Gold Coast Campus


Griffith School of Engineering and Built Environment

Practical Electronics 1/ Biomedical and Sport

Instrumentation
3312ENG/6317ENG
Trimester 1, 2018

Final Design Report

Student Name: Mohamed Al Ali Student ID: s5036053

I, by signing this page, declare that the work presented in this report is all
work done by me, unless appropriate reference has been made to the work of
others. I acknowledge that should this not be the case the report will receive
zero marks and due action may be taken.

Signature: Date: 25 March, 2018

Table of Content:
SECTION NO. PAGE NO.
6
Section 1 - Introduction

7
Section 2 - Detailed Circuit
Design

11
Section 3 - Simulation Results
and Waveform Analysis

12
Section 4 - Full Circuit
Implementation and Test Results

13
Section 5 - Bill of Materials
Table of Figure:
Figure 1: Power Circuit (Rectifier Circuit)

Figure 2 Simulation of Power Circuit from CircuitLab website

Figure 3: Full Circuit Design

Figure 4: Rectifier circuit block diagram

Figure 5: PWM generator circuit block diagram

Figure 6: Isolation circuit block diagram

Figure 7: Drive circuit block diagram

Figure 8: Triangle Signal Circuit

Figure 9: Simulation of Power Circuit from CircuitLab website

Figure 9: Triangle Signal Simulation fro CircuitLab Website

Figure 10: Simulation of PWM Signal from CircuitLab Website

Figure 11: Full Circuit Design

Figure 12: Power Circuit Tested on Oscilloscope

Figure 13: Tri and PWM signals were tested on Oscilloscope
Section 1 - Introduction
DC motors are widely used in numerous industrial and medical equipment applications requiring
variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of controllability. These include robotic
manipulators, disk drives, machine tools, servovalve actuators, blood pumps, artificial heart,
dialysis, insulin pumps, surgical robots, prostheses and wheelchair. In this project design of a DC
motor speed control system by using analog pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit is
implemented.In the very first step PWM signal is generated by comparing the triangular signal
with a constant DC signal. Triangular signal is itself generated by using two opamps. The PWM
signal thus generated is fed to an isolator circuit that comprises of an optocoupler that serves the
purpose of isolation of grounds of input side circuit from output side circuit. The PWM signal from
the output of optocoupler is then fed to gate driver circuit that produce at its output an amplified
PWM signal used for driving the motor. For biasing of IC’s a DC supply is also made using the
rectifier bridge as shown in figure below,

Figure 3: Power Circuit (Rectifier Circuit)

The output of Rectifier circuit is shown in Figure 2 as below,

 Figure 4 Simulation of Power Circuit from CircuitLab website

The complete circuit design is simulated and is shown in the figure below,

Figure 3: Full Circuit Design

Section 2 - Detailed Circuit Design

This design consists of three main parts to fulfill the given task. These main parts are
 Rectifier Circuit or voltage regulator circuit
 PWM wave generator circuit
 Isolation and drive circuit
A brief idea on each of these parts of the circuit will be discussed, on how they work, what is their
task and what is the relevance of them to this task. The block diagram of each part is shown below,

Power circuit (Rectifier circuit)

 Figure 4: Rectifier circuit block diagram

Signal Circuit (PWM generator circuit)

Figure 5: PWM generator circuit block diagram

Isolation and drive circuit

Figure 6: Isolation circuit block diagram

Figure 7: Drive circuit block diagram

Working:
 Power circuit (Rectifier circuit)
The rectifier circuit consists of a step down transformer that will basically step down the input AC
voltages and will then be rectified using a rectifier bridge whose output DC is filtered from ripples using
a Capacitor at its output. The DC supply thus generated is used to provide biasing to the ICs used in the
project.

 Signal Circuit (PWM generator circuit)

The driving signal for speed control of DC motor i.e PWM is generated by comparing the
triangular signal with a DC signal.
  Isolation and drive circuit
The generated PWM signal is then isolated from input side by using optocoupler that has an
isolation voltage of about 5000 V and the signal from output of optocoupler is then fed to gate
driver circuit.

Design Calculations:
The circuit used for triangular signal is shown below with the design calculations,

Figure 8: Triangle Signal Circuit

Assumption:

𝑅6 = 26 𝑘𝛺 & 𝑅7 = 30 𝑘𝛺
𝑓𝑇 = 1𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑉𝑇𝑅𝐼 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 (4.5𝑉)
So,

𝑉𝑇𝑅𝐼 = 4.3𝑉
Calculations:

𝑅5
𝑉𝑇𝑅𝐼 = ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 ,
𝑅6

find 𝑅5 from this formula

 𝑅6 ∗ 𝑉𝑇𝑅𝐼 26 ∗ 103 ∗ 4.3
𝑅5 = = ≈ 20 𝑘𝛺
𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 4.5

𝑅6
𝑓𝑇 =
4 ∗ 𝑅7 𝑅5 𝑐1

find 𝑐1 from this formula

𝑅6 22 ∗ 103
𝑐1 = = ≈ 10𝑛 𝐹
4 ∗ 𝑅7 𝑅5 𝑓𝑇 4 ∗ (30 ∗ 103 ) ∗ (21 ∗ 103 ) ∗ (1 ∗ 103 )

Section 3 - Simulation Results and Waveform Analysis

The output of Rectifier Circuit is a constant DC voltage having an amplitude of 10 V. This DC
voltage is used for biasing the various IC’s. The triangular signal is generated using an oscillator
circuit. This signal is used for generating the final PWM signal that is in turn used for driving the
motor.
The simulation results are shown below,

 Power circuit (Rectifier circuit)

Figure 9: Simulation of Power Circuit from CircuitLab website

 Triangular Signal Generation

Figure 10: Tri Signal Simulation from CircuitLab website

 PWM Signal Generation

Figure 11:: Simulation of PWM Signal from CircuitLab Website

Discussion of Results:
The Opamp based circuit is used for PWM generation, although 555 Timer or TLP494 can be used
but since these are digital electronics circuits and has flip flops, and involve digital logics so not
used. Further the change in frequency and voltage is easy in case of Opamps as it can be done
easily by changing values of resistors. Also, Optocouplers are used for isolation although some
mechanical means may can also be used but they are difficult to handle. And the gate driver used
is MOSFET based although transistor based gate driver circuit is also available but it cannot handle
the voltage and current spikes.

Section 4 - Full Circuit Implementation and Test Results

In the triangular signal circuit the op amp is configured as an integrator and its output increases
linearly when the comparator output is low. Conversely, the output decreases linearly when the
comparator output is high. The comparator output switches when the voltage at its non-inverting
input passes through the reference voltage. The amplitude of the triangle wave is defined by the
equation,

𝑅
𝑉𝑇𝑅𝐼 = 𝑅5 ∗ 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 ,
6

In this equation, VREF is the comparator output voltage above or below the reference voltage.
An electrical isolation between an input source and an output load is provided using only light by
using a very common electronic component called an Optocoupler. The basic design of an
optocoupler, also known as an Opto-isolator, consists of an LED that produces infra-red light and
a semiconductor photo-sensitive device that is used to detect the emitted infra-red beam. Both the
LED and photo-sensitive device are enclosed in a light-tight body or package with metal legs for
the electrical connections. The gate driver circuit is used for driving the gate of the main switching
transistor utilizing the gate drive output of the PWM controller.

Discussion of Results:
The output of DC rectifier circuit is same as that of hardware results because a filtering capacitor
at the output removes the ripples and smooths the output. The PWM of simulation results is
different as that of hardware results because of non-linearities of OP-AMP and ripples present in
capacitor output. The problem can be solved by using some filter circuit.

The full implemented circuit along with the hardware results are shown below,
 Final Implemented Circuit

Figure 12: Full Circuit Design

 Power circuit (Rectifier circuit)

Figure 15: Power Circuit was tested on Oscilloscope

 PWM Signal Generation

Figure 14: Tri and PWM signals were tested on Oscilloscope

Section 5 - Bill of Materials

Component Part No. Description Supplier Quantity Cost

 Small Signal It is used as a
Fast 1N4148 free-wheeling Texas 0.5 AUD
Switching diode in a gate Instrument 1
Diodes driver circuit as
motor is a RL
load.

 Axial Lead Texas

Standard It is used for Instrument 1
Recovery 1N4001 rectification, to 2 AUD
Rectifiers convert AC
input into DC
supply.
 Optocoupler It is used for Texas 1
4N25 isolation of Instrument 4 AUD
input and
output side.
 Quad- Texas
Operational It is used for Instrument 1
Amplifiers LM 324N generation of 3 AUD
triangular
Signal.
 Differential It is used for Texas
Comparators LM 311 comparison of Instrument 1 5 AUD
Triangular
signal with DC
to generate
PWM.
 Logic-Level It is used for Texas
Gate Driver IRLZ44N driving the Instrument 1 6 AUD
Gate of Gate
driver circuit.

References
 www.circuitlab.com
  www.ti.com

Appendix