgical. Others disciplines of
human movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality, including martial
arts,gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming and many other forms of athletics.

dancing
Also found in: Medical, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.

dance
(dăns)

v. danced, danc·ing, danc·es

v.intr.

1. To move rhythmically usually to music, using prescribed or improvised steps and gestures.

2. Zoology To perform a specialized set of movements to communicate chiefly with other members of
the same species.

3.
a. To move or leap about excitedly.

b. To bob up and down or move about rapidly: The leaves danced in the wind.

c. To appear to flash or twinkle: eyes that danced with merriment.

4. Informal To speak or behave in an evasive or vacillating manner: danced around the issue.

v.tr.

1. To engage in or perform (a dance).

2. To lead (someone) in a dance.

3. To cause to move up and down quickly or lightly: danced the child on her knee.

n.

1.

a. A series of motions and steps, such as the waltz or tango, usually performed to music.

b. The act or an instance of dancing: May I have this dance?

c. The music composed or played for a certain kind of dance or for a particular dance.

d. The art of dancing: studied dance in college.

2. A party or gathering of people for dancing.

3. Zoology An act of communication by dancing: a peacock's courtship dance.

Idiom:

dance attendance on

To attend to or try to please (someone) with eagerness or obsequiousness.

[Middle English dauncen, from Old French danser, perhaps of Germanic origin.]

danc′er n.

danc′ing·ly adv.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2011 by Houghton
Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All
rights reserved.
Dancing
See also performing.

choreodrama

a drama expressed in dance or with dance as an integral part of its content and form.

choreography
1. the art of composing dances for the stage, especially in conceiving and realizing the movements of
the dancers.
2. the technique of representing dance movements through a notational scheme.
3. the art of dancing. Also called choregraphy, orchesography.
— choreographer, n. — choreographic, adj.

choreomania

a mania for dancing.

ecdysiast

a striptease performer or exotic dancer.

orchesography

choreography. Also orchesis, orchestics.

tripudiation

Rare. the act of dancing. — tripudiary, adj.

-Ologies & -Isms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dancing

See Also: AGILITY, INSULTS, WORDS OF PRAISE

1. As light on your feet as a fairy —Rita Mae Brown

See Also: LIGHTNESS

2. As limber as a couple of Yale pass-keys (addressed to a dancer) —O. Henry

3. Danced like a faun —O. Henry

O. Henry was well known for perverting and extending existing sayings. This one can be trace
d to Robert Lowell’s “Dancing like nakedfauns too glad for shame.”

4. Danced like a wave —Dame Edith Sitwell

5. Danced like a wet dream —Martin Amis

6. Danced like sandflies —Margaret Atwood

7. Danced like something dark and slithery from the Argentine —P. G. Wodehouse

8. (People) danced, moving their bodies like thick rope —Susan Richards Shreve

9. Dancers swaying like wet washing in a high wind —Lawrence Durrell

10. Dances like a Mack truck —Cornell Woolrich

 11. Dances like an angel —Joseph Addison

12. (Sometimes I think that) dancing, like youth, is wasted on the young —Max Lerner

13. Dancing with her must be a good deal like moving the piano or something —Ring Lardner

14. (Helga Danzing danced just the way she looked: big, clumsy, almost impossible to lead,) danc
ing with her was like pushing a weightuphill —Abraham Rothberg

15. (You’ve got) a foot movement like a baby hippopotamus trying to sidestep a jab from a hummi
ng-bird … and your knees are about aslimber as a couple of Yale pass-keys —O. Henry

16. Pirouetting like a Baryshnikov —T. Coraghessan Boyle

17. Sailed like a coquettish yacht convoyed by a stately cruiser —O. Henry

18. You dance like there’s a stone in your shoe —John Updike

Similes Dictionary, 1st Edition. © 1988 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
N 1 dancing - taking a series of rhythmical steps (and movements) in time to m
ou . usic
n
terpsichore, dance, saltation

sidestep - a step to one side (as in boxing or dancing)

diversion, recreation - an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates; "sc

uba diving is provided as adiversion for tourists"; "for recreation he wrote
poetry and solved crossword puzzles"; "drug abuse is oftenregarded as a form of recreation"

adagio - a slow section of a pas de deux requiring great skill and strength by the dancers

break dance, break

dancing - a form of solo dancing that involves rapid acrobatic moves in which different parts of t
he bodytouch the ground; normally performed to the rhythm of rap music

courante - a court dance of the 16th century; consisted of short advances and retreats

nauch, nautch, nautch

dance - an intricate traditional dance in India performed by professional dancing girls

pavan, pavane - a stately court dance of the 16th and 17th centuries

phrase - dance movements that are linked in a single choreographic sequence

saraband - a stately court dance of the 17th and 18th centuries; in slow time

skank - a rhythmic dance to reggae music performed by bending forward and extending the han
ds while bending the knees

slam dance, slam

 dancing - a form of dancing in which dancers slam into one another; normally performed to pun
k rock

hoofing, step
dancing - dancing in which the steps are more important than gestures or postures

toe dance, toe dancing - a dance performed on tiptoe

choreography, stage dancing - a show involving artistic dancing

pas seul, variation - (ballet) a solo dance or dance figure

pas de deux, duet - (ballet) a dance for two people (usually a ballerina and a danseur noble)

pas de trois - (ballet) a dance for three people

pas de quatre - (ballet) a dance for four people

social dancing - dancing as part of a social occasion

mambo - a Latin American dance similar in rhythm to the rumba

ceremonial dance, ritual dance, ritual dancing - a dance that is part of a religious ritual

tap - a small metal plate that attaches to the toe or heel of a shoe (as in tap dancing)

performing arts - arts or skills that require public performance

busker - a person who entertains people for money in public places (as by singing or dancing), u
sually while asking for money

jive - dance to jive music; dance the jive

trip the light fantastic, trip the light fantastic

toe, dance - move in a pattern; usually to musical accompaniment; do orperform a dance; "My
husband and I like to dance at home to the radio"

clog - dance a clog dance

tap dance - perform a tap dance

belly dance - perform a belly dance

heel - perform with the heels; "heel that dance"

shimmy - dance a shimmy

Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.

Translations
Spanish / Español

Select a language:

dancing
[ˈdɑːnsɪŋ]

A. N → baile m
 B. CPD dancing girl N → bailarina f
dancing partner N → pareja f de baile
dancing shoes NPL (gen) → zapatos mpl de baile; (for ballet) → zapatillas fpl de ballet

Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons &
Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005

dancing
→ baile

Multilingual Translator © HarperCollins Publishers 2009

 Where can we go dancing? → ¿Dónde podemos ir a bailar?

 I feel like dancing → Tengo ganas de bailar

Collins Multilingual Translator © HarperCollins Publishers 2009

Very expressive movements of the feet and arms characterize Philippine folk dances. These
movements are a combination of the five fundamental positions of the arms and feet whether the
pace of the dance steps is slow or fast.

Arms Positions:

First position- raise arms to a circle in front of the chest.

Second position – open up arms sideward, raised below shoulder level with a graceful curve.
Third position – raise one arm overhead while other arm remains in 2nd position.

Fourth position – raise one arm in front of chest in a half circle, while one arm remains overhead.

Fifth position – raise both arms overhead in a graceful curve.

Feet Positions:

First position – bring heels close to touch; toes apart.

Second position – bring feet apart sideward.

Third position – bring the heel of one foot to touch the instep of the other foot.

Fourth position – bring one foot in front of the other foot to walk strike.

Fifth position – bring the heel of one foot to touch the toe of the other.

Basic Positions
There are five basic positions in dance, but only four of them are
commonly used. Every movement in dance is begun and ended in
one of these positions. For each of these positions there is a position
for the arms and a position for the feet. It is helpful to practice each
of these positions in front of a full length mirror until you get the
hang of them. After a while, you will be able to begin depending
more on feeling the movement rather than watching in the mirror.

First Position
First position is the first movement beginning dancers learn. Stand
with your feet turned out and the heels together. It is important that
a beginning dancer be taught the proper technique of performing
even such a simple position. If dancers force their turnout too much,
the strain can severely injure their knees. In order to prevent injury,
a dancer's turnout should originate in the hips, not in the knees.

To ensure that you are executing first position properly, and to avoid
injury, begin by standing with your feet together. Then, rock back on
your heels and turn your feet out as far as you can using only the
flexibility in your hips. Place your feet down comfortably. There
should be no feelings of strain or discomfort in your knees. This is
your proper first position.

For the arms, first position is a low, simple position. Arms should be
held as if the dancer is holding a large, invisible ball, and the hands
should be relaxed. The position can range from almost straight down
in front of the dancer, to directly out from the body at a 90 degree
angle. However, arms are most commonly held out in front of the
body with the hands at the level of the dancer's belly-button.
 Second Position
Second position is very similar to first and is simply a more open
version of it. To transition from first to second, slide one of your feet
out to the side until your feet are about shoulder width apart. Don't
forget to maintain the comfortable turnout that you established in
first position.

In order to properly hold the arms in second position, open them

from first out to your sides. However, your arms should still remain
slightly curved and a little in front of the body. As a reference point,
you should still be able to see both of your hands out of the corner
of your eyes. Your arms should also not be held directly
perpendicular to your body. Instead, they should slope very slightly
downward. For example, if a ball were to be placed on your shoulder,
it should be able to roll down along the arm, and off the fingertips.
 Fourth Position
Fourth position is slightly more complex and difficult to perform
correctly than either first or second, so it is especially good to
practice this position in front of a mirror. Begin back in first position.
While continuing to keep the same turnout, slide one foot forward.
The distance between one foot and the other should be about the
length of one of your feet. Then, slide the foot that is in front of you
so that it is directly in front of the other. Be sure to stand up straight
and not lose your posture when you do this. Your feet are now in
fourth position.

For the arms, begin back in first and raise one arm up over your
head. Extend the other out to the side as if it were in second
position. Don't forget to keep your arms curved and your hands
relaxed.

Fifth Position
Just as first position was a closed version of second, fifth position is a
closed version of fourth. To take the feet from fourth position to fifth,
just slide the foot out in front of you in so that your front heel makes
contact with the toes of your back foot. More advanced dancers will
be able to stand in fifth with the toes of their front foot making
contact with the heel of their back foot. Don't try to force your
turnout, however. You will do damage to your knees and ankles, and
your posture will suffer as well. As your turnout improves, so will
your fifth position.

The arms are fairly simple in fifth position, but also easy to do
incorrectly. From fourth position, pull the arm that is extended out to
your side up to meet the arm over your head. Don't hold your arms
directly up over your head because doing this will cause your
shoulders to tense and lift. They should instead be ever so slightly
forward and your shoulders should be kept down and relaxed.

Polar Form of a Complex Number

The polar form of a complex number is another way to represent a complex number. The
form z = a + bi is called the rectangular coordinate form of a complex number.

The horizontal axis is the real axis and the vertical axis is the imaginary axis. We find the real
and complex components in terms of r and θ where r is the length of the vector and θ is the
angle made with the real axis.
From Pythagorean Theorem:

By using the basic trigonometric ratios:

and .
Multiplying each side by r:

The rectangular form of a complex number is given by

z = a + bi .
Substitute the values of a and b .

In the case of a complex number, r represents the absolute value or modulus and the
angle θ is called the argument of the complex number.
This can be summarized as follows:
The polar form of a complex number z = a + bi is ,

where , , and for a > 0

or or for a < 0.
Example:
Express the complex number in polar form.
5 + 2i

The polar form of a complex number z = a + bi is .

So, first find the absolute value of r .

Now find the argument θ.

Since a > 0, use the formula .

Note that here θ is measured in radians.

Therefore, the polar form of 5 + 2i is about 5.39(cos0.38 + i sin0.38).
 Polar representation of complex numbers

In polar representation a complex number z is represented by two

parameters r and Θ. Parameter r is the modulus of complex number and
parameter Θ is the angle with the positive direction of x-axis.
The polar form of a complex number is:

This representation is very useful when we multiply or divide complex numbers.

Polar to Rectangular Form Conversion

Here we know r and Θ and we need to find a and b.

Example 1:

Convert the complex number to rectangular form.

Solution:

Exercise 1: Convert to rectangular form:

Level 1
 Level 2

Rectangular to Polar Form Conversion

Here we know a and b and we need to find r and Θ. In this case we need to use
formulas:

Example 2:

Convert the complex number to polar form.

Solution:

In this example :

The polar form is:

Exercise 2: Convert to polar form:

Level 1
 Level 2

Product in polar representation

Example 3:

Let . Then:

Quotient two complex numbers in polar representation

Example 4:

Let . Then:

Exercise 3: Find product and quotient:

 Level 1

Level 2

The inverse of a complex number in polar

representation

Conjugate numbers in polar representation

Formula 'De Moivre'

Example 5:

Let z = 1 - i.
a) find polar representation
b) find z8

Solution:
a)
b)

Exercise 4: Find zn:

Level 1

home / study / definitions / math / trigonometry /

polar and rectangular conversions

Definition of Polar
and Rectangular
Conversions
Polar and rectangular coordinates
express the location of a point in a
coordinate system, and can be
converted to one another. In rectangular
notation, a point is given by the
coordinate (x, y). Polar coordinates
express that point as (r, θ), where r is
the straight-line distance from the origin
to the point and θ is the angle from the
positive x-axis to the point. To convert
from polar to rectangular coordinates,

use the trigonometric ratios

and where r is the

hypotenuse of the right triangle. The
rectangular form of the polar coordinate
(r, θ) is (rcos θ, rsin θ). To convert from
rectangular to polar coordinates, use the
Pythagorean Theorem and the

trigonometric ratio . The

polar form of the rectangular coordinate

(x, y) is .
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