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SE-505
Lecture # 2
∂w
= Slope in x-direction.
∂x
∂w
= Slope in y-direction.
∂y
∂ w
2
= Curvature in x-direction, proportional to
∂x 2
moment Mx.
∂ w
2
= Curvature in x-direction, proportional to
∂y 2
moment My.
∂2w
= Change of x-direction slope
∂x ∂y measured in y-direction or vice versa,
showing torsional shear curvature
proportional to torsional moments Mxy
and Myx.
∂ w
3
∂4w
= Second derivative of y-direction curvature
∂y 4 with respect to y-axis (indicating rate of
change of shear force in y-direction).
= Load change along y-axis.
∂4w
2 = Second derivative of y-direction curvature
∂x ∂y
2
t = Thickness of plate.
My
Myx
X
Mx ∂Mx
Mx + dx
∂x
Mxy ∂Mxy
Mxy + dx
∂x
∂M yx
M yx + dy
Y ∂y
∂M y
My + dy
∂y
Qy
Qx X
∂Qx
Qx + dx
∂x
Z
Y
∂Qy
Qy + dy
∂y
Ny
∂Nx
Nx Nx + dx
∂x
Z
∂Ny
Y Ny + dy
∂y
D = Flexural rigidity of the plate.
Et 3
=
12 (1 − ν 2 )
The differential equation for bending of a
plate element may be written by adding the
load resistance by flexure and shear in the
two directions (the related derivatives along
with the constant of proportionality equal to
the flexural rigidity of the plate, D) and
equating it to the applied load.
The D-term may be taken on the right
hand of the equation.
∂ w
4
∂ w4
∂4w q
+ 2 + =
∂x 4
∂x 2
∂y 2
∂y 4 D
Mx = − D 2 + ν 2
∂x ∂y
∂2w ∂2w
My = − D 2 + ν 2
∂y ∂x
∂2w
Mxy = Myx = − D(1 − ν)
∂x∂y
∂M yx ∂M x ∂ ∂2w ∂2w
Qx = + = −D 2 + 2
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂M y ∂M xy ∂ ∂2w ∂2w
Qy = − = −D 2 + 2
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
BUCKLING OF UNIFORMLY
COMPRESSED PLATE
Nx Transverse Component of Nx
X
Lateral Deflection, w
∂w ∂w ∂ ∂w
+ dx
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
dx ∂N x
Nx + dx
Y ∂x
Considering a thin plate element of size a
× b, subjected to a critical buckling stress
on the edges denoted by Fcr, the applied
axial force per unit length on the edges
will become Fcr t = Nx in our general
nomenclature for the plate element.
Now considering a differential element of
size dx × dy, a component of the force Nx
after buckling acts as the transverse load
q on the element.
The magnitude of this load may be
estimated by considering the equilibrium of
the element in the z-direction after buckling
as follows:
∂w ∂N x ∂w ∂ 2 w
N x dy − Nx + dx dy + 2 dx = qdxdy
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂ 2 w ∂N x ∂w ∂N x ∂2w
− N x 2 − − dx 2 dxdy = qdxdy
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
w = F1(x) F2(y)
Further assuming that the buckling will yield a
sinusoidal variation along the x-axis, following
function may be tried:
= F 2 (y) − sin 2
∂x 2
a a
∂ w
2
x = 0 ⇒ = 0 (BC #2)
∂x 2
2 2
mπ N x mπ
β = − +
a D a
x
0
1.0
x
0
y = cosh x = (ex + e−x) / 2 y = sinh x = (ex − e−x) / 2
C1 = C 3 = 0
w = (C2 cosh αy + C4 coshβy)
x sin (m π x / a)
∂w mπx
= [C 2α sinh αy + C 4 β sin β y ]sin
∂y a
mπx
∂ w
[ ]
2
= C 2α cosh αy − C 4 β cos β y sin
2 2
∂y 2
a
The boundary conditions are that the
edges, y = ± b / 2, are simply supported.
∂ w 2
w = 0 and = 0
∂y 2
Which give the following results:
b b
C2 cosh α + C4 coshβ = 0
2 2
b b
C 2α cosh α − C 4 β cos β
2 2
= 0
2 2
b b
cosh α cos β C 2 0
2 2 =
b
b C 4
α cosh α
2
− β cos β
2 0
2 2
For a non-trivial solution, C2 and C4
must be non-zero and the determinant
of the coefficients matrix must be zero:
b 2 b 2 b b
− cosh α β cos β − α cosh α cos β = 0
2 2 2 2
(α 2
+β 2
) b
cosh α cos β
2
b
2
= 0
= 2 +
D a b a
2
Nx D π a
2
mπ
= 2 +
t t b mπ a
2
Dπ 1 a
2
b
or Fcr = 2 +m
b t m b a
Fy
λc = 1.052 ×λ
Ek
A graph between the parameter λ (b / t ratio) and
the ratio Fcr / Fy is shown in Figure. This graph
shows distinct phases of strength under the action
of edge compression as described below:
Strain Hardening
No Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Transition Curve Showing Inelastic
Fcr
Buckling And Effect of Residual Stresses
Fy
Post-Buckling
Strength
A B C
λ=b/t
a. For very low values of λ, the strength
becomes higher than Fy due to strain
hardening, without any buckling.
In such cases, post-buckling strength is absent
but the entire plate reaches strain hardening
after undergoing all the yielding.
Hence, Fcr / Fy may become greater than unity.
The value λo is an equivalent elastic value of λc
at which chances of inelastic buckling just start
corresponding to the yielding stress.
Some typical values of λo are as under:
λo = 0.455 for long hinged flanges.
λo = 0.461 for fixed flanges.
λo = 0.588 for hinged webs.
λo = 0.579 for fixed webs.
An average value of 0.5 may be considered for
the general discussion.
b. The value of λc is equal to one at the point
where no elastic buckling occurs up to Fy stress.
c. Inelastic buckling occurs for values of λc less
than approximately1.45.
d. The point B indicates a situation where the
elastic buckling formula gives strength equal to Fy.
e. Elastic buckling according to the
derived formula when the value of λc is
greater than or equal to 1.45.
f. Post buckling strength with stress
redistribution and large deformations results
after λc equal to 1.45.
Point A
Fcr / Fy = 1.0 according to the inelastic buckling
formula
Corresponding λc for elastic formula ≈ 0.5
Ek
λ for elastic λc of 0.5 ≈ 0.475
Fy
Point C
λc ≈ 1.45
Fcr / Fy = 0.476 according to the elastic
buckling formula
Ek
λ ≈ 1.378 using the elastic formula
Fy
Fy
Slope of straight line between A and C = 0.58
Ek
Point B
λc on the elastic curve = 1.00
Fcr / Fy = 1.00 on the elastic curve
Ek
λ ≈ 0.951 using the elastic formula
Fy
Corresponding value of Fcr / Fy calculated
using the inelastic straight line = 0.724
f (y)
fmax Stress
fmax
Distribution
Stiffened ≅ be/2
b b
Stiffened Elements
Plate elements under axial compression, showing actual stress distribution and
an equivalent system
Steel Structures
Post Buckling Strength (contd…)
Nominal strength of a stiffened elements
b
Pn = t ∫ f ( y )dy
0
Pn = t × be × f max
Pn = Aeff × f max
be = Effective width over which the maximum stress may be considered
uniform and still gives almost correct answer.
Steel Structures
Post Buckling Strength (contd…)
fmax
favg
Free ≅
b b
Unstiffened Elements
Plate elements under axial compression, showing actual stress distribution and
an equivalent system
Steel Structures
Post Buckling Strength (contd…)
Nominal strength of an unstiffened element
Pn = t × b × f avg
Pn = Ag × f avg
Unstiffened elements have less post-buckling
strength. They may be idealized as not buckled
but subjected to a reduced equivalent stress.
Steel Structures
Post Buckling Strength (contd…)
Nominal strength of the member having both stiffened and unstiffened
elements (W-section)
f avg Aeff
Pn = f avg × Aeff Pn = × f max × × Ag
f max Ag
Pn = Qs × Qa × f max × Ag Pn = Qf max Ag = Fcr Ag
For columns
Fcr , plate Fcr , plate
Qs = ≥
Fcr ,column Fy
For compression flanges of beams
b E
For ≤ 0 .45 Qs = 1.0
t Fy
E b
< < 0 .91
E b Fy
For 0 .45 Q s = 1 .340 − 0 .76
Fy t Fy t E
12.8 < b / t < 25.8 for A-36 steel
b E 0 .53 E
Qs =
For
t
≥ 0 .91
Fy Fy ( )
b
t
2
E b
< < 1 .03
E b Fy
For 0 .56 Q s = 1 .415 − 0 .74
Fy t Fy t E
15.8 < b / t < 29.1 for A-36 steel
b E 0 .69 E
Qs =
For
t
≥ 1 .03
Fy Fy ( )
b
t
2
Ek c b Ek c b Fy
For 0 .64 < < 1 .17 Q s = 1 .415 − 0 .65
Fy t Fy t Ek c
b Ek c Ek c
Q s = 0 .90
For
t
≥ 1 .17
Fy ( )
Fy b
t
2
4
kc = 0 .35 ≤ k c ≤ 0 .76
h / tw
Steel Structures
Reduction Factor Qs for Unstiffened Elements (contd…)
d) For Stem of Tees
d E
For ≤ 0 .75 Qs = 1.0
t Fy
For 0.75
E d
< < 1.03
Fy t
E
Fy
⇒ Qs = 1.908 − 1.22 d( t) Fy
E
d E 0.69 E
Qs =
For
t
≥ 1.03
Fy
⇒
Fy( )
d
t
2
Otherwise be = b
f = Computed elastic compressive stress in the stiffened element
= Pn/Aeff (may conservatively be taken equal to Fy.
Steel Structures
Reduction Factor Qa for Stiffened Elements (contd…)
Otherwise be = b
f is taken as Fcr with Fcr calculated based on Q = 1.0.
Steel Structures
Reduction Factor Qa for Stiffened Elements (contd…)
c) For axially loaded circular sections
E D E
For 0 . 11 < < 0 . 45
Fy t Fy
0 . 038 E 2
Q = Qa =
Fy D
t
( )
+
3
D = Outside diameter , mm
t = Wall thickness, mm
Steel Structures
Example: Design a double equal leg angle compression
member of width 416 mm connected by 10 mm gusset plate and
stay plates. Steel with Fy = 420 MPa is to be used
416 mm
Pu = 1700 kN
KL = 6 m
F y = 420 MPa
Solution 10 mm
Fe ≥ 0 .44 F y ⇒
π 2E π 2 × 200000
Fe = 2
= 2
= 243 .69 MPa
( KL / r ) (90 )
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Fe ≥ 0 .44 F y ⇒ 416 mm
Fy
φ c Fcr = 0 .9 × 0.658 FyFe
420
= 0 .9 × 0.658 243.69
× 420 = 183.74 mm
2
10 mm
Pu 17000 × 1000
A req = =
φ c Fcr 183 . 74
= 9252 mm 2
For 2Ls
9252
= = 4626 mm 2
For single angle
2
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
416 mm
Trial Section - 1: 2Ls 203 x 203 x 12.7
A = 5000 mm 2
For single angle
KL 6000
R = = ≅ 95
rmin 63 . 5
π 2 × 200000
Fe = 2
= 218 . 72 MPa
95
φ c Fcr = 0 . 9 × (0 . 658 420 / 218 .72 )× 420 = 169 . 21 MPa
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
416 mm
φ c Pn = 169 . 21 × 2 × 5000 / 1000
= 1692 . 1kN Based on assumption that
member is locally stable
A = 5600 mm 2
For single angle
b 203 E
λ= = = 14.2 > λ r = 0 . 45 = 9 .8
t 14.3 Fy
10 mm
λ > λr section is locally unstable
E
λ r = 0 . 91 = 19 . 9
Fy
E b E
For unstiffened elements, if 0 .45 < < 0 .91
Fy t Fy
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
b Fy
Q = Q s = 1 .340 − 0 .76
t E
420
= 1 .340 − 0 .76 (14 .2 )
200 ,000
= 0 .846 15.4 % reduction
QFy
So φ c Fcr = 0 .90 0 .658 Fe QF y
0 .845 × 420
= 0 .90 0 .658 218 .72 0 .845 × 420
= 161 .96 MPa
Steel Structures
Solution (contd…)
Neglecting chamfer
r = 2t
300 4 290 4
Ix = Iy ≅ − ≅ 8560 × 10 mm
4 4
12 12
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
I
rx = ry = ≅ 120mm
A
Straight width b = 300 − 2 × (2 × 5) = 280mm b
b 280
λ= = = 56
t 5
E
λ r = 1.40 = 33.7
Fy
λ > λr Stiffened, locally unstable element
The section does not have unstiffened elements
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Q = Qs × Qa For stiffened elements Qs = 1.0
⇒ Q = Qa
Overall Stability
KL 5.5 ×1000
R= = = 45.83
rmin 120
Assume f = Fy = 345 MPa
E 0.38 E
be = 1.92 t 1 −
f bt f
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
200,000 0.38 200,000
be = 1.92 × 5 1 −
345 56 345
be = 193.4mm
Ineffective width
= 1151 . 6 kN
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
If we ignore local buckling
Φ c Pn = 1571 kN
Steel Structures
Example: Determine the compression capacity of the given built-
up I-section for an effective length of 2.5m. Fy = 345 MPa. Ignore the
residual stresses.
Solution
10 × 2503
I y = 2×
12
5 x 280 mm Plate 10 x 250 mm Plate
= 2604 ×10 mm 4 4 h
A = 2 × 10 × 250 + 5 × 280
= 6400mm 2
Iy
ry = = 63.8mm
A
Steel Structures
Solution
Local Stability Check
bf 250
For flange λ= = = 12.5
2t f 2 ×10
4
kc = 0.35 to 0.76
h tw
4
= = 0.534
280 5
Ekc Ekc
0.64 = 11.26 and 1.17 = 20.6
Fy Fy
As 11.26 < λ < 20.6
So Qs = 1.415 − 0.65 b ( t) Fy
kc E
= 0.953
Local Stability Check For Web
h 280
λ= = = 56
tw 5
Steel Structures
Solution
E
λ r = 1.49 = 35.9
Fy
KL 2500
Assume Q = 1.0 = = 39.2
rmin 63.8
π 2 × 200000
Fe = 2
= 1284 . 6 MPa
39 . 2
( )
f = Fcr = 0 . 658 345 / 1284 .6 × 345 = 308 . 3 MPa
Steel Structures
Solution
E 0.34 E
be = 1.92 t 1 −
f bt f
200,000 0.34 200,000
= 1.92 × 5 1 −
308.3 56 308.3
= 206.7 mm
Ineffective width = 280 − 206.7 = 73.3mm
Aeff = 6400 − 73.3 × 5 = 6033mm 2
Steel Structures
Solution
6033
Qa = = 0.943
6400
Q = Qa × Qs = 0.943 × 0.953 = 0.898