Title: Study of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem and Verification of Reciprocity

Theorem.

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is:

i. To find the maximum power dissipated by any element of the fixed circuit.
ii. To measure the current through of any element from the reciprocal network.

Theory and Methodology: The maximum power transfer theorem states that: “A
load will receive maximum power from a linear bilateral dc network when its total
resistive value is exactly equal to the Thevenin resistance of the network as “seen” by
the load” [1].
R1

1kΩ
R4
I1 R3
R2 1kΩ 50 %
1A 1Ω
V1 1kΩ 50 % Key=A
12V Key=A

Figure- 1 Figure- 2
For the thevenin equivalent circuit (figure 1), maximum power will be delivered to the
load when
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ
For the norton equivalent circuit (figure 2), maximum power will be delivered to the
load when
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑁
Now,
𝐸𝑇ℎ
𝐼=
𝑅𝑇ℎ +𝑅𝐿

𝐸𝑇ℎ
= [𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ ]
𝑅𝑇ℎ +𝑅𝑇ℎ

𝐸𝑇ℎ
=
2𝑅𝑇ℎ

𝑃𝐿 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝐿
𝐸𝑇ℎ
=( ) × 𝑅𝑇ℎ
2𝑅𝑇ℎ
 𝐸 2 𝑇ℎ 𝑅𝑇ℎ
=
4𝑅2 𝑇ℎ

𝐸 2 𝑇ℎ 𝑅𝑇ℎ
𝑃𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
4𝑅2 𝑇ℎ
Again,
𝑅𝑁 𝐼𝑁
𝐼=
𝑅𝑁 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑅𝑁 𝐼𝑁
= [𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑁 ]
𝑅𝑁 +𝑅𝑁

𝐼𝑁 𝑅𝑁
=
2𝑁 2𝑅𝑁

𝐼𝑁
=
2

𝑃𝐿 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝐿
𝐼 2
= ( 𝑁) × 𝑅𝑁
2

𝐼2 𝑁 𝑅𝑁
=
4

𝐼2 𝑁 𝑅𝑁
𝑃𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
4

The reciprocity theorem states that: “The current I in any branch of a network, due to
a single voltage source E anywhere else in the network, will equal the current through
the branch in which the source was originally located if the source is placed in the
branch in which the current I was originally measured” [1].
𝐼𝑐𝑑 = 𝐼𝑎𝑏
The theorem requires that the polarity of the voltage source have the same
correspondence with the direction of the branch current in each position (figure 3).

R2 R3 R5 R7
R8
1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω
R1 R4 1Ω
V1 R6
12V 1Ω 1Ω
1Ω
V2
12V

Figure- 3
Apparatus:
1. Trainer Board.
2. Digital Multimeter.
3. DC source.
4. Resistors.
5. Connecting Wires.

Circuit Diagram:

R5 R7 R9 R11
R1 R3
1Ω R6 1Ω R8 1Ω 1Ω R12
1Ω 1Ω
R4 V2 1Ω 1Ω R10 1Ω
R2 12V
V1 1kΩ 50 % 1Ω
12V 1Ω
Key=A V3
12V

Figure-4 Figure-5 (a) Figure-5 (b)

Procedure:
i. The circuit was connected as shown in the figure 4. The portion of the circuit was
removed for which Thevenin’s equivalent circuit will be determine. The Thevenin
equivalent resistance 𝑅𝑇ℎ was determind for the load. Now return to sources to their
original position and 𝐸𝑇ℎ between the terminal a and b was determined. Vary the
value of potentiometer and 𝐼𝐿 and 𝑉𝐿 was measured. Now 𝑃𝐿 was founded for each
value of 𝐼𝐿 and 𝑉𝐿 . 𝑃𝐿 versus 𝑅𝐿 was ploted.
ii. The circuit connected as shown as figure-5. The current through C-D terminal was
measured. After replace the A-B terminal by a short circuit with opposite polarity and
then the current through A-B terminal was measured.

Data Table:
Table-1 (For Fig.-4):Value of Resistors: 𝑅1 = 5.73𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 2.2𝑘Ω, 𝑅3 = 3.98𝑘Ω
and voltage source E=10V.
 Calculated Value Measured Value
𝐸𝑇ℎ (V) 𝑅𝑇ℎ (𝑘Ω) 𝐸𝑇ℎ (V) 𝑅𝑇ℎ (𝑘Ω)
2.77 5.56 2.7 5.7

Table-2 (For Fig.-4):

Value of Potentiometer: 𝑅𝐿 = 0.98 − 9.8𝑘Ω and voltage source E=10V.

𝑅𝐿 (𝑘Ω) Calculated Value Measured Value

𝑉𝐿 (𝑉) 𝐼𝐿 (𝑚𝐴) 𝑃𝐿 (𝑚𝑊) 𝑉𝐿 (𝑉) 𝐼𝐿 (𝑚𝐴) 𝑃𝐿 (𝑚𝑊)
0.98 1.37 0.41 0.56 0.4 0.408 0.1632
2.2 1.36 0.35 0.476 0.76 0.345 0.2622
5.7 1.33 0.25 0.33 1.4 0.25 0.35
9.8 1.31 0.18 0.24 1.73 0.173 0.299

Table- 3 (For Fig.-5):

Value of Resistors: 𝑅1 = 5.673𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 2.2𝑘Ω, 𝑅3 = 3.98𝑘Ω, 𝑅4 = 2.2𝑘Ω and
voltage source E=10V.

Calculated Value Measured Value

𝐼𝑐𝑑 (𝑚𝐴) 𝐼𝑎𝑏 (𝑚𝐴) 𝐼𝑐𝑑 (𝑚𝐴) 𝐼𝑎𝑏 (𝑚𝐴)
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35

Calculation:
For every calculated value,
For Table-1:
𝑅2
𝐸𝑇ℎ = 𝐸 ×
𝑅1 +𝑅2
2.2
= 10 ×
5.73+2.2

= 2.77V
𝑅𝑇ℎ = (𝑅1 ||𝑅2 ) + 𝑅3
= (5.73||2.2) + 3.98
= 5.56𝑘Ω
For Table-2:
When, 𝑅𝐿 = 0.98𝑘Ω:
𝑅𝑇 = [(𝑅3 + 𝑅1 )||𝑅2 ]
= [(3.98 + 0.98)||2.2] + 5.73
= 7.25
10
𝑉𝐿 =
7.25
= 1.37V
𝑅2
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑆 ×
𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝐿
2.2
= 1.37 ×
2.2+3.98+0.98

= 0.41𝑚𝐴
So, 𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝐿 × 𝐼𝐿
= 0.56𝑚𝑤
When, 𝑅𝐿 = 2.2𝑘Ω:
𝑅𝐿 = [(3.98 + 2.2)||2.2] + 5.73
= 7.35
10
𝑉𝐿 =
7.63
= 1.36V
2.2
𝐼𝐿 = 1.31 ×
2.2 + 3.98 + 9.8
= 0.35
So,
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝐿 × 𝐼𝐿
= 0.476𝑚𝑤
When, 𝑅𝐿 = 5.73𝑘Ω:
𝑅𝑇 = [(𝑅3 + 𝑅2 )||𝑅2 ] + 𝑅1
= [(3.98 + 5.73)||2.2] + 5.73
= 7.52
 10
𝑉𝐿 =
7.52
= 1.33V
𝑅2
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑆 ×
𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝐿
2.2
= 1.33 ×
2.2+3.98+5.73

= 0.25𝑚𝐴
So,
𝑃𝐿 = 1.33 × 0.25
= 0.33𝑚𝑤
When, 𝑅𝐿 = 9.8𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑇 = [(3.98 + 9.8)||2.2] + 5.73
= 7.63
10
𝑉𝐿 =
7.63
= 1.31V
2.2
𝐼𝐿 = 1.31 ×
2.2 + 3.98 + 9.8
= 0.18𝑚𝐴
So,
𝑃𝐿 = 1.31 × 0.18
= 0.24𝑚𝑤
For Table-3:
𝑅𝑇 = (𝑅1 ||𝑅2 ) + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅3
= (5.73||2.2) + 2.2 + 3.98
= 7.76
𝐸
𝐼𝑆 =
𝑅𝑇
= 1.28
 𝑅2
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑆 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
2.2
= 1.28 ×
5.73+2.2

= 0.35𝑚𝐴
According to Reciprocity Theorem,
𝐼1 = 𝐼2
𝐼1 = 0.35 𝑚𝐴

Discussion:
i. Before starting of the experiment the Multimeter was checked.
ii. Every data was measure carefully.
iii. Applying high voltage can be damage the multimeter and resistor which using this
experiment.
iv. So from the calculation and result it could be say that the maximum power transfer
theorem and reciprocity theorem.