Steel Structures

M.Sc. Structural Engineering

SE-505

Lecture # 3

Design for Torsion

Steel Structures
Torque
Moment about longitudinal axis
Corresponding deformation produced is twist or
torsion.
τ
T, Twisting Moment
τ
τ

τ
Torque can be resisted in two different ways
1. Pure Torsion (St. Venant Torsion)
2. Warping Torsion
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion
In this case the various cross-sections along the length of the
member rotate relative to each other causing twist of the member.
Any particular cross section twists as a whole
Typical example is the torque applied on a circular rod.
Warping Torsion
The whole cross-sections do not rotate as a whole

z
Steel Structures
Warping Torsion (contd…) C T

T C
Under the Action of Torque

Plane section do not remain plane in

warping torsion
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section
(Pure Torsion)

1. Plane section remains plane.

2. Radial lines remain straight.
3. Moment is applied along longitudinal axis.
4. Material remains elastic.
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section (contd…)
θ = total rotation of any
section w.r.t. the reference T
point. Tr
A
φ = change of angle per unit B
length θ
O
φ = θ/L for linear increase C
φ = dθ/dz in general
ρ = radial distance up to any L
point where stresses are to be dz
calculated.
τ = shear stress at any point Helix, deformed position
of line AB after twist
γ = shear strain at any point
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section (contd…)
Shear stress due to pure torsion is always
perpendicular to the redial distance at that
r
point. ρ

ρdθ τ
B' C'
γ= γ=
dz dz
dθ γ
γ=ρ γ = ρϕ ρ B’ Reference
point
dz dθ
C’

dz
 Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section (contd…)

dT = ρ × τdA T = φ × GJ
= ρ × (γG )dA Q τ = γG GJ = torsional rigidity

J = Ix + Iy
= ρ × (ρφ )× GdA
For circular section

= ρ × φ × GdA
2
Now
τ = γG
 T 
T = Tr = ∫ ρ × φ × GdA
2 τ = ρ  G
 GJ 
A

T = φ × G ∫ ρ 2 dA T×ρ
τ=
A
J
Steel Structures
Torsion Formula for Circular Section (contd…)

τ∝ρ
Tr
=
Shear stress
τ max due to torsion

J
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion For Non-Circular Section
(Experimental Method)
Slope at any point is equal to shear
Soap Film Analogy stress at that point
The volume between the bubble
and the original plane (by the
analogy of governing differential
equation) is proportional to the
total torque resistance (applied).
Steeper the slope of tangent at any
point greater will be the shear
stress.
SFA is more useful for noncircular
and irregular section for which
formulas are difficult to derive. AIR
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion For Non-Circular Section
Soap Film Analogy (contd…)

Tmax
y

At the
mid of
Longer
Square Cross Section side

When material behaves Rectangular Cross Section

in-elastically
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion For Non-Circular Section
Soap Film Analogy (contd…)

At one section , two

directional shear is
present, GIVING
RESISTING
TORQUE

Soap Film
Steel Structures
Pure Torsion For Non-Circular Section
By Timoshenko

Tt Valid for Rectangular Section only

τ max =
α bt 3 t ( smaller side)
Tt
=C b

bt 3
z C, Torsion constant = α = 1/3 for practical section
3 with large b/t ratio.
z α depends on b/t ratio. For section consisting of
more than one rectangular

b/t 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 ∞ bt 3

C=Σ
α .208 .219 .246 .267 .290 1/3 3
Steel Structures
Plastic Torsion
Whole the section will yield in torsion, τ = τy
Plastic analysis assumes uniform shear intensity all
around the surface and all around the cross section.

Plastic torsions can be envisioned in

terms of SAND HEAP ANALOGY

τy
Steel Structures
Sand Heap Analogy
Put sand on a plate having a shape same as that of cross section
(Circular, Rectangular, Irregular)
Slope of sand
heap is constant
everywhere as
τ= τ y
throughout
Steel Structures
Sand Heap Analogy (contd…)
Volume under the sand heap is proportional to the torque.

Tt
τ p max = 3
α p bt
αp = 0.33 for b/t = 1.0
= 0.5 for b/t = ∞
 Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes
B
A

D
C z
r
T
ds
dz
VAB τ
τ1
A 1 B
t1

VDA τ2

τ4 VBC τ2
τ3
D
VDC
t2 C τ1=τ2
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes
V = Resultant shear force at a face
τ1 remains constant throughout the length

VAB = τ1 × t1 × dz
VCD = τ 4 × t 2 × dz
∑F z = 0 ⇒ VAB = VCD To maintain equilibrium

τ1 × t1 = τ 4 × t 2
For equilibrium of infinitesimal element at corner B, τ1 = τ2

Similarly, at corner C, τ3 = τ4
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes (contd…)

τ1 × t1 = τ 4 × t 2 ⇒
τ 2 × t1 = τ 3 × t 2
Shear stress is more in the portion where thickness is less but τ x t
remains constant

The product τ × t is referred to as the shear flow,

q having units of N/mm. The shear flow remains
constant around the perimeter of the tube.

This term comes from an analogy to water flowing

in a loop of pipes having different diameters,
where the total discharge remains the same.
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes (contd…)

τ× t = q (Shear flow)

qB = qC
In general shear flow is same throughout the cross section.
Torsional shear force acting on ds length of wall = q × ds
Resisting moment of this force = r × q × ds

Integrating this differential resisting torque around the perimeter

gives the total resisting torque.

T = ∫ r × q × ds
P
Steel Structures
Torsion in Hollow Tubes (contd…)

T = q ∫ r × ds
P r
r × ds
T = 2q ∫
P
2 r
ds
T = 2q × A o
Ao = Area enclosed by shear flow path

T = 2τ × t × A o
T
τ= For hollow closed tube
2A o t
Steel Structures
Shear Center
“Shear center is defined as the point in the cross-sectional plane of a
beam through which the transverse loads must pass so that the beam
bends without twisting.”

In other words, loads applied through the shear center will cause no
torsional stresses to develop.
n

∫ (τ t ) r ds
0
= 0
e P

T = P×e
“e” is from Shear Center S.C.
 Steel Structures
Shear Center (contd…)
r
n
T = ∫ (τ × t )× r × ds = 0 ds

0 Closed Thin Walled Section

Magnitude of Shear Flow for Transverse Loads
Through Shear Center
VQ
q= (1) Valid for sections having Ixy = 0
I
“I” is about the axis of bending

Vy  s s

2  y∫
q=  I ytds − I xy ∫ xtds 
I x I y − I xy  0 
0 
If we put Ixy = 0, we will get (1) Open Thin Walled Section
Steel Structures
Shear Flow In Thin Walled Open Sections
Due to Applied Shear Force
Rules For Plotting Shear Flow Diagram

1. The shear flow in the part of element parallel

to the applied shear is always in a direction
opposite to this applied shear.

2. Shear flow due to direct shear occurs in one

direction through thin walls of open sections.

3. At junction of elements, incoming shear flow

is equal to outgoing shear flow.
Steel Structures
Rules For Plotting Shear Flow Diagram (contd…)

4. The value of shear flow is zero at free tips of

the element and more shear flow is generated
as more area is added.
5. Shear flow is assumed to be generated on one side of
the neutral axis and consumed/absorbed on the other
side.

6. Shear flow generated is proportional to the first

moment of the area added.
Steel Structures

7. Shear flow increases linearly for the elements

perpendicular to the load and parabolically for
the elements parallel to the load.

8. Shear flow is considered zero for elements which

have insignificant contribution in corresponding
“I” value.
Steel Structures
Rules For Plotting Shear Flow Diagram (contd…)
Applied Load

x
q3

q1 q2 Ix is very small so this portion

can be neglected
q3 = q1 + q2
Steel Structures
General Rules For Locating Shear Center
1. Shear center always lie on axis of symmetry.
2. If two axes of symmetry exist for a section, S.C. will be
at the intersection of these two axis.
3. If the centerlines of all the elements of a section
intersect at a single point this is the shear center.
4. Shear center of “Z” section is at the centroid.

Shear Center

Shear Center
Steel Structures
Procedure to Locate Shear Center
1. To find horizontal location (ex) apply vertical load (V)
at ex from reference point.
2. Plot shear flow diagram due to applied load.
3. Find the internal shear force in each element.
4. Apply ∑M = 0 at convenient location and find ex
5. Similarly apply horizontal load at a vertical distance
“ey” from reference point (say centroid) and repeat the
above procedure to calculate “ey”
6. The distances “ex”and “ey” locate the shear center.
Steel Structures
Example:
Locate the Shear Center for the given channel section.

tf

tw h = d − tf
d

tw
bf b = bf −
2
Centerline Representation
Steel Structures
Solution
By symmetry about z-axis, the shear center must lie at
half the depth. Only horizontal location is to be found.

V V

P
qP
ex
A
qA
VQ
q=
I
Steel Structures

Q = (b × t f )×
Point A h
2
q A = (b × t f )×
V h
Ix 2

Point P V h  h
qP = q A + ×  × tw  ×
Ix 2  4
V  h h2 
qP = ×  bt f × + × t w 
Ix  2 8 
Steel Structures
Solution
Shear force in flange V
1 V bt f h Vf
Vf = × × ×b
2 Ix 2 P

b 2t f h Vw
V ex
Vf = × Vf
Ix 4
Shear force in web
V bt f h 2  V twh 2 
Vw = × × h +  × × h 
Ix 2 3  Ix 8 
V  bt f h 2 t w h 3 
Vw =  + 
Ix  2 12 
 
Steel Structures
Solution
V
ΣM P = 0 Vf
h h
V × ex − V f × − V f × = 0 P
2 2 Vw
ex
V × ex = V f × h Vf


h V b 2
tf h
ex = × 
V  I x 4 
b 2t f h 2 Positive means on the
ex = assumed left side.
4I x
 Steel Structures
Solution N.A.

For vertical location of shear center.

Vf
Vw
h V
ey = P

2 ey
Vw
Vf

Applied Torque = Load x Perpendicular distance from S.C.

 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Sections
y
uf = lateral deflection of one of the uf
flanges
θ = twist angle at the selected section Vf
Vf = Shear force in flange due to h
torsion. (internal force developed) 2
θ
θ is smaller and is in radians, so x
h
h 2
uf ≅ θ × (1) Vf tf
2
bf
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

The lateral curvature relationship of one flange alone is:

2
d uf Mf
=− (2)
dz 2 EI f
Mf = Lateral Bending moment on one flange
If = Moment of inertia of one flange about y-axis of beam
3
t f bf
If =
12
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

dM dM f (3)
V= ⇒ Vf =
dz dz
Differentiating (1)

d 3u f −Vf
3
= (4)
dz EI f
d 3u f
V f = − EI f
dz 3

V f = − EI f
(h 2)d 3θ V f = − EI f
h d 3θ (5)
dz 3 2 dz 3
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

Torsion resistance due to warping

Warping Constant
M w = Vf × h h2
Cw = I f
h d 3θ 2
M w = − EI f × 3 × h t f bf
3
h2
2 dz Cw = ×
h 2 d 3θ 12 2
= − EI f × 3 I y h2
2 dz Cw = ×
2 2
d 3θ
M w = − ECw × 3 (6)
I y h2
dz Cw =
4
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

Torsion resistance due to Pure torsion

dθ dθ
M s = GJ × OR M s = GC ×
dz dz
For Circular Section For Non-Circular Section

Total Torque Applied Mz = Ms + Mw

dθ d 3θ (8)
M z = GC × − ECw 3
dz dz
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

Dividing by “-ECw”

d 3θ GJ dθ Mz
3
− × =− (9)
dz ECw dz ECw
d 3θ 2 dθ Mz
3
−λ =− (10)
dz dz ECw Non homogeneous differential equation

where
GC GC
λ =
2
λ= (11)
ECw ECw
λ2 = Ratio of pure torsion rigidity to warping torsion rigidity
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

Total Solution
θ = θh + θ P
θ = Total Solution
θh = Homogeneous Solution
θP = Particular Solution

Homogeneous Equation
3
d θ 2 dθ
3
−λ =0
dz dz
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

Trial Function

θh = Ae mz

“A”, “m” are constants. “z” is independent variable

3
d θ
3
= Am e
3 mz

dz
Am e − λ × Ame = 0
3 mz 2 mz

(
Ae mz m3 − λ 2 m = 0 )
For non-trivial solution A≠0
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

m3 − λ 2 m = 0
(
m m2 − λ 2 = 0 )
Possible Solutions: m = 0, m = +λ , m = -λ

Sum of all solutions is total homogeneous solution

− λz
θh = A1e + A2 e λz
+ A3e o

= A1e λz + A2 e − λz + A3
We know

sinh ( x ) + cosh ( x ) = e x and sinh ( x ) − cosh(x ) = e − x

 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

θh = A1 [sinh ( λz ) + cosh ( λz )] + A2 [cosh ( λz ) − sinh ( λz )] + A3

θh = sinh ( λz )( A1 − A2 ) + cosh ( λz )( A1 + A2 ) + A3

θh = A sinh ( λz ) + B cosh( λz ) + C (13)

Homogeneous solution
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

Particular solution
Consider Mz to be constant or linearly varying along the length
Mz = f(z) [Constant or function of first degree]. θp may assumed to
be a polynomial of degree up to 2, as twist due to pure torque is first
integral of moment.
Let

θP = f1 ( z ) (14)

e.g. f1 ( z ) = Dz 2 + Ez + F Uniform torque

Polynomial of second order. One

order higher that applied torque.
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

Try this particular integral in (10)

d f1 (z ) 2 df1 ( z )
3
1 M z = f (z )
f (z )
As
3
−λ =−
dz dz ECw Polynomial of Ist order

df1 ( z ) 1
λ 2
= f (z ) (15)
dz ECw
Boundary conditions
1- Torsionally Simply Supported
weld
d θ 2
dθ
θ =0 =0 ≠0
dz 2
dz Flanges can bend laterally
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)
This is equivalent to deflection and moment made equal to zero for
simple support for bending. Change of twist dθ / dz may have any
value at the end.
Flange may displace at the end but web is held at its position.

2- Torsionally Fixed End

d 2
θ dθ
θ =0 ≠0 =0 weld

dz 2
dz
Both Flanges and Web are
The constant of integration will be
connected
evaluated for individual cases.
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

After getting the value of constants and full solution for θ, the
stresses may be evaluated as follows:
Pure Torsional Shear Stress
Tr
νs =
C
dθ
where T = GC
dz
dθ
νs = Gt (16)
dz
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

Warping Shear Stress

No stress in the web
Vf Qf
νw =
Iftf From (5)

 h d 3θ   bf bf 
 EI f × 3  ×  t f × × 
 2 dz   2 4 
(ν w )max. mag. =
Iftf
2
b f h d 3θ
(νw )max. mag. =E (16)
16 dz 3
 Steel Structures
Differential Equation for Torsion of I-Shaped Section (contd…)

Normal Warping Stress

(in the flanges)
Mfx
f bw =
If
d 2u f
(M )f mag = EI f 2 (M ) f mag = EI f
h d 2θ
dz 2 dz 2
C w d 2θ
(M )
f mag =E
h dz 2
h d 2θ b f
EI f × hb f d 2θ (fbw)max is at
( f bw )max
2
( f bw )max = 2 dz 2 =E the tips of
If 4 dz 2 flange
 Steel Structures
DESIGN AND ALLOWABLE
TORSION STRENGTHS

The design and allowable torsion strengths are below:

Design torsional strength in LRFD = φt T n

Allowable torsional strength in ASD = Tn / Ωt
Resistance factor for torsion in LRFD = φt = 0.9
Safety factor for torsion in ASD = Ωt = 1.67
 Steel Structures

The nominal torsional strength (Tn) according to

the limit states of torsional yielding and torsional
buckling is:
Tn = Fn C
The following nomenclature may be used in the
further discussion:
C = torsion constant
= 2(B − t)(H − t) − 4.5(4 − π)t3 for
rectangular HSS
Steel Structures
π (D − t) t
2
C = for round HSS
2
B = overall width of rectangular HSS
H = overall height of HSS
h = clear distance between the flanges
less the inside corner radius on each
side
D = outside diameter of round HSS
L = length of the member
Steel Structures
Fn For Round HSS
1.23E 0.60 E
Fn = Fcr = larger of 5/ 4
and 3/ 2
L D D
   
D t   t 
but the value should not exceed 0.6Fy

Fn For Rectangular HSS

h E
i) For ≤ 2.45 Fn = Fcr = 0.6Fy
t Fy
 Steel Structures
E h E
ii) For 2.45 < ≤ 3.07
Fy t Fy

 E  h

0.6 Fy 2.45
Fn = Fcr =  F t
 y 
E h
iii) For 3.07 < ≤ 260
Fy t

0.458π 2 E
Fn = Fcr =
(h / t ) 2
 Steel Structures
Fn For Other Sections
a) For the limit state of yielding under normal stress:
Fn = Fy
b) For the limit state of shear yielding under shear
stress:
Fn = 0.6Fy
c) For the limit state of buckling
Fn = Fcr
where Fcr for buckling is to be determined by detailed
analysis.
 Steel Structures
Example:
A W460 x 106 simply supported beam of span 7.5 m is subjected to
a concentrated load of 90kN at mid-span at an eccentricity of 50mm
from the plane of the web. The ends of the member are simply
supported with respect to torsional restrain. Develop the
expression for the angle θ and compute combined bending and
torsional stresses.
90kN 90kN e = 50mm

W460 x 106
Steel Structures
Solution:
θ=0
T/2 T/2 d 2θ
2
=0
dz
3.75 m 3.75 m
T/2
Total Torsional
Resistance
T/2

Ms (Pure Torsion)

Mw (Warping Torsion)
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
1 T
0 − λ (C 2 ) = −
2
f (z ) = T EC w 2
2
T = P × e = 90 × 50 T 1 EC w T
C2 = × =
2 EC w GJ 2GC
= 4500 kN − mm
θ P = C1 + C 2 z = f1 ( z )
So, the particular solution is:

One order ahead

T
d 3 f1 ( z ) 2 df1 ( z ) 1 θ P = C1 + ×z
3
−λ =− f (z ) 2GC
dz dz EC w
GJ
where λ =
2

EC w
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

The total solution is

T
θ = A sinh (λz ) + B cosh ( λz ) + C + C1 + ×z
2GC
T
θ = A sinh (λz ) + B cosh ( λz ) + ×z+C
2GC
Boundary Conditions

z = 0, θ = 0 (I)
L dθ
2 z= , =0 (III)
d θ 2 dz
z = 0, 2
=0 (II)
dz
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
To apply the boundary condition first we have to take Ist and 2nd derivatives
dθ T
= Aλ cosh ( λz ) + Bλ × sinh ( λz ) +
dz 2GC
2
d θ
2
= Aλ 2
sinh ( λz ) + Bλ 2
× cosh ( λz )
dz
d 3θ
3
= Aλ 3
cosh ( λz ) + Bλ 3
× sinh ( λz )
dz
(I ) ⇒ 0 = 0 + B + 0 + C B+C = 0
(II) ⇒ 0 = 0 + Bλ 2 × 1 B=0
C=0
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

(III) ⇒  L T
0 = Aλ cosh  λ  + 0 +
 2 2GC

 
T  1 
A=−  
2GCλ  cosh λL 
 
 2 
−T  1  T
θ=   × Sinh ( λz ) + z
2GCλ  cosh ( λL 2 )  2GC
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

T  sinh ( λz ) 
θ=  λz- 
2GCλ  cosh ( λL 2 ) 
dθ T  λ cosh ( λz ) 
=  λ- 
dz 2GCλ  cosh ( λL 2 ) 

dθ T  cosh ( λz ) 
= 1- 
dz 2GC  cosh ( λL 2 ) 

d 2θ Tλ  − sinh ( λz )  d 3θ Tλ 2  cosh ( λz ) 
=   =  − 
dz 2
2GC  cosh ( λL 2 )  dz 3
2GC  cosh ( λL 2 ) 
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

W 460 x 106

Sx = 2080 x 103 mm3 h = d – tf = 448.4 mm

Ix = 48, 700 x 104 mm4 tf = 20.6 mm
C = J = 145 x 104 mm4 tw = 12.6 mm
Cw = 12,62,119 x 106 mm6 bf = 194 mm
1/λ = 1501 mm d = 469 mm
L = 7500 mm
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

z λz Sinh(λz) Cosh(λz)
0 0 0 1.000
0.1L 0.5 0.521 1.128
0.2L 0.999 1.174 1.542
0.3L 1.499 2.127 2.350
0.4L 1.999 3.623 3.759
0.5L 2.498 6.038 6.120
E 2,00,000
G= = = 76,923MPa
2(1 + ν ) 2(1 + 0.3)
GC = 76,923 × 145 × 10 4 = 1115 × 108 N − mm 2
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Pure Torsional Shear Stress

dθ
νs = Gt
dz
Tt  cosh ( λz ) 
νs = 1 − 
2 J  cosh ( λL 2 ) 

4500 × 1000t  cosh ( λz ) 

νs = 1 −
4 

2 × 145 × 10  cosh (2.49 ) 

 cosh ( λz ) 
νs = 1.552t 1 − 
 6.120 
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Maximum pure torsional shear stress is at the ends

 cosh ( λ × 0 ) 
(νs )max . = 1.55t 1 − 
z =0 ,L  6.120 

(νs )max . = 1.297t

z =0 ,L

(νs )max . = 1.297t f = 1.297 × 20.6 = 26.72 MPa

for flange

(νs )max . = 1.297t w = 1.297 ×12.6 = 16.34 MPa

for web
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Warping Shear Stress

In flanges 2
Eb f h d 3θ
(νw )max =
16 dz 3
Eb f h Tλ 2  cosh ( λz ) 
2

= ×  − 
16 2GC  cosh ( λL 2 ) 
T b f h  cosh ( λz ) 
2
GC
= −  λ2 =
EC w
2C w 16  6.12 

= −0.307 cosh ( λz )
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Along the length maximum value will occur at z=L/2

 L
(νw )max at midspan z = L/ 2 = −0.307 cosh  λ × 
 2
= −1.88MPa

(νw ) at ends z =0 = − 0.31MPa

 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Normal Warping Stress

Eb f h d 2θ
( f bw )max =
4 dz 2
Eb f h Tλ  sinh ( λz ) 
( f bw )max = × − 
4 2GC  6.12 
( f bw )max = −9.56 sinh (λz )
As flanges are simply supported at ends, the maximum stress will be at
mid-span
 L
( f bw )max = −9.56 sinh  λ ×  = −57 .69 MPa
 2
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Maximum Normal Stress due to Ordinary Flexure

M PL 4
fb = =
Sx Sx
90 ,000 × 7500 4
=
2080 × 10 3

f b = 81.13MPa
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

Shear Stress due to Ordinary Bending

VQ
ν=
Ib
At the N.A.:

 448.4 427.8 427.8 

45000194 × 20.6 × + 12.6 × × 
 2 2 4 
ν=
48,700 × 10 4 × 12.6

ν = 8.68 MPa
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

At face of Web:
With in flange at edge of web
VQ
ν=
Ib
 194 − 12.6 448.4 
45000  × 20.6 × 
 2 2 
ν= = 1.88 MPa
48,700 × 10 4 × 12.6

ν = 1.88 MPa
 Steel Structures
Summary of Stresses
Type of Stress Support Mid Span
Normal Stress
z Vertical Bending, fb 0 81.13
z Torsional Bending, fbw 0 57.69
Sum = 138.82 MPa < 0.9 x 250 = 225
MPa O.K.
Shear Stress in Web
z Pure Torsion, νs 16.34 0
z Vertical Bending, ν 8.68 8.68
Sum = 25.02 MPa Sum = 8.68 MPa
< 0.9x 0.6x 250 = 135 OK < 0.9x 0.6x 250 = 135 OK
Shear Stress in Flange
z Pure Torsion, νs 26.72 0
z Warping Torsion, νw 0.31 1.88
z Vertical Bending, ν 1.88 1.88
Sum = 28.91 MPa Sum = 3.76 MPa < 135 MPa, O.k.
< 135 MPa OK

Results: Beam is safe in flexure, torsion and shear at all the sections
 Steel Structures
Analogy Between Warping Torsion and Lateral
Bending

PH

T ≈ h

PH

PHx h = T

PH = T/h
 Steel Structures
Analogy For Torsion (contd…)
• Because the differential equation solution is time consuming, and
really suited only for analysis, design of a beam to include torsion is most
conveniently done by making the analogy between torsion and ordinary
bending
• It is assumed that all the torque is resisted by warping torsion which
is not the actual situation (solution will be approximate).
• β factor is used to reach near to actual solution.
• β factors are problem specific values, depending on end conditions.
• Tables have been proposed for β factor to cover different situations.
• β factor tables are available on Page # 476 & 477, (Salmon & Johnson)

β1 β2
 Steel Structures
Analogy For Torsion (contd…)

PH T ×t
vs =
C
Mf 2M f
f bw = =
Sy / 2 Sy
PH/2 PH/2 Vf Qf
vw =
Iftf

Vf=PH/2

PHL/4 =VfL/2 L
M f = β ×V f ×
2
Correction factor
 Steel Structures
Example:
Select a W section for a beam to carry 9kN/m dead load including the self
weight, and a live load of 24 kN/m. The load is applied at an eccentricity
of 175mm from center of web. The simply supported span is 8.0 m.
Assume that ends of beam are simply supported for torsion.

Solution:
wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
= 1.2 × 9 + 1.6 × 24
= 49.2 kN / m
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
wu = 49.2 kN / m 175 mm

8.0 m
mu

mu L
2
mu L
Torque diagram 2
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
49.2 × 8.0 2
M ux = = 393.60 kN − m
8
175
mu = 49.2 × = 8.61 kN − m / m
1000
L 8000
d min = = = 364mm
22 22
Let h ≅ 364mm
Assume λL = 3.0 Initial assumption
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
wH L2
Mf = β
8
mu L 2 mu
Mf = β × wH =
h 8 h
z = 0.5L, a = 0.5
From table 8.6.8, P # 477

λL = 3 ⇒ β = 0.51
2
8.61 8.0
M f = 0.51× × = 96.51 kN − m
0.364 8
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
M ux 2 M f (S x S y )
(S x )req = +
φb Fy φb Fy
Approximate value

393.60 ×106 2 × 96.51×106 (2.75)

(S x )req = +
0.9 × 250 0.9 × 250

(S x )req = 4109 ×103 mm3

 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Where high torsional strength is required, W360 sections are preferable
because these usually give less stresses due to torsional warping.
Check conditions of
compact section
Trial Section

W 360 x 237
bf = 395 mm bf/2tf = 6.5 Iy = 31100 x 104 mm4
tf = 30.2 mm h/tw = 13.7 tw = 18.9 mm
Sy = 1580 x 103 mm3 d = 380 mm C = J = 824 x 104 mm4
Sx = 4160 x 103 mm3 Ix = 79100 x 104 mm4 1/λ = 1735 mm
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Assuming that Lb ≤ Lp, no problem of LTB

1
λL = × 8000 = 4.61 λL β
1735
0.37 − 0.27 4 0.37
β = 0.27 + × (5.0 − 4.61) = 0.309
1 5 0.27
h = d − t f = 380 − 30.2 = 349.8mm
mu L2
Mf = β ×
h 8
8.0 2 1
= 0.309 × 8.61× × = 60.85kN − m
8 0.3498
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Normal Bending Stress At Mid-span

M ux 2M f
f un = +
Sx Sy
393.60 × 106 2 × 60.85 ×106
= +
4160 ×10 3
1580 ×103

= 171.64 MPa
< φb Fy = 225MPa O.K.
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Shear Stress
• Warping torsion…………Critical at center
• Vertical bending…………Critical at ends
• Pure torsion……………...Critical at ends.

Warping Shear Stress At Mid-Span:

Vf Qf
νw =
Iftf
mu 8.61×1000
Vf = β = 0.309 × = 7606 N
h 0.3498
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)

bf bf
Qf = ×t f × = 589 × 103 mm3
2 4
Iy
If = = 15550 ×10 4 mm 4
2
7606 × 589 × 103
νw = = 1.524 MPa < 135MPa
15550 × 10 ×18.9
4
O.K.
Total shear stress = 1.524 MPa, because there is no applied
shear at the center and there is no simple torsion O.K.
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Web Shear Stress (end section):

ν=
( w L 2)× Q
I x × tw
At N.A.
 h  h−tf   h−tf 
Q =  b f × t f ×  + t w   ×   = 2328 × 103 mm3
 2  2   4 

ν=
(49.2 × 8.0 2 )×1000 × 2328 × 103
79100 × 10 4 × 18.9
= 30.65MPa
 Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Pure Torsion (end section):
T × tw
νs =
C Including small
mu L warping
T= = 34.44 kN − mm contribution in the
2 same formula
34.44 × 10 × 18.9
6
νs = = 79.00 MPa
824 × 10 4

Total Shear stress at end section = 30.65 + 79.00 = 109.65MPa

< 135MPa O.K.
 Steel Structures
Flange Shear Stress (end section):

ν=
( w L 2)× Q
I x × tw
At Junction of Web and Flange

bf bf
Q= ×t f × = 1043 ×103 mm3
2 4
196.8 ×1000 × 1043 ×103
ν=
79100 × 10 4 × 30.2
= 8.59MPa
 Steel Structures
Pure Torsion (end section):
T × tw
νs =
C Including small
mu L warping
T= = 34.44 kN − mm contribution in the
2 same formula
34.44 × 10 × 30.2
6
νs = = 113.62 MPa
824 × 10 4

Total shear stress at end section = v + vs + vs

= 8.59 + 113.62 + 0 = 122.21MPa
< 135MPa O.K.
Steel Structures
Table. Values of λ and C
Designation 1/λ C = J (× 104 mm4)
W360 × 216 1869 633
× 237 1735 824
× 262 1600 1100
× 287 1483 1450
× 314 1389 1860
× 347 1288 2480
× 382 1196 3290
× 421 1118 4330
× 463 1046 5660
× 509 980 7410
× 551 932 9240
× 592 892 11400
× 634 853 13800
Steel Structures

Concluded