Issue 4th Vol 11th Ebong Prantik

~ÓÇ ˛≤Ãy!
hs˛Ñ˛
An International Research Refereed Journal
DIIF Approved Impact Factor : 2.29
Issue 4th Vol. 11th January, 2017
~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛
Ebong Prantik
Issue : 4th Vol. 11th January, 2017
ISSN No. : 2348-487X
≤ÃÑ˛yü ≠ 15 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 2017
≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ ≠ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛

xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚
¶˛ÜÓyò˛ô%Ó˚ñ !Ó.~£zâ˛.£zv˛zñ ÓyÓ˚yí¢# ÈÙÈ 221005
Ñ˛Ìy ÈÙÈ 9332358644ñ 9415243816
≤Ãy!Æfl˛iyò ≠ ˆîÛãñ ˆî Ó%Ñ˛ ˆfi›˛yÓ˚ Sî#˛ô%Vñ ˛ôy!ì˛Ó˚yõñ

ïƒyò!Ó®%ñ !ì˛ˆÏúy_õy Ó%Ñ˛ fi›˛úñ !îÎ˚y
õ%oí ≠ xòòƒy
Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y Ó›˛ì˛úyñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 700 150
ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ ÈÙÈ 9163931465
!Ó!òõÎ˚ õ)úƒ ≠ 135 ›˛yÑ˛y
† ˆúÖyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫– ¢¡ôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ú!Öì˛ xò%õ!ì˛ äÈyv˛¸y ~£z

˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚*˛ô ˛ô%òÓ˚&Í˛ôyîò Óy ≤Ã!ì˛!ú!˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
Ebong Prantik
Editorial Board
Executive Editor- Prof. Bratati Chakravarty
Associate Editor - Pronab Naskar
Editor- Ashis Roy
Co-Editor- Tumpa Bapari, Tapas Kr. Sardar, Sujay Sarkar
Advisory Board- Bibhabasu Dutta, Biswajit Karmakar, Soma
Mukherjee, Tarun Kr. Mandal, Akash Biswas, Asish Kr. Sau,
Mrinmoy Paramanik, Md. Intaj Ali, Mohan Kr. Mayra, Parimal Roy,
Swapan Majumder
Expert Members-
Dr. Alokranjan Dasgupta (Hedelberg University)
Dr. Achinta Chatterjee (California University)
Dr. Alokesh Dutta Roy (Scientist/Pharmaceuticals,Boston)
Dr. Manas Majumdar (Calcutta University)
Dr. Samar Ghosh (Principal Scientist, FIE, ICAR/Govt.of India)
Dr. Subalkumar Maity (Ex-Scientist, Min. of Ayush)
Dr.Tarun Mukhopadhyay (Calcutta University)
Dr. Sanatkumar Naskar (Calcutta University)
Dr. Soumitra Basu (Rabindrabharati University)
Dr. Himabanta Bandyopadyay (Rabindrabharati University)
Dr. Srutinath Chakraborty (Vidyasagar University)
Dr. Sucharita Bandyopadhyay (Calcutta University)
Dr. Bikash Roy (Gour Banga University)
Dr. Srabani Pal (Rabindrabharati University)
Dr. Monalisa Das (Kazi Nazrul University)
Dr. Mohinimohan Sardar (West Bengal State University)
Dr. Sk. Rafikul Hossain (Calcutta University)
Dr. Sandipkumar Mandal (Presidency University)
Dr. Uttamkumar Biswas (Presidency University)
Dr. Tania Hossain (Waseda University)
Dr. Soumitra Shekhar (Dhaka University)
Dr. Sumita Chatterjee (Banaras Hindu University)
Dr. Samaresh Debnath (Dhaka University)
Dr. Bhuina Iqbal (Chattagram University)
¢)!â˛˛ôe
¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚ 7
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓÈ˚ ÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢
v˛. !£Ó˚^˘È¬Î˚ ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ 9
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ÿ’#úì˛yÈÙÈxŸ’#úì˛y ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛Ìy
v˛. Óì˛ì˛# â˛e´Óì˛#≈ 32
ö›öìëöû ”ì îû „þ!î“þy S1950éôé2000V - î£›y˜ x!¦þKþ“þyîû „þíy!œ!þ™
v˛. xþ™’Åy îûyëû 35
˛ô%ò!ò≈õy≈ ˆÏí ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ò
v˛. ¢òÍÑ%˛õyÓ˚ òfl˛ÒÓ˚ 47
Óòö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ≠ ˜üú#Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛
v˛. !Ó¶˛yÓ¢% î_ 70
¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ≠ 1947 ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚
v˛. ˆõyòy!ú¢y îy¢ 76
xyhs˛É¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Ó˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyã Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
v˛. !ü≤Ãy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 82
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõˆÏíÓ˚ ¢)êÏ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚
fl˛iyÎ˚# !â˛ˆÏ£´Ó˚ xò%¢ı˛yò
v˛. x!Ó˚!ãÍ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ 89
ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎˆ˚ ú Ï Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ ≠ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
ì˛y˛ô¢ Ó˚yÎ˚ 98
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ !Ñ˛ä%È òy£zÈÙÈòˆÏ£ !Ñ˛ä%È õ£#Î˚yòÈ≠ ÈòãÓ˚&ú
v˛. ò®Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚y 103
¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# Óy·˛#
v˛y. ¢%ÓúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õy£z!ì˛ 106
˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
!Óã!ú ˆî 110
õy£ö%˛ãyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ õ%£ì) ˛≈
ˆ¢ÔÓ˚¶˛ â˛e´Óì≈˛# 115
ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ ≠ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ã#Óò ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ
¢%Óí≈y !¢Ñ˛îyÓ˚ 123
Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ ≠ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆú
Ï £zÛ
≤ÃíÓ òfl˛ÒÓ˚ 128
îy‚œyëû ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy ç öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#
˜#œy‚Ö x!•„þyîû# 139
÷û˛!ÓÓy• ≠ xhsˇÉ˛õ%Ó˚ Ä xhsˇÉ˛õ%!Ó˚Ü˛yàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#Óhsˇ xyˆÏ°áƒ
ˆüÔ!üï˛y ï˛y°%Ü˛òyÓ˚ 149
x˛ô)Óπ≈ ¢ì˛# ≠ ~Ñ˛ !Ófl˛ø,ì˛ õ!£úy òy›˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛
÷¶˛◊# ˛ôye 156
öŸ¡ì ö…ëûy - þ™)’yÅ D þ™yàþ!¦þ!_„þ !îöìî‰þ˜y
vþ. ö”î„%þ›yîû ö‡y¡ 159
îy’# î¢%îû †öìÒ îyˆy!œ ”yÁ™öì“þÄîû îû*þ™
îû*þ™×# ö‡y¡ì 164
Úì˛yúòÓõ#Û ≠ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫≤¿¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ xyÖƒyò
¢%üyhs˛ õ[˛ú 173
æÏõò±òj ð±ú ÛõÑ üÅñÏfò±ï ðM ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ ÜßÂÉ Ý ÆõÂóõþÏîÂÉ
üjÏÂóßÅÂ÷±õþ ÷GÂù 177
¢¡ôyîÑ˛#Î˚
ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ îü!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ˛ôy !îú Ú~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛Û– ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Á ˛ôy !îú â˛yÓ˚ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚– ¢Ç!«˛Æ
£ˆÏúÁ Ñ˛‹TÑ˛Ó˚ î#á≈ ~£z ÎyeyÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ G%˛!ú!›˛ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– xyõÓ˚y ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿õ%Ö# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ éÙÙÙÙÈ Ú~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛Û ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈñ !Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ⁄ ˆÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚Ó
˛ô!eÑ˛y !òÎ˚!õì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ⁄ ˛ôˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛!v˛¸ ÜFäÈy !îˆÏÎ˚ !ú›˛ú õƒyÜy!ãò ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆòüyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!eÑ˛y ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ fl˛iyÎ˚# îyÜ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÈéÙÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ãòƒñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢%!ò!î≈‹T úˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚
Á x!¶˛õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ãòƒ– ÓúˆÏì˛ !mïy ˆò£zñ xyõÓ˚y ˆ¢£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ£yò Á õ£Í ÓˆÏì˛Ó˚ !îüy
~ÖòÁ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚!ò– ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy!Ó£#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤ÃÓı˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y äÈyv˛¸y ~ÖòÁ xyõÓ˚y ˆì˛õò
!Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚!òó õyˆÏòÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛–
òyÈÙÈ˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ xˆÏòÑ˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yó v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈñ !ÓmÍãòˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y ~ÖòÁ ˆì˛õò ¢Çá!‡˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛# ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ !ò– ~Ñ˛ äÈyì˛yÓ˚
ì˛úyÎ˚ xyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ !ò ˆõïyÓ# ¢%!ü!«˛ì˛ÈÙÈfl˛∫!ü!«˛ì˛ !â˛hs˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãòñ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ñ
xò%¢ı˛yò ãy!Ó˚ Ó˚£zúñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚£zú ¢yîÓ˚ xyõs˛fí ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ˆõïyÓ˚ñ !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ñ !ãK˛y¢yÓ˚ñ
ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ú#ˆÏîÓ˚– ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ÈÙÈ¢õyã¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ãòƒ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ îÓ˚ãy v˛zß√%_´–
¢yîˆÏÓ˚ Ü,£#ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ¶˛yˆÏúy Ó˚â˛òy– xy˛ôòyÓ˚y Ú~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛ˆÏÑ˛ÛÓ˚ x®Ó˚õ£ˆÏú ˛ôîy˛ô≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ v˛zÍ¢y£– ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíy
≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ äÈyv˛¸˛ôe ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚Ó– ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛î ¶%˛ˆÏú
≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛Ó˚y xy¢%ò– !òäÈÑ˛ !v˛!@˘Ã ≤Ãì˛ƒyü#ˆÏîÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ Ó˚&!â˛ü#úÈÙÈ!â˛hs˛yñ ˆõïyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Çá!‡˛ì˛
Óy!£ò# ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ ÈéÙÙÙÙÈ ˆÎõò›˛y Ú¢Ó%ã ˛ôeÛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– !ÓÜì˛ üì˛y∑#ñ ˆÎ
üì˛Ñ˛ õò#°Ï# ÜˆÏv˛¸!äÈú ÈéÙÙÙÙÈ ˆì˛õò v˛zÓ≈Ó˚ üì˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚ Óì˛≈õyò ¢õÎ˚›˛y ãy!òñ ì˛Ó% õïƒˆÏõïyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ
ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ v˛zÓ≈Ó˚ Á ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛!ì˛˛ôÎ˚ õyò%°Ï !òÿ˛Î˚£z Óì˛≈õyòñ xyõÓ˚y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò xòú¢
xò%¢ı˛yò#– xy˛ôòyˆÏîÓ˚ õí#°ÏyÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ !îò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ñ xyõÓ˚y ì˛y ¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíƒ !Óì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïòƒ
££z– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ îyÎ˚Ók˛ Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
Óì˛≈õyò ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ õúyˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˜Ó!â˛eƒˆÏÑ˛ Óí≈õÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚– £z!Dì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyõÓ˚y ˆÑ˛õò Á Ñ˛# ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚â˛òy
â˛y£z– Ñ˛y!A«˛ì˛ Ó˚â˛òy xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z!ò– ö˛ˆÏú ~ ¢ÇÖƒyÁ ì˛ì˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ü#!úì˛ ö˛¢ú òÎ˚–
xyÜyõ# ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ £z ~ÜˆÏì˛ â˛y£z– ˆõïyÓ# ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Á ˆõïyÓ# Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚
ˆõúÓı˛ò â˛y£z– xy˛ôòyÓ˚y ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ £yì˛ Óyv˛¸yò–
15 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 2017
~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 9
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢

v˛. !£Ó˚^˘È¬Î˚ ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚*
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆ¢ò¢y¢ Ñ˛!õüòyÓ˚ xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õe ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏÑ˛

ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ ÚÚì§˛yÓ˚ SÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚V õˆÏì˛y !ü!«˛ì˛ õyò%°Ï xy!õ ˆî!Ö!ò–... !ì˛!ò ãyòˆÏì˛ò
òyñ !Ñ˛⁄ÛÛ !ü!«˛ì˛ ÓˆÏú£z Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ˆ¢ò¢yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~£z Ñ˛yã!›˛ Ú!ì˛!ò äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ò òy–Û ì˛y£ˆÏú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ãòÜíòyÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏã !òÎ%_´ £ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ£z Ó˚#!ì˛õˆÏì˛y ¢%!ü!«˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫!ü!«˛ì˛ î%£zÈÙÈ£z £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y G˛yò% xy£z !¢ ~¢ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ã#Óòã#!ÓÑ˛y ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ xÜyï K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚!›˛ ¢yõyòƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ÌyÓyì≈˛yˆÏì˛£z ˆãˆÏò
!ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ò¢yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–1 ~ì˛!îò ˆÎ Ñ˛yã !äÈú ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚
xyòˆÏ®ñ õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÖyÓ˚yÑ˛ ˆãyÜyˆÏì˛ñ ˆÖúˆÏì˛ ˆÖúˆÏì˛ ˆÎ !Óîƒy ˆüÖyñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏòñ ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !òÎ˚õõy!ö˛Ñ˛ äÈˆÏÑ˛ ˆë˛ˆÏú ÙÙÙ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏv˛!õÑ˛ ˆúˆÏÓˆÏú
ì˛Ìƒyò%Ü !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ô≈y›˛ ˆúÖy Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~£z ≤ÃÌõ– !Î!ò ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%ò õyòˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò ÓˆÏúñ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛v˛¸yÑ˛y!v˛¸ ˛ôäÈ® òÎ˚ ÓˆÏúñ fl˛%Òú äÈyˆÏv˛¸òñ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚
ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%ò ˆõˆÏò Ñ˛yˆÏã ˆúˆÏÜ Ó˚£zˆÏúòñ ˆÎyÜƒì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yã!›˛ ¢õyÆ
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúòñ ˆÓü !Ófl˛øˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y£z Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ £Î˚ì˛ñ Ñ˛õ≈£#òñ ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚
xÌâ˛ î%!›˛ ≤Ãyí#Ó˚ xß¨ãú ˆãyÜyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆâ˛‹Tyó ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ›˛yˆÏò õ%ãˆÏÓ˚y Öy›˛ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õeˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈúyõñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛yˆÏã fl˛∫yFäÈ®ƒˆÏÓyï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ò⁄
Üì˛Ó§yïy Ñ˛yã õˆÏò £Î˚!ò⁄ xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õe ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ãÓyÓ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ Úòy– Ñ˛õúÓyÓ%
~ì˛ xyò® ˆÓyï£Î˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yˆÏã ˛ôyò!ò–Û Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ˆÎ Ñ˛ì˛ Ö§y!›˛ ì˛y ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆúÖy Ñ˛yv≈˛=!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛£z !ì˛!ò ¢yÓ˚y ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò òy
ˆÑ˛yò ˆãúyÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò ˆúyÑ˛¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ú ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛– ˆ¢ò¢y¢ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÑ˛yú#ò
ˆ¢£z î«˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ !òÎ˚õ ˆõˆÏò– ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ãß√ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ÚÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆ›˛Ó˚yˆÏÑ˛y›˛yÛó ÚÓD#Î˚ !ü“ïyÓ˚yÛñ ÚÓyÇúyÓ˚ õ,Í!ü“Ûñ Úˆë˛yÑ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛yõyÓ˚Ûñ ÚˆüyúyÓ˚
Ñ˛yãÛñ Ú˛ô›˛Ñ˛ÌyÛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ !Ófl˛øÎ˚Ñ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓı˛yÓú#– ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ì˛y!ÜˆÏî£z !ì˛!ò ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò
ˆúyÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˆüÑ˛v˛¸ ¢ı˛yò– ˆ¢ò¢y¢ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ ˆ¢ Ñ˛yã ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ïyÓ˚y Î%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–
ˆ¢ò¢y¢ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôyˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ S1951V xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õe !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò≠ ÚÚI asked Sri
Kamal Majumdar and Chanchal Chattopadhyay if they would consider the
*x!ì˛!Ì xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

10 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢
preparation of a good bibliography of articles, memories and book, published

from ancient times of the present day on the natural resources, trade, com-
merce and industry of Bengal. The scope of the bibligraphical survey was
discussed for sevral days and it was agreed that the best course would be to
prepare a bibligraphy under several main heads together a connected account
of the contests of the more important contribution on each subject.” 1952
¢yˆÏúÓ˚ õyG˛yõy!G˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òÎ%!_´ Á Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛yÜy¶˛y!Ü £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú
â˛M˛ÈúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD–2
ˆ¢ò¢y¢ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ ~ÜyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ˆúˆÏÖòñ
ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î%!›˛ S9 ~ÓÇ 11V â˛M˛ÈúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%@¬¶˛yˆÏÓ– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚
@˘Ãyõ#í Ñ%˛!›˛Ó˚!ü“ ¢Çeýhs˛ Ó˚â˛òy=!ú£z !äÈú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ïÓ˚ò!›˛
ãyòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛ Ö%Ó£z ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚–
1. Pith and pith Industry compiled : Page - 349
2. Samll boxes of various kinds compiled : Page - 357
3. Two small Industry using cloth compiled
a. The umbrella : Page - 384
b. Oil cloth : Page - 389
4. The biri Industry compiled : Page - 394
5. Fishing in Bengal compiled : Page - 401
6. Native Pottary compiled : Page - 436
7. The Brush Industry : Page - 445
8. The indigenous manufacture of Iron. : Page - 446
9. A list of Iron implements in common use : Page - 456
10. Brass and bell metal Industry : Page - 472
11. Gold work : Page - 478.
ˆÏ¢ò¢y¢ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yã!›˛ !äÈú Ö%Ó£z ˛ô!Ó˚◊õÈÙÈ¢yˆÏ˛ô«˛– ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú !òˆÏÎ˚ @˘Ãyõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
@˘Ãyõyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆáyÓ˚yÓ˚ ïÑ˛ú äÈyv˛¸yÁ !äÈú ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ãˆ£Ï Ó˚ òyòy ö˛ƒyÑ˛v˛¸y– â˛M˛ÈúÓyÓ%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÷ˆÏò!äÈñ
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ì˛ÈÙÈxy@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy !Ó˛ô!_Á á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°ÏÓ˚y ¢Ó˚ú
ˆÎõòñ ˆì˛õ!ò ~Ñ˛=§ˆÏÎ˚Á– ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛Ó˚ ì˛ú ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
x!ì˛ÈÙÈxy@˘Ã£ ◊õã#Ó# !òÓ˚«˛Ó˚ @˘ÃyõÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ®£≤ÃÓí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ Ñ˛ÖòÁñ !ì˛!ò á%Ó˛˚ ôˆÏÌ
¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò !õ!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏì˛ò !‡˛Ñ˛£zñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !äÈˆÏúò òyˆÏäÈyv˛¸Óy®y– ì§˛yÓ˚
ˆî!üõî ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¶˛#°Ïí ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°Ï!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°Ï!›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ hflˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏõ ÎyÓyÓ˚ xyÿ˛Î≈ «˛õì˛y !äÈú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– ˆ¢£z fl˛∫¶˛yÓ!¢k˛ ˛ô)Ó≈ «˛õì˛yÎ˚
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ì§˛yÓ˚ x¶˛#¤˛ ˛ô%Ó˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ò– ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈñ 1952
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 11
¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ Ñ%˛!›˛Ó˚!üˆÏ“Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ ì˛Ìƒy◊Î˚# Ñ˛yã xyÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚!›˛
£Î˚!ò– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !üˆÏ“Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó !¶˛!_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü
ˆ¢£z !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ˙!ì˛£ƒÈÙÈ¢ı˛yò ÷ï% ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!ïÓk˛ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Óy ¢yˆÏ¶≈˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
◊ˆÏõ£z £Î˚ òyñ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ úyˆÏÜ xò%¢ı˛yò#Ó˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ !ãK˛y¢yñ ˜ïÎ≈ñ xïƒÓ¢yÎ˚ñ ¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚
Ó%Ñ˛¶˛Ó˚y ¶˛yúÓy¢y– Ó˝ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ ˛ô%§!Ì ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y ˆá§ˆÏ›˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ólfl˛!›˛ Ö%§ˆÏã ˆÓÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õì˛ò ˆãî â˛y£z ~ÓÇ ãyòy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˝ ¶˛y°Ïy– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ◊õ!üˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ!ü Î%_´ xy!îÓy¢# ãòãy!ì˛Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ãyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú â˛y£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
¶˛y°Ïy ãyòy– !Ó!fl˛øì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ !ò¤˛yÎ˚ ¢§yÁì˛y!ú ¶˛y°Ïy !üÖˆÏäÈòñ Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛ !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏäÈò ¢§yÁì˛y!ú üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÓyÇúy xÌ≈ñ ¢§yÁì˛y!ú ≤ÃÓyîÈÙÈ≤ÃÓâ˛ò–
≤ÃÓyîÈÙÈ≤ÃÓâ˛ò£z ~Ñ˛›˛y ãy!ì˛Ó˚ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓú ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚–
~Öò ¢§yÁì˛y!ú ¶˛y°Ïy!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ó£z ˆúyÑ˛yú ˆ›˛∆ˆÏò £Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ 1952
¢yˆÏú ì˛y ~ì˛ ¢£ã !äÈú òy– ¢§yÁì˛y!ú ¶˛y°Ïy ˆÑ˛Óú Ó£z ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆüÖy ÎyÎ˚ òyñ Îì˛«˛í òy
˙ ãòãy!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÎyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Î§yÓ˚y ¢§yÁì˛yú ãòãy!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ì§˛yÓ˚y
Ö%Ó ¶˛yú¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ãyˆÏòòñ ¢§yÁì˛yúÓ˚y ~ì˛ ¢£ˆÏã !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Ö%ˆÏú ˆîò òyñ Îì˛«˛í òy
Á§ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢ö˛ú £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ˆ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe–
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ˆãúy=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yã!›˛ ¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚£z ˆÜˆÏäÈò õyò¶)˛õ
ˆãúyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ!›˛ ì˛ÖòÁ ˛ô%Ó˚&!úÎ˚y £Î˚!òñ !Ó£yˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fl˛iì˛– xy!îÓy¢#ñ õy£yì˛ñ õy£y!ú
¢¡±îyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚– ≤Ãâ˛% Ó˚ G%˛õ%Ó˚ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚£z
ˆÓyï£Î˚ ≤ÃÌõ G%˛õ%Ó˚ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ äÈy˛ôyÓ˚ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓmÍãòˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜyâ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏòò– ÚÑ˛ˆÏÎ˚îÖyòyÛ
ÜˆÏ“ñ Úxhs˛ã≈ú# ÎyeyÛ Ú!˛ôOˆÏÓ˚ Ó!¢Î˚y ÷Ñ˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ G%˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ òãˆÏÓ˚
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– !›˛úy v%˛Ç!Ó˚Ó˚ xyü˛ôyü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÑ˛®%˛ôyì˛yñ úy«˛yñ Ñ˛y‡˛¢Ç@˘Ã£Ñ˛yÓ˚#
ãòãy!ì˛Ó˚ x!ú!Öì˛ ã#ÓˆÏò!ì˛£y¢–
~ÈÙÈ!Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï ˆõˆÏò⁄ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ãyòÓyÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£›˛y
~õ!ò£zÈÙÙÙÈ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆüÑ˛v˛¸ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ãyòy â˛y£z– £§y˛ôy!òÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ%ñ ì˛Ó% Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ¢
G%˛ˆÏú ˆÜäÈˆÏúò ˆõ!îò#˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜy˛ô#ÓÕ‘¶˛˛ô%Ó˚ó ˆÑ˛Óú ãyòˆÏì˛ñ ~Ñ˛ !Óú%Æ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚
ˆü°Ï=í#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÖyˆÏúÓ˚ Óyî‰ò˛ôk˛!ì˛– ˆÖyˆÏúÓ˚ Üv˛¸òñ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ñ !òõ≈yíÈÙÈ˛ôk˛!ì˛ñ ˆ˛ôyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚
õyeyñ !òõ≈yífl˛iú ~ÓÇ ¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ Ñ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ xˆÏDÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò xD#ÜyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÜyÎ˚òÓ˚#!ì˛Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ãyòˆÏì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈÈ Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ~£z ÜyÎ˚Ñ˛ÈÙÈ£z â˛yÓ˚!›˛ xy!DˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ xˆÏDÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye ˆü°Ï
ã#!Óì˛ ÜyÎ˚Ñ˛– ˆü°Ï ãyòˆÏì˛ ˆúyÑ˛¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ì˛ú ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛
≤Ãlfl˛ì˛– £§y˛ôy!ò ˆÑ˛yò äÈyÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Á ÓˆÏv˛¸y ÓyïyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy_y òy !îˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆÎˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏì˛ò
¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ xÑ%˛fl˛iˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛õúÈÙÈxò%â˛Ó˚ x!òÓ˚&k˛ úy!£!v˛¸Ó˚ ~õò£z õì˛– ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ú!Öì˛
Ñ˛yv≈˛=!úñ ÎyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ò Ö%§!›˛òy!›˛ ≤ÃyÆ ì˛Ìƒñ Î!î ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛y ˛£Î˚ì˛
xyˆÏÓ˚y !ÓüˆÏî ãyòy ˆÎˆÏì˛y Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï– Ö%Ó£z î%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚
x≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚K˛yˆÏò ˆ¢ÈÙÈ¢Ó Ñ˛yv≈˛ ÎyˆÏÑ˛ÈÙÈì˛yˆÏÑ˛ îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢¢Ó Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò
Ñ,˛ì˛K˛ì˛yfl˛∫Ó*˚ ˛ô Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ òyˆÏõyˆÏÕÖ‘ äÈyv˛¸y£z– !v˛!@˘ÃÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ x!ã≈ì˛ K˛yòˆÏÑ˛
ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– ö˛ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈñ ˆ¢£z ¢Ó xÓƒÓ£*ì˛ K˛yˆÏòÓ˚
¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜyˆÏì˛ xy¢ˆÏÓ˚ òyˆÏõò ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ¢ı˛yò#Ó˚y– !òˆÏú≈y¶˛ñ ¢Ó˚úñ ¶˛oˆÏúyÑ˛
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ xÑ˛yì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢¢Ó ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ïòƒ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛õúõï%ˆÏì˛ ˛ô%‹T
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò Ó˝ ˆúyÑ˛ñ ì˛§yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ x@˘ÃÜíƒ £ˆÏúò !ÓòÎ˚ ˆáy°Ïñ Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî =Æñ üy!hs˛ Ó¢% Á
¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yÎ˚–
õ%ˆÏÖyü˛ôÓ˚y !ü!«˛ì˛ Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÎ˚ ~õò !ÓÓ˚!_´
ãˆÏß√!äÈúñ !ì˛!ò ˙ ¢õhfl˛ ¢%!ÓÖƒyì˛ !ÓmyòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢D ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢D# ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò
¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢¡ôÑ≈˛£#ò Óƒ!_´ˆÏîÓ˚– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛òñ ~§Ó˚y xyÓ˚ Îy£z
ˆ£yÑ˛ !£ˆÏ˛ôy!e´›˛ òÎ˚ñ ‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ òy– Ñ˛õÓÎ˚¢# ì˛Ó˚&íñ v˛z‡˛!ì˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ÈÙÈÑ˛!Óñ õyì˛yúñ
˝ˆÏÕ‘yv˛¸ÓyãÓ˚y£z !äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢D# ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚– ü!_´ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ òy
ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á !ì˛!ò£z !äÈˆÏúò ì§˛yÓ˚ !òì˛ƒ¢D#– !ü!«˛ì˛ ÓˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !£ˆÏ˛ôy!e´›˛ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛õyò
õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yñ ü!_´ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆüyòyñ
~Öò ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤ÃÓyˆÏî ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ìì˛ÈÙÈˆÓîÓyÑ˛ƒó x!òÓ˚&k˛ÓyÓ%Á ì˛y v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò
≠ ≤Ã¢D!›˛ ˆ£yúñ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ÓyÓ% xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ S!òõ≈yúƒ xyâ˛yÎ≈ !Ñ˛⁄ ü!_´ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#
òyõ!›˛ ÓˆÏúò !ò–V Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xò%ˆÏÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ñ ÚÚÁ£z ¢Ó Á§â˛yˆÏîÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ˆõˆÏüò !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy˛ô!ò⁄ÛÛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ì˛Í«˛íyÍ ãÓyÓ ˆîòñ ÚÚü!_´ !‡˛Ñ˛ Á£z
Ñ˛Ìy›˛y£z Óú!äÈúñ Ú!äÈÊ Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆõˆÏüò xy˛ô!ò– ˆü°ÏÑ˛yˆÏú SÓyÓ%!›˛Ó˚ òyõ ÓˆÏúV Á§Ó˚
õˆÏì˛y Á§â˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÊÛÛ Îy ˛ôäÈ® Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òyñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏüƒ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò !mïyˆÏÓyï
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò òy– ü!_´ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ Ú~Ñ˛ãò òyõ# xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Ú›˛Ñ˛Û
!îˆÏì˛ò Öyúy!¢ˆÏ›˛yúyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚£z õˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓyì˛ú Ö%ˆÏú– v˛zßÿ!¢Ñ˛ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛!›˛ ì˛y ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ò
!òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ÜÓ˚ˆÏã– ˆãˆÏòÈÙÈÓ%ˆÏG fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ ˛ô![˛ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ õyòñ ¢Í Á ÷k˛ õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊k˛yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛Ó˚ ˆîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
!Ó®%õye Ñ˛˛ô›˛ì˛y !äÈú òy ÓˆÏú ÷k˛ì˛õ K˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò£z !ì˛!ò xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~Ñ˛!›˛
Ñ˛Ìy !ì˛!ò ≤ÃyÎ˚£z ÓúˆÏì˛òñ Ú÷ï% ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñœ˛y!¢Ñ˛ƒyú ˛ôƒy¢ò£z xyõÓ˚y xƒyˆÏö˛yv˛≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ
ˆ¢!›˛ £ú ~ò!¶˛– ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢ÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ Ó˚Ç ¢Ó%ã– !@˘ÃòÈÙÈxy£zv˛ õòfi›˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó üyúy–Û ¢!ì˛ƒ
ˆì˛yñ ú«˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚!òñ x¢%Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ Ó˚Ç ¢Ó%ã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÑ˛ò Ñ%˛ˆÏõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚yÊ
Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî =ÆÓ˚ ›˛y›˛yÓ˚ v˛z§â%˛ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚!›˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ÈÙÈx!B˛ì˛
Ñ§˛yÌyÓ˚ !v˛ãy£zˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛ƒyˆÏúòv˛yÓ˚!›˛– ~ ÓyÓî ÓÓ˚yj xÌ≈ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏÜƒ ˆãyˆÏ›˛
!ò– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ xƒyò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ Á ¶˛yˆÏúy ÖˆÏjÓ˚ Á îyúyúÁ !äÈˆÏúò
Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî =Æ– v˛z˛ô£yÓ˚ !£ˆÏüˆÏÓ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yîˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È xƒyò!›˛Ñ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò
ÓˆÏú òyòy ãˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÷ˆÏò!äÈ– Ó¢yÓ˚ áÓ˚¶˛!ì≈˛ î%ú≈¶˛ xƒyò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛ ~ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ≤ÃŸ¿
Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî ÎˆÏÌ‹T Ñ%˛!˛ôì˛ £ò xyõyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛–3 !ÓòÎ˚ ˆáy°Ï ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !òˆÏã£z
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ Ú¶˛oˆÏúyÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤’ƒyò õyˆÏò method äÈ!Ñ˛Î˚y !îˆÏì˛ Ó!úÎ˚y!äÈˆÏúò Îy£yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
!ì˛!ò Ñ˛yã Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÓò– xÌ≈yÍ ÓD Á ì˛Í!òÑ˛›˛fl˛i xM˛ÈˆÏú õ!®Ó˚ Á ˆ˛ôyv˛¸yõy!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Sv˛z£y
‡˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈV ˆÜÔíì˛ ˛ô%ì%˛ú Á Soil ¶˛yÜ technique ~£z ¢Ó !ú!ÖÎ˚y !îˆÏì˛ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òÈÙÙÙÈÎy£yÓ˚ ÓˆÏü !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ Ó£z !ú!ÖˆÏÓò– xyÿ˛Î≈ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛Ìy£z xyã õy¢ î%£zÈÙÈ!ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yˆÏDò òy£zÊÛÛ üy!hs˛ Ó¢% Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ î%ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í
xyˆÏäÈ õÍÑ,˛ì˛ ÚÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ ≠ õ%Ö Á õ%ˆÏÖyˆÏüÓ˚ m®µÛÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ 29ÈÙÈ30 ˛ô,¤˛yÎ˚– ~£z
¢Ó ˛ô![˛ì˛≤ÃÓÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ fl˛ô‹Tì˛£z x¢ˆÏhs˛y°Ï ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ≠ ÚxyõÓ˚y
Ñ˛ì˛›˛y !Ñ˛ ãy!ò ì˛y£y ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛£z !Ó˛ôî á!›˛Î˚yˆÏäÈ– xÌâ˛ Mantaigue ˆúÖyÓ˚ ì˛úyÎ˚
xãfl˛À v˛zm,!ì˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ !Ñ˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¢Ó˚ú– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ì§˛y£yÓ˚ moi-meme ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T ˛ôyÑ˛y
ïyÓ˚íy !äÈú– xy!õ ˆÎ !Ñ˛ ˆ¢£z ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ K˛yò ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ .....all falls!” ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ !¢•!v˛¸
›˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˜ì˛úõî≈ò Á ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ò¡∫Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎyÜƒì˛yÈÙÈïÓ˚y xïƒy˛ôÑ˛
˛ôîy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z falls ˛ôy![˛ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ ãyˆÏòòÊ
~£z ¢õhfl˛ úyÈÙÈ˛ôyì˛y Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈ â˛M˛ÈúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ xyˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ ¢Ó Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛ñ ˆ¢ÈÙÈì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛Óƒó !Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ¢Ó
úyÈÙÈ˛ôyì˛y Ñ˛yv≈˛=!úˆÏì˛ñ ˆ¢›˛y£z ≤ÃŸ¿– ãòÜíòyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ïÓ˚ò ˆîˆÏÖ xò%õyò Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ !äÈú
v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãúy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˛ô%Cyò%˛ô%C ¢yˆÏ¶≈˛– !äÈúñ Ó˚Ç ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ ~õò ÜyäÈÈÙÈÜyäÈv˛¸yÓ˚ v˛yú
˛ôyì˛y äÈyú ˆüÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚– !äÈúñ !Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ Ó#ã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛ú £Î˚ñ
ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚– !äÈúñ G˛§%!v˛¸ˆÏÓyòy ˆÓì˛ Ó§yü Óòã úì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Ñ˛õ Á
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!Ó!ï– !äÈúñ xÌ≈Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚íó õƒyâ˛ ÓˆÏ:Ó˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃÑ,˛¤˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy– !äÈúñ
õy!›˛Ó˚ ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˆãúyˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî Ü‡˛ò˜ÏÓ!â˛eƒ Á Ìyò ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ fl˛iy˛ôòÓ˚#!ì˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó!ï!òÎ˚õ–
!äÈúñ v˛zú!Ñ˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒñ xDˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî !v˛ãy£zò– Öyîƒy¶˛ƒy¢ñ ¢Ó!ã Ñ˛y›˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Ñ˛õñ ˆîÎ˚yú!â˛eíñ
˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ôÑ˛ Ólfl˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÎÌyñ ˆ¢Ó˚ñ ˛ôy£zñ ˛ô%Î˚yñ äÈ›˛yÑ˛ñ Ñ%˛òˆÏÑ˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ Á òÑ˛üyÓ˚
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ó ˆì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶§˛yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !v˛ãy£zò– Ó§yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆì˛ú Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôye Óy ˆÑ§˛yv˛¸yÈ Á ì˛yÓ˚ òÑ˛üyó
!â˛Ó˚&!òÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyòñ fl˛iyòˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî Ü‡˛ò˜ÏÓ!â˛eƒñ òÑ˛üyó Ü£òyÓ˚ !ÓÓì≈˛òñ Ü‡˛ò Á xyÑ,˛!ì˛ó ¢§yÁì˛yú
Ñ%˛v˛¸!õˆÏîÓ˚ ïò%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !v˛ãy£zò Á òÑ˛üyó ›˛y!à Ñ˛yˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ £yì˛ˆÏú Á ö˛úyÎ˚ !v˛ãy£zò Á òÑ˛üyó
!üÑ˛yÛÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒñ Ó˚ı˛ò˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ Sõy!›˛Ó˚V ˜Ó!â˛eƒñ òÑ˛üy Á Üv˛¸òñ xò%¤˛yò ˆ¶˛ˆÏî ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!Ó!ïó
›%˛¢%ˆÏÖyúyÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒñ !˛ô•!v˛¸ ãúˆÏâ˛Ô!Ñ˛ñ Öy!›˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ö%Ó˚yÎ˚ S˛ôyÎ˚yV òÑ˛üyÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒó áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ö%§!›˛
Á õ%ïˆ% òÏ Ó˚ Üv˛¸ò !Ó!â˛eì˛y Á òÑ˛üyÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒñ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ˛ô§!% Ì˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yñ fl˛iyòÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚e´õyÓ˚
ö˛ˆÏú ≤ÃyÆ ì˛Ìƒ Á v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ñ ì˛_¥ñ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ ˛ô%Ó˚yí îü≈òñ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ì˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛yñ !Ö!hfl˛ÈÙÈÜyúyÜyúñ
≤ÃÓyîÈÙÈ≤ÃÓâ˛ò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Á£z ¢Ó Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ !äÈú !Ó°ÏÎ˚– ¢Ó ˆì˛y ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚
ÓÓ˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ òy– ì˛y£ˆÏú⁄ ~›˛y£z Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚– ~Ñ˛ ¢Ó≈@˘Ãy¢# ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ !ÖˆÏîÎ˚
Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ñ ì˛y£z õÓ˚#Î˚y xˆÏ^Èª°ÏÑ˛– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# xò%¢ı˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü![˛ˆÏì˛ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yïˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ñ !ì˛!ò î%£yˆÏì˛
ú%ˆÏ›˛ !òˆÏFäÈò ˆúyÑ˛¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ ÓyÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛–
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xò%¢ı˛yòÓ˚#!ì˛Ó˚ î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚í ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ¢yúyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ xò%¢ı˛yò Á ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ !ú!Öì˛ £Î˚ ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ≠ ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ !¶˛!_ £úñ
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õyÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ õy!ú !‡˛Ñ˛õˆÏì˛y õ%Ñ%˛›˛ ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ñ,˛°å ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ü)o Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Ó£zˆÏÎ˚ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ õyúyÑ˛yÓ˚Ó˚y !õ◊ ãy!ì˛– ãy£y!DˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyõˆÏú õyúyÑ˛yÓ˚Ó˚y
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü migrated £ò– õyúyÑ˛yÓ˚Ó˚y !ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´ ≠ 1 ÓˆÏÓ˚w 2. Ó˚y!ë˛¸ ~ÓÇ 3.
xy›˛á!Ó˚Î˚y– ë˛yÑ˛y ˆãúyÎ˚ ~§Ó˚y Dr. Wise ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´– ÎyÓ˚y ˆüyúyÓ˚
ˆ›˛y˛ôÓ˚ñ ÜÎ˚òy ÓyòyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ö%˛úÑ˛y›˛y õy!ú xyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ö%˛ú !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆîyÑ˛y!ò Sî%Ñ˛y!òV
õy!ú òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó õyúyÑ˛yÓ˚£z ˜Ó°åÓñ ˆÜ§y¢y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ü°Ïƒ– ~ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÜye x“ïyÓ˚íñ Ñ˛yüƒ˛ô Á üy![˛úƒ– ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xò%¢ı˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
xò%¢ı˛yòÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ x¢yïyÓ˚í ¢õÎ˚ Á ˛ô!Ó˚◊ˆÏõÓ˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚– ˆ¢yúyÓ˚
≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛îñ ã!õ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ =ˆÏíÓ˚ Á îˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛yÓ˚ì˛õƒñ ¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ ì˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛yñ ÓyãyÓ˚õ)úƒ Ñ˛ì˛ñ
!Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü£òy £Î˚ñ ÓyãyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ñ !òˆÏãÓ˚y£z !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ òy !Ñ˛ îyúyú ÌyˆÏÑ˛
õyG˛ÖyˆÏò £zì˛ƒy!î !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢%!Óhfl+˛ì˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚–
˜Ñ˛Óì≈˛ ¢õ‰≤ÃîyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õì˛ó ~§Ó˚y hybrid caste. Ú˜Ñ˛Óì≈˛Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢,!‹T
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ Ñ˛y SãúV ~ÓÇ Ó,ì˛ S¢ÇÎ%_´V xÌ≈yÍ ÎyÓ˚y ãú !òˆÏÎ˚ ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ,ì˛ñ ãúã#Ó#
SWho are engaged on occupation in or on water) – ~£z ãúã#Ó#Ó˚y î%¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´
≠ £y!úÑ˛ ˜Ñ˛Óì≈˛ xyÓ˚È ãy!úÑ˛ ˜Ñ˛Óì≈˛– Ó·˛˜ÏÓÓì≈˛˛ô%Ó˚yí Á Ó,£Í Óƒy¢ ¢Ç!£ì˛y xò%ÎyÎ˚#
ãy!úÑ˛Ó˚y £y!úÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛Ó˚– ˜Ñ˛ÓˆÏì˛≈Ó˚ ãy!ì˛Üì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜñ ˆÜyeñ v˛z˛ôy!ïÓ˚ !Ó!Óï
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Á ˆÑ˛yò ˆãúyÎ˚ Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%Cyò%˛ô%C xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆîü#Î˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ Îyò !õÌñ !ÓŸªy¢ñ
ˆîüyâ˛yÓ˚ñ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ïõ≈ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ö%§!›˛òy!›˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚– “It is customary to use this metal on
many happy as well as unhappy occations of our daily life such as birth,
churakaran, (cutting the hair), Upanayana (sacred theared ceremony) Marrige
and Shardha.” ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ó§y £yˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ Óyúy ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏòy £Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏÑ˛
ÚˆòyÎ˚yÛ ÓˆÏúñ ¢ïÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛– !ÓÓy!£ì˛ ˆõˆÏÎˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ Ú£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆòyÎ˚y x«˛Î˚ ˆ£yÑ˛Û ÓˆÏú xyü#≈Óy≈ î
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– x§yì%˛v˛¸ áˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îÓ˚ãyÎ˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓÑ˚ ˛ ˆ˛ô§yì˛y £Î˚ñ x¢%fl˛i ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ Ñ§˛yÌyÓ˚ñ Óy!úˆÏüÓ˚
ì˛úyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏhfl˛– xy£zÓ%ˆÏv˛¸y ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚yÁ Ó§y £yˆÏì˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ Óyúy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆúy£y
v%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£z ãˆÏú ÓyFâ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy £Î˚ó ÎˆÏõÓ˚ òãÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yˆÏì˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚
ÓyFâ˛y!›˛ õyÓ˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈñ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ÓyFâ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˆúy£yÓ˚ Óyúy ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏòy £Î˚– ¢ˆÏD ˆúy£y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú
¶)˛ˆÏì˛ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚ òy ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ á%ò!¢ˆÏì˛ ˆúy£yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y Ó§yïy ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆúy£yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ãòã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˆÖ§yˆÏãò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚–
Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚Ó˚y Ó,!_ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ òÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´ñ ¢yÓ Ñ˛yˆÏfi›˛Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yÜ xy›˛– ÎÌy ≠ Iron
smith, Silver smith, Brass smith, Gold smith, Khatra. S~Ó˚y ú-#ñ ˛ô)ãyÓ˚¢yõ@˘Ã# Á
Ñ˛yãúúì˛y ÓyòyÎ˚Vñ Chand Ñ˛yõyÓ˚ S~Ó˚y ïyì%˛ Óy ˆ˛ôì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xyÎ˚òy ÓyòyÎ˚Vñ ˆë˛yÑ˛Ó˚y S~Ó˚y
òÑ˛üyîyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ôÑ˛ Ñ%˛òˆÏÑ˛y ÓyòyÎ˚Vñ ~ÓÇ Tamra Ñ˛yõyÓ˚– xòƒ subcaste òyòy ˆãúyÎ˚
òyòy ¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ Óîú Á ¢Ç!õ◊í á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
äÈyì˛y !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ £zÇÓ˚yã xy¢yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ÔüúÜì˛
v˛zß¨ì˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ !äÈú òy– ÜíƒõyòƒÓ˚y äÈyì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ !äÈú ˆ›˛yÑ˛y– äÈyì˛yÓ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏî!Ö ~£z ˆ›˛yÑ˛y äÈyì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú– äÈyì˛y £zu˛y!fl˛T… !äÈú Ñ%˛!›˛Ó˚!ü“ñ ö˛ƒyÑ˛!R xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚– 1862 ¢yˆÏú
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ õˆÏ£w î_ äÈyì˛y ÓƒÓ¢y ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ äÈyì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ
ˆîò– 1952 ¢yˆÏú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ 75!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y äÈyì˛y £zu˛y!fl˛T… !äÈú–
≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ˛ôî xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ äÈyì˛y ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆ£yì˛– ˆõyáú xyõˆÏú ˛ôîyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚
äÈyì˛y ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í xyÓ%ú ö˛ãˆÏú xyˆÏäÈ– õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Á äÈyì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õÎ≈yîyÓ˚ !â˛£´ !£¢yˆÏÓ
ˆîÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– äÈyì˛yÓ˚ Óí≈ Á v˛z˛ôyîyòˆÏ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ õÎ≈yîyˆÏ¶˛î !ò!í≈ì˛ ˆ£yì˛– ¶˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚
£yì˛úñ ¶˛yˆÏúy Ó§yˆÏüÓ˚ !üÑ˛ ~ÓÇ fl˛ÒyÓ˚ˆÏú›˛ ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ ë˛yÑ˛!ò ˆîÁÎ˚y äÈyì˛y Ó˚yãyÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ì%˛ˆÏú
ˆîÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ‘gift of warthy’ !£¢yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y £ì˛– ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ~Ó˚ òyõ !äÈú Ú≤Ã¢yîÛ– ò#ú
Ñ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ë˛yÑ˛!ò ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ £yì˛úÈÙÈÁÎ˚yúy äÈyì˛y ÎÖò Ó˚yã˛ô%eˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆ£yì˛ñ
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óúy ˆ£yì˛ Ú≤Ãì˛y˛ôÛ– ¢%®Ó˚# Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˆ¢yòyÓ§yïy !üÑ˛ Á £yì˛úñ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ Ñ˛ú¢ Á
üyîy Ñ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ë˛yÑ˛y äÈyì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óúy ˆ£yì˛ ÚÑ˛òÑ˛î[˛Û– ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢¡øyòãòÑ˛ äÈyì˛y ˆ£yúñ
ÚòÓî[˛Û– ÚòÓî[˛Û ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ì˛ ‘‘On occations of high state, such as corona-
tions, the marriage of kings and princes and other royal celebrities.” ˆõyáú
!˛ô!Ó˚Î˚ˆÏv˛Á äÈyì˛y !äÈú “Marks of divine vigore”.
!Ó!v˛¸ !ü“ Ñ%˛!›˛Ó˚!üˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÖyú¢ äÈyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !ò xyãÁ– ˆÑ˛®%˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ !Ó!v˛¸ £Î˚ñ
!Ó!v˛¸ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyòyˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ì˛y ˆ˛ôyì%˛≈!ÜãÓ˚y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#ˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyÎ˚ 1504 ¢yˆÏú– ˆÑ˛yò‰
ˆÑ˛yò‰ ˆãúyÎ˚ !Ó!v˛¸ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛yõyÑ˛ñ ˆÑ˛®%˛ôyì˛y ˆÑ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ¢ñ õã%!Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛ñ fl˛f#ñ
˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïñ ÓyúÑ˛ÈÙÈÓy!úÑ˛y Ñ˛ì˛ãò !òÎ%_´ñ ˆÑ˛yò ˆ◊í# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ◊!õÑ˛Ó˚y xyˆÏ¢ò ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈
!ÓÓÓ˚í !ú!Öì˛ £Î˚ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ò¤˛yÎ˚–
~¢Ó ì˛Ìƒ ãòÜíòyÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÖyõˆÏâ˛ ˆì˛yúy– ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛
ˆúÖy ˆòy›˛=!ú ¢ÈÙÈäÈ!Ó Á ¢ÈÙÈõhs˛ˆÏÓƒ ¶˛Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ú!Öì˛ Ñ˛yv≈˛=!ú £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y
¶˛Î˚yòÑ˛ ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛!ì˛– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ÚÑ˛yv≈˛=!ú ˆÖyÎ˚y !ÜÎ˚yˆÏäÈ–Û ~£z ¢õhfl˛
Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛ xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛òñ
ˆ¢=!ú ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÁ òÎ˚ñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Îy Îy ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛òñ
¢Ó£z !ì˛!ò Ñ˛yv≈˛=!úˆÏì˛ ˆòy›˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ò– !ì˛!ò ãyòˆÏì˛òñ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˆüÑ˛v˛¸
Ñ˛Öò ˆÑ˛yò õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ Öyîƒ xy£Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ xyˆÏÜ¶˛yˆÏÜ£z ¢yÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛yv≈˛=!ú !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛y£z– Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~£z ¢õhfl˛ ì˛Ìƒ ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆü°Ï
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z– ˆÑ˛yò !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˆ£§yâ˛›˛ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ
Ó˚&k˛ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ £ì˛yüó !ì˛!òñ Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛£z õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈòñ ÚÚÎ§y£yÓ˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ source
ì§˛y£yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛££z ÎÌyÎÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ !ú!ÖÎ˚y Ó˚yˆÏÖò òy£z–ÛÛ !òˆÏã ˆ‡˛yE˛Ó˚ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÓˆÏú£z !Ñ˛ ~ì˛
ÎÌyÎÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty⁄ !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ïÓ˚ò ˆÑ˛õòñ î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛!›˛ Note v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y
ÎyÑ˛ ≠
ˆúyÑ˛v˛zÍ¢Ó ¢Çeýhs˛ ˆòy›˛ ≠
Ñ˛Ó˚õ˛ô)ãy– ÓòˆÏîÓ#– ˆúyïy ˛ôyì˛Ó˚ ˆ˛ôÔ°Ï ¢Çeý!hs˛– 1úy õyá Óòƒ ãls˛ˆÏîÓ˚ £yì˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôyì˛Ó˚Ó˚y üyúÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏú ˛ô)ãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆúyïyÓ˚y ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ î%ÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚
ˆ˛ôÔ°Ï xòƒÓyÓ˚ ¶˛yo– ˆ˛ôÔˆÏ°Ï äÈyÜú õ%Ó˚Ü# ÈÙÙÙÈ ¶˛yˆÏo ˆÑ˛yò Ó!ú £Î˚ òy Ñ˛Öò ÎÖò ì˛¢Ó˚
=!›˛ Óy ö˛úõ)ú ˆîÎ˚ £zîyò#Ç ü£ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy £Î˚– ˆÜy˛ôˆÏõ!îò#˛ô%Ó˚!fl˛iì˛ ˆÜy˛ôò!®ò# ~ÖyˆÏò
ˆîÓ# ˛!m¶)˛ãy ÓƒyáÓy!£ò#– !Óüyúy«˛#– ÓòˆÏîÓ#– ¢%®Ó˚ÓˆÏò õy!£°ÏƒÓ˚y ˆõ!îò#˛ô%Ó˚ xM˛Èú
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓü# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ ÷ï%õye õ%Ö xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆî£ òy£z– Óò £y!¢ú Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ô)ãy
£Î˚–– ÓòÓ%!v˛¸Ó˚ ›˛y›˛ ÈÙÈ î%Óúyì˛ S⁄V £y!¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)ãy xyÓ˚Ω˛ £Î˚––
îyˆÏõyîÓ˚–– x!fl˛i !òõIò– ¢ú£z ˛ô)ãy–– Ó¢hs˛ v˛zÍ¢Ó–– ö˛yÄò–– ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò Ó,«˛ üyú
Óy õ˝Î˚yÓ˚ v˛yú ˆîÎ˚– õy!›˛Ó˚ £yì˛#ˆÏáyv˛¸y– ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ úyú õ%Ó˚Ü# Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ äÈyÜú– Ó˚yàyõy!›˛
Ó˚yày ãˆÏú e´#v˛¸y £Î˚–– Ñ˛Ó˚õ ˛ô)ãy–– ˛ô)!í≈õyÓ˚ 11 ü#ˆÏì˛ ¶)§˛£zÎ˚yÓ˚y ÷ï% ˛ô)ãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚––
ˆõyv˛¸ˆÏúÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ Ñ˛îõ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛yú ˆ˛ô§yˆÏì˛– â˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏí ˆÖ§y›˛y ˆ˛ô§yˆÏì˛ñ ˛ôp !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢yãyÎ˚ñ
¢yÓ˚yÓ˚yì˛ ò,ì˛ƒÜ#ì˛ ˛ôyì˛yò,ì˛ƒ–– S¢§yÁì˛yú#V Ó,«˛˛ô)ãy– ¢yÓ˚y !ãúyÎ˚ õy!›˛Ó˚ £yì˛# ˆáyv˛¸y–
Ñ˛Ó˚õ˛ô)ãy Ö%Ó !≤ÃÎ˚–
¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ¶˛y°Ïy Á £!hfl˛!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ¢Çeýhs˛ ˆòy›˛ ≠
Jaina-ayaranga Sutra. úyë˛¸/Ó˚yë˛¸ ÷k˛¶)˛!õ/¢%õyÑ˛“¢)eˆÏì˛ Jaina ascetic orders
are named Pundravardhanya, Kativarshiya Tamralipika. ˛ôì˛O!ú È ÙÙÙ ˛ôy!ò!ò ˛ôˆÏÓó˚
¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ ¢ı˛yò xyˆÏäÈ Dialectological Information Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛ !e´Î˚y˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ x!ì˛ xq(ì˛
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ S˛ô)Ó≈ˆÏîˆÏüV =ÆÑ˛yú ££zˆÏì˛ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ xyˆÏ¢– õ£yfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!·˛!ú!˛ô and the lithic
records (three lines) of Chandravarmana on Susunia Hills in West Bengal
Gupta period copper plate 443 AD. 543 AD. : ~ˆÏì˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ õÎ≈yîy ˆò£z– 7 ü üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛
ˆúyÑ˛òyˆÏÌÓ˚ !e˛ô%Ó˚y ì˛y¡Àüy¢ò Óy ¶˛yfl˛ÒÓ˚Ó¡ø≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !òîyò˛ô%Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ö˛y !£ˆÏÎ˚ò
ì˛y¡À!úÆˆÏì˛ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í xïƒÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò 5 üì˛y∑# 7 üì˛y∑# ˝ˆÏÎ˚ò ˆ˛ôÔu»˛

Ñ˛í≈¢%Óí≈ ¢õì˛ˆÏ›˛ !ÓˆÏîƒyÍ¢y£ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– £z ¢# ˆ¢£z üì˛y∑#Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ü∑!Óîƒy ì˛õú%ˆÏÑ˛
!üˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò–
2V ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ÓˆÏD ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ !ü«˛y !äÈú– £!hfl˛ñ xyÎ˚ˆ% ÓÏ π≈î SÜã !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yñ
Üã !Óîƒy Üã xyÎ˚%ˆÏÓπ≈îV üyfl˛f#Î˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ú!Öì˛ ~£z Ó£z›˛# ÓˆÏDÓ˚– ˛ô%Ó˚yíïyõ#– â˛¡ôyˆÏì˛
ˆÓ˚yõ˛ôî xˆÏDÓ˚ Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD õ%!í ˛ôyúÑ˛y˛ôƒ (Pala Kapya) Óy Ñ˛yØy ≤ÃŸ¿ !ãK˛y¢yõ)úÑ˛–
£yì˛#Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚yÜƒ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛– ˆÓ˚yõ˛ôî îüÓ˚ÌÑ˛yú#ò ˆúÖÑ˛ Ñ˛y˛ôƒ ˆÜye#Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ !˛ôì˛y õ%!í Á õy
◊# £!hfl˛ò#– ˛ôyúÑ˛yˆÏ˛ôƒÓ˚ xy◊ˆÏõ ˆúy!£ì˛ƒ (Lanhitya) Ó·˛˛ô%eV ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢yÜˆÏÓ˚ !õˆÏüˆÏäÈ–
xÌ≈yÍ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z ~£z !ú!Öì˛– £Ó˚≤Ã¢yî üyfl˛f# ÓˆÏúò 5/6 üì˛y∑# ˛Ö, ˛ô)Ó≈ (BC) «˛#Ó˚fl˛∫yõ#
11 üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ xõÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛y°Ï v˛zk˛,ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– x!@¿˛ô%Ó˚yí ÓˆÏú x!@¿˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏí ˆÎ Üã !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y
xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y ˛ôyúÑ˛y˛ôƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y– Ó˚á%ÓÇˆÏü Ñ˛y!úîy¢ñ xDÓ˚ Ó˚yãy Îy £y!ì˛ ¢)eÑ˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ˆ˛ôy°Ïy ÈÙÙÙÈ £z£y ¢)e òÎ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Üîƒ– 160 xïƒyÎ˚– â˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyˆÏò !Ó¶˛_´– õ£yˆÏÓ˚yÜ
S18 xïƒyÎ˚Vñ «%˛o ˆÓ˚yÜ S72 xïƒyÎ˚V üúƒ 34 v˛z_Ó˚ (uttare Mezapy bath dietiesV
36 ˆÑ˛Ô!›˛úƒ v˛zk,˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò £hfl˛# !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ¢Ω˛Óì˛ =ÆÑ˛yˆÏú Óy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ £Î˚–
ì˛s˛f¢yïò ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ˆòy›˛ ≠
¢õhfl˛£z ≤ÃÓ£õyò Ñ˛yúâ˛ˆÏe´ á)í≈ƒõyò– ~£z Ñ˛yúâ˛e´£z ¢Ó≈K˛ ~ÓÇ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ãß√îyì˛y–
Ñ˛yúâ˛e´ ≤ÃK˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ãß√!e´Î˚y ¢ö˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛yúâ˛e´Îyò# Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zˆÏk≈˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛
â˛yò– Ñ˛yÎ≈˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚y Óy Ü!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ£õyòì˛y ¢y«˛yˆÏì˛£z Ñ˛yú !ò!í≈ì˛ £Î˚– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z
Ñ˛yÎ≈˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚y õ)úì˛ ≤Ãyí!e´Î˚y ˛ö˛ˆÏú ≤Ãyí!e´Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ˚&k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z Ñ˛yú !òÓ˚hfl˛ £ˆÏÓ–
ˆî£y¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚fl˛i òyv˛¸#ñ òyv˛¸#ˆÏÑ˛wñ ˛ôM˛ÈÓyÎ˚% xyÎ˚_ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z ≤Ãyí!e´Î˚y !òÓ˚&k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÙÙÙ
Ñ˛yú !òÓ˚hfl˛ ì˛Ìy!£– ~ÓÇ ö˛ˆÏú !ì˛!Ì ÓyÓ˚ ò«˛e Ó˚y!üˆÏÎyÜ ~§ˆÏîÓ˚ üyˆÏfl˛f Óv˛¸– ì˛y£z Ü!íì˛
ˆãƒy!ì˛°Ï ≤Ãyïyòƒ– ¢Ω˛úòyõÑ˛ fl˛iyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyú Ñ˛yˆÏú ~ÖyˆÏò xyˆÏ¢– x¶˛Î˚Ñ˛Ó˚ =Æ
Ó˚yõ˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ~£z õì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ãyõyíƒ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– v˛z_´ !ì˛ò ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎyÜ ¢yïòyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_– ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒÁ Ö%Ó ˆÓü# òÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò !¢k˛ !ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy
Ñ,˛– Óyàyú# !¢k˛Ó˚y ïƒyò Á ˆîÓˆÏîÓ# ïƒyòÑ˛“òy ÜˆÏv˛¸ò– !ì˛ò›˛# £›˛ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ãyì˛– úyú¢y
Ó˚¢òy xÓï)ì˛#– xÓï)ì˛# v˛zˆÏk≈˛ ÎyÎ˚ Óy ÓˆÏ«˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– £zv˛¸y !˛ôDúy ¢%°Ï%¡ÿ ÓˆÏú– Ñ%˛úÑ%˛[˛!ú!ò
ãyˆÏÜ– =Ó˚& x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ !Ñ˛ls˛ !ü°Ïƒ ÓyäÈy â˛y£z– ÎÌyÌ≈ ¢yïò ˛ôs˛iyÎ˚ â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚y î%É¢yïƒ– ~Ó˚
Îyâ˛y£z ~Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ôs˛iy ˛ôM˛ÈÑ%˛ú ÈÙÙÙ v˛¡∫#ñ Ó˚ãÑ˛#ñ â˛[˛yú#ñ Óy·˛í#– ˛ôM˛ÈÑ)˛ú ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Sxfl˛ô‹TV
˛ôM˛È!Óï Ó˚*˛ô– Ñ%˛ú ˛ôM˛È fl˛ÒÏı˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y !ò!í≈ì˛ £Î˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í fl˛Òı˛Ñ˛ ˛ôM˛È¶)˛ˆÏì˛ õò%°ÏƒˆÏî£ Ü!‡˛ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÎyÓ˚ ˆÎ›˛# ˆÓü# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ £Î˚– Sâ˛[˛#îy¢ Ó˚ãÑ˛# ¢yïò ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛– !¢!k˛Ó˚y ~£z ˛ôs˛iy
¢,‹T# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 84 ãò ¢Ó˚£ñ òyÜyã≈%òñ !ì˛ˆÏ_y˛ôyîñ òyˆÏv˛¸y˛ôyîñ xmÎ˚ÓLñ Ñ˛y‚ ˛ôy ~ Óƒì˛#ì˛
ú%£z˛ôyîñ üÓÓ˚ñ ¶%˛¢%Ñ˛ñ Ñ%˛E%˛Ó˚# òyõ ˛ôy£z– ˛ô)Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yFâ˛# òÜˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ Ó˚b˛ôyú
Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚– v˛z!v˛¸°ÏƒÓ˚yãy Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ ì˛y!hs˛Ñ˛ ˆÓÔk˛ ïˆÏ¡ø≈ î#«˛y– òyú®yÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ £ò– òyÜ≈yã%ò
¢Ó˚£ !ü°Ïƒ– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z =£ƒ ¢yïò xyÓ˚Ω˛ £Î˚– ˆÓÔk˛ ì˛s˛f¢yïò Á al-
chemy ¢Ó˚£ myÓ˚y òyú®yÎ˚ !ü«˛y úy¶˛– !ì˛ˆÏ_yÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ â˛R@˘Ãyõ ˛ô![˛ì˛ !Ó£yÓ˚ x!ïÓy¢#
õ£#˛ôyú ¢õˆÏÎ–˚ ˜òÎ˚y!Î˚Ñ˛ ˆãì˛Ó˚# !ü°Ïƒ òyˆÏv˛¸y ãÎ˚˛ôyú ¢õˆÏÎ–˚ òƒyÎ˚˛ôyú ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Ñ˛Õ‘£% !Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !Óe´õü#úyÎ˚ ¶%˛¢%Ñ%˛Ó˚ !Óe´õ˛ô%Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ xì˛#ü !ü°Ïƒ– ú%£z˛ôyî ¢Ω˛Óì˛ Óy£õ# xmÎ˚ÓL
~Ñ˛£z Ñ%˛E%˛ Óy·˛í ˆÓÔk˛ì˛ˆÏs˛f î#!«˛ì˛ ££zÎ˚y v˛y!Ñ˛ò# ˆîüˆÏÑ˛ õ£yÎyò ì˛s˛f v˛zk˛yÓ˚– üÓÓ˚
¢Ó˚£!ü°Ïƒ ÓDyú x!ïÓy¢#–
ˆÑ˛ÔúõyÜ≈≠ ü!_´ Á ˆÓÔk˛ ì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ì˛y òÓüy_´ ¢,‹T# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôú– ˆò˛ôyú ≤ÃyÆ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i
xy!î õÍˆÏ¢wòyÌ Ñ%˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÑ˛ÔˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_– Ñ%˛ú xˆÏÌ≈ ü!_´ ÈÙÙÙ ˛ôM˛È!ÓïÈÙÈ˛ôM˛È
ì˛ÌyÜ!ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ x!ï¤ye# Sacred Lore ˆÑ˛ÔúÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÑ˛ÔúÜõ ˆÑ˛Ôúüyfl˛f £zì˛ƒy!î
ˆÑ˛ÔúÓyî#ˆÏîÓ˚–
õy!›˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆòy›˛ ≠
1 1/2´´ dia SSv˛yÎ˚!õ›˛yÓ˚V õˆÏïƒ 1/2ÈÙÈÓ˚ Ñ˛õ !äÈo– ˆõy›˛ 1/16´´ 1 ˛ôÎ˚¢yÎ˚ 8!›˛
˛ôyÁÎ˚y Îy£zì˛ñ £z£y Ñ%˛ˆÏõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y â˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˜ì˛Î˚yÓ˚# Ñ˛!Ó˚ì˛ ˆÓü# ˆ˛ôyv˛¸ Öy£zì˛ òyñ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y
¶§˛yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ õì˛– ≤Ã¢)!ì˛Ó˚y £z£y !â˛Óy£zì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ îhs˛ ÷úyÎ˚–... £zì˛ƒy!î–
!Ó!FäÈß¨¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛ !ú!Öì˛ ˆòy›˛=!úÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ õ)úƒ £Î˚ì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È£z ˆò£zñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛
¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yñ ì˛Ìƒ¢Ç@˘Ãˆ£Ï Ó˚ ˆG§˛yÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ !ãK˛y¢yÓ˚
ì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò– ˆòy›˛=!úÓ˚ =Ó˚&c Îy£z ÌyÑ˛ñ !Ó!fl˛øì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ˛ô!Ó˚e´õyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!ï
ˆãˆÏò– ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ ºõí ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸yñ ˛ô%Ó˚&!úÎ˚yñ Ó#Ó˚¶˛) õ ˆÎõò xyˆÏäÈñ ˆì˛õ!ò ÓyÇúyÓ˚
Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ î)Ó˚ÈÙÈî)Ó˚yhs˛Á Ñ˛õ ˆò£z– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ÚÚ¢õÎ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛
!ãúy ï!Ó˚Î˚y xò%¢ı˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚ òy£z– ¢#õyÓk˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Îì˛î)Ó˚ ¢yïƒ ~£z
ˆúyÑ˛!üˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô Óy ˛ôk˛!ì˛ Óy!£Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚y ££zÎ˚yˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ ~£z ¢#õyÓk˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆÎ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏò xyã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x¢#õ ˆòüyÓ˚ ›˛yò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓñ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚
â˛úˆÏÓ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ~ ≤Ãyhs˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á ≤Ãyhs˛ñ ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ Î%_´ £ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚£z
!Ñ˛ ãyòˆÏì˛òÊ
î%£z
Ñ˛ƒy!Ìv»˛yú !õüò fl˛%ÒˆÏú õyG˛Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ â%˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È!îò òƒyv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚ !›˛!Ñ˛
ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ !äÈˆúÏ ò ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ !üÖÓyÓ˚ ãòƒñ ¶˛!ì≈˛ £ò ¶˛Óyò#˛ô%Ó˚ ˆ›˛yˆÏú– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈
ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚– !˛ô¢ì%˛ˆÏì˛y î% îyîy £!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛‹Tñ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆõãîy xyÓ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ¢y£zˆÑÏ ˛ú
!òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ á%ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú ºõí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆîüˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚
õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˜òÑ˛°Ïƒ !£®%Ó˚y ÚˆîüºõíÛ ÓúˆÏì˛
ì˛#Ì≈Îyey ˆÓyˆÏG˛òñ !òäÈÑ˛ ˆîü ˆîÖyÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢›˛y õˆÏò £Î˚ Óy·˛ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ö˛úñ xhs˛ì˛
≤ÃÌõã#ÓˆÏò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛y£z áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– ÓyúƒÓÎ˚¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓy Á õy î%£z !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛
xyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ãß√ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ò Á !òÓ˚hs˛Ó˚
!ãK˛y¢yÓ˚– ˆ¡‘FäÈ xyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ â˛úy !˛ôì,˛ˆÏîÓ ~ÓÇ !£®% xyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢# õyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚
¢yÓ˚yã#ÓˆÏò Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ !ò– ÓyúƒÑ˛yˆÏú !Öfi›˛yò ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ú!ü«˛y¢ÇáÛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
≤Ãïyò !ü«˛Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ˚u˛ ¢%ï#Ó˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ƒy!Ìv»˛yú !õüò fl˛%Òúñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚£z
¶˛Óyò#˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ›˛yˆÏú ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî !£®% ≤Ã¶˛yÓñ !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ö˛Ó˚y¢#
¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ¢y!ß¨ïƒ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ– òyòy ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ïyE˛yÎ˚ñ ›˛yò Á
xyÑ˛°Ï≈ˆÏí !äÈß¨õ)ú !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ / Î%ÓÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆòÓyÓ˚– ≤ÃÌõ ã#ÓˆÏò Ó˚Ó#w¶˛!_´ñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y ÚÓ%ãÓ˚&Ü
Óy·˛Û ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚£z ö˛ú £Î˚ˆìÏ ˛y– ˆÎ õyò%°!Ï ›˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛òñ ÚˆÓ¡øÛñ ÓúˆÏì˛ò Ú˛ô#Ó˚ÓyÓyÛñ
Úîy!v˛¸ÓyÓ%Ûñ ÚˆõyÕ‘yÛó ≤ÃÌõã#ÓˆÏò !ì˛!ò£z !Ñ˛ls˛ !äÈˆÏúò Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¶˛_´– ≤ÃÌõ
Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈîü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y!›˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õñ 1335ÈÙÈ~ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò !ÜÎ˚y!äÈˆÏúò
ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚÑ˛yú ˆ˛ôÔ°Ï v˛zÍ¢Óñ xyõÓ˚y xì˛#Ó ≤Ãì%˛ƒˆÏ°Ï fl˛ÿòy!î ¢y!Ó˚Î˚y ≤ÃyÌ≈òy Ü,ˆÏ£ Üõí Ñ˛!Ó˚úyõ–
ü#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ £yÁÎ˚y Ó!£ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ– ~õò ¢õÎ˚ £°≈ !õ!◊ì˛ ïπ!ò v˛z!‡˛úñ Ú˙ ˆÎ v˛z!òñ ˙ ˆÎóÛ
ˆî!Öúyõ ˆ¢£z ˆ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃI!úì˛ x!@¿Óí≈ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï È ÙÙÙÈ ì˛y£yÓ˚ â˛!›˛ã%ì˛yÓ˚ ü∑ xy!¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ È ÙÙÙÈ
ˆ¢ ˆÎ !Ñ˛ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ ì˛y£y Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy ÈÙÙÙÈ !ì˛!ò ÷ºÓí≈ xyFäÈy!îì˛...ÛÛ– ˆ›˛∆ˆòÏ ñ ¢y£zˆÑÏ ˛ˆÏúñ
õyÈÙÈÓyÓyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò ˆÜˆÏäÈò– Óy·˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# £ˆÏÎ˚Á Óy·˛≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛
!ö˛!Ó˚!D õˆÏòy¶˛yÓy˛ôß¨ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢hs˛yò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ SÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò òy ˆÑ˛yò xyd#Î˚
!Óúyì˛ˆÏö˛Ó˚ì˛y !äÈˆÏúòV â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ~Ñ˛ ãÜy!Ö•â%˛!v˛¸ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ xyÜyˆÏÜyv˛¸y–
ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ á!ò¤˛ Óı%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖÁ ÷!òñ ÚÚ~›˛y SÓ˚yõÑ,˛°å/õyïÓ ¶˛!_´V ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôyã òy !Ó!úö˛
xy!õ ãy!ò òy– ˆîÓˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜îÓ xò%¶)˛!ì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ~õòÁ õˆÏò £Î˚ òy–ÛÛ SxˆÏüyÑ˛
!õeVñ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ ÚõyïÓyÎ˚ òõÉÛ ˛ôy‡˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛!_´¶˛yÓ òÎ˚ñ Úõïƒ!Ó_ !ü!«˛ì˛ Óyày!úÓ˚
Ó˚&!â˛ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛õ!›˛ Ñ˛y›˛yÓ˚ ˆõy«˛õ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜÛ !£ˆÏüˆÏÓ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛õú˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚ Sx!òÓ˚&k˛
úy!£!v˛¸V– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜Ó°åÓ Ÿª÷Ó˚Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Á ˛ôb#Ó˚ õò Ó˚yÖy !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓÁ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò x!òÓ˚&k˛ÓyÓ%– ÓyúƒÈÙÈ˜Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÎÔÓˆÏò ˆÎõò !£õyúÎ˚ òÓm#˛ô ˆÖì%˛Ó˚#
~Ñ˛â˛yÑ˛y ˆÜˆÏäÈòñ ˆÜˆÏäÈò üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛òñ ˆì˛õ!ò ˆÜˆÏäÈò õ)úì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓüƒy˛ô!Õ‘Á– !òãyˆÏõ
ˆÎõò ˆÜyõyÇ¢ ÖyˆÏFäÈòñ ˆì˛õ!ò !òì˛ƒ≤ÃyˆÏì˛ ÚÓ˝ÓyÓ˚ ÜDyÎ˚ â˛yòÛÁ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛yúy˛ôy£y!v˛¸
õˆÏòy¶˛yÓñ ˆÎ›˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y xyÓ˚ õyì,˛ Á ˛ôb# ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ ïõ≈ÈÙÈõˆÏòy¶˛yÓ
î%£zÈÙÈ~ !õˆÏú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#úì˛y xyÓ˚ Ó˚«˛íü#úì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !õ◊í ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
Îy ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛ xõ#õyÇ!¢ì˛ Ó˚£¢ƒñ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Á !Óºyhs˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ –4
~£z î%£z õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y£z ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÏÜÏˆÏäÈ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚– Ö%§ˆÏã !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !òì˛ƒÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy– ˆÑ˛ì˛y!Ó !ü«˛yÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !Óüyú !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xyˆÏäÈ ˆ¢Öyò
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !Óîƒyúy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ £ú @˘Ãyõ ˛ô!Ó˚e´õyñ ˛ô!Ó˚e´õyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆòy›˛ ˆúÖy– Ñ˛ì˛
òì%˛ò !Ñ˛!¢ˆÏõÓ˚ Ó£z ˛ôv˛¸yñ ˆ¢ ˆì˛y !v˛!@˘Ã xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ òÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛Óú ãyòÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôv˛¸y÷ˆÏòyÓ˚ Óƒ!Æ ˆÑ˛õòñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆ›˛ˆÏò ˆîÖy ÎyÑ˛– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
Úãy!ì˛Û ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ãyòÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛Óú ÓyÇúy Ó£zñ Îy !ì˛!ò ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏäÈò òƒyüòyú úy£zˆÏÓ!Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ Ó£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ òyõ Á òÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛ ~õ!ò ≠
!£®%ãy!ì˛ˆÏ¶˛î Á ÓyÓ˚&£zãy!ì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ 182 PC 912.7, Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ¢îˆÏÜy˛ô
¢Ç!£ì˛y 182PC 876/2, ÓD#Î˚ ãy!ì˛õyúy 182PC 900/4, ë˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ
Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛iãy!ì˛ Á ÓˆÏÓ˚w Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ÈÙÈ 182 PD 889.1, õ)ú ë˛yÑ%˛Ó˚
¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyÈÙÈ 182PD891/3, Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ˆÑ˛Ôhfl˛¶˛ÈÙÈ182PC875/3, «˛!eÎ˚
õ£y¢!¡øúò#ÈÙÈ1/PD 926/15, Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy ÈÙÈ PD 926/17, ˆ¶˛Ñ˛y!◊ì˛
ì˛_¥!òÓ˚*˛ôò ÈÙÈ JC 92/72, ˆÜÔ!Ó˚Ñ˛yhs˛ ÓÇüyÓú#ÈÙÈCA 918/1, Ó˚yãÓÇü#
Ñ%˛ú≤Ãî#˛ô ÈÙÈ PD 908/10, ˛ô%[˛Ó˚#Ñ˛ ¢õyãÈÙÈPC 930/4, áòüƒyõ ÁG˛y ˜Óüƒ
Ñ%˛Ω˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ãy!ì˛î˛ô≈íÈÙÈ182PE/926.1, ˜õ!Ìú Óy·˛í ì˛ÌƒÈÙÈ182E 926.1, ÓyDyú#
~ÓÇ ˜Óîƒãy!ì˛ !Ü!Ó˚ãyˆÏõy£ò Ó˚yÎ˚ñ ˆÎyˆÏÜü Ó˚yÎ˚ ãy!ì˛ì˛_¥ÈÙÈ!Ü!Ó˚ü Ó¢% ÈÙÈ
182 PC 903.6, Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ 182PC 914.4, Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i
ò,˛ôÈÙÈ182PC853 2(3), ÓD#Î˚ Óy·˛í ¢ÇáÈÙÈ182RC 925.1, ˆõy¢ˆÏúõ ãy!ì˛ì˛_¥
182PC926/36, Üı˛Ó!íÑ˛ ì˛_¥ È ÙÈ 182PC 903.3, ¢% Ó í≈ Ó !íÑ˛
˜ÓüƒÈÙÈ182PC825.2 (1), ˆÜy˛ô!õe S˛ô!eÑ˛yVÈÙÈ182QB 922/6, ˜Óîƒ˛ô%Óy˚ Ó,ì˛
182PC 905/1, ÓyDyúyÓ˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ Óy·˛íÈÙÈ182PC 932/4.
ˆÑ˛Óúõye ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏv≈˛ ~ì˛=!ú Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyõ ˆúÖy– ~Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ Ó£z !ì˛!ò
˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈˆÏúò ˆÑ˛ ÓúˆÏÓò⁄5
ˆü°Ï ì˛Ìƒ!›˛ òy ãyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y â˛úˆÏì˛£z ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛y– ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò
!Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈!Ó˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛y ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛– ÚÑ˛õúÓyÓ%Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy£z ˆü°Ï
Ñ˛ÌyÛñ ~›˛y ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ò xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õeó â˛M˛ÈúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛òñ ÚÑ˛õúÓyÓ%£z
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˆÓ˚ö˛yˆÏÓ™ ˚ Ûó ¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛òñ ÚÑ˛õúÓyÓ%Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ v˛zv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
¢õˆÏÎ˚ ~õò ˆÑ˛v˛z !äÈˆÏúò òyÛ– ˆfl˛∫FäÈyÎ˚ Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓƒÓfl˛iyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyü Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚
fl˛∫!ü!«˛ì˛ÈÙÈ˜îì˛ƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢õÑ˛yˆÏú Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ !ÓmÍãòˆÏîÓ˚ üy¢ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜäÈˆÏúò–
!ì˛ò
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ò ì˛yÁ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ îy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏÖ– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆîÖy
ÓyÇúy !Ñ˛ ã#Óòyò®Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô¢# ÓyÇúyñ òy!Ñ˛ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆîÖy @˘ÃyõÓyÇúy⁄ ~Ó˚
ˆÑ˛yò›˛y£z òÎ˚– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏíydÑ˛ ˆâ˛yÖ !îˆÏÎ˚ñ !ü“#Ó˚ ˆâ˛yÖ
!îˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛yÖ !îˆÏÎ˚– ã§y ˆÓ˚ˆÏòyÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ Îy ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ
ˆ¢£z ÓyÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy£z Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÓyÇúy– ÚÚÓyÇúyˆÏîü !òˆÏÎ˚ äÈ!Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏú ˆ£yˆÏ›˛ˆÏú
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú â˛úˆÏÓ òy– ˆúyÑ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆõúyˆÏõüy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ Ó˚yhfl˛yáyˆÏ›˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ
ˆÓ˚yˆÏî ˛ô%v˛¸ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ~Ñ˛ˆÏ˛ô›˛ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ÜÓ˚õÑ˛yˆÏú Ó›˛ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ á%ˆÏõyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ãˆÏú
!¶˛ãˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ÜDyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô î%ÈÙÈˆâ˛yÖ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî =Æ xyˆÏÓ˚y ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ
ˆ@˘Ã›˛ £zfi›˛yò≈ ˆ£yˆÏ›˛ˆÏú ˆÓ˚ˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆîÖy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ üyú˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˆ‡˛yàyÎ˚
òÑ%˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ Ñ˛v˛¸y˛ôyÑ˛ ¢ˆÏ®ü !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyò– ˆÓ˚ˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚ fl˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãíyõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛
ÓˆÏ¢òñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ xyâ˛Ó˚í !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô!›˛ˆÏÑ˛Á ì%˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛
!â˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò !ü“Ñ˛úyÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%°Ï!›˛ˆÏÑ˛– ¢Ó!ã ˆÑ˛y›˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ ˆÎ xy›≈˛ !ò!£ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚Á !ì˛!ò ö˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ â˛ú!Fâe !ü“# Á !ü!“˛ô%eˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏì˛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏúò !ò– ÓƒyÓ˚yÑ˛˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ The
River’ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ ¢%!›˛Ç ˆúyˆÏÑ˛üˆÏòÓ˚ ÚÚ˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõ ÜDy ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛úyÑ%˛ˆÏO ~Ñ˛!›˛ îyÓ˚&ò
õ_≈õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆõyâ˛y ï!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙ ˆõyâ˛y ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy v˛z!‡˛ú– ˆõyâ˛y ˆÑ˛y›˛yÓ˚ xy›≈˛ !Ñ˛ îyÓ˚&íÊ
ˆÌyv˛¸ Ñ˛y›˛yÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛È ÙÙÙ !ì˛!ò xÓyÑ˛– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛y›˛yÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛...ˆÓ˚ˆÏòyÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ó!úñ ~Ñ˛
≤Ã!¢k˛ Ñ˛úy xyˆÏäÈ Îy£yˆÏÑ˛ v˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ñ˛úy ÓˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ £z£yˆÏì˛ !Ó!â˛ Ö%Ó ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y£yÓ˚ v˛yúòy ˆÜy›˛y
ˆö˛yv˛¸ò !îÎ˚y xyÉ– Öyîƒ x!¶˛õyò# ö˛Ó˚y¢# £§y ££zÎ˚y !ÜÎ˚y!äÈˆÏúò–ÛÛ !ü“Ñ˛úyÎ˚ ¶˛Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÓyÇúyÓ˚ fl˛∫¶˛yÓ!¢k˛ !ü“â˛â≈˛yˆÏÑ˛– ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ Óyày!úÓ˚ ã#ÓòïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Á ã#ÓòÎy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô !ü“Ñ˛úy– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚
ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ Ñ%˛ˆÏõyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛õy ÜˆÏv˛¸ñ ~ÓÇ ¶˛!_´¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãíyõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÚõyÛñ ÚõyÛ ÓˆÏú v˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z
≤Ã!ì˛õyˆÏÑ˛£z– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !òì˛ƒÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ì˛yÓ˚ xyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíñ ïˆÏõ≈ñ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ñ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛
ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z Ö%§ˆÏã !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò !ü“y!DˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ– !ò!î≈‹T ˆ≤ÃyˆÏãQ
!òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ö%ˆ§ ã
Ï ˆö˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ òÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ì%˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢õyãì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚
ì˛Ñ˛õy ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏòy !‡˛Ñ˛ òyñ !ì˛!ò xyîƒhs˛ !ü“# ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ !ü“Ñ˛úy xò%ïyÓˆÏòÓ˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓÈ˚ ÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢
ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ˆ¢›%˛Ñ%˛£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢õyãì˛_¥– ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ xyòˆÏ® Ö%§ˆÏã !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÁÎ˚y ÓyÇúyˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛– !ü“Ó˚!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛yÖ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Á !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛!üˆÏ“Ó˚
¢ˆÏD ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚y Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ– !ì˛!ò õ%?˛ ˆòˆÏe ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
Óyày!úÓ˚ ≤Ãyì˛ƒ!£Ñ˛ ã#ÓòÎy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !üˆÏ“Ó˚ á!ò¤˛ì˛yñ Óyày!ú !ü“ˆÏÑ˛ xyúyîy Ólfl˛
ÓˆÏú Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò– ì˛yÓ˚ ïõ≈!â˛hs˛yñ !òì˛ƒ˛ô)ãyñ Óì˛ñ äÈv˛¸yñ ˛ô§yâ˛y!úñ xyú˛ôòy ¢õhfl˛!Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ£z !ü“ˆÏÑ˛ ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ‹T˛ô,ˆÏ¤˛ !ü“ˆÏÑ˛ ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y ì˛Öò£z
¢Ω˛Ó ÚÎÖò ì˛y£yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ñ˛ä%È Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z Óyhfl˛Óì˛y ì˛y£yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚y!e!îò xyò®
ˆîÎ˚–Û ~£z xyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ¢§ã%!ì˛ Óì˛ñ ˛ô%íƒ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚ñ ›%˛¢%˛ôyeñ !òì˛ƒ˛ô)ãyÓ˚ !Ó@˘Ã£ñ xyú˛ôòyñ
ˆîÎ˚yú!â˛eíñ v˛zú!Ñ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ– ˆÖúyÓ˚ ˛ô%ì%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ›˛yòñ ˆÎ ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛
xyˆÏúyÈÙÈäÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ¶§˛yã ÙÙÙÈ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ =ˆÏí ì˛y ˛ô)í≈– !òì˛ƒ˛ô)ãyÓ˚
!Ó@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÁ ˆ◊¤˛ !ü“#Ó˚ äÈy˛ôñ ÓˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyú˛ôòyÎ˚ xyˆÏúyäÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ î«˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüúñ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y!úõ !òˆÏì˛ £Î˚!ò– ¢£ãyì˛ ¶˛!_´¶˛yÓ ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ !Ó¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÑ˛Ôüú xy˛ôòy xy˛ô!ò£z ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢#õyÎ˚ !ü“# ì˛yÓ˚ x¢#õ xyÑ˛yA«˛yˆÏÑ˛£z
ˆÓ§ˆÏï Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ ÚxyˆÏïyî,!‹TÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛y xyˆÏïyî,!‹TÛ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ì˛úyÎ˚ ¢õì˛ú ã!õˆÏì˛–
Ú!â˛eˆÏâ˛ì˛òyˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸª≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ì˛y£yÓ˚ ãúñ ì˛y£yÓ˚ G˛v˛¸ñ ì˛y£yÓ˚ xòhs˛ xyÑ˛yüñ
ì˛y£yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÑ˛ÈÙÈâ˛y˛ôúƒñ ì˛y£yÓ˚ õ!£õy–Û ~£z õ!£õy£z ≤Ãy!íì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !â˛eˆÏâ˛ì˛òyˆÏÑ˛–
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛eˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ ì˛yÓ˚ ã#Óòâ˛â˛≈y– Óì˛Ó˚ xyú˛ôòy=!ú Óì˛â˛y!Ó˚ò#Ó˚ õòfl˛ÒyõòyÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚*˛ô òÎ˚ó äÈv˛¸yÓ˚ Óy Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛“òyÁ òÎ˚ñ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ïˆÏõ≈£z xyú˛ôòy=!ú Óyhfl˛Óñ
ˆ¢ ïõ≈ !Ó÷k˛ !ü“ïõ≈ Îy ˛ôyÿ˛yˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò xÇˆÏü£z ò)ƒò òÎ˚– õˆÏòÓ˚
xyïÖy!ò xyÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyïÖy!ò !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚£z Ó˚*˛ôyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô– ì˛y£z Óyày!ú
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÚÓÓ˚ Üv˛¸y ì˛y£yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ !äÈú–Û Ú!üÓ!úD Îy£yˆÏì˛ ¢%®Ó˚ £Î˚ ì˛y£yÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ñ˛ !ò¤%˛Ó˚
ˆÑ˛ò òy ˆÓ§Ñ˛y !üÓ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏú ˆÓ§Ñ˛y ÓÓ˚ £Î˚–Û ~£z !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãß√ Úì˛y£yÓ˚ xyïƒydyÓyî ££zˆÏì˛
ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y£yÓ˚ xyò® ££zˆÏì˛–Û ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ Îy ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚_¥ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ Óyày!ú ì˛y fl˛∫¶˛yÓ=ˆÏí£z
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z fl˛∫¶˛yÓ=í!›˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ xyã#Óò Ó˚Æ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ !â˛eÑ˛úyÎ˚ñ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z !ì˛!ò Ö%ˆ§ ã
Ï !ö˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò £yÓ˚yˆÏòy õy!òˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y– ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ñ
ˆ¢£z xˆÏÌ≈ñ ò,ì˛_¥ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓı˛ ö§˛yîyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆG§˛yÑ˛!›˛ 19 üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!ö˛!Ó˚!D xyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Á xò%Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !ü“â˛â≈˛y Á !ü“â˛Î≈yÓ˚ !¶˛!_õ)ˆÏúÓ˚
xò%¢ı˛yòñ xyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ â˛y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y– !ö˛!Ó˚!DÈÙÈxyâ˛yÓ˚ Á ˆÑ˛ÔõÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚
my!®µÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ô!›˛Ó˚ !ü“¢õ,k˛ xhs≈˛ÓÎ˚ò ˆîÖy ˆÜú Ú!˛ôOˆÏÓ˚ Ó!¢Î˚y ÷Ñ˛ÛÈÙÈ~ñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy Ö%Ó
fl˛i(úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ £ˆÏúÁ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ú¢%£y!¢ò#Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏõ›˛õÛÈÙÈ~–
˛ôy‡˛¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢)e ≠
1. Ñ˛õ≈£#ò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~£z Ñ˛yã!›˛Ó˚ ¢ı˛yò ˆîò â˛M˛ÈúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õe
õüy£z ì˛Öò ~õò ~Ñ˛ãò ˆúyÑ˛ Ö%§ã!äÈˆÏúò !Î!ò Úxy!îõ ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ñ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ Á îÓ˚Óy!Ó˚ !ü“ Á
!ü“# !Ó°ÏÎÑ˚ ˛ K˛yˆÏòÓ˚Û x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛∫¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ£z õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ â˛M˛ÈúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ –˚
!ì˛!ò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ !îˆÏú Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ú%ˆöÏ ˛ ˆòò ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ!›˛– â˛M˛ÈúÓyÓ% Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ Îyò xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– Ú!ì˛ò Ñ%˛!v˛¸ îüÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õe ~ Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
â˛M˛ÈúÓyÓ% Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%ÖÈÙÈî%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢yÌ# !äÈˆÏúò xyõ,ì%˛ƒ– ~ì˛ î#á≈ !îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ¢ˆÏD
!äÈú òy Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– ˆ¢ò¢yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏe xyúy˛ôñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ˆÑ˛ˆÏãy ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚!›˛ x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚
Óı%˛ˆÏc ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyõ,ì%˛ƒ ÓãyÎ˚ !äÈú xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õˆÏeÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ–
2. ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚ ~£z Ó˚â˛òy=!úÓ˚ £zÇÓ˚y!ã xò%Óyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî =Æ– Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî
=ÆÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ !¢!›˛Ç Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Á !ì˛!ò î%!›˛ ì˛Ìƒ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãyòyò !òñ ÈÙÙÙÈ 1. ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ xò%Óyî ≤Ã¢D ~ÓÇ 2. ›˛y›˛yÓ˚ !˛ô xyÓ˚ Á
ÌyÑ˛yÑ˛yú#ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ì˛_¥yÓïyˆÏò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ƒyˆÏúu˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !Óhfl˛+ ì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ì˛Ìƒ– ≤Ã¢Dî%!›˛Ó˚
Ñ˛Ìy !ì˛!ò ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyÓ˚ ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyÓ˚ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜäÈˆÏúò– â˛M˛ÈúÓyÓ% ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !òˆÏã£z ˆúÖy=!úÓ˚ £zÇÓ˚y!ã xò%Óyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– ≤Ã¢De´ˆÏõ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!Öñ îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚
¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£ ö%˛úˆÏfl˛Ò˛ô Ñ˛yÜˆÏã xhs˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛ü ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ö˛Ó˚y!¢ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆúÖy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô
ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ– Ñ˛!Ó xÓ˚&í !õˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ¢!›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ– Ó˚y!ã £ˆÏÎ˚Áñ ˆüˆÏ°Ïñ ˆÑ˛ò
ãy!òòyñ îÎ˚yõÎ˚# ì˛y xyÓ˚ ˆîò !ò– ˆ¢!›˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
3. xƒyò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÷ˆÏ¶˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆÎyÜ¢)e !äÈú ÓˆÏú
ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ¢Ω˛Óì˛ î%ãˆÏò£z ¢yˆÏ£ÓÈÙÈ‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÓ˚ ˛ôy›≈˛òyÓ˚ !äÈˆÏúò– ÷ˆÏ¶˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢ˆÏD Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyúy˛ô Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆîò Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî =Æ– ì˛§yÓ˚£z ˛ôÓ˚yõˆÏü≈ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ~ƒyò!Ï›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚ òyˆÏõò– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ÷ˆÏ¶˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ Á !Óhfl+˛ì˛ õyˆÏ˛ô ~£z ¢yˆÏ£ÓÈÙÈ‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏòy
Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚!›˛ ö§˛yîˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ÷ˆÏ¶˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚!›˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ Á xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢%!Óhfl+˛ì˛
!äÈúñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛e!›˛ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓk˛– ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ xƒyò!›˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛
ÓyãyÓ˚ãyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !õv‰˛úõƒyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò £Î˚ñ ~£z Ñ˛yã!›˛ ¢Ω˛Óì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî
=ÆÁ– ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ÷ˆÏ¶˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ÓÓ˚yì˛ !îˆÏì˛ò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ñ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y ~£z
îy!Î˚c!›˛ ˆòò Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yî– @˘ÃyõÜO ˆáyÓ˚yÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ˆ¢ÈÙÈ¢Ó £y!ì˛ˆÏÎ˚
xyòˆÏì˛Á ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛òñ xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ ÓyòyˆÏì˛Á ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ò– ~¢Ó Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÷ˆÏ¶˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˆÓü ›%˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy£z¢
Ñ˛y!õˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ‡˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚– Ó˚yïy≤Ã¢yîÁ ˆÎ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚ òƒyÎƒ õ)ˆÏúƒ
!ÓîyÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y !Ñ˛ls˛ òÎ˚– Îy ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ì˛yˆÏì˛£z ¢ls˛‹T Ü!Ó˚ÓÈÙÈõyò%°Ï!›˛ òì%˛ò ÓÓ˚yì˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ò– ~£z x¢Í Ñ˛yã!›˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò fl˛f#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ïõÑ˛ÈÙÈ›˛õÑ˛
ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ñ îÎ˚yõÎ˚# ~õ!ò£z ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛yã!›˛ äÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏòñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ ï¡ø›˛¡ø òÎ˚ñ
ïõ≈ˆÓÏ yˆÏïÓ˚ ˛ô#v˛¸ˆòÏ Á òÎ˚ñ ò#!ì˛ˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ì˛yv˛¸òyˆÏì˛Á òÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ üy!hs˛ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ó
fl˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%!ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛– ≤Ã¢ÇÜì˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!Öñ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ õ)!ì≈˛!›˛ ÚõyïÓÛ ÓˆÏú ˛ô)ãy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛òñ
ˆ¢!›˛Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ xƒyò!›˛Ñ˛–
4. Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ã#Óò !òˆÏÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÑ˛yˆÏú ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z õ%Ö£z Ö%úˆÏì˛
â˛yò!ò– Ñ˛õú˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚ Á Ó˝ á›˛òyÓ˚ fl˛∫y«˛#ñ ¢yv˛zÌ ˛ôˆÏÎr˚ ›˛ fl˛%ÒˆúÏ Ó˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ Á ¢£Ñ˛õ#≈ ÷¶˛ õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ÈÙÈ¢õÎ˚ ~!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÜäÈˆúÏ ò– x!òÓ˚&k˛ úy!£v˛¸#Ó˚ ÚÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Á Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛¢‰¢yÛ
@˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!FäÈ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛õú˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚ ü!_´ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Á xyõyˆÏÑ˛
ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏë˛ˆÏÑ˛£z ÎyÈÙÈÓúyÓ˚ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò– ¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yÎ˚Á xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Á ì˛y !òãÈÙÈ£yˆÏì˛
ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í xy!õ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Ó%ˆÏG˛ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ !ò– 12.12.79 ì˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÖÓ˚
Ûxyò®ÓyãyÓ˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÛÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôb# îÎ˚yõÎ˚# õã%õîyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ Süy!hs˛ Ó¢%Ó˚ ÚÓyÓ% ◊#
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ÛV ≤Ã!ì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ xy˛ô!_ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ ˆúˆÏÖòñ ì˛yˆÏì˛£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ˆúÖy!›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏúyÑ˛Üì˛ fl˛∫yõ# ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ x≤Ãì˛ƒy!üì˛ Ñ%˛Í¢y
≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛î)Ó˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ !ò¶˛≈Ó˚ˆÏÎyÜƒ v˛zÍ¢ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xy!õ
!Óhfl˛+ ì˛ !úˆÏÖ!äÈ xyõyÓ˚ ÚÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ ≠ õ%Ö Á õ%ˆÖÏ yˆÏüÓ˚ m®µÛ @˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i– Óƒ!_´ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ üy!hs˛ Ó¢% Ö%Ó ~Ñ˛›˛y !õˆÏÌƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ÓˆÏúò !ò– ~£z Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ ≤ÃÌõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢y£¢# ˆúÖyñ ÎyˆÏì˛
Ó˚_´õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜú–
îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ ¢Ó !îÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !â˛!‡˛˛ôe ˆúÖyÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ !äÈú– ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓÁ
!ì˛!ò Ö%Ó !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyÜƒ Óƒ!_´ !äÈˆÏúò òyñ ˛ôˆÏî ˛ôˆÏî !Óºyhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Üì˛ 2 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ 2015
ÚˆîüÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ Óyîú Ó¢%Ó˚ Ú!˛ôÁò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛Û Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ˆîÖúyõ îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ äÈy˛ôy
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÎyˆÏì˛ xyõyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D xyˆÏäÈ– !â˛!‡˛!›˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyõyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ÚˆîüÛ
¢¡ôyîÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ !ú!Ö 16.11. 2015 ì˛y!Ó˚ˆÖÏ – ÚˆîüÛ !â˛!‡˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ ò– îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚
!â˛!‡˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ xãyòy ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D xÓì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ Îy £Î˚ì˛ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú£z ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xãyòy
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎì˛ñ xyõyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛Á ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó !äÈú òy– Ó˚&!â˛Ñ˛Ó˚Á !äÈú òy– ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ K˛yì˛yˆÏÌ≈
ÚˆîüÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ì˛ !â˛!‡˛!›˛ ˝Ó˝ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈó ÚˆîüÛ äÈyˆÏ˛ô!ò ÓˆÏú òÎ˚ñ ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÓ˚
xÓì˛yÓ˚íy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛Ìƒ ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ–
õyòò#Î˚ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ñ ÚˆîüÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛y–
¢!ÓòÎ˚ !òˆÏÓîòñ
Üì˛ 2 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Óñ˚ 2015 ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ÚˆîüÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ Óyîú Ó¢% Ú!˛ôÁò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛Û ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛
Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ @˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò Ñ˛# G˛yˆÏõúyÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈˆÏúò ì˛y
ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ 17.10.1989 ì˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÖ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ú!Öì˛ îÎ˚yõÎ˚# õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò– !â˛!‡˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ Óyîú Ó¢%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xy!õ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛, ì˛K˛– ˆÎ ≤Ã¢D!›˛ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎì˛ ì˛y xyˆÏúyÎ˚ xyòyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏúò !ì˛!ò–
Óyîú Ó¢%ˆÏÑ˛ !ú!Öì˛ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ îÎ˚yõÎ˚# õã%õîyÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ÎyÈÙÈÎy !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ì˛y ÓˆÏí≈˛
ÓˆÏí≈˛ ¢!ì˛ƒ– xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛Ìƒ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!õ ~£z Ú¢!ì˛ƒÛ=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ õãÓ%ì˛ÈÙÈ¢!ì˛ƒ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£z–
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÚÜ“ ¢õ@˘ÃÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîòyÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ fl˛∫Î˚Ç îÎ˚yõÎ˚#£z xyõyˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ
xy!õ ì˛y ¢yòˆÏ®£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!ã £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ– ~õò ˆúy¶˛ò#Î˚ Á ¢¡øyò#Î˚ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ ~ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yò
xy£y¡øÑ˛ xÓ˚y!ã £Î˚⁄ îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìyõì˛ xy!õ ¢¡ôyîòyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !î£z– ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛yú
xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ Ü“=!ú ¢yãyˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛!Ó˚– ì˛ÖˆÏòy xˆÏòÑ˛ Ü“ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚!ò ÈÙÙÙÈ !m=í
v˛zÍ¢yˆÏ£ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò ˆòˆÏõ ˛ô!v˛¸– ≤ÃyÎ˚ !¢Ç£¶˛yÜ Ü“ ÎÖò ¢Ç@˘Ã£ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈñ !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛Öò£z
îÎ˚yõÎ˚# xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyòñ xy!õ òÎ˚ñ ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ¢%ò#ú
ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xyõyÓ˚ ì%˛úòy â˛ˆÏú òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ õyG˛˛ôˆÏÌ £‡˛yÍ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ Óy!ì˛ú Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ xy!õ
Ö%Ó Ñ˛‹T ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõñ £ì˛yü £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ– ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á xy!õ ÚÜ“ ¢õ@˘ÃÛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚Ñ˛õ
x¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚!ò– ˆü°Ï õ%£)ì≈˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ÎÖò£z Îy Ü“ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ì˛Í«˛íyÍ ¢%ò#ú
ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ– xy!õ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ ¢õ@˘Ã Ü“ !òˆÏÎ˚£z ÚÜ“ÈÙÈ¢õ@˘ÃÛ
≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÑ˛– ì˛Ó%Á ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Úfl˛∫yì˛# ò«˛ˆÏe ãúÛ Ü“!›˛ ÎÌy¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ !ò ÓˆÏú
Á£z Ü“!›˛ äÈyv˛¸y£z ÚÜ“ ¢õ@˘ÃÛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÎ˚– S~ÖˆÏòy Á£z Ü“!›˛ äÈyv˛¸y£z ÚÜ“ ¢õ@˘ÃÛ ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛–
xòƒyòƒ ≤Ãõyî=!úÁ xõ!ò£z xyˆÏäÈ–V xyõyÓ˚ Ü“ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ ¢%ò#ú
ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~£z ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ≠ ÚÚ....v˛z°å#°Ï òyˆÏõ xï%òy !Ófl˛ø,ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Úõï%Û òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü“ !îˆÏÎ˚ Îyò ~Ñ˛ Î%ÓÑ˛–ÛÛ xyõyÓ˚ òyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ˆÑ˛ò ÚÎ%ÓÑ˛Û
!úÖˆÏì˛ £ú ˆ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ 7.11.1990 ì˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÖÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ xyõyˆÏÑ˛
ãyòyòñ ÚÚì%˛!õ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ î%ú≈¶˛ Ü“ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏú– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
xˆÏòÑ˛ !îò xyˆÏ¢y !ò– ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy ãy!ò òyñ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y òyõ›˛y õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!ò ÓˆÏú ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚
ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ òyõ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ !ò– ò£zˆÏúñ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ òyˆÏõÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ !îˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy x¢%!Óïy£z !äÈú òy–ÛÛ
¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛õò ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï òñ ˆ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xy!õ !Óhfl˛+ ì˛ !úˆÏÖ!äÈúyõ ˛Ú≤Ã!ì˛«˛íÛ
xyÜfi›˛ñ 1991 ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ ÚÜ“ ¢õ@˘ÃÛÈÙÈÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
õyúy â˛e´Óì˛#≈Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó˚!«˛ì˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yì˛ ¢%Óì˛ â˛e´Óì˛#≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Ú¢Ó
!Ñ˛ä%È£zÛ xy!õ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢!ì˛ƒ Ñ˛Ìy– õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õy¢ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ä%È!›˛Ó˚ !îˆÏò ár›˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ár›˛y õyúy!îÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ÈÙÈ¢Ó xy!õ !úˆÏÖ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ– ¢yõyòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆãÓ˚: Ñ˛!Ó˚– ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È
ˆãÓ˚: Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õì˛ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ¢ÇÜ!ì˛ xyõyÓ˚ !äÈú òyñ xy!õ ì˛Öò ~õ. ~ÈÙÈÓ˚ äÈye– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y Óï≈õyˆÏò
ˆãÓ˚: Îeì˛e ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÁ ˆÎì˛ òy ì˛Öò– xy!õ ˆÎ x!Ó˚!ãòyú !Ñ˛ä%È£z !ò£z !ò ì˛y Óyîú Ó¢%Ó˚
Ó˚â˛òyˆÏì˛£z £z!Dì˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ fl˛ô‹T– !ì˛!ò îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ !â˛!‡˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚£z Óï≈õyò !ÜˆÏÎ˚ õyúy â˛e´Óì˛#≈Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
ÚxˆÏòÑ˛ ˆúÖy˛ôe v˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Û ~ˆÏò!äÈˆÏúò– Ú¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%ÈÛÙÈ£z !òˆÏú Óyîú Ó¢% ÚxˆÏòÑ˛ ˆúÖy˛ôeÛ
ˆ˛ôˆÏúò !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢=ˆÏúy !òˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò xyãÁ ì˛ ãyòy ˆÜú òy–
¢%Óì˛ â˛e´Óì˛#≈Ó˚ ¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# !äÈú ¢%Óì˛ !òˆÏã£z ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyò Ú~«˛íÛ 1388ÈÙÈÓ˚
üyÓ˚î ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚– õyúy â˛e´Óì˛#≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xyõyÓ˚ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ £ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ£z ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ÚˆúÖy˛ôeÛ
îÎ˚yõÎ˚# ˆö˛Ó˚Í !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ¢%Óì˛ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ ÚüÓÓ˚# õDúÛ xyÇ!üÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ
xˆÏï≈Ñ˛›˛y £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ £hfl˛yÓˆÏú˛ôˆÏò ¢¡ô)í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÚÓ˚!ÓÓy¢Ó˚Û üyÓ˚î ¢ÇÖƒy 1983 ˆì˛
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛yˆÏì˛£z ì˛y ≤Ãõyí £Î˚– ≤Ã¢Dì˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!Öñ õyúy â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ ¢ı˛yò Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
xyõyÓ˚ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ îÎ˚yõÎ˚#£z fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ~ÓÇ ¢%Óì ˛ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ ÚˆúÖy˛ôeÛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
xò%õ!ì˛Á !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
ÚÑ˛!Óì˛#Ì≈Û üyÓ˚î#Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ú!≤ÃòˆÏ¢¢Û Ü“!›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ îÎ˚yõÎ˚# ˆÎ v˛zˆÏmÜ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ñ ì˛y xõ)úÑ˛– Ú!≤ÃòˆÏ¢¢Û ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ü“– xy¢ˆÏú îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xyõyÓ˚
¢¡ôÑ≈˛ÈÙÈî)Ó˚c ~£z v˛zˆÏmˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í– Ü“!›˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!ú¢y¢≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ó˚yáÓ
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïyÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ÚÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ≠ !˛ôä%È›˛yˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢Û @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ S!mì˛#Î˚ õ%oíV 191
˛ô,¤˛yÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ òyõ¢£ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ xyˆÏäÈ– ÚÑ˛!Óì˛#Ì≈Û Ü“!›˛ ˛ô%òõ≈o% í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛y xy!õ£z !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈúyõ–
Úî% £yãyÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚Û ˆúÖy=ˆÏúy ˆîÓ ÓˆÏú!äÈúyõ ~›˛yÁ ¢!ì˛ƒ Ñ˛Ìy– î%ÈÙÈ£yãyÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y£z
Óy ˆÑ˛òñ ˆÑ˛ò ˛ô§yâ˛/îü £yãyÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y òÎ˚⁄ ˆúÖy=ˆÏúy ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xyõyÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈ›˛yÑ˛y ÖÓ˚â˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆÑ˛Óúõye ì˛ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛£z xy!õ îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúyõ– ˆúÖy=ˆÏúy ˆì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò Sò£zˆÏú ÚÜ“
¢õ@˘ÃÛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü £ú !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Vñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ›˛yÑ˛y !Ñ˛ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò îÎ˚yõÎ˚#⁄ !îˆÏúñ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛y
v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛y xÓüƒ£z– ~ì˛ ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Á ˆì˛y xy!õ !ÓòyüˆÏì˛≈ xyõyÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚
õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ ≤ÃÓı˛ ö˛y£zú Ó!® Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ Ú≤ÃõyÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ ¢%Ó˚!ãÍ ˆáy°Ï
õüy£zˆÏÑ˛– !ì˛!ò Ú≤ÃÓı˛ ¢õ@˘ÃÛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ÓˆÏú ≤ÃÓı˛=!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyò îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ òyõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~Ñ˛›%˛ ˆî!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £ˆÏúÁñ ö˛ˆÏ›˛yÑ˛!˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ≤ÃÓı˛=!ú£z ¢%Ó˚!ãÍ ˆáy°Ï xyõyˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏã ˆö˛Ó˚Í
!îˆÏÎ˚ Îyò Ú≤Ã!ì˛«˛íÛ îÆˆÏÓ˚– fl˛∫y«˛#ñ Ñ˛!Ó !üÓüΩ%˛ ˛ôyú– !ì˛!ò ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÑ˛ò ˛@˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !òñ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó òy– Óyîú Ó¢%Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚úyõ ¢%Ó˚!ãÍ ˆáy°Ï õüy£z
òy!Ñ˛ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô!›˛ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏúò–
~ÖyˆÏòÁ ~Ñ˛›˛y ï® Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÓı˛@˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛ì˛K˛ì˛y fl˛∫#Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyˆÏõÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ òyõ!›˛Á Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü xy!õ ˆì˛y
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛!Ó˚!ò– ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ñ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛Á xy!õ !â˛!ò òyñ ì§˛yÓ˚yÁ ¢Ω˛Óì˛ xyõyˆÏÑ˛
ˆâ˛ˆÏòò òy ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛ˆÏÓ xyõyÓ˚ òyõ!›˛ ˆÑ˛ò⁄ !Ñ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ,˛ì˛K˛ì˛y⁄ !ÓˆÏÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ì˛yv˛¸òyÎ˚⁄ ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛
xyõyÓ˚£z ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ ≤ÃÓı˛=!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ñ ì˛y£z⁄ ¢%Ó˚!ãÍ ˆáy°Ï !Ñ˛ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô!›˛
£y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏúò !ò ì˛ˆÏÓ⁄ òy!Ñ˛ ì˛y Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì˛y îÎ˚yõÎ˚#ˆÏÑ˛£z ˆö˛Ó˚Í
!îˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò⁄ î%¶˛≈ yˆÏÜƒÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎñ˚ ~¢Ó ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿Ó˚ õ#õyÇ¢y Î§yÓ˚y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ò ì§˛yÓ˚y ¢Óy£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
ïÓ˚yˆÏäÈ§yÎ˚yÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚–
ì˛Ó%Á ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃŸ¿ x¢#õyÇ!¢ì˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÜú ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú≤ÃõyÛÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛yü òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ xòƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
≤ÃÓı˛ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚!›˛ˆÏì˛ Óyîú Ó¢%Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛# ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú !ì˛!ò ì˛y ãyòyò
!ò– !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ ˛@˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò⁄ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ îyÎ˚ !òˆÏú ì%˛úòyÎ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ xòyõ# ≤ÃÑ˛yüò ¢Çfl˛iyÎ˚ îÎ˚yõÎ˚# ì˛y ˆîˆÏÓò£z Óy ˆÑ˛ò⁄ òy!Ñ˛ ÁÈÙÈ@˘ÃˆÏs˛i Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ ¢Ω˛yÓòy
Ñ˛õ ˆîˆÏÖ Óyîú Ó¢% ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ£z ˆòò!ò ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚⁄ ¢%Ó˚!ãÍ ˆáy°Ï ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô Î!î £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚Á
ˆö˛ˆÏúòñ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ ì˛ îÎ˚yõÎ˚# ãyòˆÏì˛ò– !ì˛!ò xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y ˛ô%íÓ˚yÎ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ã£
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ò– xy!õ ÎÖò Ú≤ÃõyÛˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈñ Úxyò®ÛˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ !îì˛yõ òy⁄ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓ!ú
≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü Óyîú Ó¢% Ñ˛ì˛›˛y xyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢ˆÏ®£ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyˆÏFäÈ òy !Ñ˛⁄ ÚˆÜyúy˛ô
¢%®Ó˚#Û ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy !›˛ˆÏ˛ôÈÙÈ!›˛ˆÏ˛ô Úv˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ¢õ@˘ÃÈÛÈÙÈÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏâ˛ˆÏäÈò !òäÈÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÈÙÈˆ≤ÃˆÏõ òÎ˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú⁄
£zwòyÌ õã%õîyÓ˚ Á Óyîú Ó¢%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ!›˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ !ì˛!ò !òˆÏã£z !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
îÎ˚yõÎ˚# !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ xy!õ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ òy!Ñ˛ ÁòyÓ˚ Ú«˛!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚Û ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈ– îÎ˚yõÎ˚# õã%õîyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
«˛!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó xy!õ⁄ xy!õ ˆÑ˛⁄ Ñ˛ì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ «˛õì˛y xyõyÓ˚⁄ ˛ô%Ó&˚ !úÎ˚y ˆãúyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ òÜíƒ ~Ñ˛
ˆäÈyÑ˛Ó˚yñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ü£ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÓv˛¸y!FäÈ– îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ á!ò¤˛ñ ˆfl˛¨£¶˛yãò !ÓÖƒyì˛ ¢Ó õ£yõyòÓˆÏîÓ˚
¢yõyòƒì˛õ Ñ,˛˛ôyî,!‹TÓ˚ xyüyÎ˚ ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôîì˛ˆÏú òì˛ãyò%ñ Ñ˛#›˛yò%Ñ˛#›˛ xy!õ îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ !Ñ˛
«˛!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛yõ⁄
ì˛ˆÏÓ £§ƒyñ îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆúÖyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓˆÏú â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xy!õ
¢yïƒõì˛ ¢Ó˚Ó £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ– Úxyò®ˆÏõúyÛ üyÓ˚î#Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 1988 ÈÙÈ ˆì˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÚäÈv˛¸yÛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ñ xy¢ˆÏú ì˛y !äÈú îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– xy!õ ì˛Ìƒ¢£ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî
Ñ˛!Ó˚– Úxyò®ˆÏõúyÛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò# äÈyˆÏ˛ô– 1989 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ üyÓ˚î#Î˚ ÚÑ˛!Óì˛#Ì≈Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ xy!õ
ÚÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ ≠ õ%Ö Á õ%ˆÖÏ yˆÏüÓ˚ m®µÛ òyˆÏõ â˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛!hfl˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ÎyÁÎ˚y x¢¡ô)í≈ Ó˚â˛òy=!úˆÏÑ˛ îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ì˛Ìƒ¢£ ì˛#Ó ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúyõ– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒ!_´ã#Óò !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È ≤Ã¢D ˆ¢ ˆúÖyÎ˚ !äÈú ÈÙÙÙÈ Îy îÎ˚yõÎ˚#Ó˚
£Î˚ì˛ õòÉ˛ô%ì˛ £Î˚ !ò– !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ls˛ Á£z ˆúÖy!›˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚Ñ˛õ ì˛Ìƒ!ÓÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ
xyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ !â˛!‡˛!›˛Ó˚ ì˛y!Ó˚Ö ˆîˆÏÖ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈñ xyõyÓ˚ ~£z ¢Ó ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Óy
xy˛ô!_ Á Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã#Óò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È òì%˛ò ì˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚£z îÎ˚yõÎ˚# Óyîú
Ó¢%ˆÏÑ˛ ~£z !â˛!‡˛!›˛ !îˆÏFäÈò– !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôß¨ ˆÓyï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò⁄ !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶˛yˆÏÓ xyõyˆÏÑ˛
!òÓ˚hfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò⁄ Óyîú Ó¢%ˆÑÏ ˛ !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ eyì˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò⁄
£Î˚ì˛– xy!õ ÷ˆÏò!äÈñ îÎ˚yõÎ˚# xyõyˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ˚hfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ xyÓ˚Á Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ãò ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú# Óƒ!_´ˆÏÑ˛
~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ !â˛!‡˛ !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò– xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ !úˆÏÖ£zˆÏäÈò–
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy ÈÙÈ ¢õ@˘Ã ˆÎ xyã xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ xyõyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢õÎ˚
¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛Ìƒ£z ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!îò– Ú~«˛íÛ 1388 üyÓ˚î#Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ¢%Óì˛ â˛e´Óì˛#≈ Ñ,˛ì˛
Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ~ÓÇ Úv˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚Û Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ,˛ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyÈÙÈì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚
!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛yÖ ˆÓyúyˆÏú£z ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ò Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚â˛òy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ì§˛yÓ˚ á!ò¤˛ !òì˛ƒ¢£â˛Ó˚
Á xò%Ó˚yÜ#Ó˚yÁ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ!ò¤˛ ã#Óò# xyãÁ ≤ÃÑ˛yü £Î˚ !òñ
ˆ¢Á ì˛ xyõyˆÏÑ˛£z !úÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏFäÈÊ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôb# ~ÓÇ fl˛∫ˆÏáy!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛õúÈÙÈxò%Ó˚yÜ#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ%˛Í¢yñ x¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Á !ÓÓ˚&k˛ xyâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈ– ~ ¢Ó @˘ÃyˆÏ£ƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ òy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ–
16.11.2015
!£Ó˚^˘È¬Î˚ ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
xy¢yòˆÏ¢yú
5. ÚÑ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ≠ !˛ôä%È›˛yˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢Û @˘ÃˆÏs˛i Ó˚yáÓ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Óƒ!_´Üì˛ úy£zˆÏÓ!Ó˚ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚!ïÓ˚ ˆÖ§yã !òˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ £ì˛yü £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÓˆÏú ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
üyò% úy!£!v˛¸Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó˚!«˛ì˛ õye Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ó£z äÈyv˛¸y !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛Á ˆÑ˛yò Ó£z ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyò
!ò– òy ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚£z ˆì˛y Ñ˛Ìy– !ÓÓy£ÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆÎ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚£z ˆÑ˛yòÈ !‡˛Ñ˛!‡˛Ñ˛yòy ˆò£zñ
ˆ¢ õyò%°Ï ˆÑ˛ò !õ!äÈ!õ!äÈ Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓyG˛y Óyv˛¸yˆÏÓò Óƒ!_´Üì˛ úy£zˆÏÓ!Ó˚ Óy!òˆÏÎ˚⁄ Ó£z ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚
xÌ≈£z Óy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ì˛Öò⁄ ÎÖò !ì˛!ò !Ìì%˛ £òñ ì˛ì˛!îˆÏò Ó£z ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ !ÖˆÏî xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y !õˆÏ›˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò !ì˛!ò úy£zˆÏÓ! Ó˚ˆÏì˛£z !õ!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏì˛ò– !ì˛!ò xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ Ó£z ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛òñ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò
òƒyüòyú úy£zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Ó˚ @˘Ãs˛iyÜy!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúyõ òƒyüòyú úy£zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛íyÜyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏú ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ä%È ¢%Ó˚y£y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ Ó£z
˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛òñ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ì˛y!úÑ˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ £zFäÈy Ó˝!îò ïˆÏÓ˚£z xyˆÏäÈ–
¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ / ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í
≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ˛ ôy‡˛

¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ / ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í ¢y§Áì˛y!ú üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÓyÇúy
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˛ôy‡˛

Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆòy›˛ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD äÈ!Ó !îˆÏÎ˚
@˘Ãs˛iì˛y!úÑ˛y ¢yãyˆÏì˛òñ ˆì˛õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yv˛≈
30 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢
Ü£òy !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢yˆÏ¶˛≈ Ó§yˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚&!ò ≠ v˛z!v˛¸°Ïƒy
ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T Ñ˛yv˛≈ Ñ§˛yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ˆfl˛Òâ˛

ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T Ñ˛yv˛≈
˛ôy‡˛ƒ Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ ã#ÓˆÏò ˛ô%Ó˚yí
ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ôy‡˛ ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD

¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T Ñ˛yv˛≈ ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T Ñ˛yv˛≈
ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD

≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ôy‡˛ Ü£òyÓ˚ ˆfl˛Òâ˛
¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T Ñ˛yv˛≈
32 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ÿ’#úì˛yÈÙÈxŸ’#úì˛y ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛Ìy

v˛. Óì˛ì˛# â˛e´Óì˛#≈*
!ü“È Ù È ¢ y!£ˆÏ ì ˛ƒ Ÿ’#úÈ Ù È x Ÿ’#ˆÏ ú Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ñ ì˛Í¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ˛ ì˛ !ãK˛y¢y ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ !Ó°Ï ˆ Ï Î ˚

!Óâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏäÈ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z– ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ˆ¢£z Ü“!›˛ ãyˆÏòòñ ~Ñ˛
!â˛eÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x§yÑ˛y ò!@¿Ñ˛y òyÓ˚#Ó˚ !â˛e!›˛ Ólfl˛ì˛ xŸ’#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ú ì˛Öò£zñ ÎÖò !â˛eÑ˛Ó˚ ì˛yÓ˚
î%!›˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˆõyãy ~§ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏúò– äÈ!Ó!›˛ ì˛Öò ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xÓ˚&!â˛Ñ˛Ó˚ÈÙÈxŸ’#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ú– ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ˆÓÏ yïñ ˛ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛ˆÏÓyï Óy Ë!â˛ì˛ƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y xˆÏòÑ˛Ñ˛yú xyˆÏÜ£z ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
~Ó˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ó˚¢£y!ò áˆÏ›˛ñ ~õò!Ñ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ xŸ’#úì˛y ˆîy°ÏÁ á›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚ˆÏ¢y_#í≈ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢%®Ó˚ õDˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÎyÜ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈– ¢ÍÈÙÈ¢y!£ì˛ƒ õˆÏò @’y!ò
xyˆÏòñ Îy xˆÏüy¶˛òÈÙÈxÓ˚&!â˛Ñ˛Ó˚ x!¶˛õ%ˆÏÖ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÈˆ¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ=í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
¢ÇüÎ˚ ãyˆÏÜñ ˆ¢ Ó˚â˛òy xŸ’#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ xy!î Ó˚¢ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÌõ Á ˆ◊¤˛ Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ õÎ≈yîy ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛
¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ xŸ’#úì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xy!îÓ˚¢ˆÏÑ˛£z Î%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– xy!îÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óí≈òyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
˛ô!Ó˚!õ!ì˛ˆÏÓyï Óy Ë!â˛ì˛ƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ á›˛ˆÏúñ Ó˚â˛òy xˆÏüy¶˛òÈÙÈxŸ’#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
ì˛ˆÏÓ õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÎ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó˚â˛òyˆÏÑ˛ xŸ’#úì˛yÓ˚ îyˆÏˆÏÎ˚ x!¶˛Î%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú õyeyˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ˆ¢ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏÑ˛ £Î˚ì˛ xyÓ˚ ì˛ì˛ ˆîy°ÏyÓ£ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚ òy–
ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ~õò v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ˆò£z– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢õyãÈÙÈÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ £Î˚ì˛
ˆì˛õò xyâ˛Ó˚í›˛y£z fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛– ˆîüÈÙÈÑ˛yúÈÙÈ˛ôyeˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ó˚&!â˛ ÓîúyÎ˚
~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z Ó˚&!â˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ó˚&!â˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyòñ Óí≈òy¶˛!DõyÁ
ÓîúyÎ˚–
≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yüyú# ˆúÖÑ˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚ˆÏ¢y_#í≈ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ x˛ôÓ˚˛ôˆÏ«˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y£#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛úˆÏõ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xŸ’#ú–
≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yüyú# ˆúÖÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ !ÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚£z ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò xŸ’#ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃüÎ˚Á !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ
!Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢£z xŸ’#úì˛y ˆîy°ÏÈÙÈÎ%_´ £Î˚ òy– x˛ôÓ˚˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆúÖÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ
ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yò òÓ˚ÈÙÈòyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôí !îÑ˛=!úˆÏÑ˛ñ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ òyˆÏõ
x˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈx¶˛Óƒ xyâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈxyâ˛yÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛– ~£z ≤ÃÓíì˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏÑ˛ Óy Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ xÇü!ÓˆÏü°ÏˆÑÏ ˛
xŸ’#ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ Óí≈ò#Î˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛ò ÎÌyÌ≈ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yïÓ˚
¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ Ë!â˛ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ x!ú!Öì˛ ¢#õy òy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚¢ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–
*xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛yñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yü# !£®% !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ÿ’#úì˛yÈÙÈxŸ’#úì˛y ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛Ìy ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 33
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÈÙÈ¶˛yfl˛ÒˆÏÎ≈ xy!îÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚õ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈õÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü xyãÁ Ó˚¢!˛ô˛ôy¢%ˆÏîÓ˚

õ%?˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛yˆÏì˛Á xy!îÓ˚¢ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ó˚¢ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ
ˆîÓyÓ˚ õì˛ Óv˛¸ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛!ò– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˆî£ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !mïy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!òñ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜƒ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛Á ¢ÇÑ%˛!â˛ì˛ £Î˚!òñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏD xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
ˆî£¢Ó≈fl˛∫ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏÑ˛– ¢ÍÈÙÈ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˆî£y!◊ì˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆî£yì˛#ì˛ õyòÓydyÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò !îˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Î!î ˆî£¢Ó≈fl˛∫ì˛y xyˆÏ¢ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú xy!Óúì˛yÁ xy¢ˆÏÓ–
÷ï% xy!îÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xò%!â˛ì˛ Óí≈òy òÎ˚ñ xyâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈxyâ˛Ó˚íÜì˛ xˆÏòÔ!â˛ì˛ƒ Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ xŸ’#ú
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÑ˛yò ¢õÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò xyâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆüy¶˛ò#Î˚ñ Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÑ˛õò xyâ˛Ó˚í
Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòñ ~£z ˆÓyï Î!î òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò ˆÎõòñ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
ãÜˆÏì˛Á ˆì˛õ!ò xyˆÏ¢ xŸ’#úì˛y–
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Óí≈ò#Î˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛õòñ ì˛yÓ˚
Á˛ôÓ˚Á !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ÿ’#úì˛y xŸ’#úì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿!›˛– !Î!ò xºyhs˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò òyñ Î§yÓ˚ Óí≈ò#Î˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢yõO¢ƒ áˆÏ›˛ òyñ ˆ¢£z Ó˚â˛òy ˆîy°Ï Î%_´
£ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– xyÓyÓ˚ Óv˛¸ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ¢K˛yˆÏò x˛ôü∑ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ì˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚#ñ
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚£z ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏòñ ì˛Öò !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y xŸ’#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ òy– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !ÓÓ˚ú
≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yïÓ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏì˛Á !Ñ˛ä%È x˛ôüˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ ~õò ¢£ã fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ˆÎ ì˛y ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛Öò£z xˆÏüy¶˛ò ◊&!ì˛Ñ˛›%˛ ˆ‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ òy– Ñ˛ì˛ ¢£ˆÏã Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚
Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ £yÓ˚yõãyîy ú-#äÈyv˛¸y S˜ÏÓÑ%˛ˆÏt˛Ó˚ Öyì˛yVñ !˛ôú £yÓ˚y!õ SˆòÔÑ˛yv%˛!ÓVñ
ˆ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚õ%Ö# S!â˛Ó˚Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ¢¶˛yVñ ˆÓ£yÎ˚y!Ü!Ó˚ Sì˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆîüVñ ˆ˛ôyv˛¸yÑ˛˛ôyˆÏú !õòˆÏ¢ Sõ%!_´Ó˚
v˛z˛ôyÎ˚Vñ ˛ôy!ã £ì˛¶˛yÜy S˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò ¶,˛ì˛ƒVÈÙÈÓ˚ õì˛ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È x˛ôü∑– ~õò!Ñ˛ ˆâ˛yÖÖyÑ˛#–
¶˛yì˛yÓ˚ÖyÑ˛#Ó˚ õì˛ Ó˚*ë˛¸ ü∑=!úÁ £y¢ƒÓ˚¢ydÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈñ ÎÖò !ì˛!ò !úÖˆÏúò ÚˆÑ˛yÌy
££zˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ â˛«%˛Öy!îÑ˛yñ ¶˛ì≈˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚õyÎ˚%£s˛f#ñ x‹TÑ%˛!‹TÓ˚ ˛ô%e# v˛z!v˛¸Î˚y xy!¢Î˚y ã%!v˛¸Î˚y Ó!¢ˆÏÓÛ
SÓ˚yõÑ˛yòy£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òÓ%≈!k˛ì˛yV– ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓyò ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ x˛ôü∑Á @˘Ã£í#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Ÿ’#úÈÙÈxŸ’#ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò õ!£úy ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òyõ
ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïüy!¢ì˛ ¢õyˆÏã e´ˆÏõ£z ¢Ó≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÎyÜƒì˛yÎ˚ òyÓ˚# ì˛yÓ˚
!òãfl˛∫ fl˛iyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏFäÈ– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ãòƒ áˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈÓy£zˆÏÓ˚ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ â˛Ó˚õ õ)úƒÁ
!îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ– xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ!£úy ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛úˆÏõ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ òyòy Ñ˛Ìy Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛
£ˆÏFäÈ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ– õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢õÎ˚ !ÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ì˛#ÓÈÙÈ«%˛Ó˚ïyÓ˚ñ xˆÏüy¶˛òñ
~õò!Ñ˛ xŸ’#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚Á Ñ˛úˆÏõ– ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z fl˛ô‹TÈÙÈ¢yÓú#úÈÙÈxÑ%˛!t˛ì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚
!ò!m≈ïyÎ˚ òÓ˚òyÓ˚#Ó˚ x˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ xhs˛Ó˚D üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ hfl˛!Ω˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚– xyõÓ˚y ú!Iì˛ ££zñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ˆÏÓyï Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ xy£ì˛ £Î˚– xyõÓ˚y
xyì˛!B˛ì˛ ££z– ~õò Ó˚â˛òyˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó
34 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ÿ’#úì˛yÈÙÈxŸ’#úì˛y ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛Ìy
¢õÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚Á Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– Ñ˛yÓ˚í xŸ’#úì˛yÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ˆì˛y Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ xÇü!ÓˆÏü°Ï òÎ˚ñ
ì˛yÓ˚ xy!îÈÙÈõïƒÈÙÈxhs˛ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !ò!£ì˛Ê
¢Ω˛Óì˛É ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ˆúÖÑ˛ ~ÓÇ õ!£úy ˆú!ÖÑ˛yñ ~õò !Ó¶˛yãòˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÷ï%õye
ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò xyï%!òÑ˛ õ!£úy ˆúÖÑ˛Ó˚y– ˆúÖyÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y Îì˛›˛y fl˛∫yï#òñ ì˛ì˛›˛y fl˛∫yï#ò ì˛yÓ˚yÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– õ!£úyãˆÏòy!â˛ì˛ üyú#òì˛yÓ˚
òyˆÏõ ¢#õy!Î˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yò!ò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÇˆÏüÓ˚ xy!Óúì˛y Óy xyŸ’#úì˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ìy xÓüƒ£z òÎ˚–
ˆüˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏì˛ â˛y£z– ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ xŸ’#úì˛yÓ˚ îyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ ÷ï% ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚⁄ ≤ÃÑ˛yüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy îy!Î˚c ˆò£z⁄ ≤ÃÑ˛yüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y !£¢yÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÑ˛yò ˆúÖy›˛y ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚í#Î˚ ì˛yÁ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £Î˚– ˆÎ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Îì˛ v˛zˆÏ_ãÑ˛
Óí≈òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆ¢£z xÇü›%˛Ñ%˛ Óv˛¸ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓK˛y!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒÊ
~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ xyò®ˆÏÑ˛ â˛Ó˚õ ¢¡øy!òì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ˆ¢ xyò® Ó·˛yò®
¢ˆÏ£yîÓ˚– ˆ¢£z õ)úƒyÎ˚ò !Ñ˛ xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏò ¢ÇüÎ˚yFäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy xyõyˆÏîÓ˚⁄
¢õyãÈÙÈÓyhfl˛Óì˛yñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ì˛y ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ£z– !Ñ˛ls˛ õyò%°Ï ˆì˛y Ñ˛ÖòÁ
ò#!ì˛¢Ó≈fl˛∫£#òì˛yÎ˚ ˛ôÎ≈Ó!¢ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy– ì˛y£z ¢Í ¢y!£ì˛ƒ â˛y£z– ¶˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD õˆÏ®Ó˚
õì˛ñ Ÿ’#ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xŸ’#úÁ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú– ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚&!â˛ Îì˛ v˛zß¨ì˛ £ˆÏÓñ v˛zß¨ì˛ Ó˚&!â˛Ó˚
¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ£z £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yõƒ– ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛#Ó˚ ÓÓ˚˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢yïòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÷ï% ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ òÎ˚
˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Á–
≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyõ)úÑ˛ Ó˚â˛òy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü xyõÓ˚y îyÎ˚Ók˛–

ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ÈÙÈxïƒy˛ôÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yîˆÏÓ˚ xy£¥yò ãyòyˆÏòy ÎyˆÏFäÈ
xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !â˛hs˛yÈÙÈ¢õ,k˛ Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
xyÜyõ# ¢ÇÖƒy õyˆÏâ˛≈–
xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ òÑ˛ú ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ £yˆÏì˛ !úˆÏÖ Óy !v˛.!›˛.!˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ îÆˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îò–
£zÈÙÈˆõú õyÓ˚ö˛ÍÁ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ –
E-mail : ashis.jibonda.roy@gmail.com
ö›öìëöû ”ì îû „þ!î“þy S1950éôé2000V -

î£›y˜ x!¦þKþ“þyîû „þíy!œ!þ™
vþ. xþ™’Åy îûyëû*
¢›ëûÝþy “þ“þ!”öì˜ xöì˜„þÝþy£z î”öìœ ö†öìŠéÐ ”hßþëû¦þ!ßþñîû ö¢y!˜ëûy îy ˜yhßþy!¢ëûy– þ™%Ÿ!„þöì˜îû

“þy!“þëûy˜y– “%þöì†Åëû!˜öì¦þîû !œ‹y !„þ‚îy £z!œ˜y– “þœhßþöìëûîû ›y¢öìœy¦þyöì”îû xyöì„ÅþÝþy£zþ™
ö¦þöìˆ‰%þöìîû ‹µöìœ vþzöìàþöìŠé ò›yÿîûöìœó(manderley) £yvþz¢Ð ö¢£z xy=öì˜ ”%Ä ›y!îûëû¤yîû
öîûöìî„þyîûy ¢Ÿöì· †öìvþü !˜öìëûöìŠé “þyöì”îû ëy!þ™“þ ‹#îöì˜îû ~„þyhsþ !˜‹ßþº î’Å›yœyÐ ˜yîû#îû
‰þyîûþ™yöìŸ ‹!vþüöëì û íy„þy– Šé!vþüöëì û íy„þy !ßþ¬?þ“þy ²Ìbîœëû þ™%!œöìëû xÄy˜ ö¢„äþ¢Ýþ˜ !œöì…öìŠé˜–
‘In Celebration of My Uterus’éôé~îû ›öì“þy x¢y•yîû’ „þ!î“þyÐ îöìœöìŠé˜–
Everyone in me is a bird,
I am beating my wings...
!î‚Ÿ Ÿ“þy·#îû öŸ¡ì þ™MþéyŸ îŠéîûÐ î’Åéôéî†Åéôé!œD !î¦þy!‹“þ ¢y›y!‹„þ þ™!îû¢öìîû ¢yîûy !îöìÙ»
˜yîû#îû xîßþiy˜ ²Ìy!“þÛþy!˜„þ !˜›Åyöì’îû î,öì_Ð !„þlsþ ˜y¨!˜„þ ¦%þîöì˜ ö¢ e«›y†“þ !î„þÒ
!îöìÙ»îû ¢õþy˜ „þöìîû ‰þöìœöìŠéÐ îyˆy!œ!˜îû „þ!î“þyç ~öìÇþöìe îÄ!“þe«› ˜ëûÐ ÷‹!î„þ xy˜%¦þ) !›„þ
hßþîû öíöì„þ ÷‰þ“þöì˜Äîû vþzÍÔÁº öîû…yëû ‰þöìœöìŠé ö›öìëûöì”îû „þ!àþ˜“þ› x!¦þëyeyÐ ÷“þ!îû £öìëûöìŠé
˜yîû#îû !˜‹ßþº ¦þy¡ìy– „þíy îœyîû !˜‹ßþº ¦þ!D›yÐ î!Bþöì›îû ¢)ëÅ›%…#– ÷Ÿî!œ˜#– xyöìëû¡ìy îy
×# öíöì„þ Öîû& „þöìîû òöëy†yöìëy†óéôé~îû „%þ›%!”˜# îy ò‡öìîûéôéîy£zöìîûóéôéîû !î›œyîûy ö„þvþz£z ~
¦þy¡ìyëû „þíy îœöì“þ ‹y˜“þ ˜yÐ ~›˜!„þ £yœ”yîû îy!vþüîû ö›öì‹yîvþz e«›Ÿ ò›,’yœó £öìëû
çàþyîû „þ!àþ˜ þ™íéôé£¤yÝþyëû ¢y!›œ £öìœç !˜öì‹îû ²Ì!“þîy”# ßþºîûÝ%þ„%þ “%þöìœ •îûyîû ‹˜Ä “þyöì„þ
!‰þ!àþîû ò!˜îûyþ™” ”)îûcó xy×ëû „þîûöì“þ £öìëû!ŠéœÐ ¢î !›!œöìëû ÷”˜!¨˜ ëy!þ™“þ‹#î˜ ç ö¢£z
‹#îöì˜îû x!¦þKþ“þyœ¸þ ”,!ÜTöì„þy’ öíöì„þ£z ÷î!Ù»„þ ˜yîû#öì”îû ¢›yhsþöìîû îyˆy!œëûy!˜îûyç
!îŸŸ“þöì„þ !m“þ#ëûyöì•Åîû „þ!î“þyëû “þyöì”îû !˜‹ßþº !î!˜›Åy’Ð
9 ›y‰Åþ– 1989 !…Ê. ›y˜î# !î”Äy‰þ‰Åþyöì„þw– ëy”îþ™%îû !îÙ»!î”Äyœëû xyöìëûy!‹“þ ‘In-
dian Women : Myth & Realtiy’ Ÿ#¡ìÅ„þ ~„þ!Ýþ xyöìœy‰þ˜y‰þöìe«îû ¢)‰þ„þ ¦þy¡ìöì’ xyŸyþ™)’Åy
ö”î# †¦þ#îû xöìÇþöìþ™îû ¢)öìîû îöìœ!Šéöìœ˜– xy›yöì”îû ¢›yöì‹ ˜yîû#öì„þ ²Ì!“þ!”˜£z ¢y›y!‹„þ
²Ì“þÄyŸyþ™)îûöì’îû ‹˜Ä xydx!“þe«› „þîûyîû ö‰þÜTy ‰þyœyöì“þ £ëûÐ ö„þ˜˜y– ~£z ¢›y‹ ò˜yîû#ó
Ÿ·!Ýþöì„þ !‰þîûyëû“þîû£¢Ä ~î‚ x²Ì!“þ› ö¢ï¨öìëÅîû xy•yöìîû òxy”ŸÅy!ëû“þóîû*öìþ™ ö”…öì“þ£z
ßþº!hßþöìîy• „þöìîûÐ ¢%“þîûy‚ ¢›yöì‹ ¢Á¿y˜‹˜„þ x!hßþcîûÇþyîû “þy!†öì” îyhßþî ¢‚îû_« ˜yîû#öì„þ
*x•Äy!þ™„þy– îy‚œy !î¦þy†– !îÙ»¦þyîû“þ#– Ÿy!hsþ!˜öì„þ“þ˜Ð

36 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ö›öìëûöì”îû „þ!î“þy S1950éôé2000V...
!˜îûhsþîû xyþ™¢ „þîûöì“þ £ëû ò˜yîû#có ¢Á™!„Åþ“þ ˜y˜y x•Å¢“þÄ •yîû’yîû ¢öìDÐ xyîû ~£z
xyþ™¢ xyîû xyd¢›þ™Åöì’îû vþzþ™öìîû£z !˜¦Åþîû „þöìîû “þyîû ¢y›y!‹„þ ›)œÄ›y˜— ¢›y‹ “þyîû
ö¢£z òxy”ŸÅ ¦)þ!›„þyóîû „þyöìŠé !˜ëû“þ xyd“þÄy† ç xyd!îöìœyþ™ ²Ì“þÄyŸy „þöìîûÐ ¢£›îû’¢)öìe
ö›öìëûöì”îû xyd£˜˜– xyd!î¢‹Å˜ ç ¢“þ#îû*öìþ™ þ™)!‹“þ £çëûyîû ›öì•Ä xy›îûy ~£z ¢y›y!‹„þ
£zFŠéyþ™)îûöì’îû ”,ÜTyhsþ …¤%öì‹ þ™y£zÐ ~îû£z þ™!îû›yöì’ vþz!˜Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû ²Ìí› !”öì„þ îyˆy!œ ö›öìëû
„þ!î“þy !œ…“þ xþ™!îû‰þöìëûîû xî=Zþöì˜Ð ò!þ™Oöìîûöì“þ þ™y!… î¨#– ‹yöìœ î¨# ›#˜óéôé~îû
›öì“þy £“þÙ»y¢ ö¢£z ö›öìë!û œ ‹#îöì˜ „þy!œéôé„þœöì›îû ‹˜Ä £y£y„þyîû íy„þöìœç ßþºy•#˜ „þyîÄ‰þ‰Åþyîû
¢y›y!‹„þ x˜%öì›y”˜ !Šéœ ˜yÐ “þî% ö¢„þyöìœ ßþº!Ÿ!Çþ“þ !„þ‚îy xhsþƒþ™%îû !ŸÇþyëû !Ÿ!Çþ“þ
~£z¢î ö›öìëûöì”îû xyd²Ì„þyöìŸîû ~„þ›ye ›y•Ä› !Šéœ „þ!î“þyÐ x“þ~î ò‹÷ì˜„þ îDœœ˜yó–
ò‹†jœîy!¢˜#ó òîyîûy¢“þßþi ¦þo„%þœîyœyó– î•Å›y˜ßþi ö„þy˜ ßþº²À¦þD– ›yëûy ç !˜››Å“þy–
›y•%ëÅ ç „%þ!×“þy ö›öìœ •öìîû!Šéöìœ˜ „þ!î“þyîû x…îû›yœyëûÐ xyîû ~£z ¢)öìe£z vþz!˜Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû
²Ìí› þ™MþéyŸ îŠéöìîû– îyˆy!œ!˜îû „þ!î“þy¦)þîöì˜ •îûy !”öìëû!Šéœ ¢y›y!‹„þ ²Ì“þÄyŸyîû ‰þyöìþ™
!˜ëû“þ Çþ“þ!îÇþ“þ– !î•¹hßþ ö›öìëûöì”îû x¢£yëû“þyîû îëûy˜– “¤þyöì”îû xyd‹y†îûöì’îû £zŸyîûyÐ
|˜!î‚Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû öŸ¡ì þ™MþéyŸ îŠéîûÐ öšþîÊ&ëûy!îû– 1851 !…Ê. „þÄyœ„þyÝþy !šþöì›œ
ßþ%ñœ ²Ì!“þÛþyîû þ™îû öîí%˜ ¢yöì£î ö‡y¡ì’y „þöìîû!Šéöìœ˜–
“For her own sake and in her own right I claim for women her proper
place in the scale of created beings. God has given her an intellect, a heart and
feeling like your own and these were not given in vain.”
˛þ™!îû’yöì› ¢›yöì‹îû vþzþ™îû“þœyëû ö›öìëûöì”îû ‹#îöì˜ xhsþƒþ™%îû !ŸÇþyîû þ™yŸyþ™y!Ÿ
²Ìy!“þÛþy!˜„þ !ŸÇþyîû ²Ì¢yîû Öîû& £ëûÐ vþz!˜Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû ²Ìí›yöì•Å ë!” £ëû îyˆy!œ!˜îû
xydéôéxöì§º¡ìöì’îû „þyœ– “þy£öìœ !m“þ#ëûy•Å £œ îyˆy!œ ö›öìëûöì”ìîû xydþ™!îû‰þëû ç
xydéôévþzöì§Ãy‰þöì˜îû þ™îÅÐ 1850éôé1900 ¢›ëû„þyöìœ xy›îûy ö”!…– ö›öìëûîûy e«›Ÿƒ ßþº˜yöì›–
ßþº“þsþf þ™!îû‰þöìëû ¢y!£“þÄéôé!îöìÙ» þ™y öîûöì…öìŠé˜Ð ~îyîû xyîû þ™eéôéþ™!e„þyëû Ö•% …[þ „þ!î“þy
˜ëû— ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ £öìëûöìŠé ˜y˜y ›%!o“þ @ùÌsþiÐ ¢‚‡!›ey ö‰þï•%îû# òxy•%!˜„þ îy‚œy ¢y!£öì“þÄ ›!£œy
îû!‰þ“þ îû‰þ˜yîû e«›!î„þyŸó S1850éôé1900V xyöìœy‰þ˜y ²Ì¢öìD ö›öìëûöì”îû öœ…yöìœ!…öì„þ
„þöìëû„þ!Ýþ ”Ÿöì„þ þ™ëÅyöìœy‰þ˜y „þöìîû ö”!…öìëûöìŠé˜–
é¢›ëû ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ „þyîÄ@ùÌsþi ö›yÝþ ›%!o“þ @ùÌsþi
1850éôé59 1!Ýþ 5!Ýþ
1860éôé69 5!Ýþ 19!Ýþ
1870éôé79 27!Ýþ 61!Ýþ
1880éôé89 37!Ýþ 89!Ýþ
1890éôé1900 70!Ýþ 123!Ýþ
ö›öìëûöì”îû „þ!î“þy S1950éôé2000V... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 37
xíÅyê– ¢î !›!œöìëû vþz!˜Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû öŸ¡ì þ™¤y‰þ ”Ÿöì„þ ›!£œyîû!‰þ“þ ²Ìyëû 297!Ýþ
›%!o“þ @ùÌöìsþiîû …îîû þ™yçëûy ëyëû– “þyîû ›öì•Ä 140!Ýþ !Šéœ „þ!î“þyîû î£zÐ ~£z þ™!îû¢‚…Äyöì˜îû
þ™yŸyþ™y!Ÿ !„þlsþ îûöëì öû Šì é „þ!î“þy öœ…yîû xþ™îûyöì• òöîûy¡ìþ™îûyëû’ó „þ!î“þy!îöìîyû •# ~„þ þ™!“þöì”öìîîû
›y˜¢ x“þÄy‰þyöìîû !„ÏþÜT £öìëûó „þ!î ˜#œ˜!œ˜# î¢%îû ›ye 19 îŠéöìîû ›yîûy ëyçëûyîû !˜›Å›
îyhßþî“þyÐ ~£z „þ!î “¤þyîû ~„þ›ye „þyîÄ@ùÌsþi òîyœ%„þ’yëûó S²Ì„þyŸ– 1903V !œöì…!Šéöìœ˜–
òò£”ëû !‰þ!îûöìëû ››/ë!” ö”…yîyîû £“þ/ö”…“þy› “þöìî £yëû/“þyöì“þ !„þ ”yîû&’ Çþ“þÐóó
xy¢öìœ ²Ì!“þ„)þœ þ™y!îûþ™y!Ù»Åöì„þîû ¢öìD !˜ëû“þ ë%öìkþîû þ™!îû’yöì› ~£z ”#‡ÅÙ»y¢– ~£z
ësþf’y !Šéœ ö¢„þyöìœ x!•„þy‚Ÿ ö›öìëûöì”îû ‹#îöì˜îû ‰þîû› ¢“þÄÐ
“þy£z ö„þyöì˜y öîï!kþ„þ þ™!îûþ™)’Å“þyîû x˜%¢õþy˜ !„þ‚îy xyd²Ì‰þyöìîûîû “þy!†öì” ˜ëû–
!˜öì‹îû ›öì˜îû „þíy !˜öì‹îû ›öì˜îû ›öì“þy „þöìîû îœyîû xþ™!îû¢#› xy„%þ!“þ£z !Šéœ îyˆy!œ!˜îû
„þ!î“þy‰þ‰Åþyîû ²Ìyí!›„þ ö²Ìî’û yÐ vþz”y£îû’ !£öì¢öìî îœy ëyëû– „,þ¡Œ„þy!›˜#”y¢#îû ò!‰þ_!îœy!¢˜#îûó
S1856V „þíyÐ îyˆy!œ ö›öìëûîû öœ…y ²Ìí› ›%!o“þ „þyîÄ@ùÌsþiÐ ²Ìy!“þÛþy!˜„þ !ŸÇþyîû ¢öìD
¢Á™)’Å þ™!îû‰þëû£#˜ ~£z „þ!î ²Ì!“þ„)þœ ¢y›y!‹„þ ²Ì!“þöìîöìŸîû ¢öìD œvþüy£z ‰þy!œöìëû ö„þïœ#˜Ä²Ìíy
!˜þ™#!vþü“þ îD#ëû ¢›yöì‹îû ˜y˜y ¢›¢Äyîû ö²Ì!Çþöì“þ “¤þyîû ›y˜!¢„þ ²Ì!“þ!e«ëûy îÄ_« „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð
~öìÇþöìe „þ!î“þy=!œîû !Ÿöìîyû ˜y› œÇþ’#ëûéôôôôé òœÁ™Ýþ îÄ!_«îû þ™b#îû ¢£‰þîû# ¢›#öìþ™ !îœyþ™óé–
ò˜yëû„þ xyŸyöìëû ˜y!ëû„þy ‹y†îûöì’ ëy!›˜# ëyþ™˜ „þ!îûëûy ²Ì¦þyöì“þ ¢!… ²Ì!“þ î!œöì“þöìŠé˜ó–
òö„þyöì˜y !îîû!£˜#îû !îœyþ™ó– ò!˜öìoy!a“þ !îîû!£˜#îû !îœyþ™ó £z“þÄy!”Ð „,þ¡Œ„þy!›˜# Šéyvþüyç
öîû¦þyöìîûuþ ö‹›¢ä œˆ– ¢y“þ‹˜ öœ!…„þyîû „þíy îöìœöìŠé˜éôôôôé îy›y¢%¨îû# ö”î#– £îû„%þ›yîû#
”y¢#– ÷„þœy¢îy!¢˜# ö”î#– ö¢ï”y!›˜# !¢‚£– îûy…yœ›!’ =®– „þy!›˜#¢%¨îû# ö”î#– î¢hsþ„%þ›yîû#
”y¢#Ð ö¢!”˜ îyˆy!œ!˜öì”îû îý „þyîÄ@ùÌöìsþiîû !Ÿöìîûy˜y› öíöì„þ x˜yëûyöì¢£z “¤þyöì”îû ¢y›y!‹„þ
xîßþiy˜ ç x¦þ#°y x˜%•yî˜ „þîûy ëyëûÐ öë›˜– £îû„%þ›yîû# ”y¢#îû „þyîÄ@ùÌöìsþiîû ˜y› !Šéœ
ò!î”Äy”y!îûo”œ˜#ó S1862V– x§¬”y¢%¨îû# ”y¢#îû „þyîÄ˜y› òxîœy!îœyþ™ó S1872V– £z¨›% “þ#
”y¢#îû ò”%ƒ…›yœyó S1874V– „þy!›˜#¢%¨îû#”y¢#îû ò„þÒ˜y„%þ¢%›ó S1881V £z“þÄy!”Ð àþy„%þîûîy!vþüîû
vþzIµœî,öì_îû îy£zöìîû ”¤yvþüyöì˜y vþz!˜Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû ¢y•yîû’ ö›öìëû!œ ‹#î˜ ~£z¢î „þyîÄ@ùÌöìsþi
“þyîû xy•Äy!d„þ !îÙ»y¢– ²Ì„,þ!“þ›%?þ“þy– ‹#îöì˜îû ÷˜!“þ„þ ›)œÄöìîy•– “þyîû îÄ!_«„þ öŸy„þ”%ƒ…
ç !î”Äy‹Åöì˜îû myîûy ›%!_«îû xy„þyAÇþy !˜öìëû xyî!“Åþ“þ £öìëûöìŠéÐ
The Statesman and Friend of India, March 12, 1883Èéôéîû !îûöìþ™yÝÅþ öíöì„þ
‹y˜y ëyëû– ²Ìyëû 50 £y‹yîû ›!£œy ²Ìy!“þÛþy!˜„þ !ŸÇþy ç xhsþƒþ™%îû !ŸÇþyëû !Ÿ!Çþ“þ
£öìë!û Šéöœ
ì ˜Ð vþz!˜Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû x!hsþ› þ™öìîÅ ˜yîû#éôé!ŸÇþyîû ~›˜ x@ùÌ†!“þ ç ¢›y‹ ›y˜!¢„þ“þyîû
e«›þ™!îûî“Åþ˜¢)öìe– vþz”yîû›˜ßþñ þ™y!îûîy!îû„þ ²Ì!“þöìîöìŸîû ¢y£‰þöìëÅ öîŸ !„þŠ%é ›!£œy îy‚œy
„þyîÄ‹†öì“þ “¤þyöì”îû îÄ!_«ßþºy“þsþf ²Ì!“þÛþy „þöìîû˜Ð !„þŠ%é …![þ“þ „þ!î“þy îy ”%ó~„þ!Ýþ ›%!o“þ @ùÌsþi
˜ëû– ~¤öì”îû ²Ìyëû ¢„þöìœ£z •yîûyîy!£„þ „þyîÄ‰þ‰Åþyîû £z!“þ£y¢ !ŠéœÐ ›£y„þyîÄ öíöì„þ xy…Äy!ëû„þy
„þyîÄ– ¢öì˜Ýþ öíöì„þ †yíy„þ!î“þy ç …[þ„þ!î“þyîû îÄy® „þÄy˜¦þy¢ !Šéœ ~¤öì”îû „þ!î“þy¦%þî˜Ð
“þöìî Ö•% „þ!î“þy ˜ëû– ~¤îûy xöì˜öì„þ£z îy‚œy ç £z‚öìîû!‹ ¦þy¡ìyëû ˜y˜y ßþºy•#˜ îû‰þ˜y !œ…öì“þ˜—
†Òéôévþzþ™˜Äy¢ ö“þy !œöì…öìŠé˜£zé ôôôôé þ™eéôéþ™!e„þy ¢Á™y”˜yç „þîûöì“þ˜Ð „þyöìîûy ˜y› !Šéœ–
‹†öì§Ãy!£˜# ö”î# S1847éôé98V– ö›yÇþ”y!ëû˜# ›%öì…yþ™y•Äyëû Sxy˜%. 1848éôé1900V– “þîû&
”_ S1956éôé77V– ²Ì¢§¬ › ëû # ö”î# S1857éôé1909V– !†îû # wöì › y!£˜# ”_
S1858éôé1924V– ›y˜„% þ ›yîû # î¢% S1863éôé1943V– x˜Döì › y!£˜# ö”î#
S1864éôé1918V– „þy!›˜# îûyëû S1864éôé1933V— ›£yîûy!’ ¢%˜#!“þ ö”î# S1864éôé1932V–
˜#îû”öì›y!£˜# î¢% S1864éôé1954V– ¢%îûîyœy ö‡y¡ì S1867éôé1933V– š%þœ„%þ›yîû# =®
S1869éôé1931V– xÁº % ‹ y¢% ¨ îû # ”yŸ=® S1870éôé1945V– !£îû ^ ù é Âëû # ö”î#
S1870éôé1925V– !²ÌëûÁº”y ö”î# S1871éôé1935V– þ²Ì›#œy ˜y† Sî¢%V S1871éôé1896V–
¢îûœyîyœy ”y¢# S1872éôé96V– ¢îûœyîyœy ö”î# ö‰þï•%îûy’# S1872éôé1945V– x§¬”y¢%¨îû#
ö‡y¡ì S1873é ô é 1 950V– ¢% î û › y¢% ¨ îû # ö‡y¡ì S1874é ô é 1 943V– œIyî“þ# î¢%
S1874éôé1942V– ö£›œ“þy àþy„%þîû S1874éôé1967V– ¢îûœyîyœy ¢îû„þyîû S1875éôé1958V
²Ì›%… îûDœyœéôé›•%¢)”˜éôéöì£›‰þwéôé ˜î#˜‰þöìwîû „þyöìœ£z ~¤îûy „þ!î“þy !œöì…!Šéöìœ˜Ð xöì˜öì„þîû
öÇþöìe£z òöŸy„þó öíöì„þ ‹§Ã !˜öìë!û Šéœ öÙÕy„þÐ ~£z¢î „þ!î“þy ¢)öeì vþz!˜Ÿ Ÿ“þy„þ#ëû †#!“þ„þ!î“þyîû
‹†öì“þ ò¢yîû”y›Dœ#óëû öîûy›y!rÝþ„þ“þyîû ¢öìD †y£ÅßþiÄ îyhßþî“þyîû ö›œîõþ˜ îû!‰þ“þ £ëûÐ “þî%
×#„%þ›yîû îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû ë…˜ ~£z¢î „þ!î“þy ò“%þœ¢#“þœyëû ‹µyœy ¢õþÄy²Ì”#öìþ™îû !hßþ!›“þ
xyöìœyöì„þîû ˜Äyëûó îöìœ˜– “þ…˜ ö¢ x!¦þ›“þ ¢îÅy‚öìŸ ¢›íÅ˜ „þîûy ëyëû ˜yÐ ~£z¢›ëû
îyˆy!œ!˜îû „þ!î“þy ¦%þîöì˜ ¢‚öìî”# ›˜ ç ›˜öì˜îû ¢yíÅ„þ ¢›§ºëûç œÇþ „þîûy ëyëûÐ !˜Šé„þ
÷‹!î„þ ²Ì‹˜˜öìÇþöìeîû þ™!îû‰þëûÝþ% „%þ þ™yîû £öìëû ö¢!”˜ îDœœ˜yîûy ÷Ÿ!Ò„þ ¢,‹öì˜îû îÄy®öìÇþöìe
xyd”#!®îû ²Ì„þyŸ ‡!Ýþöìëû!Šéöìœ˜Ð Öîû& £öìëû!Šéœ „þ!î“þy !îöìÙ» ˜yîû#îû !î„þÒ ¦%þî˜ †vþüyîû
²Ìhßþyî˜y þ™îÅÐ
~£z¦þyöìî þŸ“þ„þ †!vþüöìëû ëyëû Ÿ“þöì„þîû †yöìëûÐ þ™MþéyŸ öþ™!îûöìëû ¡ìyÝþ– ¡ìyÝþ öþ™!îûöìëû
¢_îû– xy!Ÿ ˜î¹£zÐ îyˆy!œ!˜îû „þ!î“þy¦%þîöì˜ Šé!vþüöëì û öëöì“þ íyöì„þ ‹#î˜¢‚öìÙÕ¡ìéôôôôé ²Ì!“þÛþy˜
!î!˜!›Å“þ îœöìëûîû çþ™yöìîûÐ
¡ìyöìÝþîû þ™öìîÅ „þ!î“þyéôé›y˜!‰þöìe öë˜ ~„þ ˜“%þ˜ öîû…y ¢‚öìëy‹˜ „þöìîû˜ !˜‹Å˜“þ›
„þ!î ö”îyîû!“þ !›eÐ ò„þ!î“þy¢›@ùÌóîû „þíy›%öì… îœöìœ˜– òòxöì˜„þîyîû !îšþœ“þyëû !î¢‹Åöì˜
v%þöìî x˜%¦þî „þöìîû!Šé ˜”#öì“þ ‹†kþye# ²Ì!“þ›yîû †ëû˜yîû ›öì“þy xy›yîû x!hßþc „þ!î“þy £öìëû
ö¦þöì¢ vþzàþöì“þ ‰þyëûÐ „þ!î“þyëû ö„þyöì˜y ö‰þïöì„þy xy„,þ!“þîû îûb¦þ!“Åþ !¢¨%„þ ˜ëû– !”†öìhsþîû !”öì„þ
ö‘þvþz ö…œyöì˜y x”,ŸÄ îy“þy¢öì„þ£z xy!› …¤%!‹– ë!”ç ‹y!˜ “þyîû ö”…y þ™yçëûy ²Ìyëû x¢½þîÐóó
”#‡Å îýŸ“þ„þ •öìîû „þ!î“þy¦%þîöì˜ î£›y˜ îyˆy!œ!˜îû x¦þ#°y ~›˜¦þyöìî£z ö›öìœ
•öìîûöìŠé˜ ö”îyîû!“þÐ “¤þyîû „þ!î“þyëû ˜yîû#îû ~„þyhsþ xhsþ‹Å†ê ò†yöìŠéîûó ¢!£¡%Œ– !˜íîû– Šéyëûy›ëû
²Ì!“þ›yëû ö²Ìy!í“þ £öì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠéÐ „þ!î“þyîû xîëûî ‹%öìvþü £y“þ‹vþüy‹!vþü „þöìîû ‡%öìîû öî!vþüöìëûöìŠé
òŠéyëûyó– ò¢›%oó– òö„þy›œó– òŸyhsþó– ò!˜îûyœyó– ò¢Mþéyîûóéôé~îû ›öì“þy öîŸ !„þŠ%é ›yëûyî# Ÿ·Ð
~„þ!”öì„þ ö”îyîû!“þ îöìœ˜– òò†yŠé ¦þîûy îyîûyÿ!Ýþ– †yöìŠéîû !¦þ“þöìîû ö¦þöì¢ xyöìŠé– †yŠé öíöì„þ
îý”)öìîû– †yöìŠéîû xy¦þyöì¢óó– x˜Ä!”öì„þ !“þ!˜£z !Ÿ„þvþüéôé!î!FŠé§¬ î,öìÇþ !‰þ!£«“þ „þöìîû ö”˜ ˜yîû#îû
xyd›%!_«îû xy„þyAÇþyÐ “þ…˜ ò†yŠéó vþz‹y˜ öîöìëû òöì˜ïöì„þyó £öìëû çöìàþÐ †yöìŠéîû Šéyëûy Ÿîû#öìîû
ö›öì… !˜ƒöìßþËy“þ ö¢£z ö˜ïöì„þyëû îöì¢ „þ!î ˜yîû#îû !˜‹ßþº !˜‹Å˜“þyîû î’Å›yœyëû !˜›Åy’ „þöìîû˜
~„þ x˜Ä“þîû ›@Àéôé¦%þî˜Ð
... ë“þ Ökþ Ÿ· !Šéœ x˜Ä£“þ xíîy xy£“þ
öî”˜yîû ë)þ™„þyöìÛþ ~„þyhsþ ößþºFŠéyëû ˜%öìëû þ™öìvþüÐ
‹yîû&œ †yöìŠéîû hßþ¸þ þ™y ‹!vþüöìëû •öìîû
î%öì˜yéôé¢)ëÅ›%…# †yŠé Šéyëûy !”öìëû xyöìŠé...
~…yöì˜ xöì˜„þ îy!vþü !”Ÿy£#˜ ›!¨öìîûîû ›öì“þy
îy!vþüîû !îhß+þ“þ öîû…y ²Ìyëû îý”)îû
öœyöì„þ öœy„þyhsþöìîû öë˜ ‰þöìœ ö†öìŠé
öÙ»“þy¦þ ö„þy›œ Šéyëûy !˜öìëû ~„þy ¢›%öìoîû „þyöìŠéÐ
ö¢…yöì˜ ö¢ ˜“þ £ëû
ö‘þvþzöìëû ö‘þvþzöìëû „þ…öì˜y !î‰)þ’Å
“þyîû !î£´œ ßþ¿îû’ ¢%„þ!àþ˜ þ™yíöìîûîû...
ç ö‰þy… xöì˜„þ ö”öì… †yöìŠéîû ›yíyëû ‹y†îû’
„þ…öì˜y “þwyëû ‰þ!„þöì“þ !˜ƒöìŸ¡ì £öìœ xydyîû !î„þyîû
„þyîû x!˜öì›¡ì hßþ¸þ !‰þîûxy„þyAÇþyîû îûˆ
x¢½þî xþ™îû*þ™ †¦þ#îû ¢Mþéyîû
”%öì‰þy… Šéy!þ™öìëû xyöì¢ xhsþöìîû îy ~„þy„þ# îy£zöìîû
!˜îûyœy ö†yþ™˜ ö„þyöì˜y !²Ìëû“þ› Šé!îÐ S òxõþßþ%ñöìœ ‡rÝþy îy‹óV
ö”îyîû!“þîû ›öì“þy£z xyd›@À ‰þœ›y˜“þyîû „þ!î †#“þy ‰þöìRyþ™y•Äyëû ~¤öì„þöìŠé˜ îyˆy!œîû
“þíy„þ!í“þ ò²Ì†!“þóîû vþzIµœ xy…Äy˜›yœyîû xyvþüyöìœ œ%!„þöìëû íy„þy ò²Ìíyî¨# xõþ„þyîû
‹#î˜óééôôôôé òEþ!‰þê Gþöìîûy„þy „¤þyöì‰þ !þ™“þy›£# ›y“þyîû ‡%œ‡%!œó— …¤%öìvþü ö”öì…˜ òî,kþy £öìëû
xyöì¢ “þî% „þ…˜ç £öìœy ˜y ‹y˜yœy ö…yœyîû ò£z!“þ£y¢óÐ ò„þ“Åþyîû ö‡yvþüy ö”öì… îûy¢¢%¨îû#óîû
›öì“þy „þ!î“þyëû îöìœ˜–
vþzöìàþyöì˜ •yöì˜îû îûy!Ÿ ö…öìëû ëyëû ›!£›yîû ö‡yvþüy
„þ“Åþyîû ö‡yvþüyîû ¢y›öì˜îû „þ# „þöìîû îy öëöì“þ þ™yöìîû ˜yîû#....
xy!› öë ö”!…!˜ “¤þyöì„þ „þ…öì˜y öîûïöìoîû ”%ƒ¢y£öì¢æ
öëïîöì˜– ö²Ì›– !˜ƒ¢D“þy ‹vþüyöì˜y ö›öìëûöì”îû ~„þÝþy ö†yÝþy ö›öìëûöìîœy þ™%!vþüöìëû Šéy£z „þöìîû
†#“þy „þîû“þöìœ …%¤öì‹ !˜öì“þ ö‰þöìëûöìŠé˜ ¢,‹öì˜îû ˜#œ„þyhsþ ›!’éôôôôé ö‰þöìëûöìŠé˜ öœyöì„þy_îû
xy„þyAÇþyîû vþzI#î˜Ð
¢_öìîûîû !”˜î”öìœîû !”öì˜ ö›öìëûöì”îû „þ!î“þy e«›Ÿ ²Ì…îû öíöì„þ ²Ì…îû“þîû £öìëû
vþzöàì þöìŠéÐ !îÙ»îÄyþ™# ë%î xyöìÿœöì˜îû x¤yöì‰þ ë…˜ þ™!îûþ™yÙ»Å ‹µöœ ì öìŠé– îyˆy!œ!˜ “þ…˜ ²Ì!“þÛþy˜
!î!˜!›Å“þ !˜öì›Åy„þ þ™%!vþüöìëû !˜›Åy’ „þöìîûöìŠé x˜Ä“þîû xyd²Ì!“þ›yÐ ÷‰þ“þyœ# ‰þöìRyþ™y•Äyëû– !î‹ëûy
›%öì…yþ™y•Äyëû– „,þ¡Œy î¢%– ¢%“þþ™y ö¢˜=®– ¢‚ë%_«y îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû– x!˜“þy x!@Àöì£ye#– ˜!›“þy
ö‰þï•%îû#– x£˜y !îÙ»y¢– ›ýëûy ö‰þï•%îû#– ›!ÍÔ„þy ö¢˜=®– ›ÿîû ›%öì…yþ™y•Äyëû– ‹ëûy !›e–
!‰þey œy!£vþü#– {!Ÿ“þy ¦þy”%vþü#îû ”Ÿ„þéôéŸ“þöì„þîû ¢î !î¦þy‹˜ ›%Šéöì“þ ›%Šéöì“þ ~„þyhsþ¦þyöìî
ö›öìëûöì”îû !˜‹ßþº î¢îyöì¢îû ‹yëû†y ÷“þ!îû „þöìîûöìŠé˜ „þ!î“þyëûéôôôôé !˜‹ £yöì“þ– !˜‹ßþº ¦þy¡ìyëû
†vþüy ~£z ‹†öì“þ Šé!vþüöìëû þ™öìvþüöìŠé îyˆy!œ!˜îû hßþîûyhsþîû ç ßþºîûyhsþöìîûîû ˜y˜y !‰þ£«Ð
!î‹ëûy ›%ö…ì yþ™y•Äyëû îöìœ!Šéöœ ì ˜– òòö¦þ“þöìîû ëyöì„þ œyœ˜ „þ!îû/ö¢ xy¢öìœ x£‚„þyîû/
xy›yîû öîvþüyœŠéy˜y–óó îöìœ!Šéöìœ˜–
ö¦þöìî!Šéœy› îœî– xy›yöì„þ Šé¤%öìëûy ˜y x‹Å%˜–
¦þ#› xy›yöì„þ xÖ!‰þ „þöìîû !”öìëûöìŠéÐ
îœöì“þ !†öìëû £àþyê ö”…œy›
ö“þy›yöì„þ ~„þþ™yŸ öíöì„þ ¦þ#öì›îû ›öì“þy ö”…yëû
x˜Äþ™yöìŸ x‹Å%˜Ð S òx˜Äþ™yöìŸ x‹%Å˜óV
~£z öîyöì•îû£z x!˜îyëÅ“þyëû xy›îûy ö”!… îyˆy!œ!˜îû „þ!î“þy •#öìîû •#öìîû þ™%îû&öì¡ìîû î!¨Ÿyœy
öíöì„þ öî!îûöìëû xy¢yîû ~„þ ²Ì!“þîy‰þ˜ £öìëû vþzöìàþöìŠéÐ ö£öìœ˜ !¢öì…y !„þ ~öì„þ£z îöìœöìŠé˜
òö›öìëû!œ !œ…˜ó– ˜y!„þ– !¢öì›y˜ ”Ä öîöì¦þyëûyîû ¦þy¡ìyëû ~Ýþy£z ò˜yîû# £öìëû çàþyóÚ xy›îûy
ö”!…– !îŸ Ÿ“þöì„þîû öŸ¡ì– ‰þyîû”Ÿöì„þîû „þ!î“þyëû ˜yîû# þ™!îû‰þöìëûîû ”£˜ ç ¢îÅ˜yŸ ßþ™ÜT“þ£z
öîï!kþ„þ x!¦þîÄ!_« öþ™öìëûöìŠéÐ „,þ¡Œy î¢% òö›öìëû›y˜%öì¡ìîû œyŸóéôé~îû ›öì“þy „þ!î“þyëû !œöì…öìŠé˜–
¢¤öì„þyîû !„þ˜yöìîû ~öì¢ xyÝþöì„þ xyöìŠé œyŸ–
ö›öìëû›y˜%öì¡ìîû œyŸ—
xyÝþöì„þ xyöìŠé– öîîû&öì“þ þ™yîûöìŠé ˜yÐ
“þyîû ›%… öšþîûyöì˜y îûöìëûöìŠé ¢hsþyöì˜ìîû !”öì„þ–
“þyîû ›%… öšþîûyöì˜y îûöìëûöìŠé þ™%îû&öì¡ìîû !”öì„þ–
²Ì£yöìîû ²Ì£yöìîû “þyöì„þ þ™ë%Å”lßþ „þöìîû ö†öìŠé öë þ™%îû&¡ì
“þyîû ›%… öšþîûyöì˜y îûöìëûöìŠé “þyîû !”öì„þÐ
ò¢%²Ìy‰þ#˜ ²Ì“þyîû„þó ~£z ö”öìŸ „þ!î ö”…öì“þ þ™y˜– òò¦þyîû“þ ›yöìëûîû/†œy öíöì„þ öGþyöìœ
›,“þ ö›öìëûöì”îû ›%[þ›yœyîû !Ÿ„þœ– Ÿ“þ–/Ÿ“þ îŠéöìîûîû ˜yîû#öì›•ëöìKþîû vþzþ™öìîû ”¤y!vþüöìëû îûöìëûöìŠé–
/›yöì†y– Ÿîy¢˜y ¦þyîû“þ ‹˜˜#æóó

ú!“þ£Äœy!œ“þ ö²Ìöì›îû !˜öìÝþyœ xîëûî ö¦þöìˆ !“þ!˜ ²ÌÙÀ “%þöìœöìŠé˜–
ö“þyöì„þ xyîû ö„þvþz …¤%öì‹ þ™yëû !˜ îûy!•„þy— ö“þyîû ‹˜Ä „þÜT £ëû— ö“þyîû
‹˜Ä ›yëûy £ëû— ö“þyîû çþ™îû öe«y• £ëû …%î „,þ¡Œ ö¦þyœyîû þ™îû !„þ
“þyîû îû£zœ ö›öìëûÚ ö„þ ö“þyîû îû£zœ îœ xyîûÚ...
“þyîû ë%î“þ#öìœy¦þ˜ îû*þ™ ö”öì… ›%?þ £ëû xy!îÙ»¦þyîû“þ xyöì‹yÐ îöìœy îvþY
‰þ[þ#”y¢– îöìœy !î”Äyþ™!“þ– îöìœy Kþy˜”y¢– ×#”y› ¢%”y› ¢…y– îœîûy› ”y¢– ö„þvþz
!„þŠ%é ‹yöì˜y ˜y!„þ “þyîû „þíyÚ îûy!•„þyîû „þíyÚ Sîûy!•„þy ¢‚îy”V
x˜Ä!”öì„þ ˜!›“þy ö‰þï•%î#û “¤þyîû ò”%!¦ÅþöìÇþîû ö‹Äyêßþ¬yëûó ö”!…öìëöû Šì é˜ ~„þœy îûy!•„þyîû xyd£“þÄyÐ
îû*öìþ™îû xy!“þŸëÄ îûy•yîû íy„äþ ˜y íy„äþ
¢öìD „þöìîû xyöì˜ !˜ ö¢ xhsþ“þ öŠéyR ~„þÝþyç
îû*öìþ™yîû þ™y£yvþü
~î‚ xîŸÄ£z „,þ¡Œ ”%œöìî ˜y– ~„þ¢yöìí ”%œöìî ˜y
G%þœöì˜ G%þœöìî ˜yÐ
~„þy “þy£z îûy•y ‰þöìœöìŠé G%þœ˜ ëyeyëû
Ÿy!vþüîû ~„þ²Ìyhsþ î¤y•y xyöìŠé „þ”öì›îû vþyöìœ
x˜Ä²Ìyhsþ †œyëû ‹!vþüöìëû îûy•y G%þœöìŠé– îûy•y ”%œöìŠéÐ
‡öìîû îy£zöìîû !îþ™’öì˜îû ‹!Ýþœ þ™yŸyöì…œyëû •¹hßþ ö›öìëûìîû ~£z ›,“%þÄ xy¢öìœ ò²Ì!“þîy”óÐ ~£z
xî›y˜˜y– ~£z ²Ì!“þîyöì”îû ›y!Ýþ öíöì„þ£z „þ!îîûy …%¤öì‹ !˜öìëûöìŠé˜ “¤þyöì”îû x!ßþ¿“þyîû ¦þy¡ìyÐ
„þ!î“þy £öìëû vþzöìàþöìŠé þ™%îû&¡ì !‰þhsþyëû xhsþ‡Åyöì“þîû ¢Ÿ· xyöìëûy‹˜Ð ›!ÍÔ„þy ö¢˜=® ö‡y¡ì’y
„þöìî˜û –
¦þyöìœyîy¢î xy”îû ö”î
öëï˜„þy“þîû“þy
ö“þy›yîû !”öì„þ †!vþüöìëû ö”î
xy!”› îû*þ™„þíy
›%?þ £öìëû îœöìî “%þ!›
î„þ›î„þ› î„þ
þ™%îû&¡ì ‰þyëû !‰þîû˜“%þ˜ ›%?þ“þyîû Šé„þ
xy!›ç „þ“þ £y‹yîû ë%†
›%?þ“þyîû öŸöì¡ì
˜“%þ˜ ²Ì!“þöìîûyöì•îû ö”öìŸ
öþ™¤ïŠéœy› ~öì¢Ð Sò¦þyœîy¢îóV
òöŠéöìœöì„þ !£!ßþTÉ þ™vþüyöì“þ !†öìëûó œÇþ „þöìîû˜ !“þ!˜–

þ™%îû&¡ì ~„þy£z !Šéœ ¦þ†îy˜ xyîû ¦þ†î“þ#
þ™%îû&¡ì ‹˜˜# !Šéœ þ™%îû&¡ì ‹˜„þ
þ™%îû&¡ì ßþºëû‚ ¢%îû ~î‚ î¤yŸ!îû
þ™%îû&¡ì ßþºëû‚ !œD ~î‚ ‹îûyëû%
xy›îûy !£!ßþTÉ öíöì„þ ~îû„þ›£z ‹˜öì“þ öþ™öìîû!Šé
xy¢öìœ !£‹öìvþü !Šéœ £z!“þ£y¢!î”Ð
x“þ~î xy=öì˜îû ö…¤yöì‹ £¤yÝþöì“þ íyöì„þ ö›öìëûöì”îû „þ!î“þyÐ ò„þíy›y˜î#óöì”îû þ™í þ™yîû £öìëû
òš%þœ˜öì”î#óîû „þíyëû vþzöìàþ xyöì¢ xõþ„þyîû !˜þ™#vþü˜éôé!îöìÙ» ›y˜%¡ì#îû xöì›y‡ ö‹£y”– öë…yöì˜
‘each object is in reality a small virtual Volkano’—
ö“þy›îûy xy›yöì„þ ëyîûy ~öì„þ ~öì„þ •¡ìÅ’ „þöìîûŠé
ö›öìëû îöìœ– „þyöìœy îöìœ– !˜‰%þ ‹y“þ îöìœ
ö“þy›îûy xy›yöì„þ ëyîûy ~öì„þ ~öì„þ ‰%þÁº˜ „þöìîûŠé
„þy›%„þ öà¤þyöìÝþîû ‰þyöìþ™ ‰%þöì¡ì !þ™öì¡ì vþöìœ
öŸ¡ì ë%öìkþ ¢„þöìœîû ¢y›öì˜ ”¤yvþüy£zÐ
£z!“þ£y¢– þ™%îyû öì’îû £y“þ •öìîû ›!ÍÔ„þyîûy ö”öì…öìŠé˜ ¢#“þyîû x!@Àþ™îû#Çþy S‰þ“%þÅ ”Ÿ Ÿ“þ„þV–
˜ëû˜y ¢y£y˜#îû “þ¨%öìîû þ™%öìvþü ›yîûy ëyçëûy S1996V– îû*þ™ „þyöì˜yëûyöìîû ¢“þ#”y£ S1995V
~„þ xyî£›y˜ £˜öì˜îû £z!“þ£y¢Ð ~£z £z!“þ£y¢ “¤þyöì”îû ¢“þ„Åþ ç x!¦þKþ „þöìîû “%þöìœöìŠé—
²Ì!“þîy” ²Ì!“þöìîûyöì•îû ¦þy¡ìy ö†öìŠé î”öìœÐ “þ¢!œ›yîû „þ!î“þy !˜››Å¦þyöìî ö¦þöìˆöìŠé ²Ì!“þÛþy˜
!˜!›Å“þ xy!•þ™“þÄîyöì”îû „þyàþyöì›yÐ ~„þ!”öì„þ îöìœöìŠé–
þ™%îû&öì¡ìîû …œ ßþº¦þyîéôé‰þ!îûöìeîû
‹yöìœ þ™öìvþü ˜yîû# „þy“þîûyëû ˜#œ öŸyöì„þÐ
‰%þ›% ˜ëû ö„þy˜çÐ îûöì_« ö“þy›yîû xyöì†
xyöìŠé !„þ ˜y ö”… ~£zvþöì¢îû ¦þy£zîûy¢Ð Sòöîûyöì¢yóV
x˜Ä!”öì„þ vþzF‰þyîû’ „þöìîûöìŠé–
“%þ!› ë!” ˜yîû# £öìëû ‹§Ã ˜yç...
‹#î˜¦þîû ö“þy›yöì„þ Ÿy¢˜ „þöìîûöìŠé þ™%îû&¡ìÐ
~îyîû “%þ!› ›y˜%¡ì £ç– ›y˜%öì¡ìîûy „þyîûç Ÿy¢˜ ›yöì˜ ˜yéôôôôé
“þyîûy ‹öì§Ãîû ¢öìD ¢öìD x‹Å˜ „þöìîû ßþºy•#˜“þyÐ
S ò!þ™“þy– ßþºy›# ç þ™%eóV
¦þyˆöì“þ íyöì„þ !›íÐ ¢‚ë%_«y îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyöìëûîû „þœöì› ˜“%þ˜ „þöìîû öœ…y £ëû òàþy„%þ›yîû G%þ!œîû
¦)þ!›„þyóÐ ö¢…yöì˜ þ™%îû&¡ì“þsþf ¢‚Kþy!ëû“þ ¢ê›yéôéîûyÇþ¢#éôévþy£z!˜îû xîëûîî ö¦þöìˆ ˜yîû# !˜öì‹îû
²Ì„,þ“þ ò!˜‹cóöì„þ …¤%öì‹ öî!vþüöìëûöìŠé˜Ð îöìœöìŠé–
þ™yöìëûîû þ™y“þyëû– î%öì„þ !î¥öì• ö˜î „þ¤yÝþy ç þ™%îû&¡ì

xy›îûy îûyÇ%þ!¢ £î– ¢ê›y £î– †öìœ “%þœî vþy£z!˜éôéö†yþ™˜“þyÐ
¦þyöìœyéôé›¨– ¢“þ#éôéx¢“þ#– …yîûyþ™ ö›öìëûéôé¦þyöìœy ö›öìëûîû ¢î îëûy˜ ~!”˜
vþzöìÎÝþþ™yöìÎÝþ ö†öìŠéÐ îyˆy!œ!˜ “¤þyîû ßþº!˜!›Å“þ !î„þÒéôé!îöìÙ» ”¤y!vþüöìëû vþzF‰þyîû’ „þöìîûöìŠé– ëy
!Ÿöì…!Šé– ö¢ ¢î !”ÍÔy!† þ™%öìîûyÝþy£z xyþ™˜yöì„þ öŸ…yöì“þ þ™y!îû œy‹ ç ˜…îûyëû/... ö¢ …%˜
…yîûy!þ™ îû‚– Gþ„þ›y!îû ¢£zöì“þþ ™yöìîû˜ !„þ˜y xyöì†¦þyöì† ö¦þöìî !˜˜ !àþ„þÐ S ò„%þ!R˜# !îœy¢óVÐ
~£z !î„þÒ !îöìÙ» hßþ˜– ‹îûyëû%– îû‹ƒßþËyî– ßþºöì›£˜– x÷ìî• ¢Á™„Åþ– îÄ!¦þ‰þyîûéôé~îû
›öì“þy !î¡ìöìëû „þ!î“þy !œöì… ö›öìëûîûy ¢›yöì‹îû îy•Ä“þy›)œ„þ ˜#îûî“þyîû !î!• ö¦þöìˆöìŠé˜Ð
›!ÍÔ„þy !œöì…!Šéöìœ˜– òßþf#!œD!˜›Åy’óéôé~îû ›öì“þy „þ!î“þyÐ ¢%“þþ™y ö¢˜=® ßþºFŠéöì¨ !œöì…öìŠé˜
òþ™%îû&¡ìéôéö‡¤¡ìy ö›öìëûîû „þ!î“þyóéôôôôé
ç ˜Äy„þy þ™%îû&¡ì– öŸyöì˜y ö“þy›yöì„þ£z î!œ
¦þyöìœyîy¢yîy!¢ !„þŠ%é xy›îûyç î%!Gþ
ö‰þ˜y!‰þ!˜ Ÿyhsþ £öìœéôôôôé ë%kþ !„þ !˜ëû!“þÚ
“þy£öìœ „þ# ‰þy£z xy!›– öŸyöì˜y „þ# ö‰þöìëû!Šé
²Ìöì“þÄöì„þîû£z ¢öìD !„þŠ%é þ™)îÅîûy† „þ!îû
ßþºFŠéöì¨ îöìœöìŠé˜–
ŸÄy›îûyëûÚ ëyç– ëöìíÜT £öìëûöìŠé– îy!vþü ëyç
îvþzöì„þ !˜öìëû œ‚vÈþy£z¦þ– þ™y!ÝÅþ Ÿy!ÝÅþ– !î!œëûyvÅþ– ö£œí „Ïþyî
öë…yöì˜ ëy …%!Ÿ
ëyöìFŠé“þy£z „þöìîûy– !²Õ‹éôôôôé £y“þöì‹yvþüéôôôô xyîû „þyöìŠé ~öì¢y ˜y
~öì¢y ˜y îœöìœ£z ößþËšþ ‰þöìœ ëyöìîÚ ›y£z!îû xyFŠéy öŠéöìœ
!Ýþ!þ™„þyœ ö›öìëû ˜£z îöìœ „þ…öì˜y !„þ ›%öì… ˜y ˜y
›öì˜ ›öì˜ £¤Äy îœöì“þ þ™y!îû ˜yÚ
¢%“þþ™yîû „þ!î“þy ²Ìí› ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ £ëû 1984éôéö“þ– òöìŠéy„þîûyéôéöŠéy„þîûy ŸÄy› îûyëûéôôôôé
îy£zó öœ…y £öìëûöìŠé 2002éôéó03éôé~Ð
~£z¦þyöìî !îŸ Ÿ“þöì„þîû öŸ¡ì þ™MþéyŸ îŠéîû •öìîû îyˆy!œ!˜ „þ!î“þyëû ~„þ!”öì„þ x!îîûy›
x!˜ƒöìŸ¡ì ²ÌÙÀ xyîû ²ÌÙÀ “%þöìœ •öìîûöìŠé— x˜Ä!”öì„þ ²Ì!“þîyöì”– ²Ì!“þöìîûyöì• !˜öì‹îû £yöì“þ
!˜›Åy’ „þöìîûöìŠé !˜öì‹îû£z ²Ì!“þ›yÐ îý Ÿ“þ„þ •öìîû ˜yîû#îû ö”£ ç xydyîû !˜îûhsþîû £˜öì˜îû
›)öìœÄ †öìvþü çàþy ¢¦þÄ“þyëû ~£z ö›öìëû îöìvþüy xþ™!îû!‰þ“þÐ ë“þÝþy ˜y ˜!¨“þ “þyîû ö‰þöìëû xöì˜„þ
öî!ŸÐ “þî%–
....ö”ïöìvþü ëyëû ö›öìëû–
xîy„þ ”%öì‰þyöì… ö”öì… “þyîê þ™,!íî# “þyöì„þ–
Ÿ)öì˜Äîû !”„þ öíöì„þ ö¢ ‰þöìœöìŠé þ™)öì’Åîû !”öì„þ Š%éöìÝþ
ú “þyîû ö”ïvþü ö”…y ëyëû...

ç ö›öìëû !‰þ˜öìî ˜y “%þ!›– ç ~…˜ ‡!˜Ûþ ²Ì“þÄëû—
²Ì¦%þîû ˜y– !þ™“þyîû ˜y– ç ö›öìëû „þyöìîûyîû xy‹ ˜ëûæ S„,þ¡Œy î¢%V
!îöìŸîû ˜ëû ”Ÿöì„þ ²Ì!“þ!Ûþ“þ ~£z ö›öìëûöì”îû£z „þyîûç ˜y› öþ™ïœ›# ö¢˜=®– öîûyöìŸ˜yîûy
!›×– ›ÿe«yhsþ ö¢˜– !›“%þœ ”_– öÙ»“þy ‰þe«î“Åþ#– ö¢îhsþ# ö‡y¡ì– ‰þwy˜# îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû–
îÍÔîû# ö¢˜– ö¢ï›˜y ”yŸ=®— ö„þvþz îy îûy‹×# ‰þe«î“Åþ#– þ™yþ™!vþü ¦þRy‰þyëÅ– ¢%›˜y ¢y˜Äyœ–
¢%öìßþ¿œ# ”_– “þ›y!œ„þy þ™[þyöìŸàþ– ¢D#“þy îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû– !“þöìœy_›y ›‹%›”yîû ²Ì›%…Ð
!îöìÙ» îy‹y!îû xíÅ˜#!“þîû ²Ì¦þyöìî ›y˜!î„þ ¢Á™öì„Åþ ~öì¢öìŠé þ™yœyî”œ– þ™’Ä ~ ¢›yöì‹
x!•öì”î“þyÐ ëy !„þŠ%é îÄ!_«†“þ ¢î£z !˜ëû˜ xyöìœyëû þ™’Ä £öìëû ëyçëûyîû ësþf’y ‹!vþüöìëû
•öìîûöìŠé ö›öìëûîû ßþ™ŸÅ„þy“þîû ›˜öì„þÐ “þy£z ëöìŸy•îûy îûyëûöì‰þï•%îû# ˜î¹£zöìëûîû ›yGþy›y!Gþ öœöì…˜
òþ™’Ä¢‚!£“þyóÐ ²Ìîœ þ™’Äyëûöì˜îû ö‹yëûyöìîû ˜yîû# x!hßþöìcîû !˜îûîœÁº xîßþiy˜ vþzöìàþ xyöì¢
„þ!î“þyëûÐ öœ…y £ëû ò²ÌFŠé” „þy!£˜#ó ˜yöì› „þ!î“þyÐ ö¢…yöì˜ ”%!Ýþ öŠéyÝþ “þyêþ™ëÅþ™)’Å !˜öì”Å!Ÿ„þy
ö”˜ „þ!î– ò@ùÌ#öìÜ¿ !„þ „þöìîû ¢%¨îû# íy„þöìî˜ó ~î‚ òîûyöì“þîû îû*þ™‰þ‰ÅþyóÐ !˜öì‹öì„þ– !˜öì‹îû
‰þyîûþ™yŸöì„þ öë˜ ¢“þ„Åþ „þîûö“ì þ „þîûö“ì þ þ™í £¤yöìÝþ– ¦%þœ þ™öìí !àþ„þ þ™í …¤‹
% öì“þ ‰þyëû ö›öìëÐû îöìœ–
ëöìŸy•îûy– “%þ£z !„þlsþ e«›Ÿ£z ‘%þöì„þ ëy!FŠé¢ xõþ„þyöìîûîû †öì“Åþ
xîœÁº˜£#˜– œyÝþ ö…öìëû †!vþüöìëû ëy!FŠé¢ ›£y‡Å ö”y„þyöì˜îû ›öì•Ä
àþy[þy ”îû‹y öàþöìœ ‘%þ„þ!Šé¢– „þyöì‰þîû œZþ˜ ö¦þöìˆ ‘%þ„þ!Šé¢
!e«ÞÝþyöìœîû ö†œy¢– š%þœ”y!˜– £„þ „þíy– ö›îûyçëûyœy £zöìëûöìœy...
~£z xõþ„þyöìîû òîû*öìþ™îû öÝþ!îœ– îû*öìþ™îû šþy£zœþ™e– œyœ ”!vþü– š¤þy¢óéôôôôé ö¢…y˜ öíöì„þ
þ™yœyöì˜y „þ!àþ˜Ð x“þ~î ëöìŸy•îûy „þ!î“þyëû ò!îöìŸ¡ìc„þ ¢‚…Äyó îû‰þ˜y „þöìî˜û Ð Ÿ£öìîû îû*þ™„þíyîû
‹#îöì˜– ö„þ!îûëûyöìîûîû ö¢yþ™y˜›yœy Ýþþ™öì„þ– öëöì“þ öëöì“þ vþzF‰þy„þyAÇþ# ö›öìëû ö”…öì“þ þ™yëû–
òòþ™yvþüyîû ¢›hßþ ‹y˜œy …%öìœ ëyëûÐ/›y!¢›y ‹#î˜– öîï!”‹#î˜– „þy!„þ‹#î˜– ¢›hßþ îûy§¬y‡îû/
¢îûöì¡ìîû ö“þöìœîû ›öì•Ä “%þ›%œ !vþöì›îû Ÿ·– “%þ›%œ †öìõþîû ›“þ „þöìîûÐóó ~ ‹†öì“þ ö›öìëûîû
›yíyîû vþzþ™öìîû vþzvþühsþ xy„þyŸ— Š%éÝþhsþ þ™yöìëûîû “þœyëû …öì¢ ëyëû ›y!Ýþ– öî!vþüîû ¢î ”y† ›%Šéöì“þ
›%Šéöì“þ xhsþƒ¢yîûŸ)˜Ä ‰þyîûþ™yöìŸ ö¢ …¤%öì‹ öîvþüyëû ~„þ x¤y‹œy ‹œ— ò!þ™Ÿy!‰þ˜#ó „þyöìîÄ
ëöìŸy•îûy “%þöìœ •öìîû˜ ö¢£z “,þ¡Œy–
x¢‚…Ä £*”ëû „þÜTÐ ˜%˜„þyÝþy xyöìî†– •¹‚¢ £çëûy
~“þ öë …yîyîû !”öìFŠéy– …yçëûyîû ¢›ëû£z ö˜£z...
vþy˜!”öì„þ “þy„þy!FŠé– „þ£z– ‹œ– þ™!îûÜñyîûÚ...
¢Á™öì„Åþîû ˜y˜y ‹!Ýþœ !î˜Äy¢– ßþºyîœÁº˜– ßþºy×ëû– ßþº²Àéôé”%ƒßþº²À– ö‹”– „þy§¬y– Ÿ)˜Ä ç þ™)öì’Åîû
˜y˜y „þyÝþy„%þ!Ýþ ö…œyîû ”yîyŠéöì„þ ”¤y!vþüöìëû öþ™ïœ›# ö¢˜=®îûy îöìœ˜–
ë…˜ ”îû„þyîû– “þ…˜ “%þ!› ö˜£z
îœŠé öŠéöìvþü ö†öìœ ¢öìD íy„þöìî£zéôôôôé
¢!“þÄ öŠéöìvþü ëyîÚ vþzvþüî vþy˜y ö›öìœÚ
„þíyîû „þíy ¢î£zæ ²Ì›yöì’ ö†yœöì›öìœ...

þ™yî !„þ !šþöìîû ö¢£z £yîûyöì˜y !îÙ»y¢Ú S ò~¢ ~› ~¢óV
‰þwy’# îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû „þyöìîÄ ‡Ýþy˜ ú!“þöì£Äîû þ™%˜îû&kþyîûéôôôôé òxy›îûy îöìDîû ˜yîû#/
‡îûöì„þ ”%ëûyîû „þ!îû/ýý Ÿ· •îûy£z vþz˜y˜/£¤y!vþüöì“þ vþzíœyëû Ö•% ‹œóÐ
xyîû ›ÿe«yhsþ ö¢öì˜îû „þ!î“þyëû vþzöìàþ xyöì¢ ö›öìëûöì”îû !˜‹Å˜ ¢›ëû ëyþ™öì˜îû
!˜¦,þ“þ xî¢§¬“þy
ö¢ !˜Šé„þ ‹œ xyîû ‹œ
„þ“þ„þyœ ¦þyöìœy œyöì† ~›˜ x“þœ
£àþyê ˜“%þ˜ „þöìîû ~„þy ~„þy öîy• £öìœy xy‹
x¤y„þœy› „þyöìàþîû ‹y£y‹Ð...
‰þyîû!”öì„þ ‹œ Ö•% ‹œ
!”†ä¼yhsþ £öìFŠé£z ö„þîœ–
xy„þyöìŸç xõþ„þyîû– “þyîûyöì”îû ö”y„þy˜þ™¢yîû
‹öì›!˜ ö“þ›˜ „þöìîû– ö›öì‡îû Šéyvþz!˜›ye ¢yîûÐ
„þyöìàþîû ‹y£y‹ v%þöìî ëyöìî
v%þöìîy‹y£yöì‹îû ßþ¿,!“þ ö“þy›yöì„þ „¤þy”yöìîÚ
xõþ„þyöìîû £öìëû !Šéœ þ™îû
„þyœöì„þ “%þ!›ç £öìî þ™!îû“þÄ_« ¦þyˆy îy!“þ‡îûÐ Sò!˜‹Å˜óV
~£z ö›öìëû£z !œöì…öìŠé ò~„þ!Ýþ x¢› þ™îû„þ#ëûyóîû „þ!î“þy– îöìœöìŠé–
!‹˜¢ä þ™îûy öŠéöìvþü !”öì“þ þ™y!îû
“%þ!› ë!” îöìœy— x˜Ä ˜yîû#
£öìëû ëyî x!“þ x˜yëûyöì¢Ð...
xy›yîû ¢›hßþ þ™%îû&¡ìy!œ
›%oyöì”y¡ì çvþüyî £yçëûyëûÐ
!‹˜¢ä þ™îûy öŠéöìœ ö”çëûy ëyëû
¢£öì‹£z– ˜”# £öì“þ öþ™öìœ...
¢¤y“þyîû ‹yöì˜y ö“þy “%þ!›– öŠéöìœÚ S ò“%þ!› !„þ ¢¤y“þyîû ‹yöì˜yóV
!˜!kÅþ•yëû vþzF‰þyîû’ „þöìîûöìŠé–
xy‹ !¦þ“þöìîû îy!£öìîû î,!ÜT
“þî% ö‰þöìëû ”Äyöì…y– „þ“þ „þöìÜT
xy!› ö‹y†yvþü „þöìîû!Šé Ö„þöì˜y ‹µyœy!˜ öŸ¡ìÝþyëû
éôôôôéxy=˜ ö”öìî ˜y Ÿîû#öìîû Ÿîû#îû ‡¡ìöìÝþÚ
S ò!¦þ“þöìîû îy!£öìîûóV
!îŸ Ÿ“þöì„þîû öŸ¡ì þ™MþéyŸ îŠéîûÐ „þ!î“þy¦%þîöì˜ îyˆy!œ!˜îû ~£z x!¦þëyey !˜!Øþ“þ¦þyöìî
~„þ î£›y˜ x!¦þKþ“þyîû þ™!îû’y›Ð ö¢…yöì˜ ¢î ö›öìëûîûy£z ò„þíy›y˜î#óÐ ›!ÍÔ„þy ö¢˜=öì®îû
¦þy¡ìyëû ö¢ îöìœ ö”ëû–
òò£¤Äy– xy!› „þíy›y˜î#Ð }öì@»” öíöì„þ ~„%þŸ Ÿ“þ„þ þ™ëÅhsþ xy›yîû !î‰þîû’„þyœÐ
£z!“þ£yöì¢îû Šéy£z ~î‚ ¦þöìßþ¿îû ›öì•Ä ˜yîû# ˜y›„þ öë xy=˜ ‰þyþ™y þ™öìvþü xyöìŠé– xy!› “þyîû£z
¦þy¡ìÄ„þyîû– xy!› xy=öì˜îû xyd„þí˜Ð xy!› „þy§¬y þ™!vþü– xy=˜ !œ!…– !˜@ùÌ£ ö”!…– xDyîû
…y£z – œy!Nþ“þ ££z – xy=˜ !œ!…Ð ~ xy=˜ öî”˜yîû – ²Ì!“þîyöì ” îû – xyd›ëÅ y ”yîû –
¦þyöìœyîy¢yîûçÐ...xy=öì˜îû „þíy„þyîûöì„þ ›y˜%¡ì ¢£öì‹ ›öì˜ !˜öì“þ þ™yöìîû ˜yÐ xy›yöì„þç
þ™yöìîû ˜yÐ...óó
~£z¢î „þíy›y˜î#îûy£z òöoïþ™”# ‹§Ãó– ò†Dy‹§Ãó– ò!îû!‹ëûy‹§Ãó– òö›‡‹§Ãó–
òŸy£îy˜%‹§Ãó– ò…˜y‹§Ãó þ™yîû £öìëû ˜“%þ˜ ˜yöì›– ˜“%þ˜ þ™!îû‰þöìëû £z!“þ£y¢ îû‰þ˜y „þîûöì“þ
íyöì„þéôôôôé ëyîû öŸ¡ì þ™ëÅhsþ ö„þyöì˜y ”Ÿ„þ îy Ÿ“þ„þ !î¦þy‹˜ £ëû ˜yÐ ö„þ˜˜y– ˜yîû#îû ë%†ë%†yöìhsþîû
xþ™›y˜ öŠéöì˜ ‹µöìœ çàþy ~£z „þ!î“þy¦%þîöì˜ ö›öìëûîûy ¢„þöìœ£z ~„þy ç ~„þ„þÐ xy=˜ xyîû
x×&îû ¢‚öìî”# ¢›#„þîûöì’ ö¢ îû‰þ˜y „þöìîû ‰þöìœöìŠé ¢£öìßþËîû £z!“þî,_— òòëyîû Öîû& xyöìŠé !„þlsþ
öŸ¡ì ö„þyíyëû ö¢ !˜öì‹ç ‹yöì˜ ˜yóóÐ
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþöì„þîû î£zéôé

!ÓŸªyÎ˚ö Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y Ü˛# ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ öyöy ü%!öÓ˚ öyöy
üï˛– ˆÜ˛öÈöy !ÓŸªyÎ˚ö •° ˆ§•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ~Ü˛ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ
§yüy!çÜ˛È ÙÈ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ÈÙ È§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfliyñ ÎyÓ˚
ï%˛°öy ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° °ï˛yç!ê˛° Ó,•òÓ˚ˆÏîƒÓ˚
§ˆÏD– !ÓŸªyÎ˚ö Óî≈ˆÏã˛yÓ˚y §Ó˚#§,ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ «˛ˆÏî
«˛ˆÏî Ó˚ä ˛õy°ê˛yÎ˚ñ ôÓ˚y•z ÎyÎ˚ öy ï˛yÓ˚ xy§°
fl∫Ó˚*˛õê˛y Ü˛#– ~Ü˛•z §ˆÏDñ ~Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ê˛yÄ
xçyöy– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÓˆÏ°ö ~Ó˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
ò%ÛÈÙÈxyí˛¸y•z ò¢Ü˛ xyˆÏàñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ü˛yÓ˚&Ó˚ üˆÏï˛
!ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ xy!Óû≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ ≤Ãy˜Ïà!ï˛•y!§Ü˛
Ü˛yˆÏ°•z– !ÓŸªyÎ˚öˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆû˛ˆÏÓˆÏåÈ xy¢#Ó≈yòñ
!ÓŸªyÎ˚ö Ä ÓyÇ°y §y!•ï˛ƒ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏöˆÏÜ˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö ~ˆÏÜ˛Ï x!û˛¢y˛õ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÄ !ÓˆÏÓã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ÓŸªyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
§¡õyòÜ˛ !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÓyô•Î˚ ~•z ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ xyÓ˚ ~Ü˛ê˛yÄ
§öÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚ öflÒÓ˚ ˆö•z– !ÓŸªyÎ˚ö xyç ï˛y•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ñ Óï≈˛üyö !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚
õ)úƒ ≠ 180 ê˛yÜ˛y Óy!§®yˆÏòÓ˚ñ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï xy@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó›–
˛ô%ò!ò≈õ≈yˆÏí ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ò
v˛. ¢òÍÑ%˛õyÓ˚ òfl˛ÒÓ˚*
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ÈÙÈv˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ÈÙÈˆ¶˛ˆÏî ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ¢,!‹T õ)úì˛ !m!Óï ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢,!‹T Á xò%¢,ãò–

!ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ì˛yÓÍ ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛yãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢,!‹TÓ˚
˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ xò%¢,ãˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆò£yì˛ Ñ˛õ òÎ˚– xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆ¢Ó˚y Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚£z v˛zÍ¢
}í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y– Ñ˛y!£!ò !òõ≈yˆÏí ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyò !Ó!ü‹T £ˆÏúÁ xò%¢!, ‹T õyˆÏe£z x«˛õì˛yÓ˚
fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– xÓüƒ ˆîÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ˆ¢£z xò%¢,ãˆÏò fl˛À‹Ty ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
Ñ˛ì˛Öy!ò òì%˛ò !â˛hs˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢M˛Èy!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏFäÈò–
Úxò%¢,ãòÛ ü∑!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî!›˛ Ó˚â˛òyÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ÈÙÈ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !òˆÏî≈üÑ˛– xy¢ˆÏú ~ ¢õy¢Ók˛
ü∑!›˛Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚˛ôî£z =Ó˚&ˆÏc ≤Ãïyò– Óúy ˆÓyï£Î˚ xòyÓüƒÑ˛ ˆÎñ !òˆÏ¶˛≈ãyú xò%Ñ˛yÓ˚# Ó˚â˛òy
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆîˆÏü ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛yˆÏú ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ˆÜÔÓ˚Ó Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– Úxò%Ñ˛Ó˚íÛ xyˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ fl˛∫ïõ≈
£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏ›˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ !òäÈÑ˛ xò%Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãyí Ó§yˆÏâ˛ òy– fl˛À‹TyÓ˚ Óy£yî%!Ó˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z
ˆÎÖyˆÏò ì˛y v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ó˚â˛òy !Ñ˛ÇÓy Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ xò%¢,ãò !òˆÏÎ˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ≠ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢,!‹TÓ˚£z ˆÎÖyˆÏò ≤Ãïyò ˆÜÔÓ˚Óñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xò%¢,ãò Óy
˛ô%òÉ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ˆÑ˛yò‰ÖyˆÏò⁄ ≤ÃŸ¿!›˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢£ã
Î%!_´Ó˚ ãÓyÓ £úñ õ)ú ¢,!‹TÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Î!î x¢ÇÖƒ xÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢Ω˛yÓòy !Ñ˛ÇÓy !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ xÓÑ˛yü
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z !ò!£ì˛ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ Óy xÓƒ_´ ÓƒOòyˆÏÑ˛ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òì%˛ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
!òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ Îyò v˛z_Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ fl˛À‹TyÓ˚y– Ñ˛y!£!òñ â˛!Ó˚eñ ¶˛yÓyîü≈ !Ñ˛ÇÓy xòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È
£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyÑ˛°Ï≈ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w!Ó®%– !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ÜyÌyÈÙÈÜ“ÈÙÈÑ˛y!£!òÈÙÈ
!Ñ˛ÇÓî!hs˛ˆÏì˛ ~õò xˆÏòÑ˛ ≤Ã¢D Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛ß¨ì˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ÈÙÈÓƒOòy xyï%!òÑ˛
õòòü#úì˛yÎ˚ }k˛ fl˛À‹TyÈÙÈõyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˛ô%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏòy xyÖƒyˆÏòÓ˚
!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôy‡˛–
Üy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyˆÏòñ ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈñ òyòyò ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ òyòyò ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛Ó˚y
xò%¢,ãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe v˛zÍ¢ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ˛ô%Ó˚yí
=!úˆÏÑ˛– ˆÑ˛òòy ˛ô%Ó˚yí £ú ˛ô%Ó˚yÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢õ,k˛ ¶˛y[˛yÓ˚– ˆö˛ˆÏúÈÙÈxy¢y ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã#Óòñ
ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôÈÙÈÓ˚¢ñ õ)úƒˆÏÓyïñ â˛!Ó˚eyîü≈ ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Îì˛›˛y ˆõˆÏú ˆì˛õò xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˆõˆÏú
òy– ˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõ ~£z ˛ô%Ó˚yí£z Ñ˛!Ìì˛ £Î˚ Ú!õÌÛ òyˆÏõ ÈÙÙÙ Î!îÁ ¢)- ì˛yÍ˛ôˆÏÎ≈ ~ î%£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
!Ñ˛ä%È ˜Ó¢yî,üƒ xyˆÏäÈ– ~Öòñ ~£z ≤Ãyâ˛#ò !õÌ Óy ˛ô%Ó˚yíˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yày ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ òì%˛ò
!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ Üv˛¸y ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!òõ≈yíÈÙÈ!òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ xyúyîy ì˛_¥ xyˆÏäÈ– ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚
xòƒì˛õ !õÌì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ Ó˚§úy Óyì≈˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ‘Mythologies’ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ≠ ‘In myth we find
again the tri-dimentional pattern ... the signifier, the signified and the sign.Û
*xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ Á !Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤Ãïyòñ ÓD¶˛y°Ïy Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

48 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%ò!ò≈õ≈yˆÏí ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ò
ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ Signifier £ú ö˛õ≈ñ signified £ú !õ!òÇ ~ÓÇ sign £ú !¢Ü!ò!ö˛ˆÏÑ˛üò–

≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ô%Ó˚yÑ˛y!£!òÓ˚ õ)ˆÏú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÈÙÈòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xhs˛ú≈#ò ˆ≤Ã!«˛ì˛ (Context)ñ Îy õ)ú
Ü“!›˛ (text) ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z hfl˛Ó˚!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚–
~Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò fl˛À‹TyÁ ˙!ì˛ˆÏ£ƒÓ˚ ¢õ,k˛ ¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òyòy¢)ˆÏe Ü“!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
ãyˆÏòò– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%òÉ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏú ãyòy Ñ˛y!£!ò=!ú òì%˛ò x!¶˛áyì˛ ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚
õˆÏò– !ì˛!ò ì˛Öò ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy !Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ô ˆîò ì§˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏà Ó˚y!àˆÏÎ˚– ~›˛y£z
£ú !õˆÏÌÓ˚ Ó!£!Ó≈òƒy¢ (texture)– ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óƒ!_ćˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ Óí≈Á fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£z !¶˛ß¨ì˛y
˛ô!Ó˚@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ö˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛ Ü“ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ãˆÏòÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ xyúyîy xyúyîy ÓƒOòyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~£zãòƒ õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤Ã¢DˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ÚÑ˛í≈Ñ%˛hs˛# ¢ÇÓyîÛñ
Ó%k˛ˆÏîÓ Ó¢% Ú≤ÃÌõ ˛ôyÌ≈Û ~ÓÇ ¢õˆÏÓü˚ Ó¢% Ú˛ô,ÌyÛ !úÖˆÏúÁ ì˛y£z ì˛§yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚¢yˆÏÓîˆÏò ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚–
Óì≈˛õyò xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ x!¶˛!òˆÏÓü ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ò !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ì˛y£z õ)ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚
≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Á£z Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ î%Ûâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛
Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îy¢ xy!Ó¶)≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˛ôM˛Èîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy¶˛yˆÏÜñ ÎÖò ~ˆÏîˆÏü ì%˛!Ñ˛≈!ÓãÎ˚
¢¡ôß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !£®% ïõ≈ Á ¢õyã ì˛Öò !Ó˛ôÎ≈hfl˛– õ£y≤Ã¶%˛ ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ xy!Ó¶)≈˛ì˛ £ò!òñ
!Ñ˛ls˛ ãÎ˚ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒÓ˚â˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– Ñ,˛°å î#á≈!îò
ïˆÏÓ˚£z ˛ô%Ó˚yíÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ó!®ì˛ Á ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô x!â˛≈ì˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îy¢ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ~õò
~Ñ˛ Ó˚_´õyÇ¢õÎ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚# v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôòy ~ÖyˆÏò á›˛yˆÏúòñ Îy ì§˛yÓ˚ ˙ü# õ!£õyˆÏÑ˛ â)˛í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
~ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xÓú¡∫Ïò Î!îÁ ¶˛yÜÓì˛#Î˚ Ñ,˛°å !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛!Ó ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˆ¢£z ˛ô%Ó˚yíÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛õyˆÏÑ˛
v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ì˛y£z ¶˛!_´Ó˚¢ òÎ˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ≤Ãïyò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ã#ÓòÓ˚¢–
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚eÓ˚*˛ôyÎ˚ˆÏí Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îy¢ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò v˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ fl˛∫Ñ˛ˆÏ˛ôyú Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ
!òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˆÓ!ü– ˛ôM˛Èîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z Ñ˛!Ó ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ÓDˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛– ~£z Ñ,˛°å ˆÎò ˆÜy˛ô¢õyˆÏãÓ˚£z ~Ñ˛ãò– £z!ò ÚòyˆÏ®Ó˚ ò®òÛñ õyÌyÎ˚
ˆáyv˛¸yâ%˛úÈÙÈÁÎ˚yúy ~Ñ˛ ÚÜÓ˚& Ó˚yˆÏÖyÎ˚yúÛñ fl˛∫¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yõˆÏúyú%˛ô Á ˆÑ˛Ôüú#– ˆ¶˛yÜyÑ˛yA«˛y
ì,˛Æ £ˆÏú ~£z Ñ,˛°å ≤Ãí!Î˚ò#ˆÏÑ˛ £#ò x˛ôõyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !˛ôäÈ˛ôy £ò òyñ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò˛£òˆÏòFäÈyÁ
≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~ Ñ,˛°å Ñ˛Öò£z ˜Ó°åÓÑ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xyÓ˚yïƒ ˆîÓì˛y £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò òy– ˛ô%Ó˚yíÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆÖyúˆÏ¢ Ñ˛!Ó xy¢ˆÏú ˆë˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò òyÓ˚#ˆÏî£ÈÙÈˆúyú%˛ô ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛yõ# @˘Ãyõƒ Î%ÓÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ñ
ˆÎ äÈúòy ≤Ãì˛yÓ˚íy Óú≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ ˆî£!õúˆÏò x!òFä%ÈÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ !ÓÓy!£ì˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD x˜ÏÓï
ˆî£¢¡∫ı˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ ÚÜì˛ì,˛°åÛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !ò!m≈ïyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚– xÓ≈yâ˛#ò
˛ô%Óy˚ íÈÙÈÓ!í≈ì˛ Ó˚yïyÁ ˆÎò ~ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ˛ôˆÏòˆÏÓy˚ üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ÎyÓ˚ õòhfl˛y!_¥Ñ˛
!ÓÓì≈˛ò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ fl˛∫yõ#ÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓk˛y Ñ%˛úÓï) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚˛ô%Ó% &˚ ˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ˆ≤Ãõy!¶˛úy!°Ïí# fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛ì,˛Ñ≈ ˛y
ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛yˆÏì˛– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z Ñ˛y!£!ò Óyày!ú ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ì,˛!Æ !îˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
!Óü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÎ˚ ~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛õye ˛ô%!ÌÓ˚ Sì˛yÁ Ö![˛ì˛V xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ú ãy@˘Ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛Ó˚y ~Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò ˆ¶˛ˆÏà
ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò !Ó!â˛e fl˛∫yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– Ñ,˛°åÑ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò xy◊Î˚ ¶˛yÜÓì˛ ˛ô%Ó˚yí ~ÓÇ
Ó˚yïyÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢õ,k˛ ¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ ÓyÇúy Á ÓãÓ%!úˆÏì˛ ˆúÖy ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓ!ú–
˛ô%ò!ò≈õ≈yˆÏí ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 49
fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£z ~£z ˛ô%Ó˚yí Á ˛ôîyÓ!ú £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ
xÓú¡∫ò– ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ Ñ˛y!£!òñ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ â˛!Ó˚eñ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛yÓ Óy ˛ôî˛ôà‰!_´ v˛zˆÏ‡˛
~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢=!úÓ˚ Ü‡˛òÈÙÈÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚– xyã Ú◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛òÛ ˛ô%!Ì ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ üì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈
î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ xò%¢,ãˆÏòÓ˚ £z!ì˛Ó,ˆÏ_ ˆâ˛yÖ Ó˚yÖy›˛y ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí xyÓ!üƒÑ˛ ˆÎñ ~õò
~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚¢yˆÏúy v˛z˛ôÖƒyò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ xãfl˛À ¢Ω˛yÓòy !òˆÏÎ˚ Óyày!ú ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢,!‹TˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛
ïÓ˚y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
¢¡±!ì˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yì˛ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò ü!_´üyú#
Á ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛Ìy!ü“#– òyòy fl˛∫yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò î«˛– Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
˛ô%Ó˚yíñ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛òñ ãÎ˚ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ Ü#ì˛ˆÏÜy!Ó® Á ˜Ó°åÓ õ£yãòˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôî¢õ)£ˆÏÑ˛ !¶˛!_
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1976 ¢yˆÏú ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì§˛yÓ˚ x¢yõyòƒ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÚÓ˚yïyÑ,˛°åÛ– ˆõy›˛ ~ÜyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ î#á≈ÓƒyÆ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õÎ˚˛ôÓ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛– ~£z Ñ˛yú˛ôÓ≈!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ó,®yÓòú#úy !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ– ¶˛yÜÓì˛
õˆÏì˛ñ Ñ,˛°å xyîˆÏì˛ ˛ôyúòÑ˛ì≈˛y !Ó°%åñ !Î!ò ¶)˛¶˛yÓ˚ £Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ my˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xy!Ó¶)≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜyˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛Ç¢ £ˆÏúò ˆ¶˛yã ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yãy v˛z@˘ÃˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô%e ÈÙÙÙÈ !Î!ò «˛õì˛y!ú∞%
Á xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚#– !˛ôì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó!® Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ç¢ õÌ%Ó˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yã!¢Ç£y¢ò îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛!Üò#
˜îÓÑ˛#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò Ó,!°åÓÇü#Î˚ Ó¢%ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚– Ñ,˛°å ~£z Ó¢%ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô%e– !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚
˜îÓÑ˛# Á Ó¢%ˆÏîÓˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÌ xyòÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÎ ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ ˜îÓÓyí# £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¶˛#ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ç¢ ¶˛!Üò# Á ¶˛!Üò#˛ô!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÓ˚&k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Á ˜îÓÑ˛#Ó˚ ¢hs˛yòˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛
!ò¤%˛Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ !òÎ˚!ì˛ ˆÑ˛ò ÓyïƒˆÏì˛– ˜îÓÑ˛#Ó˚ x‹Tõ ¢hs˛yò Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ãß√ !òú
Ñ,˛°å ~ÓÇ ˜îÓyò%Ñ)˛ˆÏúƒ Ó¢%ˆÏîÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ~ˆÏúò ò®ˆÏÜyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚Á ì˛y xãyòy
Ó˚£zú òyñ !Ñ˛ls˛ !ì˛!ò ÷ï% ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ƒÍ £hs˛yÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛– ì˛y£z Ñ˛Ç¢ ˆÜyÑ%˛ˆÏú
ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ î%ï≈°≈Ï xò%â˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ñ ˜¢òƒ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÜyˆÏ˛ôˆÏîÏÓ˚ áÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏîƒyãyì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ò¤%˛Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ !äÈ!òˆÏÎ˚ xyòˆÏì˛– ¢%ò#ú ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
!‡˛Ñ˛ ~£z ãyÎ˚Üy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z–
ÚÓ˚yïyÑ,˛°åÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî!¶˛!_Ñ˛ á›˛òyïyÓ˚yÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ~ÓyÓ˚ î,!‹T ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ô!ÓÏ̊ˆÏFäÈˆÏî£z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛Ç¢ÈÙÈˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ì˛ ˜¢òƒˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏŸªÓ˚ «%˛Ó˚ïπ!òˆÏì˛ õy ÎˆÏüyõì˛#Ó˚
£‡˛yÍ ˆãˆÏÜ Á‡˛yñ fl˛∫yõ# ò®ˆÏÑ˛ ¢â˛!Ñ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xòƒe ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛
¢!òÓ≈ı˛ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚y– ò® £ì˛â˛!Ñ˛ì˛ñ !mïy@˘Ãhfl˛– ¢õ)£ !Ó˛ôî Ó%ˆÏG˛ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòò
!ì˛!ò– !ü÷ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !î!@ª!îÑ˛ K˛yòü)òƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ ˛ôyúyò– ä%È›˛ˆÏì˛
ä%È›˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ xÓ˚ˆÏíƒ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyò– ~Ñ˛›%˛ fl˛∫!hfl˛ xyˆÏ¢ ì§˛yÓ˚– ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ G˛v˛¸Ó,!‹T–
Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!‹TÓ˚ äÈ§y›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÌ â˛úˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˆîÖy £Î˚ Ó˚yïyÓ˚
¢ˆÏD– Ó˚yïy ÓãïyˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚yãy Ó,°Ï¶˛yò%Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒy– ì˛yÓ˚ ãòò# ¶˛ú®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yãÑ˛òƒy Ñ˛úyÓì˛#–
ˆäÈyR Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ õ%?˛ £Î˚ Ó˚yïy– òˆÏ®Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏú !òˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚–
ò® Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ˆîò– ì˛Öò Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õ%Ö !òÓ˚#«˛í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓú xò%Ó˚yˆÏÜ â%˛¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ü÷
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ïÓ˚y !ü!Ö˛ôyÖy õ%Ñ%˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó§y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ò®Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆúˆÏÜ ÎyÎ˚
~£z Óò!›˛– !ì˛!ò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ÖyˆÏò£z Óy¢fl˛iyò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏÓò !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ãyòˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ~ ÓˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ Ó,®yÓò–

!mì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ò® ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò Ó˚yãy Ó,°Ï¶˛yò%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– Ó,°Ï¶˛yò% ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Óı%˛¢î,ü– ì§˛yÓ˚ xyÜõˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛zˆÏjüƒ xyˆÏäÈ– Ó,°Ï¶˛yò%ÈÙÈò!®ò# Ó˚yïyÓ˚
¢¡∫ı˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò !ì˛!ò ˆÜyÑ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDñ ˆÎ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ üƒyúÑ˛Á ÓˆÏ›˛–
ò® ~Ñ˛îy Ó,°Ï¶˛yò% Á Ñ˛úyÓì˛#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏì˛Á á›˛Ñ˛y!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò
Ó,°Ï¶˛yò% ÜΩ˛#Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ Îyòñ Ñ˛úyÓì˛# õ%Ö !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòò– ò® Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ~£z ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy
ãyòyò fl˛f# ÎˆÏüyõì˛#ˆÏÑ˛– xyÎ˚yòÁ ÖÓÓ˚›˛y ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛yú#¢yïÑ˛ xyÎ˚yò ¶˛!Üò#˛ô!ì˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ì˛ Ó˚&‹T £Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ò® ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ)˛›˛ˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏú xyÎ˚yòˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚y!ã Ñ˛Ó˚yò– ÓˆÏúò ≠
ÚÓ˚yãy Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó°ÏòãÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôˆÏÓ˚– ~Öò xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yãy Ó,°Ï¶˛yò%ˆÏÑ˛Á â˛›˛yˆÏòy
!‡˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ òy– ÓÓ˚Ç ÓˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ%˛›%˛!¡∫ì˛y £ˆÏú Ó˚yãy Ñ˛Ç¢Á xyÓ˚
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ â˛y£zˆÓÏ òy ¢£¢y– ~¢Ó !îÑ˛Á ˆì˛y ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ ˆÜy¤˛#fl˛∫yˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
ãòƒ ì%˛!õ Î!î...Û– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ xyÎ˚yò xyÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ£ òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓ!úÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛ú#úyÓ˚ ˛ôî !òˆÏÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî– Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ ¢yõyòƒ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ~ÖyˆÏò– Ó¢%ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚
xòƒ ˛ôb# ˆÓ˚y!£í#– ì˛§yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ¶≈˛Ó˚ ¢hs˛yò ÓúÓ˚yõ– ˆ¢£z ÓúÓ˚yõˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚y!£í# ~Ñ˛!îò
~ˆÏúò òˆÏ®Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛– myîü Ó°Ï#≈Î˚ Ñ˛yòy£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Óúy£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £*îƒ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ú–
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ Óúy£zˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõyòƒ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒõ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ˆ¢ ï#Ó˚!fl˛iÓ˚ñ Óúüyú# Á
ˆì˛yì‰˛úy– ˆÓ˚y!£í# Ñ,˛°åãß√ Ó˚£ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÎˆÏüyõì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚Á ÓˆÏúò òy– Ó˚yÖyú
ÓyúÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ e´#v˛¸yÈÙÈˆÑ˛Ôì%˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óy!Ñ˛ xÇü ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈– ¢Óy£z !õˆÏú Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yãy ÓyòyÎ˚– Ñ,˛°åÁ
ì˛yÓ˚ ¢!e´Î˚ì˛yÎ˚ñ ˜ò˛ô%ˆÏíƒ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õïƒõ!í £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ˆ¢ ¢ÓyÓ˚ xyÑ˛°Ïˆ≈ íÏ Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w!Ó®%ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
ì%˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢Óy£z v˛zî@˘Ã#Ó–
¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Ñ,˛°åã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ˆÎ=!ú õ)úì˛
xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ì˛y ¢¡ô,_´– ˆÎõò ˛ô)ì˛òyÓïñ üÑ˛›˛¶˛Dñ Îõúyã%≈ò ¶˛Dñ ˆÜyÓï≈ò ïyÓ˚í £zì˛ƒy!î–
!Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc £zw˛ô)ãy ˛ô[˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ á›˛òy !ÓÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî– Ñ˛yÓ˚í
~!›˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ì§˛yÓ˚ Óyúâ˛y˛ôˆÏúƒÓ˚ î,‹Tyhs˛ òÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ Î%!_´Óyî# Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò
Ñ˛Ó˚y£z Ë˛ôòƒy!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ– òˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛Ìò ì˛yÓ˚£z !òî≈üò Ó£ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ–
ˆÜyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚y ¢%Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓÍ¢Ó˚ £zw˛ô)ãyÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ Ñ,˛°å Á ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yÌ#Ó˚y
~ÓyÓ˚ ì˛y ˛ô[˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îú– ~ˆÏì˛ Ó˚&‹T £ú xyÎ˚yò– ¢Óy£z !Ó˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ xyüB˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ úyÜú–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ !òÎ˚ˆÏõ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!îò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z Ó°Ï≈í ÷Ó˚& £ú– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî£z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
Ñ˛yú#Î˚îõˆÏòÓ˚ á›˛òyñ Îy ¶˛yÜÓì˛ÈÙÈÓ!í≈ì˛– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÁ ≤Ã¢D!›˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛ò!›˛
Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ≤Ãî!ü≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¶˛yÜÓˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ˆÎñ Ñ˛yú#Î˚òyˆÏÜÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ°Ï
Ñ˛yú#îˆÏ£Ó˚ ãú !Ó°Ïy_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú Ó,®yÓˆÏò ì˛y xÓƒÓ£yÎ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò
xyˆÏäÈñ Ñ˛yú#îˆÏ£Ó˚ ãˆÏú Ó˚yïy ¢£ xòƒyòƒ ˆÜy!˛ôò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ãúˆÏÑ˛!ú Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ,˛°å
òyÜˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãú !Ó°Ïõ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÚÓ˚yïyÑ,˛°åÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ¢%ò#ú
Ñ˛yú#Î˚îõˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆ¢!›˛ £úñ ¢%ÓˆÏúÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ˆïò% üƒyõú# â˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
â˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ îˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú Ñ˛yú#Î˚òyÜ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ãy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ,˛°å ì˛Öò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï
!òˆÏì˛ îˆÏ£Ó˚ ãˆÏú G§˛y˛ô ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ ≤Ãyíyhs˛Ñ˛Ó˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yú#Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yhfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î£
ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏ¢– xyÓ˚ ãú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛£z ˆ¢ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ x¢yõyòƒy ¢%®Ó˚ ˆÎÔÓòÓì˛#
Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ !ò!ò≈ˆÏõ°Ï– ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˆîˆÏÖ ˛ôyÜú £ÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛°å–
˛˛ôM˛Èõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òÓõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y›˛y£z ˆ≤Ãõõ)úÑ˛– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó!ï≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ¢%ò#ú ˆÎò ì§˛yÓ˚ xyò%˛ô%!CÑ˛ Óí≈òy ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~ÖyˆÏò– ~£z ˆ≤Ãõú#úyÎ˚ ¢Ö#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ü#ì˛ˆÏÜy!Ó® Á ˛ôîyÓ!úÓ˚
¢)ˆÏe xyõÓ˚y ãy!ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢%ò#ú ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ~Ñ˛ãò Ñ,˛°å¢ÖyÁ ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú–
ˆ¢ ¢%ÓúÈ– ˛ôM˛Èõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏì˛ v˛zîy¢#ò Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ñ ˆÎ ˆïò%â˛yÓ˚í
Á ¢Öy¢D ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ !ò¶,˛ˆÏì˛– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò# ¢ì,˛°å î,!‹T ˆÑ˛Óú ~Öò
Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛£z xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôˆÏÌÈÙÈáyˆÏ›˛ ˆîÖy £Î˚ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚yïy ì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚Á
ì˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ òy– ~£z xÓK˛yÎ˚ñ xÓˆÏ£úyÎ˚ Ó%Ñ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚– Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy xyd£òˆÏòÓ˚
£zFäÈy ãyˆÏÜ– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ~£z !Óõòy ¶˛yÓ ¢%ÓúˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓÏyÎ˚– xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ‹T ¢%Óú ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !â˛_ˆÏîÔÓ≈ˆÏúƒÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ ¢%ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒyÌ#≈ £Î˚–
î£zÈÙÈî%ï ˆÓâ˛ˆÏì˛ ÎyÁÎ˚y ˆÜy!˛ôò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y !˛ôäÈò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢Ö#Ó˚y ~ˆÏì˛
Ó˚&‹T £Î˚– ~ á›˛òyÎ˚ ˆÜ§yÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ,˛°å Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy õyÌy ÜÓ˚õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú– ¢%Óú
Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓˆÏúñ Ó˚õí#Ó˚ õò ˆÑ˛yõú òÎ˚ñ Ñ˛!‡˛ò Ólfl˛–
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ °Ï¤˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî!›˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îyòÖ[˛ Á ˆòÔÑ˛yÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚
Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ xyîˆÏú– Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ !òã Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛úÜì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ,˛°å îyò#Ó˚ äÈpˆÏÓü ˆòÎ˚– Îõ%òyÓ˚
òî#áyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖ £*°Ï#ˆÏÑ˛ü òyõ ïˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ !£!® ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢yõyòƒ
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò äÈpˆÏÓü!›˛ !òÖ%§ì˛ Á Óyhfl˛Ó¢¡øì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ– ˛ô¢y!Ó˚í# ˆÜy!˛ôò#ˆÏîÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Óâ˛¢y– ì˛yÓ˚y ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ,˛°å õyú˛ôe ˛ôyÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ ÷ÕÒ îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z Ñ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¶%˛ÓòˆÏ¶˛yúyˆÏòy Ó˚*˛ô– Ó˚yïy îy!Ó ÷ˆÏò£z Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢›˛y xòƒyÎƒ x¢Dì˛– ì˛y£z ˆ¢ G˛Üv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÓ,_ £Î˚– ~ÖyˆÏò ú«˛í#Î˚ ˆÎñ Ó˚yïy
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õyì%˛úyò# £ˆÏúÁ ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ˆò£zñ !Ñ˛ÇÓy Ó˚yïy !Óì˛[˛yÎ˚
ˆ¢ ≤Ã¢D v˛zay˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ òÈÙÙÙÈ Îy ≤ÃyÎ˚ü£z ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ– Ñ,˛°å !Ñ˛ls˛ òyˆÏäÈyv˛¸Óy®y–
ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ îyˆÏòÓ˚ îy!ÓˆÏì˛ x›˛ú ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛Öò e%´k˛ Ó˚yïy î£zî%ˆÏïÓ˚ ¶§˛yv˛¸ v˛zˆÏŒ›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚&‹T £ˆÏÎ˚
â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚– Ñ,˛°å xy˛ôyì˛ì˛ £ì˛yü £ˆÏúÁ £yú äÈyˆÏv˛¸ òy– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî£z Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ õy!G˛
Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ £y!ãÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ ˆÎ Îõ%òyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÑÏ ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ãÓ˚yã#í≈ ˆòÔÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜy˛ôòyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ãì˛#«˛yÎ˚ ÓˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆÜy!˛ôò#Ó˚y áyˆÏ›˛ ~ˆÏú òî# ˛ôyÓ˚y˛ôyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛°ÏyÑ˛!°Ï Á ì˛Ñ≈˛ â˛ˆÏú–
xÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ˆÑ˛Ôüú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ,˛°å ˆÑ˛Óú Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ˆòÔÑ˛yÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú Îõ%òyÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢–
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú î%£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛Ñ≈˛ÈÙÈ!Óì˛Ñ≈˛– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ v˛z!_´=!úˆÏÑ˛ ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆîÖy
ÎyˆÏÓñ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆî£Óy!îì˛y ≤ÃÓú– ˆ¢ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚
Ó˚*˛ô£z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÜú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ üÓ˚#Ó˚ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ !â˛_îy£ !òÓ≈y!˛ôì˛ £ˆÏÓ òy–
Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢ì˛#ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚– ˆ¢ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ xyd¢õ˛ô≈í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!ã £Î˚!ò–
Ñ,˛°å ì˛Öò ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆòÔˆÏÑ˛y ¶˛yÓ˚Ó˝ú £ˆÏFäÈ ÓˆÏú ¢ˆÏDÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ !ã!ò¢˛ôe
ˆö˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yïy ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!£ì˛ xúB˛yÓ˚Á !Ó¢ã≈ò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢ÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï
Ñ,˛°å ˆòÔˆÏÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÓú¶˛yˆÏÓ î%!úˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ Ó˚yïy ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆúyÑ˛úIy– ˆ¢ ¢ÓˆÏú
xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛– xyÓ˚ ì˛Öò Ñ,˛°å ˆòÔˆÏÑ˛y v˛zúˆÏ›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛y¢ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Îõ%òyÎ˚ñ
ì˛Öò ì˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yïy– ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆ¢£z ãúˆÏÑ˛!úÓ˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ≠ ÚõÓ˚Ñ˛ì˛õ!í
!îˆÏÎ˚ Üv˛¸y ì˛Ó˚í#Ó˚ õì˛ò Ñ˛yò% ¶˛y¢ˆÏì˛ úyÜˆÏúy ãˆÏú– ì˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yïy ˆÎò ~Ñ˛
xãyòy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆŸªì˛£Ç¢#–Û
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ~£z ãú!Ó£yÓ˚ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ãy@˘Ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ˆâ˛ì˛òy– ˆ¢
!ÓÓy!£ì˛y ÓˆÏ›˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ì˛!îò ¢õÌ≈ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yî ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ¢Óú ¢Dõ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
á%õhs˛ òyÓ˚#cˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎò ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !îú– õˆÏò î%ã≈Î˚ ¢y£¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢_´Ó¢ˆÏò áˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛Ó˚ú Ó˚yïy–
ì˛Öò ¢ˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏı˛ƒ ˆòˆÏõˆÏäÈ– õ£yõyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy !òÓ˚ì˛ xyÎ˚yò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖÁ ˆîÖú òy– myˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú òò!îò# Ñ%˛!›˛úy– ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ú xyÓ˚ xyüB˛y !òˆÏÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò# ˆâ˛yÖ
!¢_ý Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢Ó≈yD Ö%§!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ö%§!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖ!äÈú– òyòy ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ ˆ¢ v˛zˆÏmú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úú Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛–
¢ì˛ƒ â˛y˛ôy !îˆÏì˛ Ó˚yïy !õˆÏÌƒ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xy◊Î˚ !òú– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ë˛à!›˛ Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛Ó˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô%!Ó˚
!õˆÏÌƒ ˆ¢ ÓˆÏú!ò– òòˆÏîÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ò‹,Ò!ì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ î%Î˚yÓ˚ ~§ˆÏ›˛ Ñ§˛yîˆÏì˛ Ó¢ú ˆ¢–
~ÓyÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛yßÿ Ñ§˛yîˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ î%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ Ñ˛yßÿñ ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ Ñ˛yßÿ–
◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÚÓ˚yïyÑ,˛°åÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ ˝Ó˝ ˆõúyˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚ òy– xÓüƒ
ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ òÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£zãòƒ ãß√Ö[˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ≤Ãïyò ˛ôyŸª≈â˛!Ó˚e!›˛ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z Óv˛¸y!Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y£z ÎyÎ˚ òy– x!¶˛¶˛y!ÓÑ˛yÈÙÈ¢õ ˆ¢£z Ó,k˛yˆÏÑ˛
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò ~£z ¢Æõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî ÎÖò Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ ≤ÃyÎ˚ v˛zîy!¢ò# £ú–
~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iy›˛y ¢%ò#ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò â˛[˛#îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ¢£z
x!ì˛ !ÓÖƒyì˛ ˛ôî!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ≠ ÚˆÑ˛v˛z ì˛yÓ˚ xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÌy ˆÓyˆÏG˛ òy–
ˆÑ˛v˛z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛yÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏò xyˆÏ¢ òy– ì˛yÓ˚ xy£yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚&!â˛ ˆò£z– ¢yã¢IyÎ˚ õò
ˆò£z– ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆÜÓ˚&Î˚yÈÙÈˆÜÓ˚&Î˚y üy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎy!Üò#Ó˚ õì˛ò ˆîÖyÎ˚– Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ˆ¢ ˆÓí#Óı˛ò
Ö%ˆÏú !òˆÏãÓ˚ â%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆõˆÏáÓ˚
˛ôyˆÏòñ xyÓ˚ xõ!ò î#á≈Ÿªy¢ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ˛ôy°Ïy ¶˛ÓòÈÙÈ!üÖ# Èî%!›˛ ÎÖò ˆÖúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛Öò
Ó˚yïyÓ˚ î,!‹T !fl˛iÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÷ï% ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚–Û Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ~£z !â˛_˜ÏÓÑ˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ !îˆÏò
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ òyòy Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏïyˆÏì˛ñ ¢ygs˛òy !îˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢ Óv˛¸y!Î˚– õyò%°Ï!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆfl˛¨£≤ÃÓíy– !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ó˚yïy ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢%ÖÈÙÈî%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú– Óv˛¸y!Î˚ ¢Ó Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
â˛yì˛!Ñ˛ò# Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ì,˛°åyÓ˚ Óy!Ó˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛yò% ˆäÈ§yv˛¸y ì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ ãyòˆÏì˛ Óy!Ñ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ~Ñ˛!îò îú
ˆÓ§ˆÏï xyˆÏ¢ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢Ö#Ó˚y ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó,®yñ ú!úì˛y– ì˛yÓ˚yÁ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓyhs˛Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÖ !Ñ˛ä%È xò%õyò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xy¶˛yˆÏ¢ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ xyÎ˚yò áÓ˚í#– Ó,®y ÖÓÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ñ Ñ,˛°åÁ Ñ˛õ
ˆ≤ÃõÈÙÈÎyì˛òy ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ òy– ˆ¢Á ˆÎò ˛ôyÜú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ˆïò% â˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ òyñ õyÌyÎ˚
xyÓ˚ â%˛ˆÏv˛¸y Ó§yˆÏï òyñ Îeì˛e Üv˛¸yÜ!v˛¸ ÖyÎ˚ñ ~Ñ˛òyÜyˆÏv˛¸ Ó§y!ü ÓyãyˆÏì˛ ÓyãyˆÏì˛ ≤Ã£Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– Ó˚yïy xyÓ˚ â˛y˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy ˆÜy˛ôò Ñ˛Ìy– ÓˆÏúñ Úxy!õ õˆÏòÈÙÈ≤ÃyˆÏí â˛y£zñ ÁÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ˆÎò xyÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ ˆîÖy òy £Î˚Ê Î!î ˆîÖy £Î˚ñ ì˛Ó%Á ˆÎò ≤ÃíÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–Û
õ%ˆÏÖ ÓˆÏú ÓˆÏ›˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ÈÙÈ¢ˆÏ˛ô≈Ó˚ îÇüˆÏò ãµúˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ˆî£– x¢£ƒ ˆ¢£z Îs˛fíy
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ¢Ö#ˆÏîÓ˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ú¢Ö#ñ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ~õò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Á°Ï%ï !îˆÏì˛
˛ôy!Ó˚¢ ÎyˆÏì˛ xyõyÓ˚ ˆÎÔÓò ã#í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄Û ¢Ö#Ó˚y ~Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ
Ñ,˛°å ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÌ xyÜˆÏú Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢ÇÓyî ˆòÎ˚– Ó,®y õ%Ö G˛yõˆÏ›˛ ÓˆÏú ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ Úˆ¢ ˆì˛y õÓ˚ˆÏì˛
ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yúyâ§˛yîñ ì%˛!õÁ õˆÏÓy˚ ÊÛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆFÏ äÈî!›˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ¢õyÆ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ~Ñ˛ x˛ô)Ó≈ î,üƒ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚–
Ñœ˛yhs˛ Ó˚yïy á%!õˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ !ÓäÈyòyÎ˚– ~ˆÏúyâ%˛ú– ÁˆÏ¤˛ ˛ôy[%˛ˆÏúÖy– á%õhs˛ xÓfl˛iyˆÏì˛Á ì˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏú ¶§˛yã– ˆ¢£z Ó!úˆÏÓ˚Öy ˆÎò Óƒ!Ìì˛ £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !â˛£´ Ó£ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ ÓÓ˚ì˛ò%ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ «˛#í â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúy– Ü¶˛#Ó˚ Ó˚y!eˆÏì˛ ˛ô%ˆÏãy ¢õyÆ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚yò ~ˆÏ¢ ˆîÖú á%õhs˛
Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛– ˛ôÓ˚õ õõì˛yÎ˚ v˛yò £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ú Ó˚yïyÓ˚ úúy›˛– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y î#á≈Ÿªy¢
ˆö˛ˆÏú ~ áÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏú ˆÜú xòƒ áˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ üÎƒyÎ˚–
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÇü#Ö[˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xy◊Î˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Óy!Ñ˛›˛y ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫ Ñ˛“òy– ¢)â˛òy ÚˆÑ˛ ˆÜy Ó§y!ü Óy~ Óv˛¸y!Î˚ Ñ˛y!úò# ò{Ñ)˛ˆÏúÛ
~£z x!ì˛â˛!â≈˛ì˛ ˛ôî!›˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓÈÙÈ¶˛y°Ïy !îˆÏÎ˚– Ñ,˛°åˆÏ≤ÃˆÏõ xyÑ%˛ú Ó˚yïyÓ˚ xhs˛ˆÏÓ≈îòyñ xy!ì≈˛ Á
!õúˆÏòFäÈy ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢yÇ¢y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢õhfl˛ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈£z ì˛yÓ˚ ¶%˛ú £ˆÏFäÈ– xy¢ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚
õò õˆÏòˆÏì˛ ˆò£z– â%˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yúyâ§˛yî– xˆÏòÑ˛ î)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ xyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛yò%Ó˚
Ó§y!üÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚– õˆÏò ãµyúy ïÓ˚yÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Ó§y!ü ÌyõˆÏúÁ õò ˆÑ˛õò xyòâ˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚yïy xyã
~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˛ôv˛¸úÊ !ò÷!ì˛ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ Ó§y!ü Óyãú Ñ˛îõì˛úyÎ˚– !Ó!òo Ó˚yïy â%˛!˛ô â%˛!˛ô üÎƒy
ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ú– !òÉü∑ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò)˛ô%Ó˚ Á Ñ˛!›˛¶)˛°Ïí Ö%ˆÏú ˆö˛úú– ÚÎy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏúÛ
~õ!ò ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆÓ˛ôˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ¶˛yÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ú– Ó§y!üÓ˚ ü∑£z ì˛yÓ˚ â˛úyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚
!òüyòy– xÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ˆ¢ !õ!úì˛ £ú Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ õ,îõ% ï%Ó˚ =OÓ˚ˆÏí ¢yÓ˚yÓ˚y!e Ñ˛y›˛ú–
î%ãˆÏò£z Ó%G˛ú ì˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ñ ~ ¢¡∫ı˛ x!ÓˆÏFäÈîƒ– e´ˆÏõ e´ˆÏõ Ó˚yïy
Ñ%˛úÑ˛úB˛ñ úIyÈÙÈ¶˛Î˚ ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ~õ!ò x!¶˛¢yÓ˚ â˛úú !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !îò–
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ e´õyÜì˛ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸£z â˛úú– òò!îò# Ñ%˛!›˛úy !Ñ˛ä%È ¢ˆÏ®£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú Ó˚yïyÓ˚ £yÓ¶˛yˆÏÓñ
â˛yúÈÙÈâ˛úˆÏò– ~Ñ˛!îò Ó˚y!eˆÏì˛ Ó˚yïy x!¶˛¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚úñ Ñ%˛!›˛úy ~ˆÏ¢ ˆîÖú ü)òƒ áÓ˚– ˆ¢
îyîyˆÏÑ˛ ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛úú ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛– xyÎ˚yò fl˛∫≤¿â˛y!úˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ Ñ%˛ˆÏOÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
~ˆÏÜyú– ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy ˆÎò ì˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ òy– xò!ì˛î)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ˆîÖú Ó˚yïyÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
ˆ≤Ãõú#úy– Ó˚yïy £§y›%˛ ˆÜˆÏv˛¸ xyd¢õ˛ô≈ˆÏíÓ˚ ¶˛!DˆÏì˛– î,üƒ ˆîˆÏÖ ˆÎò â˛õÑ˛ úyÜú– ò#Ó˚ˆÏÓ
!òÉüˆÏ∑ xyˆÏÓ˚y o&ì˛ Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ~ú ˆ¢– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ Úˆ¢yãy !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ë%˛Ñ˛ˆÏúy ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãyÓ˚
áˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛yú#õ)!ì≈˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆãyv˛¸y¢ˆÏò Ó¢ˆÏúy ˆâ˛yÖ Ó%ˆÏã– ì˛Ó% ì˛yÓ˚ Óı˛ ˆâ˛yÖ !îˆÏÎ˚Á
›˛˛ô‰›˛˛ô‰ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ úyÜˆÏúy ãú– ¢yÓ˚y Ó˚yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚–Û
òÓõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆïò%â˛yÓ˚íÓ˚ì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜyˆÏ¤˛ ˆîˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖyú
ÓyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y xyòˆÏ®yÕ‘!¢ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ˆïò% â˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ â˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛°å ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõy£ò Ó§y!üˆÏì˛ îyÓ˚&í
ö%§˛ !îú– Ó§y!üÓ˚ Ó˚Ó ˆÎò ˛ôyÜˆÏúÓ˚ Ó%Ñ˛ö˛y›˛y xyì≈˛òyî– Ó§y!üÓ˚ üˆÏ∑ ¢Óy£z xyˆÏ¢ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚yïy
xò%˛ô!fl˛iì˛– Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ òy ˆîˆÏÖ Ñ,˛°å ˆÎò v˛zß√_ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ e%´k˛ !¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Üã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¢%Óú ˆÜyÑ%˛ˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÖÓÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ Ó˚yïy ~Öò xyÎ˚yòÜ,ˆÏ£ ˆò£z– ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚
x¢%fl˛i £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏãñ ÓyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛– xÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ¢%ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõˆÏü≈ !‡˛Ñ˛ £Î˚ Ñ,˛°å¢£
Ó˚yÖyú ÓyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ¢Óy£z ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò– ì˛ˆÏÓ òy›%˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏãñ x!¶˛òÎ˚ e´#v˛¸y ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛–
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy õy!ö˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yã £Î˚– Ó,°Ï¶˛yò%Ó˚ xDˆÏò ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !Ó°%åÓ˚ îüyÓì˛yÓ˚–
x!¶˛òÎ˚ ˆÓü ¶˛yú£z â˛ú!äÈú– ¢Óy£z ˆÓü ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈú– ò,!¢Ç£õ)!ì≈˛ ˆîˆÏÖ
xˆÏòÑ˛ îü≈Ñ˛ ¶˛Î˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛Öò ¢%Óú Ñ,˛°å˛ôyúyÓ˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ú– î,üƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yò% xyv˛¸Ó§y!üˆÏì˛ ö%§˛ !îˆÏì˛£z ÎÓ!òÑ˛yÓ˚ xyv˛¸yˆÏú ÌyÑ˛y õ!£úy îü≈Ñ˛õ[˛ú#ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y
!Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ áˆÏ›˛ ˆÜú– ãòò#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏú õyÌy ë˛ˆÏú xK˛yò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ Ó˚yïy– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÷◊*°y
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚yã˜ÏÓîƒ v˛yÑ˛y £ú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˜ÓˆÏîƒÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty !ò‹≥˛ú– ì˛Öò ¢%Óú ˆÑ˛Ôüú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ò¶,˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy Ñ˛Ó˚ú Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– ¢%Óú Ó%G˛ú Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z Ó˚yïyÓ˚ xyã ~£z xÓfl˛iy–
~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD ˆ¢ ãyòyú Ó˚yïy!Ó£ˆÏò Ñ,˛°å ~Öò ˆÑ˛yò xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– ~ ˆÎ ≤ÃÜyë˛¸ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚
!òîü≈òñ Îy xyãÈ v˛z¶˛Î˚˛ôˆÏ«˛ x!¶˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ¢%ÓˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó®%õye
¢õÎ˚ úyÜú òy– ¢%Óú î%ãˆÏòÓ˚ î)Ó˚c ˆáyâ˛yˆÏì˛ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ# £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú ~ú ÈÙÙÙÈ Úì%˛!õ
ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ÜúyÓ˚ õyúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ö%˛ú !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ îyÁ Ñ˛yò%Ó˚ ãòƒÊ xyã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ î%Û!îò
ÓyˆÏî ˛ô)!í≈õyñ ˆ¢£z ˛ô)!í≈õyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ì%˛!õ Îõ%òyÓ˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛õyˆÏúÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ~ˆÏ¢y– ˆ¢ xy¢ˆÏÓ–
ì%˛!õ ¢ˆÏB˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆäÈy›˛ î#˛ô ˆãµˆÏú ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖy ÈÙÙÙÈ–Û
◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆü°Ï›˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚yïy!ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ Îì˛›%˛Ñ%˛ !õˆÏúˆÏäÈ ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ñ Ñ,˛°å Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆ≤Ãõ˛ôÓ≈ ¢õyÆ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó,£_Ó˚ õDú¢yïˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ
Ó,®yÓò ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ õÌ%Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôy!v˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚# õyì%˛ú Ñ˛Ç¢ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚
üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛£z ì˛yÓ˚ ~ ˆ£ò ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô– ¢%ò#ú ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ~ ≤Ã¢D Óã≈ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ~£z Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚!›˛ !ì˛!ò ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ îüõ Á ~Ñ˛yîü ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî–
¢y®#˛ô!ò õ%!ò Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ˛˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ xyˆÏîƒy˛ôyhs˛ ãß√Ó,_yhs˛–
ÓˆãÏ Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~£z ˛ôyÜúyˆÏ›˛ õ%!òˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈú Ó˚yÖyú ÓyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y– ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zß√yîì%˛úƒ
xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ˆÑ˛v˛z Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ¢y£¢ ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ Óã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ Ñ,˛°å x!¶˛üÆ
£ÓyÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ£úyÎ˚ ì%˛FäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !˛ô˛ôy¢yì≈˛ õyò%°Ï!›˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ôyò#Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ!äÈú– ¢y®#˛ô!ò
Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó ˆÜy˛ôò Ñ˛Ìy v˛zãyv˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏúò– v˛zˆÏfl˛Ò !îˆÏúò xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚# Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ– ÓúˆÏúò ÈÙÙÙÈ Úì%˛!õ ~ÖyˆÏò ¢yõyòƒ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏ£
¶%˛ˆÏú xyˆÏäÈyÊ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á xˆÏòÑ˛ Óv˛¸ Ñ˛yã xyˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚ Ñ˛yú!Óú¡∫ òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛!õ õÌ%Ó˚yÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúy–Û Ñ,˛°å ò®Ü,ˆÏ£ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖú ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚Ì !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ £y!ãÓ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛Ç¢ˆÏ≤Ã!Ó˚ì˛ î)ì˛ xe)´Ó˚– ò®Á ÎˆÏüyõì˛# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyõˆÏì˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÓò òy ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ˆfl˛¨£˛ô%_!úˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛ì˛≈Óƒ ˆÎ !ò¤%˛Ó˚– Ñ,˛°å Á ÓúÓ˚yõ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôv˛¸ú Ó˚ˆÏÌ– ¢%Óú ä%È›˛ˆÏì˛
ä%È›˛ˆÏì˛ ~ú– Óúúñ ÚÑ˛yò%ñ ì%˛£z ˆì˛y ◊#õì˛# Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ÓˆÏú ˆÜ!ú òy⁄Û ~ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚
ãÓyÓ !îú Ñ,˛°åñ Îy ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Óv˛¸y!Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ Óúy v˛z!_´Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü ˆõˆÏú ≠
ÚÓ˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ú¢ñ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!õ !‡˛Ñ˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓy– xy!õ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
!ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓy– ˆîÖy £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z Îõ%òyÓ˚ ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛õyú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ì˛úyÎ˚ñ ˛ô)!í≈õy Ó˚yˆÏe...–Û
òyñ xyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢!ò Ñ,˛°å– ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ Ó˚yˆÏÖ!ò– õÌ%Ó˚yˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ á)í≈yÓˆÏì≈˛
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆö˛Ó˚y £Î˚!ò– ÎyîÓˆÏîÓ˚ ú%ÆˆÏÜÔÓ˚Ó ˆö˛Ó˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ õhfl˛ îy!Î˚c Ñ§˛yˆÏï !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ˆ¢– õÌ%Ó˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yãy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ÿª÷Ó˚ ãÓ˚y¢ı˛ ãyõyì˛yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒˆÏì˛ ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ êýˆÏïyj#Æ
£ˆÏÎ˚ õÌ%Ó˚y xye´õˆÏíÓ˚ ˆì˛yv˛¸ˆÏãyv˛¸ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õÌ%Ó˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y
Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛õ Ñ˛Ìy òÎ˚– õyˆÏG˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ Ó,®y Á ¢%Óú !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ñ˛yò%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ î)ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ñ
ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !òˆÏÓîò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛– Ñ,˛°å ˆ¢ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ˆì˛õò Ñ˛yò ˆîÎ˚!ò– Ó,®yÓˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚
ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÌõ Á ˆü°Ï Óyïy ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yã˛ôî– ~ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&îy!Î˚c ˆ¢ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ
Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y Ó˚yãy £ˆÏÎ˚ xyã ˆÜyˆÏ‡˛ ˆÜyâ˛yÓ˚í õyòyÎ˚ òyñ Ó§y!ü ÓyãyˆÏòy ¢yˆÏã òy–
ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyúÑ˛ !˛ôì˛yõyì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyí Ñ§˛yîˆÏúÁ ˆ¢ ÓˆÏv˛¸y x¢£yÎ˚– xyÓ˚ Ó˚yïy⁄
¢%ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ~ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !ò!m≈ï v˛z_Ó˚ ≠ Ú¢%Óúñ ˆì˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ Ó!ú¢ñ xy!õ õòÈÙÈ˛ôÓòÈ
ÈÜÜˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈ– ~Öò îüõ# î%Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Óy›˛– xy!õ õ)ú Ñ˛õˆÏú õï%˛ôyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈñ xyõyÓ˚
Ó·˛K˛yò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y£z K˛yòÓyˆÏí õîòÓyí !äÈß¨ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚!ò– xy!õ x£!ò≈ü ˆÎyÜïƒyò
Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ xyõyÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£ xyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆò£z– ì˛Ó% ˆì˛yÓ˚y Ó!ú¢ñ ˆ¢£z ¢%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛õyˆÏÑ˛ xy!õ
Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ¶%˛úˆÏÓy òy–Û ~Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò Ó,®yÈÙÈ¢%Óú £ì˛yü £Î˚– Ó,®yÓˆÏò !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛
¢ygs˛òy ˆîÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚yïy ˆÎò ÷ˆÏòÁ ˆüyˆÏò òy– ˆ¢ ~Öò ¶˛Î˚yòÑ˛ v˛zîy¢#ò– ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ
ì˛yÓ˚ xyã xyÓ˚ xy◊& ÓÎ˚ òy– ì˛Ó% ˆ¢ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ô)!í≈õyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ¢yãˆÏì˛
ÓˆÏ¢– â%˛!˛ô â%˛!˛ô â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ Ñ˛y!ú®#Ó˚ ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚– £yˆÏì˛ xyv˛¸yú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy ≤ÃIµúhs˛ î#˛ô– ì˛yÓ˚
!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛õ Ñ˛Ìy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyÓyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z ì˛yÓ˚ xòhs˛ ≤Ãì˛#«˛y–
~ ~Ñ˛ x¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô%ò!ò≈õ≈yí– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò î%£z â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xõy!ã≈ì˛ @˘Ãyõ#í
fl˛i(úcˆÏÑ˛ Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó˚&!â˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ~ ˆÎò ~Ñ˛ !õ!‹T ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– õ)ú
Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ Ñ,˛°å Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚_ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆîÓˆÏcÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ !äÈˆÏ›˛ˆÏö§˛y›˛yÁ ˆò£z– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ˆÎ !Óì˛[˛y £zì˛Ó˚
ü∑y◊Î˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ î%£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ñ˛y›˛yÑ˛y!›˛Ó˚ xÇü Ó˚yÖˆÏúÁ ˆ¢£z
@˘Ãyõƒì˛y ˆäÈ§ˆÏ›˛ Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ó,®yÓòú#úyÎ˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ≤Ãïyòì˛õ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú Ó˚yïyˆÏõy£ò £ˆÏÎ˚
Á‡˛y– ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!òFä%ÈÑ˛y òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD üÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yõòyÓ˚ Ó!£´ ˆãµˆÏú ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏã Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô=!ú ~ÖyˆÏò Ó˚_´õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏòy
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Óyî ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ £yÓ˚ Á ÓyíÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò– ˆÑ˛òòy õ)ú ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò£z Á£z Ö[˛ î%!›˛
Ó˚yïyÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ~õò ~Ñ˛ fl˛iyˆÏò ˆÎy!ãì˛ñ Îy !‡˛Ñ˛ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓy!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚– Óyî ˆÜˆÏäÈ
Ófl˛f£Ó˚í ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ á›˛òyÁ– ¢%ò#ú ì§˛yÓ˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ôõ%?˛ ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ x¶˛Óƒ
xõy!ã≈ì˛ Ñ˛yõ%Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúò!ò– Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îy¢ !äÈˆÏúò xy¢ˆÏú ˛ôˆÏòˆÏÓ˚y üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛@˘Ãyõ#í
¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ÈÙÈúy!úì˛ Ñ˛!Ó– ì˛Öò xy!îÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl˛i(úì˛y ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ñ ˆ◊yì˛yÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T xò%ˆÏõyîò ˆ˛ôì˛–
!Ñ˛ls˛ õïƒÎ%Ü ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏú ≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚&!â˛ £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛ô#Î˚ !ÓîƒyÓ˚
¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈ ~ˆÏ¢ ˆÓ!ü ÷!â˛ÓyÎ˚%@˘Ãhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ¢%ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ â˛!Ó˚e!â˛eˆÏí ì˛yÓ˚£z
x!òÓyÎ≈ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛Ó˚ fl˛iyˆÏò fl˛iyˆÏò ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛òˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
!â˛£´ ˆÓü fl˛ô‹Tñ Îy òÓ!òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü xò%¢,ãˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛_¥ˆÏÑ˛Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ˆîÎ˚–
~ÓyÓ˚ Ñ,˛°åÑ˛ÌyˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ !mì˛#Î˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî Ó¢%Ó˚ ÚÑ,˛°åÛ– 1983
¢yˆÏú ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÎ˚ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ì˛Ñ‰˛õy ~§ˆÏ›˛– ~£z Ó£z
Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ≤ÃˆÏíyîòy Î%!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyúƒÈÙ˜Ñ˛ˆÏüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yõyÎ˚íÈÙÈõ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ¶˛yÜÓì˛
˛ôy‡˛ ~ÓÇ ¶˛!Üò# !òˆÏÓ!îì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ SÚe´ƒyv˛ú ˆ›˛ú¢‰ xÓ !£®%£zãõ‰ÛV
!ò!Ó‹T xïƒÎ˚ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛y!£!ò !òõ≈yˆÏí üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî ˆÑ˛Óú ì§˛yÓ˚ xï#ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i=!úÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚
!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò ˆ¢£z¢ˆÏD xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚– ö˛ˆÏú v˛z˛ôyÖƒyˆÏò
òì%˛ò î%Û~Ñ˛›˛y â˛!Ó˚eÁ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈñ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È õˆÏòy!ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏíÁ–
˜Ó°åÓ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ !ì˛!ò Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Óyî ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!ò ì˛yÁ– ¢Öƒ xyÓ˚ ÓyÍ¢úƒ Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚
˜Ó°åÓÜ#!ì˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ~£z Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ xyÓ£ !òõ≈yˆÏí î%î≈yhs˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ÓˆÏú ˆòÁÎ˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ õï%Ó˚ Ó˚¢y◊Î˚# Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚
ˆúÖÑ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˙ŸªÎ≈¶˛yÓydÑ˛ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úy◊Î˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôã#Óƒ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z fl˛∫ì˛s˛f– ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ¶˛yÜÓì˛˛ô%Ó˚yí£z ~Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò xÓú¡∫ò–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¶˛yÜÓˆÏì˛ ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Ó˚yïy xò%˛ô!fl˛iì˛ñ ì˛y£z ÚÑ,˛°åÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ¢¡ô)íì≈ ˛ Ó˚yïy£#ò– ˆÜy˛ô#ˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy î%Û~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏ›˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö õˆÏò ì˛ì˛ ˆÓ!ü îyÜ Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛ òy– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛
Óy£zü!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî ¢õyÆ– ¢)â˛òyÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy!›˛ ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ≠ ˆ£õˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ ≤ÃyˆÏì˛
õÌ%Ó˚yòÜÓ˚# £‡˛yÍ ˆ¢ˆÏã v˛z‡˛ú– ¢%î,üƒ ÓyîƒõˆÏM˛È ÓyîÑ˛Ó˚y õï%Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yì˛# ¢%Ó˚ ÓyãyˆÏFäÈ–
õÌ%Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ãò !Ó!fl˛øì˛– Ó˚yãy Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~õò ¢%Ó%!k˛ £ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Ê !ì˛!ò ˆÎ ~õò
¢%Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ ˆ¢ ˆì˛y Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ãyòy !äÈú òy– x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÓyî– Ñ˛Ç¢ ì§˛yÓ˚
!òÑ˛›˛ÈÙÈ¢¡ôÑ˛#≈Î˚ ¶˛!Üò# ˆîÓÑ˛#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó,!°åÓÇü#Î˚ Ó¢%ˆîÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ˆ¢£z !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚
x¶˛ƒÌ≈òyÓ˚ ãòƒ xyã ~£z Ó˚yãÑ˛#Î˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò– !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yãy Ñ˛Ç¢ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÌ£z
â˛!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏúò xyîˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛!Üò# Á ¶˛!Üò#˛ô!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢yãy Ó˚Ì ˆäÈy›˛yˆÏúò !òˆÏãÓ˚
Ó˚yã˛ô%Ó˚#Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ£z ÷òˆÏúò xyÑ˛yüÓyí#ñ ÎyÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ì˛y !ò¤%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úú
Ñ˛Ç¢ˆÏÑ˛– !ì˛!ò ˆîÓÑ˛# Á Ó¢%ˆÏîÓˆÏÑ˛ Ó!® Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy !üÑ˛ˆÏú ˆÓ§ˆÏï ˆö˛ˆÏú Ó˚yÖˆÏúò
xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜ,ˆÏ£– ˆîÓÑ˛#ÈÙÈÓ¢%ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú ¢hs˛yò £ú– Ñ˛Ç¢ !òî≈Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– Ñ,˛°å ~ˆÏúò x‹Tõ ÜˆÏ¶≈˛– Ñ˛Ç¢ xÓüƒ â˛y£z!äÈˆÏúò òy ˆîÓÑ˛#ˆÏîÓ˚
Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Î%!_´ !îˆÏúò xõyì˛ƒ xe)´Ó˚– ÓúˆÏúòñ Úì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆì˛y xy˛ôòyÓ˚
üe&ì˛y òÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ üe&ì˛y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x‹Tõ ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– ˆ¢£z !Ó˛ôîãòÑ˛ ¢hs˛yòˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚
£yˆÏì˛ ¢Ç£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á§ˆÏîÓ˚ õ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏú ¢Óy£z ïòƒ ïòƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–Û Ñ˛Ç¢ ˆõˆÏò
!òˆÏúò ~ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈– xe)´Ó˚ Óı%˛ Ó¢%ˆîÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜyˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆÜˆÏúò– ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ãß√– ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô%!Ó˚ ¶˛yÜÓì˛ xò%¢yÓ˚#– ˜îÓ#õyÎ˚yÎ˚
â˛Ó˚yâ˛Ó˚ xyFäÈß¨– ˆãˆÏÜ xyˆÏäÈò ˆÑ˛Óú Ó¢%ˆÏîÓ– !Ó!ïÓ˚ !ÓïyòˆÏÑ˛ ¢ö˛ú Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ£z ˆÎò
!ì˛!ò ¢õhfl˛ î%ˆÏÎ≈yÜ v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏúò ˆÜyÑ%˛ˆÏú ò®yúˆÏÎ˚– ¢hs˛yò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏúò !òÉüˆÏ∑– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãß√ÖˆÏ[˛ Ñ,˛°åãˆÏß√Ó˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ≤Ãî!ü≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆò£z– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ü¶≈˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢Æõ ÜˆÏ¶≈˛ ÓúÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ãß√≤Ã¢D î%!›˛ fl˛iyˆÏò£z xyˆÏäÈ–
Á!îˆÏÑ˛ ò®˛ôb# ÎˆÏüyîyÓ˚ ÜˆÏ¶≈˛ ãß√ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆîÓ# õ£yõyÎ˚y– Ó¢%ˆÏîÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢
÷£zˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏúò ˆîÓÑ˛#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– ˛ôÓ˚!îò Ñ˛Ç¢ ÖÓÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜyˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ¢ÓˆÏú
!äÈ!òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏúò ˆ¢£z Ñ˛òƒyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ xyäÈyv˛¸ ˆõˆÏÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆîÓ# ü)ˆÏòƒ v˛zˆÏ‡˛
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˜îÓÓyí# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúòñ ÚˆÓ˚ î%õ≈!ì˛Ê xyõyˆÏÑ˛ Óï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ö˛úÊ ˆì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ¢
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xòƒe– xÓƒy£!ì˛ ˆò£z ˆì˛yÓ˚–Û Ñ˛Ç¢ xyì˛!B˛ì˛ £ˆÏúò–
◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÖƒyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÚÑ,˛°åÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôã#ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Î!î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì%˛úòydÑ˛
!Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó fl˛∫“yÎ˚ì˛ò !Ó!ü‹T ãß√ÖˆÏ[˛£z
Ñ,˛°åã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôˆÏÓÓ≈ ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô ˆÑ˛Óú v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ õye Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
xyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÕ‘!Óì˛ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚– xy¢ˆÏú Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈúñ Ó˚yïyÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
≤ÃíÎ˚¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Üyë˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏúyÑ˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ì˛y¡∫)úÖ[˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z– !Ñ˛ls˛ üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ~ !îÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛£z xyÜyˆÏÜyv˛¸y Óã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èòó
˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !ü÷ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Î%ÓyˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ÁÎ˚y Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚c Á ü!_´õ_y–
Ñ,˛°å ˆÎ ˙ü#¢_y î%!›˛ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏì˛£z ì˛y xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôòyÓ˚ ë˛à !¶˛ß¨ !¶˛ß¨–
◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆîÓc Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ v˛z!_´ˆÏì˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚fl˛≥%˛›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ
Î!îÁ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã xyâ˛Ó˚í!›˛ Ó˚_´õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ãò ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ,˛°å ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚Á !òˆÏãÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ ˆîÓc ãy!£Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!òñ ì˛yÓ˚ Îy !Ñ˛ä%È xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛Ç¢ÈÙÈˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ì˛ òyòyÓ˚*˛ôïyÓ˚# x¢%Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ îúˆÏò– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˙ŸªÎ≈õÎ˚ Ó˚*˛ô!›˛
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôyîƒ !äÈúñ ì˛y£z òÓõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!hs˛õ my!ÓÇü ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ó xÇˆÏü£z Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ~£z x¢%Ó˚îúò Ó˚*˛ô!›˛ ≤Ãïyò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü
≤ÃÌˆÏõ xyˆÏ¢ ˛ô%ì˛òy hfl˛ˆÏò !Ó°Ï õy!ÖˆÏÎ˚– Ñ,˛°å ì˛yÓ˚ hfl˛ò˛ôyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~ì˛ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y
xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ô%ì˛òyÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ áˆÏ›˛– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy !Óö˛ú £ú– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ì˛ £ú
ÓÍ¢y¢%Ó˚ñ ˆÎ Óyä%ÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆïò%îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xydˆÏÜy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !äÈú ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ õˆÏì˛y
Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏú– ÓúÓ˚yõ ˆÑ˛Ôüú õˆÏì˛y ÓÍ¢y¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ú–
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ~ú ÓÑ˛y¢%Ó˚– ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ !ÜúˆÏì˛ ~ú– Ñ,˛°å ì˛yÓ˚ î%£z ˆ‡§˛y›˛ ≤Ãâ˛[˛
ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ö§˛yÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ò£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyúy ˆõ°ÏîyòÓ ˆõïy¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
xy¢ˆÏì˛£z Ñ,˛°å ì˛yÓ˚ áyˆÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏv˛¸ Ó¢ú– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ xyäÈˆÏv˛¸ ì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛Óú#úy ¢yD Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!îú– õÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ò!Ñ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚_´ïyÓ˚y ä%ÈˆÏ›˛!äÈúñ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛
ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛øyÓ˚Ñ˛ xò%¤˛yò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ˛ôy!úì˛ £Î˚ ˆ£y!ú v˛zÍ¢Ó– ~ÓyÓ˚
˛ô%ì˛òy Á ÓÑ˛y¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛y£z xáy¢%Ó˚ ÓˆÏïÓ˚ ˛ôyúy– xáy¢%Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ¢ˆÏ˛ô≈Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ
õ%ÖÓƒyîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !äÈú Ó˚yÖyú ÓyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y xyˆÏîÔ !Ñ˛ä%È Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÎÖò ì˛yÓ˚ î%!›˛
ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆâ˛yÎ˚yú Ó%ˆÏã xy¢ˆÏì˛ úyÜú ì˛Öò ¢Óy£z ¶˛Î˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏú Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛yÑ˛ˆÏì˛
úyÜú– Ñ,˛°å ì˛Öò o&ì˛ ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ ˆ¢£z õ%Ö Ü£¥ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛≥˛#ì˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛≥˛#ì˛ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xáy¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyí òyü Ñ˛Ó˚ú– Üî≈¶˛Ó˚*˛ô# ˆïò%Ñ˛y¢%Ó˚ñ xŸªÓ˚*˛ô# ˆÑ˛ü#
Á Ó,°ÏÓ˚*˛ô# x!Ó˚‹Ty¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢DÁ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– ~=!ú ¢Ó£z Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
ì˛yÓ˚&íƒ Á ˆÎÔÓòÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ á›˛òy– ÓyˆÏúƒ !ì˛!ò !Óòyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò üÑ˛›˛y¢%Ó˚ Á Îõúyã%≈òˆÏÑ˛–
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢Æîü ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî £zwÎˆÏK˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¢D !ÓÓ,ì˛– ˆÜy˛ôÓ˚y ¢%Ñ,˛!°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó°Ï≈ˆÏíÓ˚
ˆîÓì˛y £zwˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ô)ãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Ñ,˛°å Î%!_´ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£z ˛ô)ãyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛!“ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy õye– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ !õÌƒy– ¢ì˛ƒ £ú ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚
ü!_´– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˛ô)ãy Î!î Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛£z £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚yïòy Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛– ~ˆÏì˛ £zw
e%´k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ Ó,!‹T˛ôyì˛ á›˛yˆÏúò– ì˛Öò ˆÜy˛ôÑ%˛ú Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆõˆÏò ˆÜyÓï≈ò ˛ôÓ≈ˆÏì˛
xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ú– ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È ãúõ@¿ £ˆÏFäÈ ˆîˆÏÖ Ñ,˛°å ì§˛yÓ˚ x¢#õ Ó#Ó˚ˆÏc ˆÜyÓï≈òˆÏÑ˛
~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛yú%Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢yì˛!îò Ñ˛y›˛ú– £zw ì˛Öò ˛ôÓ˚yhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ú%!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏúò– ˆÜy˛ôÓ˚y Ó˚«˛y ˆ˛ôú–
ÚÑ,˛°åÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x‹Tyîü ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ¶˛yÜÓì˛ xò%¢yÓ˚#– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ãß√ÖˆÏ[˛Á ~ ≤Ã¢D xyˆÏäÈ– !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ £úñ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô%Ó˚#ˆÏì˛ òyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõò Á Ñ,˛°å ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
Ñ˛Ç¢ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÓïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò òyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò!›˛ ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛Ñ˛Ó˚– ÓyÇúyÓ˚
ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ £z!ò ˆÑ˛y®úÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚yÎ˚í }!°Ï– ˆë§˛!Ñ˛Óy£ò ~£z õ%!òˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ˆÎò
õãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÓüÓy¢ñ â˛yúâ˛úˆÏòÁ úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈– òyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ â˛%úîy!v˛¸
˛ôyÑ˛yñ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏ›˛ õÑ≈˛›˛ì%˛úƒ– ÓƒyˆÏàÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ì˛ô‰Ì!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú– ì§˛yÓ˚ õ%Öõ[˛ú !ÓÑ,˛ì˛–
xD¶˛!D £y!¢Ó˚ v˛zˆÏoÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyÓ˚î ~õò òò– }!°Ïì%˛úƒ ÜyΩ˛#Î≈ xyˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚–
ˆë§˛!Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛ˆÏv˛¸ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏúÁ !îòÓ˚yì˛ £!Ó˚ =íÜyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ Ó#íy Óyãyò– £z!ò ˆÑ˛y®ˆÏúÓ˚
fl˛À‹Ty ÓˆÏ›˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ãÎ˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y– ˆ¢£z v˛zˆÏjˆÏü£z !ì˛!ò ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyúˆÏÎ˚– Ó¢%ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ x‹Tõ ¢hs˛yò£z ˆÎ Ñ,˛°å òyÓ˚î Ñ˛Ç¢ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ô‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛Ìy
ãyòyˆÏúò– ~ˆÏì˛ !«˛Æ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ç¢ ˆîÓÑ˛# Á Ó¢%ˆÏîÓˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏú ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏú
!òÓ˚hfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆúÏ ò– òyÓ˚î ˆì˛y â˛yò õÌ%Óy˚ Î˚˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛– ì˛y£z ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ë˛ˆÏà ÓúˆÏúòñ
Úx¢%Ó˚ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òyñ ì˛y ˆì˛y ˆîˆÏÖäÈ– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢
Ñ˛yˆÏÎ≈yk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z Ó!ú Ñ˛#ñ Îì˛!îòÈÙÈòy Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ~ˆÏò ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚äÈñ ì˛ì˛!îò Ó¢%ˆÏîÓ Á ˆîÓÑ˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏï Ó˚yˆÏÖyñ ÎyˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
£y!ãÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–Û ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò ˆÑ˛Óú Ñ˛Ç¢ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty xyˆÏäÈñ !Ñ˛ls˛
òyÓ˚î Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ ~õò ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ îyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy–
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ |ò!ÓÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ my!eÇü ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ˆò£z– ~ÖyˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ xõyì˛ƒˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¶˛#ì˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ õs˛fíyñ òyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ xò%ÎyÎ˚#
Ñ,˛°å Á ÓúÓ˚yõˆÏÑ˛ ïò%ÎK˛ v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ õÕ‘e´#v˛¸yÎ˚ xy£¥yòñ ì˛îò%ÎyÎ˚# Ñ˛Ç¢ Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ xe)´Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚Ì¢£ Ó,®yÓˆÏò ˆ≤ÃÓ˚í– xe)´Ó˚ òˆÏ®Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏúò Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ãß√Ó˚£¢ƒñ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ
Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ò®Ü,ˆÏ£ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyú ¢ˆÏîƒyãyì˛ Ñ,˛°å– ˆÑ˛Óú ò® òÎ˚ñ xe)´Ó˚ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛Á
ãyòyˆÏúò ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚– ¢Ó ÷ˆÏò Ñ,˛°å Óƒ!Ìì˛ £ˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò õòfl˛i Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò î%Ó˚yâ˛yÓ˚#
Ñ˛Ç¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ£˚ z !òïò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ò !ì˛!ò– xe)´ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ,˛°å Á ÓúÓ˚yõ õÌ%Óy˚ ˛ô%Ó#˚ ˆÏì˛
≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– î%ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ îõò !üˆÏ‹TÓ˚ ˛ôyúò ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ò#!ì˛– ì˛îò%ÎyÎ˚# Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ îy!Ω˛Ñ˛ Á
Ñ%˛Óâ˛ˆÏò x¶˛ƒhfl˛ Ó˚ãÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò Ñ,˛°å– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛ô%‹ô¢ˆÏe !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏúò ¢%îyõyÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y Óı%˛ˆÏÑ˛– ïò%¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚c– xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ î%£z
¶˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD üeýÎ˚%ˆÏïÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ á›˛úñ ˆÎ ì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì,˛£ì˛ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï !òˆÏì˛ Ók˛˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚–
Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy äÈˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖy !äÈú– õîõ_ Ñ%˛ÓúÎ˚y˛ô#v˛¸ òyõÑ˛
£hfl˛# myÓ˚y ˛ôî!˛ô‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y– !Ñ˛ls˛ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓ á›˛ú ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
â˛yì%˛Î≈ñ ü!_´õ_yñ !«˛≤ÃÜ!ì˛ ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ñ%˛ÓúÎ˚y˛ô#v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yhfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛Ç¢ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚í
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò â˛yò%Ó˚ Á õ%!‹TÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛– â˛yò%Ó˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ò£ì˛ £ú– x!hs˛ˆÏõ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚# Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚
Á˛ôÓ˚ G§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏúò Ñ,˛°å– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛Óú#úy ¢yD £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú– ü,CúyÓk˛ ˆîÓÑ˛# Á
Ó¢%ˆîÏ ÓˆÏÑ˛ Ñ,˛°å õ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï òñ õ%!_´ ˆ˛ôˆÏúò ~ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!® v˛z@˘Ãˆ¢Ï òÁ– õyì˛yõ£ v˛z@˘Ãˆ¢Ï òˆÏÑ˛
!¢Ç£y¢ˆÏò Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ£z îy!Î˚cõ%_´ £ˆÏúò Ñ,˛°å–
~ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ õ)úì˛ Ó#Ó˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏÑ˛£z v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ
ˆÎ Ó˚yïy !Ñ˛ÇÓy ¢Ö#ˆÏîÓ˚ x!hfl˛c !äÈúñ ì˛y ~Ñ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ õˆÏòÁ £Î˚ òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~õò›˛y
£ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛#⁄ üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî ¶˛yÜÓì˛ˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆì˛y ˆÜy!˛ôò#Ó˚y
!äÈúñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÎ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ £*îÎ˚ÈÙÈ¢¡∫ı˛ !ò!õ≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆì˛õò xyÖƒyˆÏòÓ˚Á x¶˛yÓ
ˆò£z– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô%!Ó˚ ì˛y Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôy‡˛ƒ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÓˆÏú£z !Ñ˛⁄
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ¢Çfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢£z¢Ó á›˛òyÓ!ú Îy ì§˛yÓ˚
Ó#Ó˚ˆcÏ Ó˚ñ ¢y£!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛– xÌ≈yÍ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò £y!ãÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%¢Ó˚í#Î˚
xyîü≈ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓñ !Î!ò xòƒyÎ˚ Á xïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî#ñ !Î!ò x!õì˛ ü!_´ˆÏì˛ !Óò‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
x÷¶˛ Á xõDúˆÏÑ˛– òÓ˚õ õˆÏòÓ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~Ñ˛ xyîü≈ ÓˆÏ›˛– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˆîÖy ˆÜúñ
~Ñ˛£z Ñ,˛°åÑ˛y!£!ò Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî ˆÑ˛õò Ó˚*˛ô !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÓ˚yïyÑ,˛°åÛ ÎÖò !úÖˆÏäÈòñ ì˛ì˛!îˆÏò ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓyÇúyÎ˚ òÑ˛üyú xyˆÏ®yúò ˆü°Ï– v˛z_yú
¢_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚˛ôÓ≈ v˛z!ãˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Á£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò Óyày!ú ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
Óyì≈˛y !îˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆÎñ ˆ˛ô!üü!_´ òÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ü!_´Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢yÌÑ≈˛ì˛y⁄ ¢%ò#ú !â˛Ó˚yâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü“!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛õò ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òÈÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏe ˆÓü ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚– ˆîÓcñ
xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛cñ @˘Ãyõƒì˛yñ fl˛i(úc £zì˛ƒy!î Óã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó˚yïyÈÙÈÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ £*îÎ˚yÑ˛°Ï≈ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÖƒyò!›˛
ˆÎ Ó˚*˛ô !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÚÓ˚yïyÑ,˛°åÛÈÙÈ~ ˆ¢›˛y£z ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢%ò#ú– ~Ñ˛ãò xyï%!òÑ˛ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛
˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢yfl˛∫yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛!D!›˛ ~ÖyˆÏò fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ãòƒ ÚÑ,˛°åÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÚÓ˚yïyÑ,˛°åÛ
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚fl˛Ò ˆÓyk˛y ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ›˛yˆÏò–
xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏú ÓyÇúy ˛ô%Ó˚yíˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó!ü‹T òyõ î#˛ôÑ˛ â˛w–
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î«˛ Ñ˛úõ !òˆÏÎ˚ î#˛ôÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ¢õˆÏ«˛ £y!ãÓ˚ £ò !Óü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚yˆÏï≈–
Ó˚yõyÎ˚íñ õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ñ ¶˛yÜÓì˛ñ !Ó!Óï ˛ô%Ó˚yí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyÖƒyò ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !eü!›˛Ó˚
õˆÏì˛y ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò !ì˛!òñ ÎyÓ˚ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛–
Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ,˛°å ÷ï% ¶˛yÜÓˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôã#Óƒ òòñ õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚Á !Ó!ü‹T â˛!Ó˚e– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
xyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛Óƒ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢D!ì˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~õò î%!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ~ÖyˆÏò v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öƒ– ~Ó˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ £ú 1993ÈÙÈ~ ˛≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ÚõòÈÙÈÓ,®yÓòÛ Á xòƒ!›˛ 1995ÈÙÈ~ õ%!oì˛ ÚÎ!î Ó˚yïy òy
£ì˛Û– ~£z î%!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢£z áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ Ñ,˛°åÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ ˛ô%ò!ò≈õ≈yí– ~ î%£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛
ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ó¢ˆÏú ≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò ˆãˆÏÜ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ
ÚõòÈÙÈÓ,®yÓòÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ Î!î ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò Ñ,˛°åñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ õ)úì˛
Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ î%£zãòˆÏÑ˛£z Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ≤ÃÔë˛¸ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢#õyòyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ î%£zãò
ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú xy¢y ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ â%˛úˆÏâ˛Ó˚y !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Á õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò– ¶˛yÜÓˆÏì˛
Ó˚yïy ˆò£z Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È ˆÜy!˛ôò#Ó˚yñ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õï%Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãõú#úy ¢¡ôß¨ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– Ñ˛ì≈˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚
xò%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï Ó,®yÓò ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!îò â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ õÌ%Ó˚yñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí myÓ˚Ñ˛yÎ˚– ÚõòÈÙÈÓ,®yÓòÛÈ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ,˛°å myÓ˚Ñ˛yÓy¢# Ñ,˛°å–
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y ˛ôÌ ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !Î!ò xyd!ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏˆÏí ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛
Ó˚yì˛ !Ó!òo ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚– á%ˆÏõyˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú xq%ì˛ xq%ì˛ fl˛∫≤¿ ì§˛yÓ˚ á%õ â%˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛ ä%È§ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y òyòyò â˛!Ó˚e á%ˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~ˆÏ¢ £y!ãÓ˚ £Î˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ î%ÛˆÏâ˛yˆÏÖ
£yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ñ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ â˛y£!òˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ !ì˛Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ñ xò%ˆÏÎyÜñ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ– Ñ%˛Ó˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
Ó˚íyDˆÏí ≤Ãyí£#ò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xyˆÏäÈ Üyı˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ |òüì˛ ˛ô%e– ˆfl˛∫FäÈyÈÙÈxı˛c ÓÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y Üyı˛yÓ˚#
~ˆÏúò Ó˚_ý_´ Î%k˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ üˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚#ˆÏì˛– Ö%ˆÏú ˆö˛úˆÏúò ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ Ó§yïòñ !òã ¢hs˛yòˆÏîÓ˚
õ,ì˛ õ%Ö ˆîÖˆÏÓò ÓˆÏú– ˆîÖˆÏúò– xhs˛Ó˚ £y£yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z‡˛ú ì§˛yÓ˚– ˆÜˆÏúò Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– xyˆÏÜ£z Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈˆÏúòñ Ñ,˛°å£z ~ òyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&– Ó˚*ë˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ !ì˛Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò !ì˛!ò
Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢£z ¶˛Í≈¢òy xyãÁ Îî%˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏò ÓyˆÏã É ÚÑ,˛°åñ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢hs˛yò£#òì˛yÓ˚
Îs˛fíyñ ˆüyÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛y Óv˛¸ Ñ˛‹T– ~£z ˆüyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢ygs˛òy ˆò£z– ì%˛!õ Óv˛¸
!ò¤%˛Ó˚– ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏí ~Ñ˛›%˛ îÎ˚y õyÎ˚y õõì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú xyõyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢hs˛yòˆÏÑ˛ xhs˛ì˛ Ó§yâ˛yˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛– ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚y üy!hfl˛ Îì˛Ñ˛yú õˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ì˛ì˛Ñ˛yú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò «˛õy ˆò£z–Û ~Ó˚
v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# ÓúˆÏÓò Ñ,˛°å⁄ Ñ˛# ÓúyÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚⁄ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õˆÏò ¶˛yÓyhs˛Ó˚ £Î˚– â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢ò
Óì≈˛õyˆÏò– myÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Óì≈˛õyò ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ Óƒ!Ìì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ÖyˆÏò Ó˚yãÑ˛yÎ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ˆ¢£z ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˆò£z– myÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ õyò%°Ï ˆÎò xydˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ñ fl˛∫yÌ≈˛ôÓ˚– !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
¢îyÓƒhfl˛– Ñ,˛°å ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ˛ôyò òy ~£z xydõ@¿ì˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛üy˛ô ˆÑ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ú ÎyîÓˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ– ì˛y£z ~ÖyˆÏò ˆò£z ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ õòñ xyîˆÏü≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !ò¤˛yñ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ £zˆÏâäÈñ ˆòì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ xyfl˛iy Á xyò%Üì˛ƒñ ì˛ƒyÜ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏòyÓú– myÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ~£z ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ xïÉ˛ôì˛ò
ˆîÖˆÏì˛ Ñ˛‹T £Î˚ ì˛§yÓ˚– õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ õˆÏò £Î˚ñ ~ ¢Ó£z Üyı˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ x!¶˛üyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ö˛ú– xyÓyÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚«˛ˆÏí£z õˆÏò £Î˚ñ òyñ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïyÓ˚y›˛y£z ~£z ÈÙÙÙÈ òî#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ Ñ)˛ú ¶˛yˆÏàñ xòƒ Ñ)˛ú
ÜˆÏv˛¸–
õïƒÓ˚!eÓ˚ ˜òÉü∑ƒ xyã Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– !ÓÓ˚£Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy!Ö Á£z Ü¶˛#Ó˚
Ó˚y!eˆÏì˛ Ó§y!üÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !õˆÏ‡˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ !ü¢ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢!Dò#ˆÏÑ˛ v˛yÑ˛!äÈú– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z Ó§y!üÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚
ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !î!FäÈú Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õˆÏò ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy !îˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ñ Ó,®yÓˆÏò Îy!˛ôì˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!«˛Æ
á›˛òyÈÙÈÑ˛íy– xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !ì˛!ò ˆÎò ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏúò Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¶%˛ÓÈòÈÙÈxyˆÏúyÈÙÈÑ˛Ó˚y Ó˚*˛ô–
~Ñ˛›˛y !ü£Ó˚í ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚– !ì˛!ò xfl˛≥%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÓˆÏú v˛z‡˛ˆÏúòñ ÚÓ˚yïyÊ
xyõyÓ˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yïyÊ xyõyÓ˚ ã#Óòñ xyõyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõñ xyõyÓ˚ £z£Ñ˛yú– ì%˛!õ äÈyv˛¸y Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
!Ñ˛ xyˆÏäÈ xyÓ˚⁄ ˆì˛yõy äÈyv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚ xy!äÈ ÓˆÏú£z xyõyÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ~ì˛ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚...– ÁˆÏÜy
¢!Öñ £*îˆÏÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ î#˛ôÖy!ò ãµyú–Û ~ !õò!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yïy ˆÎò ÓˆÏúò ≠ Ú~£z xì,˛!ÆÓ˚Á
~Ñ˛›˛y õ)úƒ xyˆÏäÈ– ü)òƒì˛yÓ˚ Îs˛fíy xyˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú£z ˛ô)í≈ì˛yÓ˚ xyò® ˆ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôy£z–Û ~Ñ˛Ìy ˆõˆÏò
!òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò òy Ñ,˛°å– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z õˆÏò £Î˚ myÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ã#Óòñ xyÓ˚ ì˛§yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ã#ÓÏò
õhfl˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y î%£z ¶˛yÜ– myÓ˚Ñ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ã#Óò ˆò£zñ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xòhs˛ ¢%Ö xyÓ˚ !Óúy!¢ì˛yó xyÓ˚
Ó,®yÓˆÏò ˆ≤Ãõ Á xyò®– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ñ ˆü°Ï £Î˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏò ˆ£y!úÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓ–
ˆõy›˛ îü!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî ~Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ˆÏì˛£z Ñ,˛°å «˛ˆÏí «˛ˆÏí Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Óì≈˛õyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
xì˛#ˆÏì˛ñ xì˛#ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óì≈˛õyˆÏò–
~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ñ,˛°åÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôòyÎ˚ î#˛ôÑ˛ â˛w ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛!›˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!¶˛òÓc ¢M˛ÈyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ˛y!£!òÙÈÑ˛Ìò!›˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ Î%!_´!¢k˛ Á xyï%!òÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ î,‹Tyhs˛ !î!FäÈ– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Óyúƒú#úyÎ˚ ˛ô%ì˛òy Ó˚y«˛¢# Óï ~Ñ˛!›˛
!Ó!ü‹T á›˛òy– Ñ˛Ç¢ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚£z ˛ô%ì˛òyˆÏÑ˛ ò®Ü,ˆÏ£ ˛ôy‡˛yò !ü÷ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îy¢ õye ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ£z ˆ¢ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚!›˛ ≠ Úì˛ò˛ôyò
äÈˆÏú Ñ˛y£´ ì˛yÑ˛ ¢Ç£y!Ó˚ú–Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£z ˆ¢ ≤Ã¢D !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ô%ì˛òy ò®Ü,ˆÏ£
≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢hs˛yò£yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ ˆüyÑ˛yÑ%˛úy ãòò#Ó˚ äÈpˆÏÓü ïˆÏÓ˚– ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈Óƒhfl˛ì˛yÓ˚
¢%ˆÏÎyÜ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈õyeyÎ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜyÎ˚ ˆ¢– ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí Ñ˛y!úñ ˆÑ§˛ˆÏî ˆÑ§˛ˆÏî ö%˛!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆö˛úy ˆâ˛yÖñ xyú%Ìyú% â%˛úñ !ë˛ˆÏúë˛yúy ˆÓüÓy¢ ˆîˆÏÖ ÎˆÏüyîyÓ˚Á õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚&íy £Î˚– ÎˆÏüyîyÓ˚
¢ˆÏD £z!òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ü“ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˛ö§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ÎˆÏüyîyˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú ÓˆÏ¢ñ
Ú¢yì˛Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ïò õy!òÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Ó%Ñ˛ ˆÎ xyõyÓ˚ ›˛ò‰›˛ò‰ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ !î!î– Î!î xò%õ!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ñ ÓyäÈyˆÏÑ˛
~Ñ˛›%˛ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î%£z ÖyÁÎ˚y£z–Û ˛ô%ì˛òy xyˆÏÜ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛£z ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ hfl˛ˆÏò ≤ÃÖÓ˚
!Ó°Ï õy!ÖˆÏÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ Îì˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ õ%Ö ì˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜúñ ì˛ì˛ÓyÓ˚£z
Ñ,˛°å õ%Ö á%!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ hfl˛òÓ,ˆhÏ s˛ !ü÷Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚yúy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ úyÜú– Úì˛Ó% ˛˛ô%ì˛òy !Ó°ÏÈÙÈõyÖyˆÏòy
hfl˛ò!›˛ ˆãyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÖyÁÎ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˆÖúyÎ˚ Óyïy ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !ü÷ ˆÜú ˆ«˛ˆÏ˛ô– Ó˚yˆÏÜ
˛ô%ì˛òyÓ˚ G%˛§ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôv˛¸y õ%Ö ÖyõˆÏâ˛ ïÓ˚ú– ˆÜy˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó°ÏõyÖy £yì˛ ˛ô%ì˛òyÓ˚ õ%Ö!ÓÓˆÏÓ˚ xyâ˛õÑ˛y
ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜú– !Ó°Ï!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ì˛#Ó Îs˛fíyÎ˚ xyì≈˛òyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆÜú ˛ô%ì˛òyÊÛ ˆÓyG˛y£z
ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ Óí≈òy ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛È Ñ˛y!£!òÈÙÈxò%¢yÓ˚# òÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü Óyhfl˛Ó¢¡øì˛–
Ñ,˛°å ˆÜy˛ôÓyúÑ˛– !ì˛!ò ˆÎ ˆÜyâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˆÎˆÏì˛ò ¶˛yÜÓˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yõyòƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ–
˛ôîyÓ!úˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛ú#úyÓ˚ ˛ôî ÎˆÏÌ‹T ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí !õˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ xòƒyòƒ ˆÜy˛ôÓyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
õˆÏì˛y ˆÜy˛ôyúÑ˛ Ñ,˛°å ˆÜyâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ú=v˛¸ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò òy– ì§˛yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆõy£ò Ó§y!ü!›˛
ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ˆÓí% Óy!ãˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛°å ˆÜyÓ˚&ˆÏîÓ˚ xy£¥yò Á ¢M˛Èyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– ˛ô§yâ˛!òÓ˚
ÓîˆÏú Ó§y!ü @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í!›˛ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ô%ò!ò≈õ≈yˆÏíÓ˚
x!¶˛òÓc›%˛Ñ%˛ ˆÓü ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ˆÜyˆÏ¤˛ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏò Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ˆÜy˛ôÑ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚
≤ÃÌy xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˛ô§yâ˛!ò ì%˛ˆÏú !îˆÏúò ˆÓ˚y!£í#– Ñ,˛°å «%˛∏˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢!›˛ ä%È§ˆÏv˛¸ ˆö˛ˆÏú !îˆÏúò– ~
!òˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ÎˆÏüyîy Á ÓúÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ì˛Ó˚fl˛,Òì˛ £ˆÏúò– x!¶˛õyò# Ñ,˛°å ì˛Öò òˆÏ®Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ÓúˆÏúòñ Úõy Óv˛¸ xÓ%G˛– ¶%˛ú Ó%ˆÏG˛ !òˆÏã Ñ˛‹T ˛ôyÎ˚ñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚Á Ñ˛‹T
ˆîÎ˚– xyFäÈy ÓyÓyñ ì%˛!õ Óúñ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ïÓú#ñ Ñ˛yú#ñ Ó˚*˛ô¢#ñ úyú#Ó˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
ˆäÈy›˛ˆÏÓúyÓ˚ õyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î%ï ˆÖì˛yõñ Óv˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ î%ï Öy!FäÈ– ÁÓ˚yÁ ˆÎ xyõyÓ˚ õy £ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ˛ô§yâ˛!ò ì%˛ˆÏú ˆÑ˛ò ≤ÃyˆÏí ÁˆÏîÓ˚ õyÓ˚Ó⁄ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y õyˆÏò !òˆÏãÓ˚ õyˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y– xy!õ ˛ô§yâ˛!ò £yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌy Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚Ó òy– ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ xyîü≈ Óv˛¸–
˛ô§yâ˛!ò ˆö˛ˆÏú xy!õ Ó§y!ü ˆòÓ– xyõyÓ˚ Ó§y!ü ÁˆÏîÓ˚ îúä%È›˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÓ òyñ !‡˛Ñ˛ áˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓ–Û
~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜy˛ôÓ˚õí#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÑ˛ì≈˛y !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆîÖyˆÏòy
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì˛≈ˆÏò Ñ,˛°å !òˆÏã£z î%Ó≈_ñ !Î!ò Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ö˛úyˆÏì˛ â˛yòñ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô#v˛¸ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÜy˛ôÎ%Óì˛#ˆÏîÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ Úõò Ó,®yÓòÛÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ,˛°å ì˛yÓ˚
¢¡ô)í≈ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛– !ì˛!ò£z ÓÓ˚Ç î%Ó,≈_ˆÏîÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yïyñ !ÓüyÖyñ ú!úì˛yñ â˛wyÓú# ~õò!Ñ˛
õy¢# Ñ%˛!›˛úyˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~ˆÏì˛ ¢Óy£z õ%?˛ !Ófl˛øˆÏÎ˚ Á Ñ,˛ì˛K˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ~£z xyÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ›˛y£z !Ófl˛øˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD fl˛∫!hfl˛Ó˚Á–
!Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ%˛!›˛úyÓ˚ Ó§yÑ˛y õò– ˆ¢ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚ˆÏc xyˆÏîÔ !ÓÜ!úì˛ òÎ˚ó ÓÓ˚Ç ì˛#Ó ¶˛Í≈¢òy ÓyÑ˛ƒ
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ õ%Ö !îˆÏÎ˚ ≠ Ú!äÈÉ !äÈÉÊ úyãúIy !Ñ˛ä%È ˆò£z ˆÜy– ~Ñ˛ ˆòÔˆÏÑ˛y ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
õyˆÏG˛ !ï!D ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~õò ˆÓˆÏúÕ‘y˛ôòy ˆîˆÏÖ Üy ãµˆÏú ÎyÎ˚– ~Ñ˛›%˛ ¢Ó˚õ ˆò£z ÜyÊ !îò
!îò Ñ˛# ˆÎ £ˆÏFäÈ⁄ ˆÑ˛ˆÏú ˆäÈ§yv˛¸y›˛y x‹T≤Ã£Ó˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò á%Ó˚ á%Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ–Û
~Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ ≤Ãì%˛ƒ_ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ,˛°å ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúòñ ˆ¢ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢õyãˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ õõ≈Ñ˛Ìy–
xyˆÏÜÓ˚ Î%ˆÏÜ ¢õyã !äÈú ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏÈÙÈüy!¢ì˛ñ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y !äÈú ˆÑ˛Óú îy¢#– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ã#í≈ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜyˆÏÓ˚
ÓˆÏ¢ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛Óú !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ î%¶˛≈yÜƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óúy˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Öò !îò ÓîˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ !îˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú â˛y£z òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢–
Ñ%˛!›˛úyˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏ¡y∫ ïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ,˛°å ~ÖyˆÏò ˆÎÈÙÈÑ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúò ì˛y ˆÎò ~Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyãì˛s˛f# ¢yõƒÓyî#
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆòì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïí– ~ÖyˆÏò ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛Ç¢ xyÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚# ≤Ãüy¢Ñ˛
~Ñ˛ xy¢ˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢ î§yv˛¸yò– òyÓ˚#Óyî# !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆÎò î)Ó˚îü#≈ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ÜúyÎ˚ ≠ Úõy!¢
ˆÜyñ ˆÜy›˛y ˆîü›˛y xyã Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÜyÓ˚– ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚yÜyÓ˚ ¶˛yày ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈ òÎ˚–
ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚yÁ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò ~Ñ˛y x¢%Ó˚ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛– òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òú ÎÖò x¢%Ó˚ !òïò £ú
ì˛Öò– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ x¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈv˛¸yäÈ!v˛¸– òyÓ˚#ü!_´Ó˚ ˆÓyïò òy £ˆÏú õÌ%Ó˚yÎ˚ x¢%Ó˚ îõò
£ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄.... õy!¢ ˆÜyñ ˆîü›˛y ÷ï% ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ òyÓ˚#Ó˚Á– ~ Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛£z
â˛[˛#Ó˚ Ü“ Óyòyú ˛ô%Ó˚yíÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y– ò£zˆÏú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ¶˛yàˆÏÓ òyñ !ÓŸªy¢ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ
òy– ¢Ç¢yÓ˚›˛y ¢%®Ó˚ £Î˚ fl˛∫yõ# fl˛f#Ó˚ Î%Üú ◊ˆÏõ Á ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ– ˆì˛õ!ò ˆîü›˛yÁ fl˛∫Ü≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚
òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó&˚ ˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ !õ!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõy≈ ˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ–Û xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢õyã¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ Ñ,˛°åâ˛!Ó˚êÏ Ó˚
~£z òÓ!òõ≈yí ¢ì˛ƒ ¢ì˛ƒ£z ˛ô%Ó˚yíÈÙÈÑ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ xò%¢,ãò ÓˆÏú Üíƒ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
î#˛ôÑ˛ â˛w xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!¶˛òÓ Ñ˛Ìy ÷!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– ~ÖyˆÏò Î!îÁ
¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ Á !Óhfl˛+ ì˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ,˛°åÑ˛ì,˛≈ Ñ˛ Ñ˛yú#Î˚îõˆÏòÓ˚ á›˛òy Ó!í≈ì˛ £Î˚!òñ !Ñ˛ls˛ !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ñ Ñ˛yúyhs˛Ñ˛
Ñ˛yú#Î˚òyÜˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ î,!‹TˆÑÏ ˛yˆÏí v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ x!¶˛òÓc ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆäÏ È–
¶˛yÜÓì˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò ¢Ó≈e£z Ñ˛yú#Î˚òyÜˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢y˛ô !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆîÖyˆÏòy
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäñ ˆÎ Óy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yú#îˆÏ£Ó˚ ãˆÏú– îˆÏ£Ó˚ ãú ~ì˛£z !Ó°Ïy_´ ˆÎ õyò%°Ïñ ÜÓ˚&ñ ˛ô÷ñ
˛ôy!Ö ˆÎ ì˛y ˛ôyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ õ,ì%˛ƒõ%ˆÏÖ ˛ô!ì˛ì˛ £Î˚– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎñ Ñ,˛°å
¢Ö#¢£ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ãúˆÏÑ˛!ú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ ò ÓˆÏú Ñ˛yú#îˆÏ£Ó˚ ãú !Ó°Ïõ_ % ´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yú#Î˚ˆÑÏ ˛
îõò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– î#˛ôÑ˛ â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓÎ˚yò !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y ÓúˆÏäÈ òy– Ñ˛yú#Î˚ òy!Ñ˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ °Ïv˛¸ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xD– ˛ô%ì˛òyñ ì,˛íyÓì≈˛ñ Îõúyã%ò≈ ñ xáy¢%Óñ˚ ÓÑ˛y¢%Óñ˚ ˆïò%Ñ˛y¢%Ó˚
≤Ãõ%ÖˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚Á ÎÖò Ñ˛Ç¢ ¢ö˛ú £ˆÏúò òyñ ì˛Öò !ì˛!ò xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏúò Ñ˛yú#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚–
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ î#˛ôÑ˛ !úÖˆÏäÈò É Ú!òˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒˆÏÎ˚ î,ë˛¸ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ =Æ£ì˛ƒyÓ˚ ˛ôÌ
˛ô!Ó˚£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú Ñ˛Ç¢– ˆÜy˛ôò £ì˛ƒyÓ˚ äÈÑ˛›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ Óîúyú– !ÓŸªhfl˛ Ó˚¢yÎ˚òÈÙÈ!ÓK˛yò#
Ñ˛yú#Î˚òyÜˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ Ó˚*˛ôõÎ˚# Ó˚õí# v˛z˛ôˆÏë˛ÔÑ˛ò !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ xq$ì˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏüyï ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ â˛eýhs˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú– ˆÜyÑ%˛úñ Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô÷˛ôyÖ# !òÓ˚#£ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ xyáyì˛ ˆ£ˆÏò Ñ,˛°å ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ !ÓŸªy¢=ˆÏúy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà Öyò‰ Öyò‰ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚ú– Ñ,˛°å Ñ˛yú#Î˚òyˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó°Ïy_´ Üƒy¢ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛úú–
ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˛ôîyòì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ «˛õy !¶˛«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ú–Û õˆÏò £Î˚ñ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~ ãyì˛#Î˚
Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ x!¶˛áyì˛ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ≤ÃÓú ü!_´õyò !£›˛úyÓ˚
!Ó°Ïy_´ Üƒy¢ˆÏâ˛¡∫yÓ˚ Óy!òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ üe&˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˜¢òƒˆÏÑ˛ñ !òÓ˚˛ôÓ˚yï £z˝!îˆÏîÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ñ ò,üÇ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ
£ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~äÈyv˛¸y ~ÖyˆÏò ¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú£#Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÛÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚# Ó˚yãy
Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôy!°Ïì˛ ≤ÃÎ%!_´!Óî‰ !ÓK˛yò#Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ÌyÑ˛yÁ x¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚–

~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yïyÈÙÈÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xò%°ÏD!›˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xïƒyˆÏÎ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ¶˛yˆÏÓ
xyòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢Ó£z ˆ≤ÃÔë˛¸ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ˆÓ˚yõs˛iˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛ Ñ,˛°å ~ÖyˆÏò
ˆÜy!˛ôò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ òÁú !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˆîˆÏÖ ¢Óy£z !ÓˆÏ¶˛yÓ˚– Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ òy
ˆ˛ôˆÏú Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õò ÓˆÏv˛¸y v˛zì˛úy £Î˚– ~ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ö#ˆÏîÓ˚ £y¢y£y!¢ñ ˆâ˛yÖ ˆ›˛˛ôy!›˛!˛ô– Ó˚yïy
ãyˆÏòò òy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛# ~õò xyˆÏäÈ Îy ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÜú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ÓÇü#ïπ!ò
!ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyõˆÏì˛ ~v˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò òy– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ›˛yò ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛–
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ~£z ì%˛úƒyò%Ó˚yÜ xyˆÏÓÜÈÙÈfl˛ô!®ì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚– ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò
ÓyÇúy Á ÓãÓ%!úˆÏì˛ ˆúÖy ˛ôîÁ xyÓ£ !òõ≈yˆÏí ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛Ìyñ
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆúÖy ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ â˛Ó˚íÁ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z xò%°ÏˆÏD– õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó˚Ó#w¢D#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚Ó#w¢,!‹TÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˛òc£z
≤Ãõyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– î%Û~Ñ˛!›˛ î,‹Tyhs˛ ≠
1. ¢Ö# ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Î˚–
ˆ¢ !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú£z Îyì˛òyõÎ˚⁄
2. xyò®ïyÓ˚y Ó!£ˆÏäÈ ¶%˛ÓˆÏò
!îòÓ˚ãò# Ñ˛ì˛ xõ,ì˛Ó˚¢ v˛zÌ!ú ÎyÎ˚ xòhs˛ ÜÜˆÏò–
3. ≤Ã!ì˛!îò Î!î Ñ§˛y!î!Ó ˆÑ˛Óú
~Ñ˛!îò òÎ˚ £y!¢!Ó ˆì˛yÓ˚y–
~Ñ˛!îò òÎ˚ !Ó°Ïyî ¶%˛!úÎ˚y
¢Ñ˛ˆÏú !õ!úÎ˚y Üy£zÓ ˆõyÓ˚y–
4. ¶˛yˆÏúyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ Î!î ¢%Ö òy!£
ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ò !õˆÏäÈ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y–
~£z¢Ó ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜy!˛ôò#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈ õï%Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y õï%Ó˚ì˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– Óã¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ã#ÓòòyˆÏ›˛ƒÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú myÓ˚Ñ˛yˆÏì˛
˛á›˛ú ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢õy!Æ– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ã#Óò Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ%˛!›˛ú xyÓˆÏì≈˛ ˛ô!B˛ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
ÎyîÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¶˛yÜfl˛ô,£yñ xhs˛m≈®µñ xydˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ì˛y Îî%ÓÇüˆÏÑ˛ ÖyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛òyˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
!ì˛!ò ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ !ü£!Ó˚ì˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ Ñ,˛ì˛Ñ˛õ≈ xyd@’y!ò ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛
~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ– !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !îò ì§˛yÓ˚ !òoy£#ò Ó˚y!eÎy˛ôò üÓ˚#Ó˚ÈÙÈõòˆÏÑ˛ v˛z_Æ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ–
õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !Ó°Ïyî!Öß¨ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ ˆõˆÏú ˆÑ˛Óú Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚D!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆÜy!˛ôò#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
¶˛yÓˆÏú– ~£z›%˛Ñ%˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò fl˛∫≤¿ˆÏúyÑ˛– ~£z õyï%Î≈›%˛Ñ%˛£z xyã Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛–
ˆ¢£zãòƒ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õò Óì≈˛õyò myÓ˚Ñ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ä%Èˆ›Ï ˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ xì˛#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚
Îõ%òyì˛#ˆÏÓ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÔë˛¸ õˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ì˛!ò !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆ¢£z õï%Óòñ !õúòÑ%˛Oñ
ˆ≤ÃõÈÙÈxyˆÏŸ’ˆÏ°Ï ¶˛Ó˚y Ó,®yÓò– Ólfl˛ì˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ñ˛“òyˆÏúyÑ˛£z £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôã#Óƒ–
ì˛y£z ~Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ~ˆÏì˛y xyˆÏÓÜõÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏì˛y Ñ˛y!ÓƒÑ˛–
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ◊#õì˛# Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ î#˛ôÑ˛ â˛ˆÏwÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˛ô%ò!ò≈õ≈yí ÚÎ!î
Ó˚yïy òy £ì˛Û– ~ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú 1995ÙÈ~– ˆúÖÑ˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú
!úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò Úî,!‹TˆÏÑ˛yíÛñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛¢¡ôyˆÏì˛ fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ Ñ˛“ÈÙÈÑ˛y!£!òÓ˚

x!¶˛õ%Ö– ~Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ !ì˛!ò Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ Óí≈õÎ˚ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôˆÏò £y!ãÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò Ú◊#Ñ,˛°å ˛ô%Ó&˚ ˆÏ˛°Ïy_õÛñ
ÚõòÈÙÈÓ,®yÓòÛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy Ú£zw≤ÃˆÏfl˛i ◊#Ñ,˛°åÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ó˚yïyÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛
≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆò£z ÓúˆÏú£z â˛ˆÏú– ˆÑ˛òòy ÚõòÙÈÓ,®yÓòÛ Óƒì˛#ì˛ Óy!Ñ˛ î%!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òÈÙÈv˛zÍ¢ !äÈú
õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ñ £!Ó˚ÓÇüñ !Ó°%å˛ô%Ó˚yí !Ñ˛ÇÓy ◊#õqyÜÓì˛– ~=!ú ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ Ó˚yïyÓ!ã≈ì˛– ÓÓ˚Ç
˛ô%Ó˚yí=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí xyˆÏäÈ Ó·˛˜ÏÓÓì≈˛˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏí– xyÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ
≤ÃyÑ,˛ì˛˜Ï˛ôDˆÏúñ Ü#ì˛ˆÏÜy!ÓˆÏ® ~ÓÇ ÓyÇúy Á ÓãÓ%!úˆÏì˛ ˆúÖy ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓ!úˆÏì˛– ~=!úˆÏì˛
!ì˛!ò ˆ◊¤˛ Ñ,˛°åˆÏ≤ÃÎ˚¢# !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛£z ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ îü≈ˆÏò Ó˚yïy
Ñ˛!Ìì˛ £ˆÏúò ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°Ïy_õ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ‚y!îò#ü!_´ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ– ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ú Ó˚yïyì˛_¥– xÓ≈yâ˛#ò
˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏí Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ü“Á ö§˛yîy £ú– ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚yãy Ó,°Ï¶˛yò%Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒyñ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ãòò# ¶˛ú®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒy Ñ˛úyÓì˛#– xyÓyÓ˚ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛òÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ñ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ !˛ôì˛y
¢yÜÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôñ ãˆÏß√ˆÏäÈò ˛ôî%õy Óy ˛ô!pò#Ó˚ ÜˆÏ¶≈˛– ~£z ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ Ó˚yïy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
õyì%˛úyò#ñ ÎyÓ˚ !ÓÓy£ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xy£z£ò Óy xyÎ˚yò ˆáyˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– xyÎ˚yò ò˛ô%Ç¢Ñ˛– ~õò!Ñ˛
xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ò˛ô%Ç¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îÓ#ÈÙÈÑ˛yÓ˚íÁ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ xyÎ˚yò ˛ô)Ó≈ãˆÏß√
!äÈˆÏúò ~Ñ˛ãò õ%!ò– !ì˛!ò ¢%î#á≈Ñ˛yú Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ì˛˛ô¢ƒyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛ÜÓyò !Ó°%åˆÏÑ˛
!Ó!fl˛øì˛ Á õ%?˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ó°%å ≤Ã¢ß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏú õ%!ò ÓúˆÏúòñ !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôb#
ˆîÓ# ú-#ˆÏÑ˛£z fl˛f#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ â˛yò– ~£z Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò hfl˛!Ω˛ì˛ !Ó°%å ≤Ã!ì˛◊&ì˛ ÓÓ˚ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÓúˆÏúòñ ì˛Ìylfl˛– ˛ôÓ˚ãˆÏß√ ì%˛!õ xyõyÓ˚ ˛ôb# ú-#ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôb#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚
ãß√ £ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ ò˛ô%Ç¢Ñ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô– ~£z !òõ≈õ x!¶˛üy˛ô£z !äÈú £ì˛¶˛yÜƒ xy£z£ˆÏòÓ˚ xÖ[˛ò#Î˚
!Ó!ï!ú!˛ô– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yïy ˆÎ Ñ˛ú!B˛ò# Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô£z ¢Ó≈ãò ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛yñ ì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÁ !äÈú
~Ñ˛!›˛ x!¶˛üy˛ô– Ó·˛˜ÏÓÓì≈˛˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏí xyˆÏäÈñ ˆÜyˆÏúyÑ˛ïyˆÏõ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚y– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ,˛°å
!Ñ˛ä%ÈÑ˛yú !ÓÓ˚ãy òyˆÏõ xòƒ ~Ñ˛ ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !Ó£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ x!¶˛üy˛ô ˆîòñ
ì%˛!õ ˆÜyˆÏúyÑ˛ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜ÓÑ%˛ˆÏZ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xÓfl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ì˛Öò Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ¶˛_´ xò%â˛Ó˚ ◊#îyõ
Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛Í¢≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ó˚yïy e%´k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ◊#îyõˆÏÑ˛ x!¶˛üy˛ô ˆîòñ ì%˛!õ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛
x¢%Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ãß√yˆÏÓ– ì˛Öò ◊#îyõÁ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyŒ›˛y x!¶˛üy˛ô ˆîòñ ì%˛!õ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ õyòÓ#
£ˆÏÎ˚ ãß√yˆÏÓ Á ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ñ˛ú!B˛ò# òyõ £ˆÏÓ– ~£z ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏí ~›˛yÁ ãyòyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎñ
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ Ó˚yïy ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ÎˆÏÌ‹T ÓˆÏv˛¸y– ~Ñ˛!îò ˆÜyâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ò® G˛v˛¸Ó,!‹TÓ˚ Ñ˛ÓˆÏú
˛ôv˛¸ˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !äÈˆÏúò !ü÷ Ñ,˛°å– ÜÓ˚&=!úˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÎÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢M˛Èy!úì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ¶˛yú Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ì%˛ˆÏú !îˆÏúò–
Ó˚yïy ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !òã≈ò Îõ%òyÓ˚ ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ñ,˛°å õˆÏòy£Ó˚ õ)!ì≈˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏúò–
ˆ¢£z î%ú≈¶˛ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ ≤Ããy˛ô!ì˛ Ó·˛y ~ˆÏ¢ Ñ,˛°å Á Ó˚yïyÓ˚ !ÓÓy£ !îˆÏúò– î#˛ôÑ˛ â˛w xyˆÏ«˛˛ô
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ÚÓ˚yïyÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈yD ã#ÓòÈÙÈÓ,_yhs˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈ì˛ ˆÑ˛yò Ó£z ˆò£zÛ ÓˆÏú– Ó˚yïy Á Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛
!áˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y xüyú#ò ïyÓ˚íy ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛òˆÏÑ˛ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
˛ôîyÓ!ú ¢y!£ì˛ƒÁ òy!Ñ˛ !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ˆò£z– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ î%£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃíˆÏÎ˚ îy£ñ ãµyúyñ Îs˛fíyñ
î%ÉÖñ v˛zÍÑ˛í≈ v˛zÍÑ˛Z˛yñ ¶˛Î˚ñ !ò®y– î%ãò Ó˚_´õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyòÓÈÙÈõyòÓ#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ˜î!£Ñ˛
â˛yÁÎ˚yÈÙÈ˛ôyÁÎ˚yñ ˆÎò ì˛yÓ˚£z Óyhfl˛Óáò Ó˚*˛ô x§yÑ˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õ£yãòˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏî– ì˛y£z ˆ¢ ¢¡∫ı˛
xydîyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛#Ïí≈ Ü![˛ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– Ë˛ôòƒy!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ñ ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ì˛y
Ó˚yïyÈÙÈÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ ¶˛!_´Ó˚ òyˆÏõ Ñ˛îÎ≈ ˆî£Ók˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !òú≈I Ó˚&!â˛!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ xyõîy!ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ó˚yïyÈÙÈÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ ˆ≤ÃõÑ˛y!£!òˆÏÑ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– î#˛ôÑ˛ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ≠ Ú!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôyˆÏî ˛ô,!ÌÓ# ~ÓÇ ã#ÓòˆÏÓyï
ÓîˆÏú ÎyˆÏFäÈ o&ì˛– ˆ¢£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ã#ÓòˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD x!ß∫ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yïyÈÙÈÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ñ˛yúãÎ˚#
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ÓÇü#ïπ!ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– ÓÇü#ïπ!ò Ñ,˛°åˆÏ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ã#Ó ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛– Ó§yü#Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yïy ì˛y£z
xyÑ%˛ú £Î˚– ˆ¶˛îK˛yò ú%Æ £Î˚– ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ Óı˛ò ì˛yÓ˚ ì%˛FäÈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ !ò!oì˛ ¢_yÓ˚
á%õ ¶˛yˆÏà– xydyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ñ ¢õhfl˛ xò%¶)˛!ì˛ Á v˛z˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÖ§yˆÏã ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛–
~£z xˆÏß∫°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚ Óì≈˛õyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xì˛#ˆÏì˛ñ xì˛#ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óì≈˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !òÓ˚hs˛Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚ºõí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢)ˆÏe£z ì˛yÓ˚ xydÈÙÈxˆÏß∫°Ïí ¢¡ô)í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–Û
ÚõòÈÙÈÓ® , yÓòÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ÚÎ!î Ó˚yïy òy £ì˛Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚Ñ˛y Ó˚yïy â˛!Õ‘üÈÙÈv˛z_#í≈
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚# ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢£z fl˛ø,!ì˛ ˆÓ˚yõs˛iˆÏò !õˆÏü ÎyˆÏFäÈ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃíˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢%Öyò%¶)˛!ì˛– ÓÇü#ÓyîòÓ˚ì˛ Ñ,˛°å ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò x˛ô)Ó≈ ˆõy£ ãyÜyÎ˚–
xyÎ˚yòÈÙÈáÓ˚í#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢ xyäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Ó§y!üÓ˚ ˆõy£ò ¢%Ó˚– ì˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ÓyãˆÏì˛
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ãú≤Ã˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ü∑– õ%?˛ì˛y òyˆÏõ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ î%ÛˆÏâ˛yÖ ã%ˆÏv˛¸– Ñ,˛°å Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyˆÏ¢– ˆüyòyÎ˚
≤ÃíÎ˚=Oò– Ó˚yïy üyhs˛ ÜúyÎ˚ ÓˆÏúñ xy!õ ˆì˛y â˛y£z ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ÓˆÏú£z ÌõÑ˛yÎ˚ Ó˚yïy–
ˆ¢ ˆì˛y xˆÏòƒÓ˚ !ÓÓy!£ì˛y fl˛f#– fl˛∫yõ# äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z ì˛yÓ˚ xy˛ôòãò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ê Ñ,˛°å
ì˛yÓ˚ £yì˛›˛y ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õ%ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– ˆ¢£z fl˛ôˆÏü≈ Ó˚yïy ˆÎò Î%Üyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ á%õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ˆãˆÏÜ ÁˆÏ‡˛– Ñ,˛°å î%£yˆÏì˛ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò ˆòÎ˚ñ â%˛¡∫ˆÏò v˛zîƒì˛ £Î˚– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎò
!ò!Óv˛¸ ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ v˛zÕ‘y¢ ÓˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú– Ú!Ófl˛Àhfl˛ x§yâ˛ú ˆÓüÓy¢ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ !òˆÏì˛ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õˆÏò
£ú ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÜy›˛y ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xÌ≈›˛y ÓîˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ¶˛yúÓy¢yÎ˚ õò Ñ˛yòyÎ˚ Ñ˛yòyÎ˚
¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– õˆÏò xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛Á ˛ôy˛ôˆÏÓyï ˆò£z– xò%ˆÏüyâ˛òyÁ òÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ~¢Ó £ˆÏÓ£z Óy
ˆÑ˛ò⁄ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÎ˚ ˆì˛y ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôy˛ô ˆò£z– ¶˛yúÓy¢y£z {ŸªÓ˚–Û
~õ!ò¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ÚÎ!î Ó˚yïy òy £ì˛Û– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ «˛#í x˛ôÓ˚yïˆÏÓyï ú%Æ £ˆÏÎ˚
ãyÜˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ õ!£õyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ˆüyÓyÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ# xyÎ˚yò á%õ%ˆÏFäÈ xˆÏáyˆÏÓ˚ñ
!ò!ÿ˛ˆÏhs˛– Ñ˛# Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãüy!hs˛ õyÖyˆÏòy ì˛yÓ˚ õ%Ö– fl˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
¢ˆÏD Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢Ó ¢¡ôÑ≈˛£z ì˛yÓ˚ ãyòy– ì˛Ó% Ó˚yÜ ˆò£zñ á,íy ˆò£z– ˆ¢£z xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã ÓÎ˚¢
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– õyÌy ã%ˆÏv˛¸ Ñ§˛yâ˛yÈÙÈ˛ôyÑ˛y ˆë˛v˛zˆÏÖúyˆÏòy ˆÑ§˛yÑ˛v˛¸y â%˛ú– ¢%îü≈ò– ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ ◊# ˆî£
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ò– â˛!Õ‘ˆÏüy_Ó˚ Ó˚yïy â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ õ%Ö ˆîÖ!äÈÈú– ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛
!ò‹ôúÑ˛ ì˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ xì˛#ˆÏì˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜú– ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ õy Ñ˛#!ì≈˛îy
!â˛!hs˛ì˛– ÓyÓy Ó,°Ï¶˛yò% Üy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òy– Ñ˛#!ì≈˛îy ÓÎ˚fl˛Òy ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú£z Ó§yˆÏâ˛ò–
ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢£z ÎˆÏüyîy ~Ñ˛›˛y ¶˛yˆÏúy ¢Í˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆ¢ xyÎ˚yò– òyõ ÷ˆÏò£z Ó,°Ï¶˛yò%
Ñ%˛!˛ôì˛ £ò– !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢%®Ó˚# ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~õò Óƒ!_ć£#ò˛ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ì%˛ˆÏú !òˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò
òyÓ˚yã– ˆü°Ï x!∑ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !ÓˆÏÎ˚ £ú ÓˆÏ›˛ xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ fl˛∫yõ# ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚£zú î)ˆÏÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚–
!ÓˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛£z fl˛∫≤¿¶˛D £ú Ó˚yïyÓ˚– !òîyÓ˚&í õõ≈Îs˛fíyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È ~ˆÏúyˆÏõˆÏúy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú–
~õò£z Ó˚_´õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyòÓ# Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z ˆÜy›˛y v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ã%ˆÏv˛¸– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ !ÓÓy!£ì˛
ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛!“ì˛ á›˛òyÓ˚ ãyú Ó%ˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ò˛ô%Ç¢Ñ˛ xy£z£ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xÓÓ˚&k˛ ˆÎ ã#ÓòÈÙÈÓy¢òy ì˛yÓ˚Á ≤ÃÑ˛yü á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– xyÎ˚yò
Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚yïyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÓyì≈˛y â˛yúyâ˛y!úÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛õò
~Ñ˛›˛y xò%Ó˚yÜ xyÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y ãˆÏß√!äÈú £*îˆÏÎ˚– Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ˆ≤Ãõ õyò x!¶˛õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
ˆ¢ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– ÷¶˛î,!‹TÓ˚ õ%£)ì≈˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈú Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛– ö%˛úüÎƒyÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ãyòúyÓ˚ ÜÓ˚yî ïˆÏÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú xyÎ˚yò– xyüy¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ˆÓîòyÎ˚ ˆ¢ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú!äÈú
ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚxyõyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÎÔÓò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîˆÏÖ xy¢!äÈñ Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢!äÈñ
Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚›˛y ì˛yÓ˚ ¢%ÜˆÏı˛ ¶˛Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚– ~£z ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ â˛yÁÎ˚yñ ~£z !õúòÓy¢òy £‡˛yÍ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏòÓ˚
òÎ˚– ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ fl˛f#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z xyõyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z î%Ñ)˛ú äÈy˛ôyˆÏòy ¶˛yúÓy¢yÓ˚ ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚ Î!î
≤’y!Óì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú x˛ôÓ˚yï ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y õyˆÏò£z üÓ˚#Ó˚– ÎyˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yúÓy!¢ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
Î!î üÓ˚#Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚úyõ !Ñ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛yúÓy¢y⁄ ... ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !îò ÷ˆÏòäÈñ ï)˛ôï%ˆÏòy
!îˆÏÎ˚ ö%˛ú !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏãy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ ˆÑ˛v˛z !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄Û ~¢Ó Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏòÁ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó˚yïyÓ˚ £*îÎ˚ÈÙÈˆÑ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ãfl˛≥%˛!›˛ì˛ £Î˚!òñ ì˛yÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ á%õ ¶˛yˆÏà!ò– ÓîˆÏú xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ á%õ
¶˛yàú Ó˚yïyÓ˚ =ò=ò Üyò ÷ˆÏò– á%õ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎò ˆãˆÏÜ v˛z‡˛ú ~Ñ˛ xòƒ xyÎ˚yòñ ˆÎ
Üì˛Ó˚y!eÓ˚ òÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ Óúúñ Úˆì˛yõyÓ˚ xyÿ˛Î≈ ¢%®Ó˚ ¢ÇÎõñ ˜fl˛iÎ≈ñ
ò#Ó˚Óì˛yÓ˚ Óyí# xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚í Ö%ˆÏú !â˛!òˆÏÎ˚ !îú xyõyˆÏÑ˛– ì%˛!õ xyõyÓ˚ ¢_yÓ˚ á%õ
¶˛y!àˆÏÎ˚äÈ– xyõyˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!òˆÏÎ˚äÈ ˆÑ˛ xy!õ⁄Û ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫≤¿ÈÙÈ!ÓÓÓ˚í ÓˆÏúñ
ˆÎÖyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ }!°Ïãß√ñ !Ó°%åÓ˚ ÓÓ˚ Á x!¶˛üy˛ô≤Ãy!Æ î%£zÈÙÈ£z xyˆÏäÈ–
Ólfl˛ì˛ ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü xyÎ˚yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%¢¡ô)í≈ â˛!Ó˚e £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏÓÜñ !mïyñ m®µñ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ñ xy!ì≈˛ñ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yñ fl˛∫≤¿ñ xyÑ˛yA«˛y ¢Ó ˆÎò ¶˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ õ)ì≈˛– ˆ¢
ãyˆÏò Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ õˆÏò ~ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ«˛y¶˛ñ êýï !Ñ˛ÇÓy {°Ï≈y
ˆò£z– ˆ¢ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !õúò˛ ˛ôˆÏÌ Óyïy £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚!ò– Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ¢ì˛ƒ£z ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢ñ
ˆî££#ò ˆ¢£z ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y– ˆ¢£z ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ì˛_¥Ñ˛Ìy ÷!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ó ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈñ
ÚüÓ˚#Ó˚ ÎÖò üÓ˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ îÖú ˆòÎ˚ ì˛Öò xyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy–Û ˆ¢ £Î˚ !£Çfl˛À ˛ôyü!ÓÑ˛ì˛y–
ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xy!îõì˛õ Ñ˛îÎ≈ Ëk˛ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆ≤Ãõ ÓˆÏú òy–....ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ô%ˆÏãyÓ˚ ö%˛ú– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚
Ñ˛#›˛ £ú Ñ˛yõ– Ñ˛#›˛ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆüy¶˛y ò‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ñ˛yõ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ õ!£õy ~ÓÇ ˆÜÔÓ˚Ó fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ õ!úò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û ~¢Ó Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò Ó˚yïy x!¶˛¶)˛ì˛ £Î˚– ˆ¢ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆõˆÏáÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏv˛¸
ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xòy!Óú xyò®– xyÎ˚yòˆÏÑ˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòyã
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ ˆ¢ ì,˛Æñ xyò!®ì˛–
xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xyˆÏÓ˚y î%!›˛ x≤Ãïyò â˛!Ó˚e Ë˛ôòƒy!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛úˆÏõ îyÓ˚&í ã#Óhs˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ~Ó˚y xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛!Üò# Ñ%˛!›˛úy Á ¶˛!Üò#˛ô!ì˛ üì˛yò®– Ñ%˛!›˛úyÈÙÈ≤Ã¢D ˛ôîyÓ!ú
¢Oyì˛– ˆ¢ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Ñ%˛Öƒyì˛ òò!îò# ÓˆÏú£z ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆâ˛òyñ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ì˛õ%£ˆ) ìÏ ˛≈ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Óƒ!¶˛â˛y!Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚
¢y«˛ƒ ¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£ v˛zß√%Ö– !Ñ˛ls˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ xyˆÏîÔ Ñ%˛!›˛úyÓ˚ ~£z Ñ)˛›˛fl˛∫¶˛yÓˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚y £Î˚!ò–
Ñ%˛!›˛úy ˆÎò ~ÖyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ# Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓ!M˛Èì˛y ~Ñ˛ òyÓ˚#– fl˛∫yõ# ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛Á ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ÓïÓyÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y !òÉ¢D ã#ÓòÎy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ì˛y ˆîˆÏÖ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õˆÏò Ö%Ó Ñ˛‹T– Ñ%˛!›˛úy ~ˆÏ¢ õyˆÏG˛
õyˆÏG˛ ì˛yÓ˚ õ®¶˛yˆÏÜƒÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆ¢ ˆÓyï£Î˚ ¢ygs˛òy ˆÖ§yˆÏã ºyì,˛Óï)Ó˚– !Ñ˛ls˛
ì˛yÓ˚ õ®¶˛yˆÏÜƒÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò Ñ%˛!›˛úyÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚Á îyÎ˚ Ñ˛õ ˆò£z õˆÏò £Î˚– üì˛yòˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD
îy¡ôì˛ƒã#ÓˆÏò Ñ%˛!›˛úy ˆÎ xyâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏì˛ üì˛yò® «%˛]ñ Óƒ!Ìì˛– ~£z üì˛yò®
ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ¢,!‹T– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˛ôy£z òy– ÓyÎ˚Ó#Î˚ v˛zÍ¢ ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á
üì˛yò® ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ÖyˆÏò v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶)˛Î˚¢# ≤ÃüÇ¢y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛£z £Î˚–
üì˛yò® ~ÖyˆÏò ~Ñ˛ î!Ó˚o áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢hs˛yò– ˆõïyÓ#– !Óîƒyã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ¢ ‡§˛y£z ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
Ñ%˛!›˛úyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛– üì˛yò® Ó˚*˛ôÓyò– Ñ%˛!›˛úyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚à ö˛¢≈y òy £ˆÏúÁ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ Öy¢y–
~Ñ˛£z Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ÓyÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî î%ÛãˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚
õy ã!›˛úy üì˛yòˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò õòfl˛i Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !ò!î≈‹T ¢õˆÏÎ˚ î%ÛãˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÎ˚Á £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– üì˛yò® áÓ˚ãyõy£z £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ%˛!›˛úyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
îü ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îy¡ôì˛ƒñ ì˛Ó%Á Ñ%˛!›˛úy ¢hs˛yò£#òy– £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ˆ¢ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z !òì˛ƒ xüy!hs˛ ˆúˆÏÜ
!äÈú fl˛∫yõ#ÈÙÈfl˛f#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ– üì˛yò® Ñ%˛!›˛úyˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈú òy– Ñ%˛!›˛úy áˆÏÓ˚ ë%˛Ñ˛ˆÏú£z
üì˛yò® Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎì˛– ã!›˛úyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy Óúì˛ òy– Óúì˛ ÷ï% ÚˆÓÔ‡˛yòÛ
Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– ˆ¢ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ î%ÉÖÈÙÈÎs˛fíyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy v˛zãyv˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓñ˚ Ñ%˛!›˛úyˆÏÑ˛ üì˛yòˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !îò£z ¶˛yˆÏúy úyˆÏÜ!ò–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!◊ì˛ ˆ¢ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ,˛ì˛K˛ì˛y !äÈú– ˆ¢ ÓˆÏúñ ÚxˆÏß¨Ó˚ }í
ˆüyï !îˆÏì˛ £zˆÏFäÈÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛–Û ~Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò Ó˚yïy ÎÖò ÓˆÏú ˆÎñ ã#Óò
ˆì˛y ~Ñ˛›˛y£zñ ˆ¢£z ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ òÎ˚ÈÙÈäÈÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆ¢ Î!î xÓ%G˛ £Î˚ Ñ%˛!›˛úyÓ˚
ã#Óò›˛y£z Ñ˛yòy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓó ì˛Öò üì˛yò® Ñ%˛!›˛úyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D ì%˛úú–
ˆ¢ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆîõy!Ñ˛– üì˛yò® ˆÎ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ xy!◊ì˛ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ,˛˛ôy xò%%@˘Ã£ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ˆ¢ÈÙÈˆÖ§y›˛y !îˆÏì˛ !˛ôäÈ˛ôy £Î˚ òy– îy¡ôˆÏì˛ƒ ö˛y›˛ú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ ˛ôÌ
ïˆÏÓ˚£z– ì˛y£z !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ¢ˆÏ®£ñ ≤Ã#!ì˛Ó˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ üe&ì˛y– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ î%Ó≈ú fl˛iyˆÏò
Ñ%˛!›˛úy ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ â˛yÓ%Ñ˛ õyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ üì˛yò® Óƒ!Ìì˛– üì˛yò® ì˛y£z xyÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚
òy– ~£z ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓyˆÏG˛ ˆ¢£z Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xòƒe ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £zˆÏFäÈ
£Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ îÓ˚î# Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ î%Ó≈ú õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ ˆ¢ ÓˆÏúñ ÚˆÓÔ‡˛yòñ ~£z !õˆÏÌƒ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
Ó§yïò !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ â˛ú xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ Îy£z xòƒ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏúy!Ñ˛ì˛ ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
¢y£¢ £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ ˛ôyúyˆÏòyÓ˚Ê ˆÓÔ‡˛yòñ ì%˛!õ òy ˆÜˆÏúÁ xy!õ ˛ôyúyÓ–Û ¢!ì˛ƒ£zñ üì˛yò®
¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!îò– ˛ôyÜˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˆáyˆÏÓ˚– õˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòüyÎ˚ ¶%˛úˆÏì˛
â˛yÎ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÎˆÏì˛y x≤Ãy!Æñ @’y!ò– xyÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ# â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ%˛!›˛úy e´õü ÓîúyÎ˚– ˆ¢
~ì˛!îˆÏò Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ õõ≈– ˆ¢Á xyˆÏ¢ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈñ fl˛∫yõ#£#ò Ó˚&«˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓîòy
v˛zÜˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛– ˆ¢ ˆîy°Ï ˆîˆÏÖ üì˛yòˆÏ®Ó˚£zñ ˆÎ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôˆÏÌ á%ˆÏÓ˚ xòƒ òyÓ˚#¢D Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
v˛zß√ˆÏ_Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ã#Óò Ñ˛y›˛yˆÏFäÈ– õÌ%Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ~Ñ˛!îò ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú x≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛fl˛i
üì˛yò®ˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆÎ ˛ôyòüyúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyì˛úy!õ
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~õò!Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%®Ó˚# ÓyÓ˚Ó!òì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ã!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ £y¢ˆÏì˛ £y¢ˆÏì˛
Ñ%˛!›˛úyÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚– Ñ%˛!›˛úyÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ î?˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– òò!îò#Ó˚ ~£z !Ó˛ôÎ≈hfl˛
xÓfl˛iy Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛Á ˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ%˛!›˛úy ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛y¶˛ î%ÉÖ Îs˛fíy v˛zÜˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ–
ÓˆÏúñ ÚˆÓÔ‡˛yòñ ~Ñ˛ òyÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ !â˛Ó˚ã#Óò xy¢_´ ÌyÑ˛y ˆÓyï£Î˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ïõ≈ òÎ˚– ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï Îy
Ö%ü# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y òyÓ˚# ÓˆÏú£z !Ñ˛ Îì˛ ˆîy°Ï⁄Û ~ ≤ÃŸ¿ ˆÓyï£Î˚ ÷ï%
~Ñ˛y Ñ%˛!›˛úyÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ~ fl˛∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ïπ!òì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ïì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ îy˛ôˆÏ›˛
ˆÑ˛yí‡˛y¢y ˛¢õhfl˛ ˆõˆÏÎˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜˆÏÑ˛– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ÚÎ!î Ó˚yïy òy £ì˛Û £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˛ô%Óy˚ íÑ˛ÌyÓ˚
äÈpˆÏÓˆÏü xyï%!òÑ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyÖƒyò– ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆfl˛∫FäÈyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyîñ
!Ñ˛ÇÓy òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓK˛yÈÙxÓˆÏ£úyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyÖƒyò ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ÓˆÏv˛¸y
xÇü ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– î#˛ôÑ˛ â˛w ~£zÖyˆÏò£z ¢ì˛ƒ¢ì˛ƒ£z ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏíÓ˚ òÓ!òõ≈yì˛y–
xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÓ˚ v˛zay˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ˆäÈî ›˛yòÓ– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏâ˛ì˛òyˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ– Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ~£z ò˛ô%Ç¢Ñ˛ õyò%°Ï!›˛Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ !îÑ˛ v˛zIµú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ˆ¢!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆîüˆÏâ˛ì˛òy– ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
xyÎ˚yò ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ~Ñ˛ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛– Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ üy¢ˆÏòÈÙÈey¢ˆÏò ˆÜy›˛y Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ehfl˛ñ !Ó˛ôß¨–
ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ xò%â˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ !Óü,Cúy ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆäÏ È– ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî
ˆòˆÏõˆÏäÈ òˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏú Ñ,˛°å– Ñ,˛°å x!ì˛ x“ÓÎ˚¢#ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛# ì˛yÓ˚ ü!_´ñ ˆì˛ãñ !Óe´õ–
xyÎ˚yò ì˛y ˆîˆÏÖ x!¶˛¶)˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆ¢ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Î!î ˆÑ˛v˛z
ˆîüˆÏÑ˛ õ%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛y ˆ¢ ~£z Ñ,˛°å– xyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ õy ã!›˛úy ˆãˆÏòˆÏäÈò ~£z Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%eÓï) Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%eˆÏÑ˛ ÎÖò ÓˆÏúòñ xyÎ˚yò ˆ¢ÈÙÈÑ˛ÌyÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúñ Úòyñ õy– Ñ,˛°å Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyü#Ó≈yî– ì˛yÓ˚ òyˆÏõ x˛ôÓyî !îÁ òy– ¢Ó
ˆîy°Ï Ñ˛ÇˆÏ¢Ó˚– Ñ˛Ç¢ ˆîü›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚¢yì˛ˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈îy ¶˛Î˚ ˆîÓÑ˛#Ó˚ x‹Tõ
ÜˆÏ¶≈˛Ó˚ ¢hs˛yòˆÏÑ˛–Û ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏD xyÎ˚yò ã!›˛úyˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyÎ˚ñ Ñ˛Ç¢ ÓyúÑ˛ Ñ,˛°åˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛∂yÎ˚
xyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ òy ÓˆÏú Ó˚yãy x«˛õ êýˆÏï ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛¤˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì%˛úˆÏäÈ– Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ü!_´ ˆ¢£z Ó,®yÓò Á õÌ%Ó˚yÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚&íÈÙÈì˛Ó˚&í#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zü,Cú x¢yõy!ãÑ˛
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ‡˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛ Îeì˛e ˛ôyòüyúy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãú%∏˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ x¶˛yÓ
ˆò£z ˆî£˛ô¢y!Ó˚í# òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z Ñ˛Ç¢ â˛y£zˆÏäÈ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Î%Ó¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆõÓ˚&îÏ[˛
ˆ¶˛ˆÏà !îˆÏì˛– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ~£z xyÑ˛yˆÏú Ñ,˛°å ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ Ó˚«˛yÑ˛ì≈˛yñ õ%!_´îyì˛y !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ– xyÎ˚yò ~Ó˚
¢ˆÏD ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÎ˚ üyfl˛f ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y ïõ≈ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÁ– ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏúñ
Úú«¯˛#äÈyv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õúy˛ô!ì˛ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛yú ~Ñ˛y fl˛∫Ü≈ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ⁄ !ÓÓ˚£ ¢£zˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò
òy ◊#£!Ó˚– !ì˛!ò ˆÎ ¢îy xyò®õÎ˚–.... !ÓŸª ˛ô,!ÌÓ# ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ~£z ¢%Ó˚– ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú !õúˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ
ˆÑ˛v˛z ~Ñ˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛â˛yÎ˚ òy– ~Ñ˛y ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛‹T– ˜ÓÑ%˛Z˛˛ô!ì˛ òyÓ˚yÎ˚í ú-#!ÓÓ˚£
¢£zˆÏì˛ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~£z õˆÏì≈˛Ó˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆòˆÏõ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò– Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï)ˆÏúy–Û ~ ˆÑ˛yò‰ xyÎ˚yò⁄ ~ˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓ!úˆÏì˛⁄
~ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ !òõ≈yí– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò !äÈú ¶)˛¶˛yÓ˚ £Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ
˜ÓÑ%˛Z˛˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏì≈˛ƒ xyÜõˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ xyÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢DˆÏîÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ú-#Ó˚ Ó˚yïyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô xÓì˛#í≈
£ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ Ñ,˛°å£z ˆãƒ¤˛ñ Ó˚yïy Ñ˛!ò¤˛y– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆÎò Ó˚yïyÓ˚
ãß√ xyˆÏÜñ !ÓÓ˚£ÈÙÈî%ÉÖ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ◊#¶˛ÜÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÜõò– Ñ,˛°åÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛
˛ô%ò!ò≈õ≈yí !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ~ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ xÓüƒ£z !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
2016– Ú◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛òÛ ˛ô%!Ì ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ üì˛Ó°Ï≈– ˆ¢£z v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ ~Ñ˛›%˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy–
Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó£zñ Îy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !Óì˛ˆÏÑ˛≈Ó˚ !üˆÏÓ˚yòyˆÏõ– ~Ó˚
@˘Ãs˛iòyõ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ñ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ x!¶˛≤ÃyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ñ !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ô%Ó˚yíÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
˛â˛y!Ó˚!eÑ˛ xÓòõò á›˛yˆÏòy !òˆÏÎ˚Á– Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ Á ˆü°Ï ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!òñ ~ !òˆÏÎ˚Á Ü“ˆÏÖyÓ˚
˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xì,˛!Æ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– Ñ˛y!£!ò !Ñ˛ ˆü°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !õúˆÏòñ òy !ÓˆÏFäÈˆÏî⁄ ˆ¢ !òˆÏÎ˚
xˆÏòÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿– ≤ÃŸ¿ñ Ó˚yïy!ÓÓ˚£ !Ñ˛ Óv˛YÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚£z ˆúÖyñ òy !Ñ˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò⁄
xyÿ˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ~£z ˆÎñ õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ üyÖy ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ~õò!Ñ˛
Ñ,˛°åÑ˛Ìy !òˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜÓˆÏì˛Ó˚ xò%ÓyîÁ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛=FäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ Óv˛Y â˛[˛#îy¢ Ó˚yïyÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
≤ÃíÎ˚Ñ˛Ìy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ãß√ !îˆÏúòñ ˆ¢ ˛ôˆÏÌ !mì˛#Î˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!ÌÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ˆÏã
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜú òy– !Óü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓîƒyÎ˚ì˛!òÑ˛ ÓD¶˛y°Ïy Á ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ â˛â≈˛y ÷Ó˚& £ú xyâ˛yÎ≈
î#ˆÏòüâ˛w ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛– !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ Óv˛YˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ˛ô!«˛ì˛£z Ó˚yÖˆÏúò–
1916ÈÙÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#!Óì˛yÓfl˛iyˆÏì˛£z xyˆÏÓ˚y !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í £Î˚ ÚÓD¶˛y°Ïy Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒÛ ÈÙÈ
~Ó˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ~Ñ˛›˛yˆÏì˛Á ‡§˛y£z ˆ˛ôú òy– ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y£z Ó_´Óƒñ
â˛[˛#îy¢ Ó˝ òòñ ~Ñ˛ Á x!¶˛ß¨– ¶˛!_´¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÜ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !Î!ò ¢%õï%Ó˚ ¢%ú!úì˛ ˛ôî
!úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòñ ì§˛yÓ˚£z Ó˚_´ì˛Ó˚ú ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛#!ì≈˛ xy!îÓ˚ˆÏ¢ ¶˛Ó˚y ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ò– ~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚
˛ô%ò!ò≈õy≈ ˆÏí ˆÎ !ì˛òãò Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜúñ ì§˛yÓ˚y !ì˛òãò£z !Óü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚yˆÏï≈
Ñ˛úõ ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ¢%ò#ú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò ¢ö˛ú ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛úõ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ñ
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ñ ÜˆÏ“ ¢õyò ¢â˛ú– ˆúÖyÎ˚ ˆõïyÓ˚ äÈy˛ô fl˛ô‹T– ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛£z ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚
˛ÎÌyÌ≈ ˛ô%ò!ò≈õ≈yí– Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òñ ˛ôî˛ôà‰!_´ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ãyÎ˚Üy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ üB˛Ó˚#≤Ã¢yî Ó¢% fl˛∫òyõÖƒyì˛ ~Ñ˛ãò xïƒy˛ôÑ˛– ˜Ó°åÓ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ
!ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÑ,˛°åÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆúÖy– ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ãß√ÖˆÏ[˛ Á Ñ˛yú#Î˚îõòÖˆÏ[˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚¢õ)£ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– !ì˛!ò
◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ˆÓyï£Î˚ ˆÓ!ü xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ◊#Ñ,˛°å!ÓãÎ˚ñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚
˙ŸªÎ≈õ!) ì≈˛!›˛ x!ïÑ˛ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚fl˛≥%˛›˛– xyÓ˚ î#˛ôÑ˛ â˛w ~Ñ˛ãò ˛ô!Ó˚◊õ# ˆúÖÑ˛– xyˆÏÜÓ˚ î%ÛãˆÏòÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ òy £ˆÏúÁ ÓyÇúy ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó!ü‹T òyõ–
ì§˛yÓ˚ î%!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢£z Ó˚yïyÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ≤Ã¢D ÓˆÏv˛¸y ãyÎ˚Üy ã%ˆvÏ ˛¸ˆäÏ È– ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚
˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôî Á Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈÑ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ !òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò– xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü Ü“Á ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò
!òˆÏãÓ˚ â˛y!£îy Á v˛zˆÏjüƒ xò%ÎyÎ˚#– ~ˆÏì˛ òÓ!ò!õ≈!ì˛Ó˚ â˛õÍÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓÑ˛yü ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Üì˛
~Ñ˛ˆÏüy ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ◊#Ñ,˛°åÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò Á â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ~£z Ú!úÜƒy!¢Û xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ òì%˛ò xyˆÏÓîò ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xî)Ó˚ ¶˛!Ó°Ïƒì˛£z ÓúˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!ÓÇˆÏü ˆïˆÏÎ˚ xy¢y ~£z ˙!ì˛£ƒ
xyˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ˛ôÌ £§y›˛ˆÏÓ ¢,!‹Tü#ú ˆúÖò#Ó˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚–
Óòö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ≠ ˜üú#Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛

v˛. !Ó¶˛yÓ¢% î_*
!Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È !ã!òˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ~Ñ˛ xˆÏõyáƒ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛!Ó˚ xyõÓ˚y xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z
!ã!ò¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛£z !áˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛“òy xyÓ˚ Óylfl˛Ó ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,!‹T £Î˚ ~Ñ˛ õyÎ˚y!Ó ãÜÍ– ì˛yãõ£ú
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÑ˛°Ï≈ˆÏíÓ˚ Ólfl˛ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ£z– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xyÑ˛°Ï≈ˆÏíÓ˚
ˆÑ˛w¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ˆÎ ì˛yãõ£ú ˆ¢£z ì˛yãõ£ˆÏúÓ˚ xhs˛!ò≈!£ì˛ Óyì≈˛yñ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˛òì˛yñ
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚£z Óòö%˛ú Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~£z xyÿ˛Î≈¢%®Ó˚ ˆäÈy›˛Ü“!›˛– ~£z ÜˆÏ“ ì˛yãõ£ú
ÚÓlfl˛Ó˚Û Óı˛ò Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ÜˆÏ“ Óòö%˛ú ~Ñ˛
òì%˛ò õyey ˆÎyãòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ Óƒ!_´ ¢yãy£yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎÖyˆÏò ïò#ÈÙÈî!Ó˚oñ v˛z§â%˛ÈÙÈò#â%˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛î ˆò£z– ì˛Ñ≈˛!ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚
¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ~£z ˆ≤Ãõ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ÎyÎ˚ ¢yõyˆÏòƒ–
˛ôˆÏòˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏî !Óòƒlfl˛ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ Ü“!›˛ fl˛ô‹Tì˛ î%!›˛ xÇˆÏü !Ó¶˛_´– Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚
î%!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~£z Ü“!›˛ˆÏÑ˛– !â˛£´£#ò î%!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
~£zÜ“!›˛ˆÏÑ˛– !â˛£´£#ò î%!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢yîy xÇü ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü“!›˛Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yãò
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤ÃÌõ xÇü!›˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓüÑ˛– ~!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÁ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚– õ)ú
Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ õ)ú Ü“– ~ÖyˆÏò ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÓ£ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚– !mì˛#Î˚ xÇü!›˛
xÓüƒ õ)ú Ü“– Úì˛yãõ£úÛ Ü“!›˛ ˆ¢y˛ôyˆÏòyˆÏÓ˚y£ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– î#á≈ ¢õÎ˚≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚
Ü“ ~!›˛–Û Úì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛!îò ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈÙÙÙÈÛ ~£z ÓyÑ˛ƒÓı˛!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ¢)â˛òy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !mì˛#Î˚
xÇü!›˛Ó˚– Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛í!Ó®%ˆìÏ ˛ !ò!õ≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ~£z Úì˛yãõ£úÛ Ü“!›˛ó ~£z ˆ≤Ã«˛í!Ó®%Ó˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛iyòyhs˛Ó˚í áˆÏ›˛!ò ~ÖyˆÏò–
xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y ¢õÎ˚ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ ~£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÎyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ≠ S1V ≤ÃÌõ ÎÖò xy@˘Ãy !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛yãõ£ú ˆîÖˆÏì˛£z– Sxò% ≠È1V–
S2V ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛!îò ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– Sxò% ≠ 6V S3V ˆ¢ !îò Úxyv˛z›˛ÈÙÈˆv˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚
òyõ!äÈñ Sxò% ≠ 8V– S4V ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z â˛ú!äÈú– Sxò% ≠ 9V– S5V ~Ñ˛!îò õ%°ÏúïyˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!‹T
òyõú– Sxò% ≠ 10V– S6V ˛ôÓ˚!îò ˆî!Ö ÜyäÈì˛úy Öy!ú– Sxò% ≠ 13V– S7V xyˆÏÓ˚y
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!îò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Sxò% ≠ 14V ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z !â˛!£´ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ófl˛ø,!ì˛–
Úì˛yãõ£úÛ Ü“!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yò%˛ô%C !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ ~£z Ü“!›˛ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚
!Ó¶˛y!ãì˛– ≤ÃÌõ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ì˛yãõ£ú ˆîÖyÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y– ~Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô§yâ˛
xò%ˆÏFäÈî ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì˛yãõ£ú îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y– Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ì˛yãõ£ú îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ î%!›˛ !Ó≤Ãì˛#˛ô
≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢õÓyˆÏÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy!›˛– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò
*xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ î#òÓı%˛ õ£y!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

Óòö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ≠ ˜üú#Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 71
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ!îˆÏòÓ˚ î%!›˛ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ á›˛òy– ~£z !îò î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ü“Ñ˛ÌÑ˛
fl˛ô‹T !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîò î%!›˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ ≠
1. Ú≤ÃÌõ îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢ !Ófl˛øÎ˚›˛y ~ÖòÁ õˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ–Û
2. ˆ¢£z !îò ¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ îü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜúyõ ì˛yãõ£úˆÏÑ˛–Û
≤ÃÌõ îü≈ˆÏò ˆ≤Ãõ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z ˆÎ Ó˝ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ì˛yãõ£ú îü≈ˆÏò !õˆÏÌƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚
Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– Úì˛yãõ£úˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ Ó˝!îˆÏòÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y !õÌ ~Ñ˛ !òˆÏõˆÏ°Ï£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏà
â%˛Ó˚õyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ›˛∆ˆÏòÓ˚ ãyòyúy !îˆÏÎ˚ õ%ÖÓy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yãõ£ú ˆîˆÏÖ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
fl˛∫≤¿¶˛D £Î˚– Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ≠ ÚÚî)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ ì˛yãõ£ú ˆîˆÏÖ îˆÏõ ˆÜúyõ–
â%˛òÑ˛yõÈÙÈÑ˛Ó˚y ¢yïyÓ˚í ~Ñ˛›˛y õ¢!ãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛yÊ ˙ ì˛yãõ£ú⁄ ì˛Ó% !ò!õ≈ˆÏõˆÏ°Ï ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚£ú z yõ–
£yãyÓ˚ ˆ£yÑ˛ ì˛yãõ£ú–ÛÛ Sxò%ˆÏFäÈî≠ 3V Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿!Óúy¢# ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛
!ò!ÿ˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ïyE˛y ÖyˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÌõ îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ x!¶˛õ%Ö!›˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ü“!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õ–
Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚£z !Ó≤Ãì˛#˛ô ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !mì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ ì˛yãõ£ú îü≈ˆÏò ≠ ÚÚ˛ô)!í≈õyÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚!îò– ì˛ÖòÁ â§˛yî ÁˆÏ‡˛ !ò– ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈y¶˛y¢ ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ô)Ó≈ !îÜˆÏhs˛– ˆ¢£z !îò
¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ îü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜúyõ ì˛yãõ£úˆÏÑ˛– xò%¶)˛!ì˛›˛y fl˛ô‹T õˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ
~ÖòÁ– .... â§˛yî v˛z‡˛úó ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿÓ˚ fl˛∫FäÈ Áv˛¸òyÎ˚ xD ˆë˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yã ÈÙÈ Ó˚yˆÏãŸªÓ˚# üyãy£yò
õ!£°Ï# õõì˛yˆÏãÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿£z x¶˛ƒÌ≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÎò xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ fl˛∫Î˚Ç– õ%?˛ î,!‹TˆÏì˛ !òÓ≈yÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚£zúyõ–ÛÛ Sxò%≠ 5V ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛iyòyhs˛Ó˚ˆÏí ì˛yãõ£ú ˆîÖyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y!›˛Ó˚Á fl˛iyòyhs˛Ó˚í
áˆÏ›˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z x!¶˛K˛ì˛y!›˛ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛–
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõhfl˛ˆÏÓ˚£z xyˆÏäÈ Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ÈÙÈâ˛â≈˛y– ì˛yãõ£ú ≤ÃÌõ ˆîˆÏÖ ˆÎ fl˛∫≤¿¶˛D
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z fl˛∫≤¿¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ xÓüƒΩ˛yÓ# ö˛ú Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ò‹Tyú!ãÎ˚y– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏî Óí≈òy
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õ%áú £z!ì˛£y¢ ÈÙÙÙÈ xì˛#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ Óy!íÓ˚*˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò Ü“Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ ≠ ÚÚüyãy£yˆÏòÓ˚
ì˛yãõ£ú– xÓ¢ß¨ x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏß¨ Ó®# üyÈÙÈãy£yò xy@˘Ãy î%ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ x!úˆÏ® ÓˆÏ¢ ~£z ì˛yãõ£ˆÏúÓ˚
!îˆÏÑ˛£z ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ò– õõì˛yˆÏãÓ˚ Óv˛¸ ¢yˆÏïÓ˚ ì˛yãõ£ú– ... xyúõÜ#Ó˚ !òõ≈õ !äÈˆÏúò
òy– !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ £zâäÈy x˛ô)í≈ Ó˚yˆÏÖò !ò !ì˛!ò....õ£y¢õyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ£ !õ!äÈú â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ....¢¡Ày›˛ üyÈÙÈãy£yò
â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò !≤ÃÎy˚ ¢!ß¨ïyˆÏò– .... xyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏFäÈî ¢£zú òy–...üÓyïyÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ òyõˆÏäÈ ¶)˛ÜˆÏ¶˛≈ ...˙
ì˛yãõ£ˆÏú£z õõì˛yˆÏãÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏü ˆü°ÏÈÙÈüÎƒy ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ñ˛ÓÓ˚Á
!äÈú....£Î˚ˆÏì˛y ~ÖòÁ xyˆÏäÈ....˙ ì˛yãõ£ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü– îyÓ˚y ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛yÓ˚....ÛÛÛ Sxò%ˆÏFäÈî ≠ 3V
xì˛#ì˛ £z!ì˛£y¢!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò õ)ì≈˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
!mì˛#Î˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yãõ£úˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ ˛ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y ÓƒÓ¢yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚íñ Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ≠
ÚÚˆÏÑ˛yò‰ Ñ˛ò‰›˛∆yÑ‰˛›˛yÓ˚ ì˛yãõ£ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôyã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛yò‰ ˆ£yˆÏ›˛úxúy ì˛yãõ£ˆÏúÓ˚
ˆîÔúˆÏì˛ Ó˚yãy ÓˆÏò ˆÜúñ ˆö˛!Ó˚ÁÎ˚yúy=ˆÏúy ÓyˆÏã ˛ôyÌˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ ì˛yãõ£ú xyÓ˚
Üv˛¸Üv˛¸yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !¢ÜyˆÏÓ˚›˛ ˛ôy£z˛ô !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ôÎ˚¢y ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˆÓ˚yãñ !òÓ˚#£ xyÜls˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
‡˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ›˛yày=ˆÏúy Ñ˛# ¶˛#°Ïí ¶˛#°Ïí ¶˛yv˛¸y ˆòÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ ¢Ó ÖÓÓ˚Á ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
Sxò%ˆÏFäÈî ≠ 7V–
72 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Óòö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ≠ ˜üú#Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛
~£z ¢ˆÏD£z Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xy@˘ÃyÓ˚ îyì˛Óƒ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛y_ýÓ˚ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî ≤Ã!ì˛!îò£z
ì˛yãõ£ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôyü !îˆÏÎ˚ Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ì˛yãõ£ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í ò‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
ˆÜy›˛y ¢Æõ xò%ˆÏFäÈî ã%ˆÏv˛¸£z xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yãõ£úˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ÓƒÓ¢y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyì˛ƒ!£Ñ˛ ˆîÖyÓ˚
ì˛yãõ£ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í£#ì˛y–
~£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò– Ó,k˛ õ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚
¢ˆÏD xyúy˛ô– !ì˛!ò fl˛f#Ó˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÓ˚ ãòƒ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò– î%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚yÜƒ ÚÑ˛ƒyÇeýõ
x!Ó˚õÛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜ xyeýhs˛ ~£z õ!£úy!›˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ xò%˛ô%C !ÓÓ˚Ó˚í ÈÙÙÙÈ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚
÷Ó˚& £Î˚ fl˛f#ˆÏúyÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ≠ ÚÚÑ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÎˆÏì˛£z î%Ü≈ı˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ ~Ñ˛›˛y– £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚
!¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓyÓ˚Öy Ö%úˆÏì˛£z Sxy˛ô!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú ˆ¢ ˆë˛Ó˚V Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚›˛y ˆÓyG˛y ˆÜú– Ñ˛ƒyÇeýõ
x!Ó˚õÊ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ xyïÖyòy ˛ôˆÏâ˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üyú›˛y ˆò£z– î§yì˛=ˆÏúy Ó#¶˛Í¢¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– î%Ü≈ˆÏı˛ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚ òy– î)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏò ~
ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y â˛ˆÏú òy– xyõyÓ˚ £zòˆÏv˛yˆÏÓ˚Á ãyÎ˚Üy ˆò£z ì˛Öò– xÜì˛ƒy £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚
ÓyÓ˚y®yˆÏì˛£z ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ Óúúyõ–ÛÛ Sxò%≠ 9V–
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ â˛ì%˛Ì≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ Ó,k˛!›˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xy˛ô!_ˆÏì˛ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚y®y ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸
fl˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ ÜyäÈì˛úyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z õ!£úy!›˛Ó˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚
Ü“Ñ˛ÌÑ˛–
îüõ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏî xyˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛ Ó,!‹TÓ˚ !îˆÏòÓ˚ á›˛òy ≠ ÚÚ~Ñ˛!îò õ%°ÏúïyˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!‹T òyõú– xy!õ
ÚÑ˛úÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛Ó˚!äÈñ £‡˛yÍ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôv˛¸ú Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !¶˛ãˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛›˛y â˛yîˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î%ˆÏ›˛y Ö%§›˛
ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛yˆÏú ˆÓ§ˆÏïˆÏäÈ xyÓ˚ î%ˆÏ›˛y Ö%§›˛ !òˆÏã î%£yˆÏì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– â˛yîˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛úyÎ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÓÜõ ¢yˆÏ£Ó–...ˆÓÜõ ¢yˆÏ£Ó ˆîÖúyõ xy˛ôyîõhfl˛Ñ˛ !¶˛ˆÏã ˆÜˆÏäÈ– Ñ§˛y˛ôˆÏäÈ ‡˛Ñ˛‡˛Ñ˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyïÖyòy õ%ˆÏÖ Ó#¶˛Í¢ £y!¢– ãµˆÏÓ˚ Üy ˛ô%ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyˆÏFäÈ–ÛÛ
~Ñ˛yîüñ myîü ~ÓÇ eˆÏÎ˚yîü ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏî ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ˆÓÜˆÏõÓ˚ xÓüƒΩ˛yÓ# õ,ì˛% ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !îò ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ÜyäÈì˛úy ö§˛yÑ˛y– Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò
≠ ÚÚÓúúyõ ÈÙÙÙÈ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yˆÏì˛£z !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúy xy˛ôyì˛ì˛– Ó,k˛ £‡˛yÍ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú
ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚ Ó§yâ˛ÓyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyüy xyˆÏäÈ ˝ã%Ó˚⁄ ¢!ì˛ƒÑ˛Ìy£z ÓúˆÏì˛ £ú ÈÙÙÙÈ òy– Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y â%˛˛ô
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚£zú– xy!õ â˛ˆÏú ~úyõ– ˛ôÓ˚!îò ˆî!Ö ÜyäÈì˛úy Öy!ú– ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆò£z–ÛÛ
â˛ì%˛î≈ü Á ˛ôM˛Èîü ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z î%£z xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÓyˆÏÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôM˛Èõ ì˛Ìy
x!hs˛õ hfl˛Ó˚!›˛– ~ÖyˆÏò ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó,k˛!›˛ fl˛f#Ó˚ ãòƒ £z§›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ÓÓ˚ Ü§yÌˆÏäÈò– xyˆÏÓ˚y
xyÿ˛Î≈ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ó,k˛!›˛Ó˚ òyõ ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ üyÈÙÈãy£yò– õ%áú xyõˆÏú !≤ÃÎ˚ì˛õyÓ˚
fl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ó,k˛!›˛ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ# £ˆÏÎ˚ £§z›˛ Ü§yÌˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óí≈òyÎ˚ ≠ ÚÚxyÓ˚Á Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!îò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢!îòÁ Ñ˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛Ó˚!äÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ
~Ñ˛›˛y õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ xy¢ˆÏì˛ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸yˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ– !Ñ˛ ˆÎò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏ¢
ÓˆÏ¢– G§˛yÈÙÈG§˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ î%˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yî– !Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y ÁÖyˆÏò⁄ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò õ%õ)°Ï%≈
ˆÓÜõˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ òy!Ñ˛⁄ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜúyõ– Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=ˆÏúy ¶˛yày £z›˛ xyÓ˚
Ñ˛yîy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y !Ñ˛ ˆÎò Ü§yÌˆÏäÈ–
ÚÚ!Ñ˛ £ˆÏFäÈ ~ÖyˆÏò !õÎ˚y ¢yˆÏ£Ó ÈÙÙÙÈÛÛ

Ó,k˛ ¢æˆÏõ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ G%§˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢úyõ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xyõyˆÏÑ˛–
ÚÚˆÓÜˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛ÓÓ˚ Ü§yÌ!äÈ ˝ã%Ó˚–ÛÛ
ÚÚÑ˛ÓÓ˚⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚ£§y ˝ã%Ó˚–ÛÛ
â%˛˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏ¢ Ó˚£zúyõ– Öy!òÑ˛«˛í xfl˛∫!hfl˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ò#Ó˚Óì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ãK˛y¢y Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚì%˛!õ ÌyÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚxy@˘ÃyÎ˚ xyˆÏü ˛ôyˆÏü !¶˛ˆÏ«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸y£z Ü!Ó˚Ó ÈÙÈ ˛ôÓ˚ÓÓ˚–ÛÛ
ÚÚˆî!Ö!ò ˆì˛y Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛# òyõ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ üyÈÙÈãy£yò–ÛÛ
~v˛ÜyÓ˚ xƒyúyò ˆ˛ôyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Óòö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ÜˆÏ“ ~Ñ˛ â˛õ!Ñ˛ì˛ v˛z˛ô¢Ç£yÓ˚– ~
õ%áú ¢¡Ày›˛ üyÈÙÈãy£yò òÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó˛ô%ú ˙ŸªÎ≈ ˆò£z ˆÎ ì˛yãõ£ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !Óüyú
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛ø,!ì˛ˆÏ¢Ôï ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ üyŸªì˛ ˆ≤ÃõÈÙÈ~ÖyˆÏò£z
!õú õ%áú ¢¡Ày›˛ üyãy£yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ fl˛øyÓ˚Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ¶˛yày £§z›˛ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛yîy
!îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ˆÏ¢Ôï!›˛–
Óòö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ Ü“!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xyˆÏäÈ !òÓ˚y¢!_´ xyÓ˚ !òÓ˚ˆ˛Ï ô«˛ì˛y–
¢)â˛òyÓ˚ !ò!ú≈Æì˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ÓãyÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– Úì˛yãõ£úÛ Ü“!›˛ Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ÓÎ˚yˆÏò v˛z_õ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°Ï ˆúÖy– !ÓÓ,!ì˛ ÓyÑ˛ƒÈ ~ÓÇ ¢Çúy˛ô ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛z¶˛Î˚ xÇü£z G˛Ó˚G˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛!úì˛
ÜˆÏîƒ ˆúÖy– ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ v˛z!_´=!ú Ñ˛ÌƒÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆúÖy– Î!îÁ Ó,k˛!›˛ v˛zî≈%˛¶˛y°Ï# ì˛Ó%Á ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ v˛zî%≈¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚!ò ÈÙÙÙÈ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°Ïy–
Ó,k˛ˆÏúyÑ˛!›˛ Úˆâ˛yhfl˛ v˛zî%≈¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚Û Ü“Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛f#Ó˚ x¢%fl˛iì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ~ÖyˆÏò
ú«˛í#Î˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ v˛z!_´Ó˚ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ v˛z!_´ ≠ ÚÚ!òˆÏãÓ˚
ˆÓÜõˆÏÑ˛ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖyˆÏÓ ÓÛˆÏú– !òì˛yhs˛ Ü!Ó˚Ó ˆ¢– xyõyˆÏÑ˛
Óy!v˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ú!ö˛Û !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖyÓyÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆò£z– xy!õ Î!î ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚Óy!ò Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÛ–
~£z ÜˆÏ“ ¢Çúy˛ô ˆÎyãòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆî!Ö Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ÷ï%õye v˛z!_´!›˛£z
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆÎõò ≠ S1V Ú!Ñ˛ £ˆÏFäÈ ~ÖyˆÏò !õÎ˚y ¢yˆÏ£Ó ÈÙÙÙÈ ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 14Vñ S2V
ˆÓÜˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛ÓÓ˚ ÜyÌ!äÈ ˝ã%Ó˚–ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 14Vñ S3V ÚÚÑ˛ÓÓ˚⁄ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 14Vñ S4V ÚÚ£§y
˝ã%Ó˚&–ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 14Vñ S5V ÚÚxy@˘ÃyÎ˚ xyˆÏü˛ôyˆÏü !¶˛ˆÏ«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸y£z Ü!Ó˚Ó ÈÙÈ ˛ôÓ˚ÓÓ˚–ÛÛ
Sxò% ≠ 14Vñ S6V ÚÚˆî!Ö !ò ˆì˛y Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛# òyõ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚⁄ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 14Vñ S7V
ÚÚö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ üyÈÙÈãy£yò–ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 14V
Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ v˛z!_´Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ ÚÓúyÛñ Ú≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yÛñ !ãK˛y¢y Ñ˛Ó˚yÛ £zì˛ƒy!î
!e´Î˚y˛ôî=!ú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈó Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy xyÓyÓ˚ v˛z!_´Ó˚ ¢ì˛ƒì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ≠
S1V ~Ñ˛ãò ¢£Îye# ÓˆÏú v˛z‡˛ˆÏúò ÈÙÙÙÈ ˙ ˆÎ ì˛yãõ£ú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ– Sxò% ≠ 1Vñ
S2V Óúúyõ ÈÙÙÙÈ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yˆÏì˛£z !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúy xy˛ôyì˛ì˛– Sxò% ≠ 11Vñ S3V Ó,k˛
£‡˛yÍ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚ Ó§yâ˛ÓyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyüy xyˆÏäÈ ˝ã%Ó˚⁄ Sxò% ≠ 11Vñ S4V
74 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Óòö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ≠ ˜üú#Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛
Öy!òÑ˛«˛í xfl˛∫!hfl˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ò#Ó˚Óì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ãK˛y¢y Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚì%˛!õ ÌyÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ Sxò% ≠
14Vñ S5V ¢!ì˛ƒ Ñ˛Ìy£z ÓúˆÏì˛ £ú ÈÙÙÙÈ òy– Sxò% ≠ 12V
Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xòƒˆÏòƒy¢yïyÓ˚í ¶˛y°Ïyò:y!›˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ ~v˛¸yÎ˚ òy– Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy
Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ ÓyÑ˛ƒ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ äÈ!Ó ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛zîy£Ó˚í fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô
Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÓÜˆÏõÓ˚ Óí≈òy ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ ã#Óls˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ≠
S1V Ñ˛ƒyÇeýõ‰ x!Ó˚õ Êñ S2V õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ xyïÖyò ˛ôˆÏâ ˆÜˆÏäÈ–ñ S3V v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üyú›˛y
ˆò£z–ñ S4V î§yì˛=ˆÏúy Ó#¶˛Í¢¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ–ñ S5V î%Ü≈ˆÏı˛ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ îyv˛¸yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚ òy–
Sxò%ˆÏFäÈî ≠ 9V–
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢Æõ xò%ˆÏFäÈî ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ˆÏäÈy›˛ ò~åÌ≈Ñ˛ ÓyÑ˛ƒÈÙÈfl˛iy˛ôòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
!ÓˆÏü°Ï äÈ§yî ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ≠ S1V ~ì˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆÎ xyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ úyˆÏÜ òy–ñ S2V ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸£z
òy–ñ S3V ˛ôyü !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏúÁ òÎ˚–
Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ÓyÑ˛ƒÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ ≤Ãy!ì˛!fl˛∫Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ äÈy˛ô!›˛ fl˛ô‹T– Ü“Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ ˆÎ
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yãõ£ú ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò Ñ˛yúy!ïÑ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôî ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ £ú ≠ ÚÚxı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢ı˛ƒyÎ˚ñ
|°ÏyÎ˚ ü#ì˛ÈÙÈ@˘Ã#‹øÈÙÈÓ°Ï≈yÈÙÈüÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˝ÓyÓ˚ Ó˝Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yãõ£úˆÏÑ˛–ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 7V
Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢)â˛òyÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ã!›˛úÓyÑ˛ƒñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ó˚Á ~Ñ˛›%˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ïc xyˆÏäÈ–
ÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ £ú ≠ ÚÚ≤ÃÌõ ÎÖò xy@˘Ãy !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ ì˛yãõ£ú ˆîÖˆÏì˛£z !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈúyõ–ÛÛ ~ÖyˆÏò
ÚÎÖòÙÈì˛ÖòÛ ˛ôîÎ%ˆÏ@¬Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ!›˛ ÚÎÖòÛ ~Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ Úì˛ÖòÛ ˛ôî!›˛ v˛z£ƒ–
xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ Ü“!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyíÓls˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ x!ïÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ˆÎõò ≠ !mì˛#Î˚ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ £ú ≠ Ú˙ ˆÎ ÈÙÙÙÈ Û ~£z x!ïÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ˆÏì˛ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ
˛ôî!›˛ v˛z£ƒ xyˆÏäÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ £ú ≠ ÚÚîyÓ˚y ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛yÓ˚.....–ÛÛ
ÚÑ˛ÓÓ˚Û ˛ôî!›˛ ~ÖyˆÏò v˛z£ƒ xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛¡∫y x‹Tõ xò%ˆÏâäÈˆÏî ÚÚxy!õ Î!î ˆõˆÏ£Ó˚Ó˚y!ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÛ
~£z x!ïÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ ˛ôy£z– ~ÖyˆÏò Ú!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y Ñ˛!Ó˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈ~£z ˛ôîî%!›˛ v˛z£ƒ xyˆÏäÈ– ÜˆÏ“ ~£z
x!ïÓyÑ˛ƒ=!úÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ü“!›˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy!N˛ì˛ Ü!ì˛–
Î!îÁ ˆâ˛Ñ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy!ÓK˛yò# £zÎ˚yò õ%Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚yö˛!fl˛Ò Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ !Óâ%˛ƒ!ì˛ ú«˛ƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÎyˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò foregrownding Óy ≤Ãõ%Öò xyÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ Üîƒ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¶˛y°Ïy!›˛£z ¢yõˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– Üîƒ!›˛£z ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–Û ì˛yãõ£úÛ ÜˆÏ“ xˆÏòÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ˛ôîe´õˆÏÑ˛ õyòƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ò Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ö˛ˆÏú ÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ ¢yõˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ÓyÑ˛ƒ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ– Úì˛yãõ£úÛ Ü“ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛›˛y î,‹Tyhs˛ ˆòÓ≠
S1V x!ïÑ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ˛ôî!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚– ÚˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿÓ˚ ˛ô)Óy≈ ¶˛y¢
ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈÈ ˛ô)Ó≈!îÜˆÏhs– Sxò% ≠ 5V–
S2V ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛õ≈˛ôî!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≠ Ûˆ¢£z !îò ¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚
îü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜúyõ ì˛yãõ£úˆÏÑ˛–Û Sxò% ≠ 5V
S3V Ñ˛ì≈˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ≠ ÚÚxy@˘ÃyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z ~Ñ˛
îyì˛Óƒ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yúˆÏÎ˚ v˛y_ýÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈ xy!õ– Sxò% ≠ 7V
ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ñ˛ì≈˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ~£z ÜˆÏ“ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎõò ≠ ÚÚ!ò!Ó≈Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ
î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !¶˛ãˆÏäÈ ˆúyÑ˛›˛y–ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 10V ~ÖyˆÏò Ñ˛ì≈˛y ÚˆúyÑ˛›˛yÛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ÓƒÓ£*ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
S4V ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈hfl˛ e´õ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ÜˆÏ“ î%ú≈«˛ òÎ˚– ˆÎõò ≠ ÚÚxı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢ı˛ƒyÎ˚ñ |°ÏyÎ˚ ü#ì˛ @˘Ã#‹øÓ°Ï≈y üÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˝ÓyÓ˚ Ó˝Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
ì˛yãõ£úˆÏÑ˛–ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 7V ~£z ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ Ñ˛ì≈˛y!›˛ v˛z£ƒ xyˆÏäÈ– ¢õÎ˚Óyâ˛Ñ˛˛ôî Úì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚VÛ ~ÓÇ
Ñ˛õ≈˛ôî Úì˛yãõ£úˆÏÑ˛Û ÈÙÙÙÈ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ xy¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !äÈú !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y òy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï
˛ôîî%!›˛Ó˚ fl˛iyò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Úì˛yãõ£ˆÏúÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ xòƒ ÎyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ Á ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛õ≈˛ôî ≠ ÚÚÓ,k˛
¢ÈÙÈ¢æˆÏõ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ G%§˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢úyõ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xyõyˆÏÑ˛–ÛÛ Sxò% ≠ 14V
S5V x˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôî!›˛ ÚÓyÓ˚y®y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Û ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ òy ÓˆÏ¢ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ≠
¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xy˛ô!_ ˆîˆÏÖ ¢Ó˚yˆÏì˛ £ú ÓyÓ˚y®y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– Sxò% ≠ 9V–
S6V Ú÷º xy¶˛y¢Á ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆÓÓ˚&ˆÏì˛ úyÜú xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛î Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û Sxò% ≠ 5V–
Úxı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛î Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Û ~£z ü∑Óı˛!›˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈñ ~!›˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ
ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !äÈú– õyòƒâ˛!úì˛ÜˆÏîƒ ÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ≠ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛î Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÷º
xy¶˛y¢Á ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆÓÓ˚&ˆÏì˛ úyÜú–
S7V ÚG%˛!v˛¸›˛y òyõyˆÏì˛£z !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ G%˛!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆõÁÎ˚y òÎ˚ñ ˆÓyÓ˚Öy˛ôÓ˚y
õ!£úy ÓˆÏ¢ xyˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛–Û xò% ≠ 8V ~ÖyˆÏò ¢ÇÖƒyÓyâ˛Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ïí Ú~Ñ˛!›˛Û ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– â˛!úì˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˛ôî¢Çfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚
fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ !òÎ˚ˆÏõ £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ !äÈú ≠ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓyÓ˚Öy˛ôÓ˚y õ!£úy ÓˆÏ¢ xyˆÏäÈ–
ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈hfl˛e´õ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆÎyÜƒ– ˆäÈy›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õye v˛zîy£Ó˚í !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã¢D!›˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛ ›˛yòÓ ≠ ÚÑ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÎˆÏì˛£z î%Ü≈ı˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ
~Ñ˛›˛y–Û Sxò% ≠ 9V ~ÖyˆÏò Ú~Ñ˛›˛yÛ ˛ôî!›˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ Ó¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyó ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô!›˛ £ì˛
~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ÚÑ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÎˆÏì˛£z ~Ñ˛›˛y î%Ü≈ı˛ ˆ˛ôúyõ–
Óòö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ Ü“!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ˛ôv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ò. £z. xB˛!¶˛fi›˛
(N.E. ENKVIST) ~Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÈÙÙÙÈ !ì˛!ò ˆÎ ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò ˜üú# £ú ~Ñ˛ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛òñ ˆ¢£z
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò!›˛£z ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˜üú#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– Úì˛yãõ£úÛ Ü“!›˛Ó˚ !òõ≈yí xì˛ƒhs˛
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ !õì˛yÎ˚ì˛ò ~£z Ü“!›˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ ü∑ ˆÎy!ãì˛ £Î˚!ò–
üyŸªì˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÎ Óyì≈˛y!›˛ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z ÜˆÏ“ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ¢%!ò˛ô%í !òõ≈yíˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏú ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ
ÎyÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ¢ÇˆÏÓîòü#ú ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– ~£z ˆ≤Ã«˛í!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ÓyÇúy Ü“!ÓˆÏŸª Úì˛yãõ£úÛ
Ü“!›˛ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ êýüÈÙÈ≤Ãhfl˛Ó˚–
¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ≠ 1947 ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚

v˛. ˆõyòy!ú¢y îy¢*
1947ÈÙÈ~ ˆîü!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ xÓƒÓ£!ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôy!Ñhfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚

üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ m®µ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ñ ÎÖò õ%£¡øî xyú# !ãßÿ£ ˆãyÓ˚yˆÏúy
¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎñ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T… ¶˛y°Ïy £ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛Óúõye v˛zî%≈– ~£z ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
!õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆúÏ y ÓyÇúy¶˛y°Ï# !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò xyîˆÏü≈ v˛zmk% ˛ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ñ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ Á Ó%!k˛ã#Ó#–
ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !äÈú ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ó˚#!ì˛ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ˆá§°Ïy ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏì˛ !£®%Î˚y!òÓ˚ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y
Î%_´ xyˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚y ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ Á ˆîü# ü∑ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ xyÓ˚!Óñ ö˛y!¢≈ñ
v˛zî%≈ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ òì%˛ò Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy¶˛y°Ïy â˛yú% Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ xÓfl˛iyò
ˆòò– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ v˛zî%≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚y‹T…¶˛y°Ïy !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ v˛zî%≈ÈÙÈÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢Ç!õ◊í# ¶˛y°Ïy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚
!Ó!ï ãy!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~£z ~Ñ˛ì˛Ó˚ö˛y !¢k˛yhs˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Óyày!úÓ˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚ xy=ò
ãµy!úˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~Ñ%˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy xyˆÏ®yúò ì˛yÓ˚£z ö˛ú◊&!ì˛– ¶˛y°Ïy xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛y!ò ˜fl˛∫Ó˚üy¢òÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ x!òÉˆÏü°Ï ˆâ˛ì˛òy ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈÓ˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !ü“ÈÙÈ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ Î%Üyhs˛Ñ˛yÓ˚#
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÜíãyÜÓ˚í Á ˜Ó≤’!ÓÑ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ fl˛ôˆÏü≈ ~Ñ˛ x˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏõÎ˚
¢Ω˛ÓòyÎ˚ v˛zI#!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒâ˛â≈˛y– ˜¢Î˚î ÁÎ˚yú#v˛zÕ‘y£ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ üyõ¢%j#ò xyÓ%ú Ñ˛yúyõñ !Ñ˛ÇÓy üÁÑ˛ì˛ xyú#ñ xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ˆ¢!úòy ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛£z ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ¶˛y°Ïy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xì˛ƒhs˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò–
ˆ¢£z v˛zI#Óò# ü!_´ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óì≈˛õyò ¢õˆÏÎÁ ˚ Ó£õyò–
v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛õ ~ÓÇ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛yfl˛ôü≈# !ü“¢,!‹T– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òü#úì˛yñ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚í ü,Cúy ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Çáyì˛ ÈÙÈ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò áˆÏ›˛
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– Óúy ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆÎñ !Ó÷k˛ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xD#¶)˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢
õ£yÑ˛yÓƒÓ˚*˛ô# ~Ñ˛ xòòƒ !ü“õyïƒõ– ã#ÓòyˆÏÌ≈ x!hfl˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ x¶˛#∞yñ fl˛∫ˆÏîü ÈÙÈ
¢õÑ˛yú ~ÓÇ ¢õyã ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á x!¶˛K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚í£z
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl˛∫ïõ≈– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò ¶˛!D!›˛ ú«˛í#Î˚– v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛
Ó,!k˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓú¡∫ò òÎ˚– â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xydÑ˛Ìòñ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òyñ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD£z
ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸yñ ˆâ˛ì˛ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xÓˆÏâ˛ì˛ˆÏò ÎyÁÎ˚y ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢£z
¢ˆÏD£z Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛#Ó ì˛#«¯˛ G˛Ñ˛G˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy xyÓ˚ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ v˛z˛ô¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ– ë˛yÑ˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛R@˘Ãyõ !Ñ˛ÇÓy Ó˚yãüy£# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó=v˛¸y Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ òy ˆÜˆÏäÈò xyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏì˛y
xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛£z òy xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏü°Ï ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛úˆÏõ ö%˛ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
*!Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤Ãïyòñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ≠ 1947 ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 77
¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚#!ì˛Üì˛ Ó§yÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ú«˛í#Î˚– !Óü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
â˛yÓ˚ Á ˛ô§yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy!ü“#Ó˚y ˛ô)Ó≈¢)!Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xò%Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ì˛Í¢õ ü∑Ó˝ú ¢yï%Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛!úì˛ Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– äÈˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ â˛!úì˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˜ü!“Ñ˛ Üîƒ !òõ≈yí ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ~£z ÜîƒÓ˚#!ì˛£z ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ≤Ãyïyòƒ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ü∑ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy äÈÑ˛Ó§yïy ˛ôˆÏÌ Ñ˛ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚Üí !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓk˛ Ó˚yˆÏÖò !ò– xyÓ˚!Óñ v˛zîñ≈% !£!®ñ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ãÈÙÈÓ˚
˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ì˛Í¢õ ü∑ñ ì˛qÓ ü∑ñ v˛z˛ô¶˛y!°ÏÑ˛ ü∑ñ ≤Ãì˛#!Ñ˛ ü∑ñ ~õò!Ñ˛ x!ü‹T Óy fl˛‘ƒyÇ
ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Á Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò fl˛∫FäÈˆÏ®ƒ– â˛!Ó˚e Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ ü∑
ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆúyÑ˛¶˛y°Ïyñ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚Á ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !òÉ¢ˆÏB˛yˆÏâ˛–
ì˛ˆÏÓ î«˛ñ ≤Ã!ì˛◊&!ì˛ü#ú Á ¢,!‹Tü#ú ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛Üí ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫Ñ˛#Î˚ ¶˛y°Ïy¶˛!D !òõy≈ˆÏí ¢îy
¢ˆÏâ˛‹T !äÈˆÏúò–
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÌõ!îˆÏÑ˛ òy!ãÓÓ˚ Ó˚£õyˆÏòÓ˚ ÚxyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚yÛñ Ñ˛yã# xyÓî%ú
Áî%ˆÏîÓ˚ Úòî#ÓˆÏ«˛Ûñ Ñ˛yã# £zõyî%ú £ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÚxyÓî%Õ‘y£Ûñ ˝õyÎ˚%ò Ñ˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Úòî# Á òyÓ˚#Ûñ
xyÓ%ú ö˛ãˆÏúÓ˚ Úˆâ˛Ô!â˛Ó˚Ûñ x˜Ïmì˛ õÕ‘Óõ≈ˆÏíÓ˚ Ú!ì˛ì˛y¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òî#Ó˚ òyõÛñ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛Üí !Ó¶˛yÜÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á xyîü≈Üì˛
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛“ˆÏÑ˛ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ~£z ¢ÓÑ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢£z fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ v˛zîy£Ó˚í–
!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜy_Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏú ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛yò ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú ˜¢Î˚î ÁÎ˚yú#v˛zÕ‘y£ ¶˛y°Ïy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒõÎ˚
Á Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÈÙÈ!òÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢– ì§˛yÓ˚ Úúyú¢yú%Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚
Óí≈òyÎ˚ !ü‹T â˛!úì˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Á ¢Çúy˛ô Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆòyÎ˚yÖy!ú Á õÎ˚õò!¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆÎõòñ
ÚÚ~Ñ˛ ˛ô#Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ£Ó xy£zˆÏäÈò òy ˆ££z ˆÜÓ˚yˆÏõñ ì˛y!ò òy!Ñ˛ õÓ˚y õy£zòˆÏ°ÏˆÏÓ˚ !ã®y Ñ˛£zÓ˚y
ˆîò–ÛÛ1
!Ñ˛ÇÓy
ÚÚ˛ôy!ò ˛ôv˛¸yv˛y Öy£zÎ˚y ì˛y!ò ÎÖò ¢yì˛ ˛ôyÑ˛ !îÓyÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúò òyñ õ)äÈ≈y ˆÜˆÏúòñ ì˛Öò
ì˛yˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛Ìy òy£z– Ö%îyÓ˚ Ñ˛yúyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ì˛y
¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yüòy£zÓ˚ õì˛ ¢yö˛– xyÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü xy!õ !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛õ% òy– ì˛yòyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yúyÑ˛ ˆîò–ÛÛ2
üyõ¢%j#ò xyÓ%ú Ñ˛yúyˆÏõÓ˚ ÚÑ˛yüÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛òƒyÛÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy xyM˛È!úÑ˛ £ˆÏúÁ ¢ÇúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚#!ì˛ !õ◊ ï§yˆÏâ˛Ó˚– xyM˛È!úÑ˛ Á ¢yï%Ó˚#!ì˛ !õ!◊ì˛ Ñ,˛!eõ v˛z˛ô¶˛y°Ïy– ˆÎõòñ
Ú£ñ ì%˛!õ !ÓÎ˚y Ñ˛£zÓ˚y ÖyÁÎ˚yÓy Ñ˛# xyõyˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ˆÑ˛Óú Üyò ÷òy£zÎ˚y ˆì˛y xyÓ˚ ˛ôƒy›˛ ¶˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
òy– Ñ˛# xyˆÏäÈ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚⁄ xy!õ fl˛∫yî xy‚yî Ñ˛Ó˚£zÎ˚y Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛y£z ÈÙÈ Îyv˛zÑ˛ ÈÙÈ ~¢Ó Ñ˛ì˛y xyÓ˚
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛yõ òy£z–Û3
xyÓ% £z¢£yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ú¢)Î≈î#áú Óy!v˛¸Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ xÑ,˛!eõ xM˛Èú á!ò¤˛ì˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆõˆÏú– ˆÎõòñ
ÚÚ!ö˛Ó˚y£zÎ˚y îƒyÁ xÖ%!ò– ˆÓ˛ôî≈y xyÁÓ˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ â˛#ã– !äÈ !äÈ !äÈÊÛÛ4
78 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ≠ 1947 ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚
!Ñ˛ÇÓy
ÚÚxyõyÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏÖÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛£zÓ˚y !îˆÏäÈñ ˆÎ Ì%Ì% ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ õy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ö˛yúy£z!äÈ ì˛y ˆõyÖ !îÎ˚y
â˛y›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ì˛yõ òy–ÛÛ5
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ @˘ÃyõyM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ õ%¢úõyò !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ õÎ˚õò!¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ÓyÇúy
üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ v˛zî%≈ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ !õ◊í ú«˛í#Î˚– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ î!«˛íyM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòyÎ˚yÖyú# ˆãúyÓ˚
ÓyÑ˛¶˛!DÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ ü£#î%Õ‘y£ Ñ˛yÎ˚¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ¢Çúy˛ô Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Óí≈òyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚õy!ã≈ì˛ Ó˚*˛ô ú«˛í#Î˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú¢yˆÏÓ˚Ç ˆÓÔÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢£z xòƒì˛õ
v˛zîy£Ó˚í ÈÙÈ
ÚÚì˛y ~Öò ÁÓ˚ Ñ˛îˆÏõÓ˚£z Óy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ñ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚£z Óy !Ñ˛ ˆ‡˛Ñ˛y⁄ úyÇ ~Ó˚ ˆì˛y xyÓ˚
x¶˛yÓ ˆò£zñ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚Á Ñ˛õ!ì˛ ˆò£z–ÛÛ6
¢Ó˚îyÓ˚ ãˆÏÎ˚òv˛zj#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÚxˆÏòÑ˛ ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xyüyÛ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒò ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ Ú˛ôî!â˛£´Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢
!ÓŸªÎ% k ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓ«˛Î˚ ñ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚ Ñ ˛ îyDyñ ˆîü!Ó¶˛yÜ ~ÓÇ !Ó¶˛yˆÏ Ü y_Ó˚
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈÓy˚ ã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ xyˆÏÓÜõÎ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛Ñ˛ÌˆÏíÓ˚ ˆõyv˛¸ˆÑÏ ˛ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È–
â˛!úì˛ ÜîƒÓ˚#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆúÖy ~ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy¶˛!D xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛îü≈#Ó˚ Óí≈òyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô
v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ã!£Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚£yˆÏòÓ˚ ÚxyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ ö˛yÄòÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ¶˛y°Ïy xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆõÔú
xyˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ ÓˆÏú ~Ó˚ ÜîƒÓ˚#!ì˛ î,ë˛¸ xÌâ˛ xyˆÏÓÜõÎ˚–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Î%ˆkÏ ˛ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hfl˛y!ò Óy!£!òÓ˚ £ì˛ƒyú#úyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ î!úú ÚÓ˚y£zˆöÏ ˛ú ˆÓ˚y!›˛ xyÁÓ˚yì˛Û
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ ¢%î#˛ô%ì˛ üy£#ò á›˛òyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛îü≈# £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ¶˛y°Ïy £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ
¢yÇÓy!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y– ˆÎõòñ
ÚÚãÜßÿÌ £ˆÏúÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú Ó!hfl˛Óy¢# !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ Ñ%˛!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
~ˆÏò ~Ñ˛ˆÏe ãˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈú– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !˛ôˆÏäÈ !˛ôˆÏäÈ ¢!Dò v˛z!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ˆãyÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚y–
xì˛É˛ôÓ˚ ˝Ñ%˛õ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Üì≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚– G%˛!v˛¸ ˆÑ˛yîyú ˆÑ˛yì˛y ˆÌˆÏ£ ˆãyÎ˚yò£z !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ ˆ¢
ˆãyÎ˚yòˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%Ó£z Ñ˛‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ár›˛y xòÓÓ˚ì˛ ≤ÃÓú Üy!ú Á Ó%ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ úy!Ì â˛yúyˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛ˆÏÓ£z òy ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ õòõì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Üì≈˛›˛y– ì˛ÖòÁ Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚yˆÏFäÈ ~õò !Ñ˛ä%È
xy£ì˛ Óƒ!_´ˆÏÑ˛Á xˆÏòÑ˛ üˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆ¢£z ÜˆÏì˛≈ ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú Ó!hfl˛Óy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚
˛ôyúy– ú¡∫y Üì≈˛›˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!Ó˚Ók˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏú ãÁÎ˚yòÓ˚y â§˛yîõy!Ó˚
x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÓÑ˛!›˛ Ó!hfl˛Óy¢# ÜˆÏì≈˛ ˆÜˆÏú Óy!Ñ˛ Ñ˛yã›%˛Ñ%˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ãÁÎ˚yòˆÏîÓ˚– ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ hfl(˛˛ô#Ñ,˛ì˛ õy!›˛ ˆ‡˛ˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy›˛y ¶˛Ó˚y›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚–ÛÛ7
ã!£Ó˚&ú £z¢úyˆÏõÓ˚ Úx!@¿¢y«˛#Û 1968ÈÙÈ1969 !Öfi›˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Üí x¶%˛ƒayˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛Î%_´– ˆúÖÑ˛ ¢õÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó˚*˛ôîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
!îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛ƒyñ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ £ì˛ƒyñ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
ï°Ï≈í ~ÓÇ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ äÈyeÈÙÈãòì˛yÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒÓk˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢£z
Üí xyˆÏ®yúò ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z ˆ¢£z á›˛òy Á ¢õÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ã!£Ó˚&ú
£z¢úyõˆÏÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ü∑ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ%˛üú#ñ ÓyÑ˛ƒÜ‡˛ˆÏò î«˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÑ˛yü¶˛!DˆÏì˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒÎ˚î#Æ
Á ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî#– x!@¿¢y«˛#Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy â˛!úì˛ Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü x!ü!«˛ì˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌƒÓ˚#!ì˛Á
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ È≠ ÚÚˆäÈ!Ó˚›˛y Ó˚*˛ô¢# ÓúˆÏì˛ ££zÓÛÛ–8

ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ m®µ !äÈú ì˛y v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ È≠ ÚÚxyõyÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏäÈy⁄ ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆ¢›˛y
xy˛ôyì˛î,!‹TˆÏì˛ñ
xyõÓ˚y !Ñ˛ ˛ô%§!ã˛ô!ì˛⁄
òy£z Óy £úñ ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ Üy!v˛¸ !äÈúñ Óy!v˛¸ xyˆÏäÈ– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò›˛y£z ˆò£z–
!Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yÓ˚Öyòy Óy £zu˛y!fl˛T… ÁòyÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y ò£z
ÌyˆÏõy ÌyˆÏõy õ%!ò ¶˛y£zñ xy!õ xyÓ˚ ÷òˆÏì˛ â˛y£z òy–ÛÛ9
xyˆÏ®yúò ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ á›˛òy Á ˛ôye˛ôye#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y£z !õ!äÈˆÏúÓ˚
¶˛y°Ïy ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ≠ ÚÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ â˛úˆÏäÈñ â˛úˆÏÓ–ÛÛ10
!Ñ˛ÇÓyñ ÚÚü£#î ãÓπyÓ˚ ÓÓ˚Ñ˛ì˛ ¢yúyõ ÙÙÙÈ úyú ¢yúyõñ úyú ¢yúyõ–ÛÛ11
xy£õî äÈö˛yÓ˚ ÚÁB˛yÓ˚Û v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ â˛!úì˛ Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yîyõy›˛y fi›˛y£zˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ ¢%°Ïõy Á Ó_´Óƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü î,ë˛¸ì˛y ≠ ÚÚˆÜy›˛y ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !üÓ˚y v˛z˛ô!üÓ˚yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛
≤Ã¢Ó ˆÓîòy äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó%Ñ˛ö˛y›˛y !â˛ÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ïπ!òì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ xyÑ%˛!ì˛– ...xy!õ
ˆõˆÏG˛Ó˚ ˆäÈy˛ô ˆäÈy˛ô úyú Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÑ˛y£z ...õò ö%˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃŸ¿ ãyˆÏÜ– ˆÑ˛yò Ó˚_´
ˆÓü# úyú– ü£#î xy¢yˆÏîÓ˚ òy ˆÓyÓy ˆÓÔˆÏÎ˚Ó˚⁄ÛÛ12
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÇ!_´Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ¶˛y°Ïy¶˛!D ≠ ÚÚâ˛wˆÏÑ˛y›˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆãyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
Ó£zˆÏäÈ õyò%°Ï– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y=ˆÏúy òî# £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ xy=òñ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ãµyúyñ
Ñ˛ˆÏt˛ xyÁÎ˚yãñ £yˆÏì˛ úy!‡˛– ˆÓ˚ÔˆÏoyIµú î%˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆŸ’yÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ïπ!ò ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xyÑ˛yü
õ[˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ˆÑ˛y!›˛ Óü≈yö˛úyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !G˛!Ñ˛!õ!Ñ˛ ˆÖúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ13
õy£õ%îú % £ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Úã#Óò xyõyÓ˚ ˆÓyòÛ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ õy!eÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚ xòòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢–
1971ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Ó v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ú«˛í#Î˚È≠
ÚÚ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Ó˚yã˛ôÌ£z ~Öò ¶˛Î˚yòÑ˛ ˛ôî!˛ô‹T– õ%˝õ≈%˝ ÓL!òˆÏá≈yˆÏ°Ï v˛z˛ô%Î≈˛ô%!Ó˚ ˆÑ§˛ˆÏ˛ô v˛z‡˛ˆÏäÈ
¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%Èñ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ á%õhs˛ xyˆÏ@¿Î˚!Ü!Ó˚ üì˛Ó°Ï≈ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚&oˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ°Ï
v˛zîÜy!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏFäÈñ ¶˛fl˛øyFäÈyîˆÏò õ%ˆÏv˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !â˛Í˛ôyì˛ ü£Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ó ¢Ç£yÓ˚ !˛ô˛ôy¢% x!@¿õÎ˚
úy¶˛yˆÏfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛ ï#Ó˚ xÌâ˛ x≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïƒ Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚õyò–ÛÛ14
Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ˆúÖÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü∑ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ î#á≈ xò%ˆFÏ äÈˆîÏ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈò ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒõÎ˚ ãyúÈÙÈ
ÚÚÑ˛yú ˆÓú#ñ ïyÁúy ˆÓú#ñ ÷›˛Ñ˛# ˆÓú#ñ ï%õ¢# ˆÓú#ñ ÜyßÿÑ˛y›˛y ˆÓú#ñ ÖƒyÇÓ˚y
=ˆÏ˛ôyÓ˚!˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚# ˆÓú#ñ ì˛yG˛Ñ˛y Ó˚y«%˛¢# ˆÓú#ñ Ö§yîy ˆÓú#ñ !›˛˛ôÑ˛˛ôyú# ˆÓú#ñ Ó!v˛¸ˆÖÏ y˛ôy ˆÓú#–ÛÛ15
Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ üÁÑ˛ì˛ xyú# ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚yò%Ü– ì˛y§Ó˚ Ú≤ÃˆÏîyˆÏ°Ï ≤ÃyÑ,˛ì˛ãòÛ
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛y°Ïy˜Ïüú# !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ òì%˛ò ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÈÙÈ!òÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÓyÑ˛ƒÜ‡˛ò ≤Ãíyú#
ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ Á ¢õy¢Ók˛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ó˝úì˛yÈ≠È
ÚÚxyú%úy!Î˚ì˛ ˆÑ˛ü¶˛yÓ˚ñ !Ófl˛Àhfl˛Óy¢ xyÓ˚ ˙ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓÓ˚&k˛ £y£yÑ˛yÓ˚– üƒyõyD ú#úyˆÏÑ˛
Ó«˛ ú@¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ô,ˆÏ¤˛ £yì˛ Ó˚yˆÏÖñ ¢#õyˆÏhs˛ â%˛¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÎˆÏì˛yÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏì˛yÓyÓ˚ £y£yÑ˛yÓ˚
v˛zˆÏmú £Î˚ñ ˆÓ˚yîò v˛zFäÈ!¢ì˛ £Î˚ñ ˆ«˛y¶˛ ì˛#Óì˛Ó˚ £Î˚– ...˛ô%_!úÑ˛y !òõ≈yíÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ xyò® ˙
¢õÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã x!hfl˛cˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ®y!úì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–ÛÛ16
80 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ≠ 1947 ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÚõyîyÓ˚v˛yàyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛z_Ó˚yM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ú«˛í#Î˚–

¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yì˛s˛fƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ xyÑ˛°Ïˆ≈ íÏ Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÓyïˆÏÑ˛£z
ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £z!Dì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚≠È
ÚÚõ%£z Ñ˛!£Óy ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚y òy ÓyÓñ ˝§ü !äÈú òy ÈÙÙÙÈÈ Üyë˛¸yÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ £yì˛Öyò ë%˛Ñ˛yò% ˙ ¢õÎ˚
üyúyÓ˚ Óƒy›˛y Ñ˛yõv˛¸yÎ˚ ï!Ó˚úñ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛# ãúòñ õˆÏò ££zú xy!Üò òyˆÏÜ ˆÜ£zˆÏäÈ £yì˛Öyòì˛
ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢ƒyúy â%˛ˆÏ°Ï â%˛ˆÏ°Ï x_´ ö˛ƒyúyò%ñ Ñ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛!¢ Ö%!ú î§yì˛ ˆî Ñ˛yõv˛¸yÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÜy Óy!®ò%
ÙÙÙÈ ˙¢õ !â˛Õ‘y!â˛!Õ‘ ÷ˆÏòy ÈÙÙÙÈÈ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆõyÓ˚ ˝§ü òy£z–ÛÛ17
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f– £z!úÎ˚y¢ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ
xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜÑ˛yÓ˚– Ú!â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£zÛ ÈÙÈ ~ !ì˛!ò ˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy ë˛yÑ˛yÓ˚
Ó!hfl˛Óy¢# !ò¡¨!ÓˆÏ_Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ# Ó˚*˛ôñ Ó=v˛¸y ˆãúyÓ˚ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ# õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈ≠
ÚÚxyõy= ˛ô%ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ¢!ãî !Ñ˛ xy£zÎ˚%Ó ÖyˆÏòÓ˚ !õ!ú›˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏâ˛ñ òy ˆâ˛Ôâ˛!Õ‘ü
ïyÓ˚y !îˆÏÎ˚ õ%ú!Õ‘ˆÏÜy xy›˛Ñ˛y£zÎ˚y Ó˚yÖˆÏäÈ⁄ Óy˛ô îyîy õyÎ˚ õ%Ó˚&!Óπ ˆâ˛yj ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï òyõyã ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
˛ô%ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ¢!ãˆÏîñ xyv˛zãÑ˛y ì%˛!õ òÎ˚y ãyÎ˚Üy !Óâ˛Ó˚yÁ⁄ÛÛ18
ˆ¢!úòy ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÜyÎ˚e# ¢ı˛ƒyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˙!ì˛£y!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ fl˛iyò !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
˙!ì˛£y!¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ Üîƒ ~ÖyˆÏò xyˆÏÓÜ£#òñ !òˆÏõ≈y£ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ î,ë˛¸– ¢õÑ˛yú#ò
á›˛òy Óí≈òyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ¢!úòy ˆ£yˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚*˛ô ì˛ÌƒÓ˝ú Á Óí≈òyõÎ˚È≠
ÚÚˆüÖ õ%!ãÓÓ˚ Ó˚£õyò ì˛yÓ˚ äÈÎ˚îö˛y Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ãò¢¶˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò â˛R@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚
úyú!î!á õÎ˚îyˆÏò– ˆîü ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ££z â˛£z ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– Óúy £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~£z äÈÎ˚îö˛y Óyày!ú
ãy!ì˛Ó˚ õ%!_´¢òî– ˛ô§!â˛ˆÏü ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆ¢£z ãò¢¶˛yÎ˚ !Ó˛ô%ú ãõyˆÏÎ˚ì˛ £Î˚–ÛÛ19
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï xyõÓ˚y ~Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yì˛ £Î˚– Ñ§˛yâ˛y õy!›˛Ó˚ Üı˛ ¶˛Ó˚y ÚÓˆÏDÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ì˛
Ó˚DÛ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ ì˛y ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ì%˛ˆÏú xyˆÏòò v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚– Î§yˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy xyõÓ˚y ~ÖyˆÏò !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚úyõ ÷ï% ì§˛yÓ˚y£z òòñ ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ üÁÑ˛ì˛
Á¢õyòñ xyÓ% ãyö˛Ó˚ üyõ¢%j#òñ £y¢yò xy!ãã%ú £Ñ˛ñ ˜¢Î˚î üyõ¢%ú £Ñ˛ñ !îúyÓ˚y £yˆÏ¢õñ
!Ó≤Ãîyü Óv˛YÎ˚yñ òy¢Ó˚#ò ãy£yòñ ≤Ãõ%Ö ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛Ó˚y ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl˛∫Ñ˛#Î˚ ãÜÍ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !òÓ˚hs˛Ó˚ ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1– ˜¢Î˚î ÁÎ˚yú#v˛zÕ‘y£ñ úyú ¢yú%ñ 1948ñ Ñ˛õˆÏÓ˚v˛ ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ 62ñ ¢%¶˛y°Ï ~ˆÏ¶˛!òv˛zñ
ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 21–
2– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛y 61–
3– üyõ¢%!jò xyÓ%ú Ñ˛yúyõñ Ñ˛yüÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛òƒyñ 1955ñ Á¢õyò#Î˚y Ó%Ñ˛ !v˛ˆÏ˛ôyñ ÓyÓ%
ÓyãyÓ˚ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 56–
4– xyÓ% £z¢£yÑ˛ñ ¢)Î≈î#áú Óyv˛¸#ñ 1955ñ 1 !¢ ¢yˆÏÑ≈˛›˛ ˆ≤Ã¢ñ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛y 17ñ ˛ô,¤˛y 66–
5– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛y 33–
6– ü£#î%Õ‘y£ Ñ˛yÎ˚¢yÓ˚ñ ¢yˆÏÓ˚Ç ˆÓÔñ 1962ñ òÁˆÏÓ˚yã !Ñ˛ì˛y!Óhfl˛yòñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 89–
7– xyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôyüyñ Ó˚y£zˆÏö˛ú ˆÓ˚y!›˛ xyv˛zÓ˚yì˛ñ 1973ñ Óí≈!õ!äÈúñ 70ñ !õv˛z!ò!¢˛ôƒyú
fl˛T…#›˛ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛˛ô,¤˛y 121–
8– ã!£Ó˚&ú £z¢úyõñ x!@¿¢y«˛#ñ fi›%˛ˆÏv˛r›˛ ÁˆÏÎ˚ãñ 9ñ ÓyÇúy ÓyãyÓ˚ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛˛ô,¤˛y 51–
9– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛y 71–
10– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛y 93–
11– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛y 93–
12– xy£õî äÈö˛yñ ÁB˛yÓ˚ñ 1993ñ fi›%˛ˆÏv˛r›˛ ÁˆÏÎ˚ãñ 9ñ ÓyÇúy ÓyãyÓ˚ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 51–
13– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛y 58–
14– õy£õ%î%ú £Ñ˛ñ ã#Óò xyõyÓ˚ ˆÓyòñ 1973ñ £zfi›˛ˆÏÓDú ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ 33/1ñ ˛ôy›%˛Î˚y›%˛!úñ
ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 29–
15– ì˛ˆÏîÓñ ˛ô,¤˛y 63–
16– üÁÑ˛ì˛ xyú#ñ ≤ÃˆÏîyˆÏ°Ï ≤ÃyÑ,˛ì˛ãòñ 1948ñ !î £zv˛z!ò¶˛y!¢≈!›˛ ˆ≤Ã¢ !ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ
˛ô,¤˛y 158–
17– üÁÑ˛ì˛ xyú#ñ õyîyÓ˚v˛yàyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ 2011ñ òy®!òÑ˛ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 123–
18– xyÖì˛yÓ˚&Iyõyò £z!úÎ˚y¢ñ !â˛ˆÏúˆÏÑ˛y‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢˛ôy£zñ 1987ñ !î £zv˛z!ò¶˛y!¢≈!›˛ ˆ≤Ã¢
!ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 191–
19– ˆ¢!úòy ˆ£yˆÏ¢òñ ÜyÎ˚e# ¢ı˛ƒyñ 2003ñ ¢õÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüòñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 321–
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i ≠
1– xye´õ ˆ£yˆÏ¢ò ˜¢Î˚îñ ≤Ã¢D ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ì˛ƒñ 1997ñ õyÁúy Óyîy¢≈ñ ë˛yÑ˛y–
2– xyú# £z!o¢ õ%£¡øîñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òy ÈÙÈ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜy_Ó˚ Ñ˛yúñ 1988ñ
ÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#ñ ë˛yÑ˛y–
3– Öyò Ó˚!ö˛Ñ˛v˛zÕ‘y£ñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ÈÙÈ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Á !ü“Ó˚*˛ô 1947ÈÙÈ1987ñ 1997ñ
ÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#ñ ë˛yÑ˛y–
4– Öyò Ó˚!ö˛Ñ˛v˛zÕ‘y£ñ üì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ñ 2001ñ õyÁúy Óyîy¢≈ñ ë˛yÑ˛y–
5– Ü#Î˚y¢ üyõ#õñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ñ 2002ñ ÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#ñ ë˛yÑ˛y–
6– ˆáy°Ï !ÓŸª!ãÍñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ 1991ñ ÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#ñ ë˛yÑ˛y–
7– ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# òyãõy ˆã¢!õòñ ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Á Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ñ 1991ñ ÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#ñ ë˛yÑ˛y–
8– îyü=Æ Ó˚ˆÏíüñ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ü“Ó˚*˛ôñ 1973ñ Ñ˛y!úÑ˛úõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ ë˛yÑ˛y–
9– õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ xÓ˚&íÑ%˛õyÓ˚ñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ñ 1987ñ üÓ˚Í ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇ
£yv˛z¢ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y–
10– £Ñ˛ £y¢yò xy!ãã%úñ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ì˛yñ 1981ñ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yüò#ñ ë˛yÑ˛y–
xyhs˛É¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyã Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ

v˛. !ü≤Ãy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚*
¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ~ÓÇ üyŸªì˛– ì˛y£z ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò
¢õyã ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ~!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢y!£!ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢,!‹TÑ˛õ≈
ì˛Ìy ¢y!£ì˛ƒyò%ü#úò xÓüƒ£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈– ¢õyã ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ÈÙÈ ≤ÃÓíì˛y£z
õyò¢ÈÙÈ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ñ ˆ¢ãòƒ ì˛y ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢!, ‹TÓ˚Á xy!îÈÙÈº*í– ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï
¢õyãÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü£z xúˆÏ«˛ƒ !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ Á£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛yú Á ¢õyã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zq(ì˛
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˆõÔú ≤ÃÓíì˛y¢õ)£– Ólfl˛ì˛ñ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Á xy!DÑ˛ ~Ñ˛yhs˛¶˛yˆÏÓ£z
¢õyãÈÙÈ!ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆõÔú ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Áì˛ˆÏ≤Ãyì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛– ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ v˛zÍÑ˛#í≈
£Î˚ !ò!î≈‹T ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒñ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚– ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ~£z á!ò¤˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òˆÏîü≈ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !Ó!ü‹T ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛ xÓ˚!Ó® ˆ˛ôyjyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!òˆÏ¡ÿ_´ v˛z!_´!›˛ ≤Ã!íïyòˆÏÎyÜƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ £yÁÎ˚y ÓîˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ ˆÎõò Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ xyhs˛Ó˚
ÜÓ˚ã ¢ÇˆÏÜy˛ôˆÏò !e´Î˚yü#ú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆì˛õ!ò Óƒ!_´Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓòy !â˛hs˛yñ xò%¢!ı˛Í¢yñ ˆ◊Î˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ïƒyò ~ÓÇ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ xyd≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¶˛!DˆÏì˛Á Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ õõ≈Óyí# Á xò%üy¢ò!›˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
Ñ˛!‡˛ò òÎ˚– ~£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚
~Ñ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒñ õˆÏòy¶˛!DˆÏì˛ ÓƒÓïyò ~ÓÇ
Óyâ˛ò¶˛!DÜì˛ fl˛∫yì˛s˛fƒ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó–1
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õyò%°Ï !£¢yˆÏÓ !ü“#ÈÙÈ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛Ó˚y Óƒ!_´Ñ˛ xyhs˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ÜÓ˚ˆãÏ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢õyãÈÙÈÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £Î˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yò !ü“#Ó˚
õyò¢ˆÏúyÑ˛– ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%fl˛ô‹T ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÑ˛!üì˛ £Î˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÓyï–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ˙ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y˛ôyì˛ á›˛ˆÏÓñ ~›˛y ~Ñ˛yhs˛£z fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yò
õ£Í ¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £Î˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yò ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
ÈÙÈÓ˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚– ì˛y£z ¢õyãì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ x!¶˛!òˆÏÓü ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yò Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚
¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛õ≈ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˙ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ hfl˛Ó˚!Óòƒy¢ñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
xÓfl˛iyñ ˆ◊í#˜ÏÓ!ü‹Tƒñ ïõ#≈Î˚ ≤ÃÌyñ ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛ ò#!úõy £zÓy!£ˆÏõÓ˚ x!¶˛õì˛ Man is social
animal and consequently society is reflected in every branch of literture....So
if we go deep into the literary works of an age, we are sure to have the social
manners and customs and various problems of that age reflected therein.2
*xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛yñ ¢õyã!Óîƒy !Ó¶˛yÜñ ãÜßÿÌ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü–

xyhs˛É¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyã Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 83
¢õyãì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ î,!‹TˆÏÑ˛yí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ~!›˛ ¢ì˛ƒ ÓˆÏú ≤Ãì˛#Î˚õyò £Î˚ ˆÎñ
¢y!£ì˛ƒ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ˛ôÿ˛yˆÏì˛ ¢Ó≈îy !e´Î˚yü#ú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò– Ólfl˛%ì˛ñ
¢õyã!ÓÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ !òÓ˚hs˛Ó˚ ˆ◊í#¢Ç@˘Ãyõ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò£z
¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢,!‹TÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ v˛zm%k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢õyã !ÓÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ◊í#¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y
!ü“ÈÙÈ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £Î˚ ÓˆÏú£zñ ì˛y xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#ˆÏÑ˛– ˆÎÈÙÈ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ü!_´Ó˚ !e´Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô ~ÓÇ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ hfl˛Ó˚!Óòƒy¢ Ólfl˛!ò¤˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £Î˚ñ
ˆ¢£z ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛£z ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò# ¢õ!ïÑ˛ xy@˘Ã£#– ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò òÎ˚
~õò ¢y!£!ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÑ˛yò õ)úƒ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– v˛z˛ôõ£yˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
xòƒì˛õ ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò# ~. ˆÑ˛. òyãõ)ú Ñ˛!Ó˚õ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÚ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á ¢õyã!ÓK˛yòÛÛ ü#°Ï≈Ñ˛
≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xì˛ƒhs˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
¢!ì˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢,ãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢õyãÈÙÈ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ xÌ≈ ~£z òÎ˚ ˆÎñ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ á›˛òyÓú#£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– ˆÎõò Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎñ ~ì˛ Óv˛¸ õ£y¢õÓ˚ñ î%!¶≈˛«˛ñ ˆîü!Ó¶˛yÜ ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛
£úñ !Ñ˛ls˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ òyõãyîy ÓˆÏòî# ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛úõ ~ ¢Ó á›˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ
â˛yúyˆÏì˛ò ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ£z â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈò– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ ì˛y£z ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ á›˛òyÓú#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò
äÈy˛ô òy£z ~ÓÇ äÈy˛ô òy£z ÓˆÏú£z ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖy Óyhfl˛Óì˛y Ó!ã≈ì˛ñ ì˛y£z ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
˛ôîÓyâ˛ƒ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛ ÚÚxyï%!òÑ˛ÛÛ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ á›˛òyÓú#Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛
!Ñ˛ä%È !úˆÏÖ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛ õ£ˆÏúÓ˚ Óy£Óy ˆ˛ôˆÏúò– xyÓyÓ˚ xyãÑ˛yú ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ õ£ˆÏú ˆÓ˚ÁÎ˚yã
â˛úˆÏäÈñ ¢!ì˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ õïƒ!Ó_ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !â˛e òy ~§ˆÏÑ˛ !ò¡¨ˆÏ◊í#Ó˚ !â˛e x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y £ˆÏú£z ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ¢õyã ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏúò– ì˛y ˆõyˆÏ›˛£z òÎ˚– ¢õyã ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚
xÌ≈ ¢õyãì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ î,!‹T¶˛!D– ˆÎ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ õyò%°ˆÏ ÑÏ ˛ñ á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ñ ã#Óò!ãK˛y¢yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyã !ÓÓì≈˛ò
Á ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y£z £ú ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ–3
xyd≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ Óy¢òyñ ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢_yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ Ñ˛yõòyñ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ Ñ˛“ˆÏúyÑ˛
!òõ≈yí ~ÓÇ Ó˚*˛ô!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z â˛ì%˛õy≈!eÑ˛ ≤ÃÓíì˛y£z õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢yïòyÓ˚ ˆõÔú v˛zÍ¢–4
v˛z˛ôÎ%≈_´ â˛ì%˛õ≈y!eÑ˛ ≤ÃÓíì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ú¢õyã¢_yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜÈÙÈÑ˛yõòyÛ ~ÓÇ Úx!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏúyÎ˚ Ñ˛“ˆÏúyÑ˛ !òõ≈yíÛÙÙÙ ~£z v˛zÍ¢mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !ò!£ì˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ xyhs˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyíÈÙÈÓ#ã– ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢õyã!Ó!FäÈß¨ Ó,hs˛ú#ò ˆÑ˛yò Ñ%˛¢%õ òÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛Á òò ¢õyãÈÙÈÓ!£¶)≈˛ì˛ xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛“õyò%°Ï– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì§˛yÓ˚
Óı˛ò üyŸªì˛ ~ÓÇ !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹TÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xyhs˛É¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyã Á
¢y!£ì˛ƒ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛£z !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò Óyhfl˛Óì˛y– ˆÎÈÙÈÓyhfl˛Óì˛y ¢õyã
x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚£z ˜ü!“Ñ˛ ÓƒOòy õye–
¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ¢Ó üyÖy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
¢õyãÈÙÈì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒyÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒÁ ¢õyò ≤ÃˆÏÎyãƒ– ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ¢õyãì˛_¥
ÓƒyÖƒy ¢)ˆÏe £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ò,ÈÙ!ÓK˛yò# £z. !Ó. ›˛y£zúÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ÇK˛y ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ≤Ã!íïyòˆÏÎyÜƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ
Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, mor-
84 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ xyhs˛É¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyã Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
als, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.5
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ÈÙÈâ˛â≈˛y ì˛Ìy ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢yïòy =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈÑ˛õ≈ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ£z
¢õyãì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛– ¢õyã£z !ü“#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ â˛â≈˛y ì˛Ìy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ¢yïòyÎ˚ ≤ÃˆíÏ y!îì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ü“# Óy ¢y!£!ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢,!‹TÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢õyãÈÙÈÓyhfl˛Óì˛y£z ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £Î˚–
¢õyã¢ÇÜ‡˛òÈÙÈ¢,‹T ˆ◊í#ÈÙÈÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy Á ˆ◊í#ÈÙÈõòhfl˛_¥ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Ó˚*˛ô úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~
¢)êÏ £z ¢õyãÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– Ólfl˛ì˛ñ ¢õyã!ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
≤ÃÓ£õyí ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛£z ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ¢ı˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛– ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ x§yïyˆÏÓ˚£z
¢%ÆyÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyã!ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆõÔú ≤ÃÓíì˛y¢õ)£– ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï
ˆÑ˛yò õì˛yîü≈ Óy !ò!î≈‹T ˆÑ˛yò Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢õyïyò Î!î òyÈÙÈÁ Óy ˆîòñ ì˛Ó%
Óylfl˛Ó ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ã#Óò Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹TÑ˛õ≈ ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛
£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˆÑ˛yò ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôy_ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˆö˛v˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛
~ˆÏDúˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏ¡ÿ_´ õhs˛Óƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ fl˛øÓ˚íˆÏÎyÜƒ ≠
I think that the bias should flow by itself from the situation and action,
without particular indications, and that the writer is not obliged to obtrude on
the reader the future historical solutions of the social conflicts
pictured....therefore, a socialist baised novel fully achieves its purpose, in my
view, if by conscientiously describing the real mutual relations, breaking down
conventional illusions about them, it shatters the optimism of the bourgeois
world, instills doubt as to the eternal character of the existing order, although
the author does not offer any definite solution or does not even line up openly
on any particular side.6
Ó%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚y ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ~ˆÏDú¢ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ õhs˛Óƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ Ólfl˛ì˛ ì˛y ¢Ñ˛ú
Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛£z ≤ÃˆÏÎyãƒ– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ á›˛òy Óy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ!ú ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò
ˆÑ˛Óú xò%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚íy ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyñ Óy !ì˛!ò ì˛y ˆÑ˛Óú ≤ÃÑ˛yü£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òyñ ÓÓ˚Ç ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÎ
¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ v˛zayòÈÙÈ˛ôì˛ò £ˆÏFäÈ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÈÙÈ¢Ó ü!_´ ˙ v˛zayò ˛ôì˛ˆÏò ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛
ˆ¢ÈÙÈ¢ÓˆÏÑ˛ ˜ü!“Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ãò¢õˆÏ«˛ v˛zˆÏß√y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–7 Ólfl˛ì˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢õyãì˛ˆÏ_¥
¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~!›˛£z £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ î,!‹T¶˛!D– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Á !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
ïyÓ˚y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ K˛yò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú£z ¢y!£!ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ õ£Í ˆÑ˛yò !ü“Ñ˛õ≈ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚y
¢Ω˛Ó– ¢õyã !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢y!£!ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ K˛yòÜì˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD òyãõ%ú Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏõÓ˚
!òˆÏ¡ÿ_´ v˛z!_´!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒÈÙÙÙÈ
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛ô#Î˚ !ö˛v˛zv˛yúì˛s˛f £ˆÏì˛ xyúyîy ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõhs˛ì˛s˛f â˛yú% !äÈú–
ˆ¢ ¢yõhs˛ì˛s˛f Ó,!›˛ü Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ïòì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ xyáyˆÏì˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyˆÏò òì%˛ò
Üv˛¸y xyÓ˚Ω˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyã !ÓÓì≈˛ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ~ £ú õ)ú¢)e– ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛
ˆÑ˛Óú ~ õ)ú¢)e ãyòˆÏú£z â˛úˆÏÓ òy ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ ¢õyã ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò
˛ô!Ó˚Óƒy_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y ˆÓyG˛y Á xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ «˛õì˛y òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ !ì˛!ò ~
Î%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ x˛ôyÓ˚Ü– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ÖyˆÏò Óúy ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò ˆÎñ ˆÑ˛Óú ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õyãì˛y!_¥Ñ˛
î,!‹T¶˛!D Óy ˆÑ˛Óú Ó˚¢¢,ãòü#ú ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y£z ~ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢,ãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy– ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛
¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢,ãˆÏò ~ î%ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢Ç!õ◊í â˛y£z– ~ ¢Ç!õ◊ˆÏíÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú£z ÓˆÏò!î ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
¢ÇK˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ¢y_#í≈ ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ÓúˆÏì˛ òyÓ˚yã–8
ì˛Ó% ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í ïyÓ˚íy ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ˆÎñ Ñ˛!ÓÈÙÈ!ü“#ÈÙÈ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈò ≤ÃÓú¶˛yˆÏÓ
¶˛yÓ≤ÃÓí ~ÓÇ ~£z ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ £ˆÏFäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚ˆÏúyÑ˛ñ xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ãß√@˘Ã£í
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÓˆÏú£z !ì˛!ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆÑ˛yò ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#£z ~ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
!¢k˛yhs˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò òy– Óƒ!_´Ó˚ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈– !Ñ˛ls˛ !ü“#!â˛ˆÏ_
¶˛yÓÈÙÈ¢,!‹TˆÏì˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !e´Î˚yÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y£z
¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õ%Öƒ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛ƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚– Ólfl˛ì˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !e´Î˚yÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ õïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z
ãß√ ˆòÎ˚ ¶˛yÓÓ˚y!ã ~ÓÇ Ñ˛!Ó!â˛_ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢ÇˆÏÓîòü#ú Á xò%¶)˛!ì˛≤ÃÓí ÓˆÏú£z
ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ì˛y Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ ÓƒM˛ÈòyÎ˚ v˛zqy!¢ì˛ £Î˚– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !e´Î˚y£z ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ãß√ÈÙÈ¢)eñ
ˆ¢ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò# v˛!Óœv˛zñ fi›˛yÑ≈˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏ¡ÿ_´ v˛z!_´!›˛ ≤Ã!íïyòˆÏÎyÜƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ideas are engendered in and grow out of social interaction, and that they
show, in their concrete content, the reflected image of the social reality within
which they have come to life.9
xy!îõ Ñ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò õyò%°Ï !üˆÏ“Ó˚ â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈ– !üÑ˛yÓ˚Î%ˆÏÜ
ˆÎÔÌü!_´Ó˚ v˛zˆÏmyïˆÏò x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ !äÈú ¢õ!ß∫ì˛ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ xyˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚£z xò%°ÏD#
£ˆÏÎ˚ ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú xy!îõ Ñ˛yÓƒÈÙÈÜ#!ì˛ Á ˆÜy¤˛#ÈÙÈ¢D#ì˛– =£yÓy¢# õyò%°Ï ≤Ãyí ïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ˆÎ ¢D#ì˛ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ì˛y£z xy!îõ Ñ˛yÓƒÈÙÈÜ#!ì˛ Á ˆÜy¤˛#ÈÙÈ¢D#ì˛– =£yÓy¢#
õyò%°Ï ≤Ãyí ïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ˆÎ ¢D#ì˛ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈúñ ì˛y !äÈú ì˛ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
xD#¶)˛ì˛ñ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ì˛y fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¢_y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚ÈÙÈÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
£Î˚– ¢õyã Á ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ!üˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òÓ˚Ó!ï Ñ˛yú ïˆÏÓ˚£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ
xˆÏFäÈîƒ– Óì≈˛õyò Ñ˛yˆÏúÁ ˆÎÔÌÈÙÈ¢D#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ SäÈyîÈÙÈˆ˛ô›˛yñ ˆòÔÑ˛yÈÙÈÓy£zˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ÜyòV õyˆÏG˛ xyõÓ˚y
xy!îõ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ x˛ô¢,Îõ˚ yí !òîü≈ò ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚–10 £zÇˆÏÓã
˚ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛ ˆv˛!¶˛v˛ v˛y£zˆâÏ ˛â˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
!òˆÏ¡ÿ_´ Ó_´Óƒ ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈ ÈÙÈ
Primitive folk-song was probably communal improvisation to the rhythm
of work...gradually it looses its communal authorship and the words are sup-
plied by one more skilled in versification.11
≤Ãyâ˛#òÑ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !ü“ÈÙÈ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ~£z ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓì≈˛ˆÏò
Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒÎ˚!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ x!ÓÑ,˛ì˛– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xò%ˆ≤Ï ÃÓí˚ yÎ˚
ˆúÖÑ˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– xÓÑ˛yüÓ˚Oò Óy !â˛_!ÓˆÏòyîˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢,!‹TÈÙÙÙ
È¢õyã!ÓK˛yò#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛Ìy @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ òÎ˚– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˜ü!“Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò áˆÏ›˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒñ
Îy ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ m®µÈÙÈ¢Çáyì˛ Á !ÓÑ˛yü !ÓÓì≈˛òˆÏÑ˛ !ü“Ó˚*˛ô ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !ÓÖƒyì˛
£zÇˆÏÓ˚ã ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛ !e´ˆÏfl˛T…yö˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛v˛ÁˆÏÎ˚úÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛õÍÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôõy v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ–
‘‘The developing complex of society. in its struggle with the environment,

secretes poetry as it secretes the technique of harvest, as part of its
nonbiological and specifically human adaptation to existence.”14
!Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xy!DÑ˛ Á ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚íÜì˛ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ Á ¢õyãÈÙÈ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÑ˛!üì˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚– ¢õyã¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ =íÜì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò !Ñ˛ÇÓy
òì%˛ò ˆ◊í#!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚ òì%˛ò òì%˛ò xy!DÑ˛– Ólfl˛ì˛ñ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
¶˛y°Ïy Á xy!DÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛Ó˚ õì˛£z ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õ)ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zq(ì˛ £Î˚– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !Ó!ü‹T
¢õyã!ÓK˛yò# ¢ˆÏÓ˚y!Ñ˛òÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õhs˛Óƒ Ö%Ó£z ≤Ã!íïyòˆÏÎyÜƒ– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ “Style is thus an
eminently social phenomenon. Style, in some way, expresses the philosophy,
the feelings and the values of a generation.” ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy Á xy!DÑ˛ ˆÎ xyÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛
òÎ˚ñ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ¢õyã!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛Á òÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ÈÙÈ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢õyã!ÓK˛yò# î#!ÆÑ%˛õyÓ˚
!ÓŸªy¢ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x!¶˛õì˛ Á v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ “The style in literature is also a
social product. 16 Ó%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚y ¢õyˆÏã xyõÓ˚y xyï%!òÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ú«˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚–
Ólfl˛ì˛ñ Ó%ˆÏã≈yÎ˚y !ÓÑ˛yü£z ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛yfl˛ôü≈# ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈÓ˚*˛ôÑ˛“ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãß√ÈÙÈ
¢Ω˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ω˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– Ó%ˆã
Ï y≈ Î˚y ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ v˛zîyÓ˚ õyòÓì˛yÓyîñ Óƒ!_´ÈÙÈfl˛∫yì˛s˛fƒˆÏâ˛ì˛òy
~ÓÇ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ õ)úƒˆÏÓyï v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yüˆÏÑ˛ cÓ˚y!ß∫ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ≤ÃÖƒyì˛
¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ñ xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ö˛ƒy!¢Óyî!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚ ü!£î Ó˚ƒyúö˛ ö˛:ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õhs˛Óƒ
!ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!íïyòˆÏÎyÜƒ– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
The Novel is the epic-form of our modern. bourgeois society....It did not
exist except in very rudimentary form before that modern civilization which
began with the renaissance and like every new artform it has served its pur-
pose extending and deepening human consciousness.17
˛ô%!§ ãÓyî# ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í m®µÈÙÈ¢B˛›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãß√ !òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È xƒyÓ¢yv≈˛ òy›˛Ñ˛– õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚
¢yõhs˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ xyÖƒyòïõ#≈ Óy ˆÓ˚yõy™õ)úÑ˛– Ñ˛yÓƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ
≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏÜ x˛ô!Ó˚¢#õ ¢yïòyÎ˚ Ó˚*˛ô úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ Ó˚yõyÎ˚íñ õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ñ £z!úÎ˚yv˛ñ
ÁˆÏv˛!¢ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ õ£yÑ˛yÓƒ– ¢yõhs˛Óyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ïòì˛ˆÏs˛f Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Üîƒñ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛!Óì˛y
Á Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛–18 ˆÑ˛Óú xy!B˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚ñ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Î!î xyõÓ˚y î,!‹T˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚
ì˛y £ˆÏú ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ ˆÎñ !fl˛iÓ˚ÈÙÈxM˛Èú @˘Ãyõ!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y˛ôyì˛ áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ¶˛y°Ïy Á
äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ £zfi›˛ £z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ Ó!íÑ˛ ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò
ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ü!ì˛ü#úì˛y ¢M˛Èy!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ÓyÇúy Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy Á
äÈ®Ó˚#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛– ì˛y£z ˆî!Öñ õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ Ü!ì˛£#ò ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ÈÙÈ!e˛ôî# äÈˆ® Ï Ó˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ£˚ z |ò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚
!mì˛#Î˚yˆÏï≈ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ Óyày!ú õïƒ!Ó_ˆÏ◊í#Ó˚ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ õy£zˆÑÏ ˛ú õï%¢î) ò
î_ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò ≤ÃÓú Ü!ì˛ü#úì˛yñ ≤ÃÓ£õyí äÈ®ˆÏîyúy ~ÓÇ ˛ôM˛È£!z wÎ˚ÈÙÈüy!¢ì˛ ¶˛y°Ïy˜Ïüú#–
î%£z Î%ˆÏÜ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ î%!›˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÑ˛õ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ñ˛. ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ â˛!v˛¸Î˚y õj≈ £§y!›˛Î˚y â˛!úú–

!Ñ˛ä%È î)Ó˚ !ÜÎ˚y ˛ô%òÉ ˛Ó˚Áòy ££zú––19
ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ÖyˆÏò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ü!ì˛£#òì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚Á ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ Ü!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
!Óºy!hs˛– ì˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó ì§˛yÓ˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆáyv˛¸yÎ˚ â˛!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚Á xãyˆÏhs˛ £§y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyò ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚
x˛ôõ,ì%˛ƒ á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚– Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ ~ÖyˆÏò Úˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ â˛ˆÏv˛¸ ˆ£§ˆÏ›˛ â˛úyÓ˚ õì˛£z Ñœ˛y!hs˛Ñ˛Ó˚ñ
!Ó°Ï]–20 ˛ô«˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !òˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏí xyõÓ˚y ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓy ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ü!ì˛ü#úì˛y Á ¢â˛úì˛y
Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚#!ì˛ Á äÈ®¢IyˆÏÑ˛ Ü!ì˛õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ö. Ó˚&!°Ïúy îyòÓÈÙÈÓyúy ≤Ãõ#úy Ó˚*˛ô¢#–
!Ñ˛ Ñ˛!£!úñ Óy¢!hs˛⁄ ˛ôÓ≈ì˛ÈÙÈÜ,£ äÈy!v˛¸
Óy!£Ó˚yÎ˚ ÎˆÏÓ òî# !¢ı%˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüñ
Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ£ò ¢yïƒ ˆÎ ˆ¢ ˆÓ˚yˆÏï ì˛yÓ˚ Ü!ì˛⁄21
ÈÙÙÙÈ ¶˛yÓ ~ÖyˆÏò â˛Ó˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛Ó˚íyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ£õyòñ ~£z ≤ÃÓ£õyíì˛y ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢â˛úì˛yÓ˚£z
˜ü!“Ñ˛ !â˛e– ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!ò xyõˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˆÎ =íÜì˛ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛Ó˚ ¢y!ïì˛
£Î˚ñ Ólfl˛ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚£z ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ õy£zˆÏÑ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ¢%fl˛ô‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £Î˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òü#úì˛yÓ˚ !â˛e– Ó˚y«˛¢ Ó˚yÓíˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò |ò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ òÓãyÜÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyò¢¢hs˛yò Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó!ü‹T ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛
ˆ«e =Æ ÎÌyÌ≈£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚõï%¢)îˆÏòÓ˚ úB˛yÎ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zÕ‘y!¢ì˛
ã#ÓòÓ#Î≈ ~ÓÇ ˛ôÓ˚yï#òì˛yÓ˚ @’y!ò Î%Ü˛ôÍ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛– ö˛ˆÏú ~£z Ñ˛yÓƒ ãyì˛#Î˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
Î%ÜÈÙÈ!Óhfl˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!ò xyÎ˚_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–ÛÛ22
¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~£z xyhs˛É¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô !òõ≈yí Óì≈˛õyò Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚
¢õyã!ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï üyÖy !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü ~ K˛yòüyÖy!›˛
~ÖˆÏòy ≤Ãy!ì˛¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏÓ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £Î˚!ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈñ ˆ¢›˛y£z xyüyÓƒOÑ˛ !îÑ˛–
ì˛Ìƒ!òˆÏî≈ü ≠
1. xÓ˚!Ó® ˆ˛ôyjyÓ˚ñ ˆÓ˚ˆÏò¢§y¢ Á ¢õyãõyò¢ SÑ˛úÑ˛yì˛yó v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚íñ 1983Vñ ˛ô,. 93–
2. Neelima Ibrahim, “Society Reflected in 19th Century Bengali Litera
ture,” In Pierre Bessaignet (ed). Social Research in East Pakistan
(Dacca : Asiatic Society of Pakistan 1964). P - 66.
3. ~. ˆÑ˛. òyãõ%ú Ñ˛!Ó˚õñ Ú¢y!£ì˛ƒ Á ¢õyã!ÓK˛yòÛñ ~. ˆÑ˛. Úòyãõ%ú Ñ˛!Ó˚õ‰ fl˛øyÓ˚Ñ˛@˘Ãs˛i
S¢¡ôyîÑ˛ É õ%£¡øî xyö˛¢yÓ˚v˛zj#òVñ Së˛yÑ˛y É ë˛yÑ˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ 1994Vñ ˛ô,. 26.
4. ◊#üâ˛w îy¢ñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢®ü≈ò SÑ˛úÑ˛yì˛y É â˛e´Óì˛#≈ÈÙÈâ˛ƒy›˛yã#≈ xƒyu˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òñ
1976Vñ ˛ô,. 17.
5. E.B. Tylor, Primitive Culture (New York : Brentano’s, 1924). P-1.
6. Marx-Engels. On Literature and Art (Moscow : Progress Publishers,
1976). P. 37.
7. ~. ˆÑ˛. òyãõ)ú Ñ˛!Ó˚õñ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛ôyî›˛#Ñ˛y 3ñ ˛ô,. 26.

8. ˛ ô)ˆÓÏ y≈ _´–
9. W. Stark. The Sociology of Knowledge (London : Routledge Kegan
Paul. 1958). P - 45.
10. xyÓ%ú xyˆÏ¢õ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ñ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ òÑ˛üy É ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Së˛yÑ˛y
É ÓyÇúy ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛õ#ñ 1982Vñ ˛ô,. 17–
11. David Daiches. Literature and Society (London : Lawrence and
Wishart. 1938). P - 35.
12. Christopher Caudwell. IIIusion and Reality (Bombay : People’s Pub
lishing House. 1947). P - 12.
13. Kenneth Burke, “Literature as Equipment of Living” in Elizabeth and
Tom Burns (ed) : Sociology of Literature and Drama : Selected Read
ing (London : Penguin Books, 1973). PP-137-39.
14. Christopher Caudwell, Op cit, note No. 12.P.25.
15. Pitirim Sorokin. Social and Cultural Dynamics (London : Peter owen.
1957). P. 213.
16. Dipti Kumar Biswas, Sociology of Major Bengali Novels (Haryana :
The Academic Press, 1974) PP 14-15.
17. Ralph Fox, The Novel and the People (London : Lawrence and Wishart,
1937). P. 27.
18. ¢y{îÈÙÈv˛zÓ˚ Ó˚£õyò S¢ÇÑ˛úÑ˛ Á xò%ÓyîÑ˛Vñ õyÑ≈˛¢ Á õyÑ≈˛¢Óyî#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ!â˛hs˛y
Së˛yÑ˛y É ~Ñ˛yˆÏv˛!õÑ˛ ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ 1985Vñ ˛ô,. ˛ô§yâ˛–
19. ˆõy£y¡øî õ!òÓ˚&Iyõyòñ ÓyÇúy Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ äÈ® Së˛yÑ˛y É òÁˆÏÓy˚ ã !Ñ˛ì˛y!Óhfl˛yòñ 1979Vñ
˛ ô,. 21ÈÙÈ~ õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ~£z Ñ˛!Óì˛yÇü v˛zm,ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
20. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛ô,. 59.
21. õy£zˆÏÑ˛ú õï%¢)îò î_ñ ˆõáòyîÓï Ñ˛yÓƒñ õï%¢)îòÈÙÈÓ˚â˛òyÓú#ñ SÑ˛úÑ˛yì˛y É ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
¢Ç¢îñ 1984Vñ ˛ô,. 55ÈÙÈ56.
22. ˆ«˛e =Æñ õï%¢)îˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÈÙÈxydy Á Ñ˛yÓƒ!ü“ SÑ˛úÑ˛yì˛y É ~. ˆÑ˛. ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xƒyu˛
ˆÑ˛yÇñ 1391V≠ ˛ô,. 275.
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõˆÏíÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏe

¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ fl˛iyÎ˚# !â˛ˆÏ£´Ó˚ xò%¢ı˛yò
v˛. x!Ó˚!ãÍ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈*
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢!úõ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏú ~ˆÏîˆÏü õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚
xyÜõˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y!›˛ ≤ÃÌõ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢yö˛úƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚
˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõí Á õ%¢!úõ ¢õyã ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¢Çá!›˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÓ≈!›˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& xy›˛ üì˛Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ~¢õÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ó Ó!íÑ˛Ó˚y Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ¢õ%o
˛ôy!v˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ â˛R@˘Ãyõ Á ˆòyÎ˚yÖy!úÓ˚ ¢õ%o ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòyàÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏúò– Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ õ%¢úõyò
Ó!íÑ˛Ó˚y ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ Á î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏDy˛ô¢yÜÓ˚ ˛ôy!v˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
¢õ%o ì˛#Ó˚yM˛ÈˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ!äÈˆÏúò– ~£z xyÓ˚Ó Ó!íÑ˛Ó˚y Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí î#á≈!îò
v˛z˛ôÑ)˛úÓì≈˛# xM˛ÈˆÏú xÓfl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z fl˛iyò#Î˚ Ó˚õí# !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢#!õì˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˙ xM˛ÈˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ%¢!úõ ¢õyã ≤Ã!ì˛‹TyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ¢,!‹T £Î˚– xÓüƒ ~£z
Ó!íÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ïõ≈≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zˆÏjüƒ Ñ˛yã òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ~ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ õ%¢!úõ ¢õyã
!Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ˆì˛õò Ü!ì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~£z Ó!íÑ˛ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˛ôÌ ïˆÏÓ˚£z ~Ñ˛!îò ¢%!ö˛
¢yïÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõí õ%¢!úõ ¢õyã ≤Ã!ì˛‹TyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ó˚â˛òy ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚£z ïyÓ˚yÓ!£Ñ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ˆì˛Ó˚
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢!úõ üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ £Î˚– !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ïõ≈
≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ¢%!ö˛ ¢yïÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõˆÏí áˆÏ›˛– ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú 11 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 13
üì˛Ñ˛– ˆ¢ò üy¢ò Î%ˆÏÜ ì§˛yÓ˚y Ö%Ó !ò!Ó≈ˆÏá¯ ïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&
13 üì˛Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ~¢õÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢!úõ üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ Îyey ÷Ó˚& £Î˚–
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢!úõ üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò õ%¢úõyò ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú
xyÓ˚ ˆÎyÜƒì˛y Îì˛›˛y òy Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üì˛=í ˆÓ!ü ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚– õ%¢úõyò üy¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢õyã
¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ xÓfl˛iy xò%¢ı˛yˆÏò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü !Ñ˛ä%ÈÑ˛yú
˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈– ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !£®%ÈÙÈˆÏÓÔk˛ ~Ñ˛ !õ◊
¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ õ%¢!úõ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ¢Çfl˛ôü≈ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛yÎ˚
ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ¢yì˛ üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yãy üüyˆÏB˛Ó˚ ˆÓÔk˛ îúˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏî ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛Ó˚y
e´ˆÏõ ü!_´üyú# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– v˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õ Á î!«˛íÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó≈ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛Ó˚y ü!_´ ¢M˛ÈÎ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ xy›˛ üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yã «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ˆÓÔk˛ ïõ≈#Î˚ ˛ôyú üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
v˛zayò áˆÏ›˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z v˛zîyÓ˚˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ôyú üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ î%Ó≈úì˛yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ó˚yãîˆÏ[˛ î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛í≈y›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x!ïÓy¢# ˆ¢ò Ó˚yãyÓ˚y x!ï!¤˛ì˛ £ò–
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyˆÏì˛ õ%¢!úõ ü!_´Ó˚ x!ï¤˛yò xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ~£z
*x!ì˛!Ì xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
90 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõˆÏíÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏe ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚...
ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛!›˛ ˆÓyG˛y ˆÓü ãÓ˚&!Ó˚– ˛ôyú Ó˚yãyÓ˚y ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õy!›˛Ó˚ ¢hs˛yò !äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆîˆÏüÓ˚
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ â˛yÁÎ˚y ˛ôyÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ õ)úƒ !îˆÏì˛ò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ õyò%°Ï xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y üy!hs˛ˆÏì˛£z !äÈú–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ¢%î)Ó˚ îy!«˛íyì˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyÜì˛ ˆ¢ò üy¢Ñ˛Üí ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ â˛yÁÎ˚y ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
ì˛ì˛›˛y =Ó˚&c !îˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !îò Ó#ì˛◊k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛
~ˆÏîüÓy¢#– ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓÔk˛ ïõ≈#Î˚ ˛ôyú Ó˚yãyˆÏîÓ˚ üy¢ò ò#!ì˛ ˆÎõò !äÈú v˛zîyÓ˚ Á õyò!ÓÑ˛ñ
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ò üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ üy¢ò ò#!ì˛ !äÈú xò%îyÓ˚ñ ¢B˛#í≈ Á îõòõ)úÑ˛–
xyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z îõòõ)úÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ õyò%°Ï ÎÖò x!ì˛¤˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛Öò£z !ÓˆÏîü#
¢%!ö˛Ó˚y ~ˆÏîˆÏü xy¢ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– ¢%!ö˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)ú v˛zˆÏjüƒ ïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏúÁ ≤ÃÌõì˛ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚
¢yˆÏÌ ì§˛yÓ˚y !õˆÏü ˆÎˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– xyÓ˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ x!ì˛¤˛ õyò%°Ï ãy!ì˛ ïõ≈ !ò!Ó≈ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ‡§˛y£z
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Îyò ¢%!ö˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÖyòÑ˛y £Î˚– ¢%!ö˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ì%˛!Ñ≈˛ ˆÎyk˛yÓ˚yÁ xò%≤Ãy!íì˛
£ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ î,!‹T !îˆÏú xyõÓ˚y ˆî!Ö ˆ¢ò üy¢ò xyõˆÏú
Óy·˛í ¢¡±îyÎ˚ !£®%ÈÙÈˆÓÔk˛ !ò!Ó≈ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢Ó≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛y!ï˛ôì˛ƒ
¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ≤ÃˆÓÏ ü !ò!°Ïk˛ !äÈú– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú õ%¢!úõ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚
!£®% ¢õyã !ò¶%˛ !ò¶%˛ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚Ñ˛õ !›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !äÈú– ◊# ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ ÎÖò üyfl˛fâ˛â≈˛yÎ˚
xyõãòì˛yˆÏÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì˛ÖˆÏòy ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Óy·˛í ¢õyã !ÓˆÏoy£# £ˆÏÎ˚
ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò Óy·˛í ˆ◊í# xhs˛ã ˆ◊í#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏã xÓˆÏ£!úì˛
!òÜ,£#ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈú– ì˛y£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !£®% ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˆ¢ò Ó˚yãyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôì˛ˆÏò !¶˛òˆÏîü#
!¶˛ß¨ ïõ≈yÓú¡∫# õ%¢!úõ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xòy£)ì˛ õˆÏò £Î˚!ò– ÓÓ˚Ç ˆ¢ò üy¢ˆÏò xì˛ƒyâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛
ãòÜí òì%˛ò ~Ñ˛!›˛ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ xyÜõˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyâ˛Ó˚í ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ£z
ˆÎò !òˆÏì˛ â˛y£z!äÈú– ~£z ˆ¢ò õì˛î˛ô%‹T Óy·˛íÓ˚y ÷ï% ïõ≈#Î˚ xyÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !Ó!ï!òˆÏ°Ïï
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã «˛yhs˛ ˆîÎ˚!ò ÓÓ˚Ç õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò ÎyeyÎ˚ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ òyÑ˛ Ü!úˆÏÎ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ á%õ !îˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫!hfl˛›%˛Ñ%˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òˆÏì˛£z ˆÎò
Ók˛˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ ¢¡ô!_
@˘Ãy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~õòÑ˛# ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ Óy·˛íÜí !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÁì˛yÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ò òy– Úˆ¢Ö
÷ˆÏ¶˛yîÎ˚yÛÓ˚ ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚# ú-íˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ üy¢òyõˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛f# ˛ÓÕ‘¶˛y xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
üƒúÑ˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ î_ Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !òõ≈õ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ãyòy ÎyÎ˚– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü
ÓÕ‘yú ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ õì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ x!ïÑ˛ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ô!úíƒ ≤ÃÌy ≤ÃãyÜí
Á Ó˚yãü!_´ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛õ%Ö# xÓfl˛iyˆÏò î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚– ~£z ˆ◊í#ˆÏ¶˛î £z¢úyõ
!Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚£z ïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ¢%!ö˛
¢yïÑ˛Ó˚y– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ¢ö˛úì˛y â)˛v˛¸yhs˛ ¢ö˛úì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˆòÎ˚ ˆ¢ò Ó˚yãÓÇˆÏüÓ˚
˛ôì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–
Óyhfl˛Óì˛y !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎyeyÎ˚ Óyïyñ ïõ≈
˛ôyúˆÏò òyòy!Óï !Ó!ï!òˆÏ°ïÏ xyÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏã úyN˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ¢yõhs˛Óyî# xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ !ò¡¨ˆ◊ Ï í#Ó˚
õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓÁ ¢Ó≈¢yhs˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ãòõò !Óºy!hs˛Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z xyÜõí
á›˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ¢%!ö˛ ¢yïÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚– õ%¢!úõ ü!_´Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒ !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢%!ö˛ÈÙÈ¢yïÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõˆÏíÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏe ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 91
ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¶)˛ÖˆÏ[˛ ïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÌ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü ¢%Üõ £Î˚– Î!îÁ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛y[˛£z
Ó˚yãƒ !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !¶˛!_ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ¢%!ö˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛y
xyÓ˚ õyòÓì˛yÓ˚ ãÎ˚Üyò ÷ˆÏò îˆÏú îˆÏú õyò%°Ï ãõyˆÏÎ˚ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ¢%!ö˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôì˛yÑ˛yì˛ˆÏú–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú £z¢úyõ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú õ)úì˛ î%£z¶˛yˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%!ö˛Î˚yòy ì˛!Ó˚Ñ˛y xyÓ˚ xòƒ!›˛ ì%˛Ñ≈˛yòy ì˛!Ó˚Ñ˛y– ¢%!ö˛Î˚yòy ì˛!Ó˚Ñ˛y £ˆÏFäÈ ¢%!ö˛¢yïÑ˛
Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ xyÕ‘y£Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃõÓyí# ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £z¢úyˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛
ì%˛Ñ≈˛yòy ì˛!Ó˚Ñ˛y £ˆÏFäÈ ì%˛!Ñ≈˛ ˆÎyk˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óú ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ)úì˛ ¢%!ö˛Î˚yòy
ì˛!Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z £z¢úyõ ïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– õyòÓì˛yÓ˚ Óyí#ˆÏì˛ xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛
£z¢úyõ ïˆÏõ≈ î#!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xˆÏòÑ˛– ÓyÓ˚ üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï Óy ˆì˛Ó˚ üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
÷Ó˚&Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãî[˛ õ%¢úõyò üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ î)Ó˚Óì≈˛# ≤ÃˆÏîü
îÖú Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– ì˛yÓ˚£z ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ õ%£y¡øî ˆáyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛
ÓÖ!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ Öúã# òî#Î˚y xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ òî#Î˚y xye´õí Á ú-í ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ÓÖ!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ Öúã#Ó˚ ÓyÇúy !ÓãÎ˚ Óúy £ˆÏúÁ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÇúy !ÓãÎ˚
Óúy›˛y ~Ñ˛îõ£z !‡˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ òy– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛y§Ó˚ òî#Î˚y Á úÖˆÏòÔ!ì˛ !ÓãÎ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ Á v˛z_Ó˚
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !Ñ˛Î˚îÇü£z ãÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ÓyÑ˛# xÇˆÏü ˆ¢ò Ó˚yãy Á fl˛iyò#Î˚ !£®% Ó˚yãyˆÏîÓ˚
«˛õì˛y£z ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ !äÈú– ÓÖ!ì˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òî#Î˚y !ÓãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛y!Ó˚Ö Á üy¢Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ õÎ≈yîy
ãyòyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ~ì˛Ñ˛yú ˆì˛õò !äÈú òy– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓÖ!ì˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ%oy ÓˆÏú üòy_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆõy£y¡øî
!Óò ¢yõ òyõy!B˛ì˛ ˆÜÔv˛¸ !ÓãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛øyÓ˚Ñ˛ õ%oy ~ ˆ«˛ˆÏe =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
1204 ¢yˆÏú òî#Î˚y !ÓãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÖ!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ úÖˆÏòÔ!ì˛ Óy ˆÜÔv˛¸ îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
!ì˛!ò üy¢ò ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚Ñ,˛ì˛ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y xM˛Èú=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ £zÑ˛ì˛y
Óy ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xÇü !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ÓÖ!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ Öú!ã
õ¢!ãîñ õyoy¢y !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
ÓÖ!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ Öú!ãÓ˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !ÓˆÏîü# ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ¢Ç!õ◊ˆÏí
òì%˛ò ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ôÌ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏúy ì˛y â˛ˆÏú!äÈú î#á≈!îò– ~Ó˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓÖ!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ Öú!ãÓ˚
õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ xò%¢yÓ˚# Öú!ãÓ˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ £yòy£y!òˆÏì˛ !úÆ £ˆÏÎ˚ üy¢ò «˛õì˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓîyÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ 1227 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ¢%úì˛yò üyõ¢ v˛z!jò £zúì%˛ì˛!õˆÏüÓ˚ Óv˛¸
ˆäÈˆÏú òy!¢Ó˚ v˛z!jò õy£õ%î !ÜÎ˚y¢ v˛z!jò £zÁÎ˚yã Öú!ãˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ Á £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÓyÇúy îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– 1287 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑ ¢%úì˛yò !ÜÎ˚y¢ v˛z!jò ÓúÓˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ÓyÇúy
!îÕ‘#Ó˚ xï#ˆÏò !äÈú– ~£z xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ úÖˆÏòÔ!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy üy¢Ñ˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚
ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˆâ˛‹Ty ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yÎ˚ ˛ôÎ≈Ó!¢ì˛ £Î˚– ˛ôÓ˚Ó!ì≈˛Ñ˛yˆÏú ÓúÓˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ Ó%ÜÓ˚y ÖyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô%e Ñ˛yÎ˚Ñ˛yv˛z¢ Ó˚&Ñ˛ò v˛zj#ò Ñ˛yÎ˚Ñ˛yv˛z¢ v˛z˛ôy!ï ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y
!î!Õ‘Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !Ó!FäÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúy üy¢ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ üy¢ò «˛õì˛yÎ˚
xyˆÏ¢ò üyõ¢ v˛z!jò !ö˛Ó˚&ã üy£–
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õïƒÎ%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í á›˛òy›˛y áˆÏ›˛ 1338 !Ö‹TyˆÏ∑ ö˛ÖÓ˚&!jò
õ%ÓyÓ˚Ñ˛ üyˆÏ£Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– Îy ˆõyÜú x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ fl˛iyÎ˚#
£ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ÓyÇúyÓ˚˛ üy¢ò Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ãò !ÓÖƒyì˛ ¢%úì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ
ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– üyõ¢ v˛z!jò £z!úÎ˚y¢ üy£ñ !¢Ñ˛y®Ó˚ üy£ñ !ÜÎ˚y¢ v˛z!jò xyÎõ üy£
!äÈˆÏúò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xòƒì˛õ– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú !£®% Ó˚yãy ÜˆÏíü ÓyÇúyÓ˚ üy¢ò «˛õì˛yÎ˚
!Ñ˛ä%È!îˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ x!ï!¤˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ˆãÔò˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £zÓy£#õ ü!Ñ≈˛Ó˚ £hfl˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô ÜˆÏíü ˛ôÓ˚y¶)˛ì˛
£ò– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# £z!úÎ˚y¢üy£# ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ üy¢òÑ˛yˆÏú xyõÓ˚y Ó˚&Ñ˛ò v˛zj#ò ÓyÓ˚ÓÑ˛ üy£ñ
üyõ¢v˛z!jò £zv˛z¢%ö˛ üy£ñ ãyúyúv˛z!jò ö˛ˆÏì˛£ üy£ ≤Ãõ%Ö ¢%úì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ £yÓü#
îy¢ ÓÇü#Î˚ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ÓyÇúyÓ˚ üy¢òÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy xˆÏòÑ˛ î%Ó≈ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˝ˆÏ¢ò
üy£# ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚ãò ¢%úì˛yò Ó˚yãc Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ÓÖƒyì˛ !äÈˆÏúò xyúyv˛z!jò
˝ˆÏ¢ò üy£ Á òy!¢Ó˚ v˛z!jò ò%¢Ó˚ì˛ üy£– üy¢Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚y ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Öƒy!ì˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò–
õ%¢!úõ xyÜõˆÏíÓ˚ xy!î˛ôˆÏÓ≈ õ%¢!úõ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !£®% ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ Á ≤ÃÌyÓ˚
¢Ç!õ◊ˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢õyã Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ~ÖyˆÏò
~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢%fl˛ô‹T ≤Ãì˛#Î˚õyò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y £ú @˘Ã£í Óã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zîyÓ˚ì˛y– !£®% ïˆÏõ≈ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚
~Ñ˛FäÈe xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ xyÓ˚ ˆ◊!íˆÏ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ õ%¢!úõ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yõƒ xyÓ˚ ºyì,˛ˆÏcÓ˚
Óı˛ò !£®% ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛Á xyˆÏúy!v˛¸ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!â˛eõÎ˚ !£®% ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ õ%¢!úõ
üy¢Ñ˛ÓÜ≈¢£ xòƒyòƒˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˚yãî[˛ ïyÓ˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õ%¢!úõ üy¢Ñ˛ÓˆÏÜÓ≈ ˚ ¢¶˛y¢îñ
Ó˚yãîÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ñ xõyì˛ƒ¢£ òyòy˛ôî xúÇÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !£®% ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# õ%¢!úõ
üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈ xy¢yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ ˛ôyÎ˚– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ õ%¢!úõ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü# !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓÁ
!£®%Üí õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈ xyˆÏ¢ò– Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ !òÓ˚#ˆÏÖ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚
üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛# üy!¢ì˛ ˆ◊!íˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyîü≈ñ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ xyÓ˚ ã#ÓòïyÓ˚yÓ˚ òyòy!îˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– v˛zîy£Ó˚í !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ó,!›˛ü üy¢ò xyõˆÏú ~ˆÏîü#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ òyòyõ%Ö#
≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ñ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ õ%¢!úõ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ Ó˚yãî[˛
ïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~ˆÏîü#Î˚ !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒõÎ˚ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ò–
ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò Ñ˛!Ó ãÎ˚yòˆÏ®Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í £ˆÏì˛ ~Ó˚ ¢%fl˛ô‹T ïyÓ˚íy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó
ãÎ˚yò® Ú˜â˛ì˛òƒõDúÛÈÙÈ~ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ÚãÜy£z Á õyïy£z òyõÑ˛ î%£zãò Óy·˛í ö˛yÓ˚!¢ Ñ˛!Óì˛y
xyÓ,!_ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛y ~ÓÇ õyÇ¢ ¶˛«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛yÛ– !ì˛!ò xyö˛ˆÏ¢y¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò Ú!ÓïÓy Ó˚õò#Ó˚y
~Öò õyäÈ õyÇ¢ ¶˛yúÓy¢ˆÏì˛ !üˆÏÖˆÏäÈ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü x=!íì˛ Óy·˛íˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚Á õyäÈ õyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚
≤Ã!ì˛ ˆúyú%˛ô î,!‹T Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈÛ–
ü)o ¢Ó äÈy!v˛¸ˆÏÓÑ˛ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ¢Óy––
˛ô,!ÌÓ# äÈy!òÓ˚ xÓï)ì˛ Î!î ¢ì˛#–
õyÇ¢ õÍ¢ƒ ÖyˆÏÓ !ÓïÓy Î%Óì˛#––
!˛ôì˛y ú!AáˆÏÓÑ˛ ˛ô%e =Ó˚& ú!AáˆÏÓÑ˛ !ü°Ïƒ–
!ÓïÓy Óy·˛í# ¢Ó ÖyÎ˚Ó xy!õ°Ïƒ––
......
Óy·˛ˆÏí äÈy!v˛¸Ó ~Ñ˛yîü#ÎK˛ îyò–
¢)o ¢Ó Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÓÑ˛ ˛ô%Ó˚yí ÓyÖyò––
xyõÓ˚y ˆÜ§yv˛¸y õì˛yîˆÏü≈Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó ãÎ˚yòˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyãÓƒÓfl˛iy
¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ïyÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚– ~ÖyˆÏò xyõÓ˚y ˆî!Ö õ%¢!úõ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ Ó˚yãî[˛ ïyÓ˚í
ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ˆÜyv˛¸y õì˛yîˆÏü≈Ó˚ !£®%¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ òyòy !îÑ˛ñ Öyîƒy¶˛ƒy¢ñ ˆ◊!íˆÏ¶˛îñ
òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò Á õÎ≈yîyñ ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈî¢£ òyòy xy!DˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòˆÏì˛
¢«˛õ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– õy!òÑ˛â˛w Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ~Ñ˛ãò !£®% Ó˚yã˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛ôyÜv˛¸# ˛ô!Ó˚ïyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy ãyòy ÎyÎ˚– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ òì%˛ò Ñ˛!úD ü£Ó˚ ˛ô_ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yúˆÏÑ˛ì%˛Ó˚
Ó˚yãîÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ã˜ÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ¶˛yv˛Yî_Á ˛ôyÜ!v˛¸ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÓˆÏú ãyòy ÎyÎ˚–
~äÈyv˛¸y õ%¢!úõ ïõ≈#Î˚ òyòy xò%¤˛yˆÏò xyÜì˛ !£®% x!ì˛!ÌˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– õ%£y¡øî Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !ÓÖƒyì˛ Ñ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛i õï%õyúì˛#ˆÏì˛ Î%ÓÓ˚yã
õˆÏòy£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyÜ!v˛¸ Á xyÓy òyõÑ˛ !ë˛úy ãyõy ˛ô!Ó˚ïyˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Îy ~Ñ˛yhs˛£z õ%¢!úõ
¢õyˆÏã ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !äÈú– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ !£®% Ñ˛!Ó Ó˚yõyÎ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ,˛!_Óy¢ñ õò¢y õDˆÏúÓ˚
Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛y !ÓãÎ˚=Æñ õò¢y !ÓãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛y !Ó≤Ãîy¢ !˛ô!˛ôúy£z ~ÓÇ Ó,®yÓò îy¢ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˜â˛ì˛òƒ ¶˛yÜÓˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢æyhs˛ !£®% Ó˚õí#ˆÏîÓ˚ õ%¢úõy!ò ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy
ÎyÎ˚– !ÓÓÓ˚í#ˆÏì˛ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ áyÜÓ˚yñ Ñ˛y!õãñ ¢yˆÏúyÎ˚yÓ˚ñ Áv˛¸òy ~ÓÇ ˆâ˛y!ú ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãõyí
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü xˆÏòÑ˛ õ%¢úõyò ¢õyˆÏã ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ òyòy ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢%Ü!ı˛Á ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– ~£z ¢Ñ˛ú ì˛Ìƒ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ £z!ì˛£y¢!Óî î#ˆÏòüâ˛w ˆ¢ò õhs˛Óƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò õ%¢!úõ xyõˆÏú !£®% x!¶˛ãyì˛ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ õ%¢!úõ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y£z ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚ïyò Á ˆÑ˛ü!Óòƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– ÷ï% !¢•!ÌˆÏì˛ !¢•î%Ó˚ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏú !ì˛úÑ˛ Óy â˛®ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆö§˛y›˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !£®% !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏì˛y– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ !£®% ¢õyã
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õ%¢!úõ ¢õyˆÏã ú%!Dñ ö˛ì%˛Î˚yñ ï%!ì˛ ˛ôyOyÓ#Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £ˆÏì˛
ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– xˆÏòÑ˛ õ%¢!úõ Ó˚õí#ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyîˆÏú üy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ x¶˛ƒhfl˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
˛ôÓ˚Ó!ì≈˛Ñ˛yˆÏú üy!v˛¸£z !£®% õ%¢!úõ !ò!Ó≈ˆüÏ ˆÏ°Ï ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ó˚õí#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˆ˛ôyüyˆÏÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ !£®% õ%¢!úõ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò%°Ï£z ~£z ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y ãúÓyÎ˚%Ó˚
Ñ˛Ìy !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§›˛¢§y›˛ ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛y òy ÓúˆÏú£z â˛ˆÏú– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Óy£z ˆë˛yúy
ˆ˛ôyüyˆÏÑ˛ x¶˛ƒhfl˛ !äÈú–
î%£z ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãµúhs˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ !£®%
¢õyˆÏã ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ú-#¢Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y õ%¢!úõ ¢õyˆÏã Ñ˛îõÓ˚¢)ú ~Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛úò– ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyú∏˛
ì˛ˆÏÌƒ xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ˆÏîˆÏü õyãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y !£®% ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô%ãy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛ˆÏú
xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Î!îÁ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xÓÑ˛yü xyˆÏäÈ– !£®% ¢õyˆÏã ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛
˛ôí ≤ÃÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%¢!úõ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎÔì%˛Ñ˛ òyõÑ˛ ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ ~Ñ˛
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Óƒy!ï– ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !£®% xyÓ˚ õ%¢!úõ Ó˚yãîÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚£z
ˆÑ˛Óú !¶˛ß¨ !äÈú xyÓ˚ ì˛y £ˆÏFäÈ õ%¢!úõ ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏò xyâ˛yÓ˚ xò%¤˛yò ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü
õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ Ó˚yãÑ˛yˆÏÎ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– õ%Ñ%˛®Ó˚yˆÏõÓ˚ â˛![˛õDú Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÌƒ
ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ =ãÓ˚yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ òì%˛ò ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yãy Ñ˛yúˆÏÑ˛ì%˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜¢òƒîˆÏúÓ˚ xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y£# Óy!£ò#Ó˚
ãòƒ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò õ%¢!úõ ˜¢òƒ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ !£®% õ%¢!úõ
¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÓˆÏì≈˛ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y ˜òÑ˛›˛ƒ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
£z!ì˛£y¢ Á ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ òyòy ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢ò üy¢òÑ˛yˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢ !£®%
¢¡±îyÎ˚ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ òyòy ˆüy°Ïí !òÎ≈yì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛y– !Ñ˛ls˛ õ%¢!úõ üy¢ò
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈ ~ˆÏ¢ !£®% ¢õyˆÏã ì˛y xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü ÖÓ≈ £Î˚–
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xï#òì˛yÓ˚ òyÜ˛ôyü !äÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í !£®% ãòˆÏÜy‹T# xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü£z õ%!_´ úy¶˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £Î˚– ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xyõÓ˚y ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ õ%¢!úõ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚
Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛y!ï˛ôì˛ƒ ÖÓ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ¢yïyÓ˚í ˆ◊í#Ó˚ !£®%Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈@˘Ãs˛i=ˆÏúy ˛ôy‡˛
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚y !Ñ˛ÇÓy ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˛ôyÎ˚– ˆÜyÎ˚yúy Ó˚yõòyÓ˚yÎ˚í ˆÜy˛ôñ
¶˛yÜƒõhs˛ ï%!˛ô ≤Ãõ%Ö !òâ%˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !£®%Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü òy!˛ôì˛ñ £§y!v˛¸ Á ¢y£yÓ˚yÁ Ñ˛yÓâ˛ƒâ˛â≈˛y Á
!ÓîƒyúyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˛ôyÎ˚– xyõÓ˚y ~Ó˚ xò%°ÏD !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Üíõyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆîÓ# õò¢yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓƒ !ú!Öì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆî!Ö– ì˛ˆÏÓ !£®% ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ~ˆÏ£ò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò õ%¢!úõ üy¢Ñ˛ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆò£yÍ xFä%ÈƒÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖyÓ˚ xÓÑ˛yü !äÈú òy–
£z!ì˛£y¢ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyã ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏò ¢%úì˛yòˆÏîÓ˚
Ó˚yãîÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈Ó˚ì˛ !£®% Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛ì≈˛y Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú– xyúyv˛z!jò
˝ˆÏ¢ò üy£ ~£z !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢ÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !äÈˆÏúò– î!ÓÓ˚ Öy¢ Á ¢yÑ˛Ó˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛
v˛z˛ôy!ïÈÙÈÖƒyì˛ î%£z ¶˛y£z Ó˚*˛ôÈÙÈ¢òyì˛ò !äÈˆÏúò ˝ˆÏ¢ò üyˆÏ£Ó˚ îÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ ˛ôîfl˛i Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛ì≈˛y–
¢%ÖõÎ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÈÙÈÓyÇúyÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ î%ˆÏüy ÓäÈÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò ¢%úì˛yòˆÏîÓ˚ xyõˆÏúÈÙÈ
!Ñ˛ä%È ˆÖ§yv˛¸y Î%!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Ó!ì≈˛Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢!Óî !Ó˚â˛yv≈˛ £z›˛ò ~Ñ˛›%˛ ì˛Ñ≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
xÓÑ˛yü Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyò– ì˛y§Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ Ó˚*˛ôÈÙ¢òyì˛òÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛˛ôˆÏî !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !£®%
õ%¢!úõ ˆ¢Ô£yî≈˛ô)í≈ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ≤ÃõyˆÏí ÎˆÏÌ‹T òÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚y ~!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òäÈÑ˛ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú
ÓˆÏú îy!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– !Ñ˛ls˛ õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛Óú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú £ˆÏúÁ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛
¢¡ôÑ≈˛Á õyò!ÓÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
Î!îÁ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ãy!ò õ£y≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò !ü°ÏƒÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ òÓπ£z
üì˛yÇˆÏüÓ˚Á ˆÓ!ü v˛zFâ˛ÓˆÏíÓ≈ ˚ !£®%– ì˛Ó% õ£y≤Ã¶˛% Ó˚ !ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ xy!¶˛ãyˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
xâ˛úyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸y ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ !ò¡¨ˆÏ◊!íÓ˚ !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Óy·˛íÓ˚y
ÖXÜ£hfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ~Ñ˛ ¶˛#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚ £Î˚ ˆÎ ~£z !òâ%˛ˆÏ◊í# Î!î
~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ !ü«˛yÈÙÈî#«˛y xyÓ˚ ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!îò£z
xyÓ˚ Óy·˛íÓ˚y ¢õyˆÏã ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyò !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ òy– Î!îÁ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z ¶˛Î˚ ˆÑ˛yò
˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¢õ!Ì≈ì˛ñ ì˛y xyõÓ˚y ãy!ò òy– ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ãµúhs˛
v˛zîy£Ó˚í !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Óe @˘Ãs˛i xyúÈÙÈÑ%˛Ó˚xyò– Î!î fl˛∫Î˚Ç ¢%úì˛yò
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Óy£z ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú ãyì˛ òy ÎyÎ˚ñ !£®% ïõ≈@˘Ãs˛i ì˛y£ˆÏú ~Ñ˛ Óy·˛í ÓyˆÏî xòƒÓ˚y
˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú Óy â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãyì˛ ÎyˆÏÓ òy– õ%¢úõyò üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏú !Ó!¶˛ß¨
!ò¡¨ˆÏ◊í#Ó˚ !£®%Ó˚y ˆÎÖyˆÏò òyòy =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ˛ôˆÏî !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛
õÎ≈yîy ˛ô%òÓ˚&k˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xˆÏòÑ˛ Óy·˛íÁ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛Ó˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ô ˛ôˆÏv˛¸
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ò#!ì˛Üì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £ò– ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Óy·˛íƒÓyˆÏî ¢yïyÓ˚í !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !£®%Ó˚y !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏü°Ï x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ ¢yïˆÏò ¢«˛õ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
!Óîƒyâ˛â≈˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚ v˛zß√_´ £ÁÎ˚yˆÏì˛ ~£z ¢Ñ˛ú Óƒ!_´ÓÜ≈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ ¢y«˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Óyàúy
¶˛y°Ïy Á ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛zß¨!ì˛ ¢yïˆÏò ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ Ñ˛!Ó =íÓ˚yã Öyò Óy
õyúyïÓ˚ Ó¢%ñ Ñ˛Ó#w ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏõŸªÓ˚ñ ◊#Ñ˛Ó˚ ò®#ñ ÎˆÏüyÓ˚yã Öyòñ Ñ˛yü#Ó˚yõ ˆîÓñ !ÓãÎ˚ =Æñ
ˆúyâ˛òîy¢ñ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yãñ ˆÜy!Ó® îy¢ ≤Ãõ%Ö Ñ˛!Ó ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Óy£z !äÈˆÏúò
˜Óîƒ !Ñ˛ÇÓy Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ˆ◊í#Ó˚–
ÓyÇúy Ó˚yãîˆÏ[˛ õ%¢!úõ ü!_´Ó˚ xyÜõˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ˆÏÎyÜƒ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ !äÈú Ñ%˛ú#ò Óy ˆÑ˛Ô!úòƒ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏFäÈîÑ˛Ó˚í– Ñ%˛ú#ò ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ◊!íˆÏÑ˛
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !¢Ç£y¢ˆÏò Ó¢yˆÏòy Á x˛ôÓ˚ ãy!ì˛ˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ¢¡øyò ¶)˛ú%!t˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆ¢ò
üy¢Ñ˛ ÓÕ‘yú ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xyõˆÏú– ˆ¢ò Ó˚yãy ú-í ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xyõˆÏú !£®% Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛y!ï˛ôì˛ƒñ
õyey!ì˛!Ó˚_´ ˆÜy§v˛¸y!õ xyÓ˚ xò%îyÓ˚ ïõ≈ò#!ì˛ !£®% ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z î%Ó≈ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ~¢õÎ˚ !£®% ïõ≈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ xyÓ˚
!Ñ˛ä%È xyv˛¸¡∫Ó˚˛ô)í≈ xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚¢ÇˆÏ«˛˛ô £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ ¢%!ÓïyˆÏ¶˛yÜ# ˆúy¶˛# xyÓ˚
¢%!ÓïyÓyî# Óy·˛íÜí ˆÎÖyˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òâ%˛ ˆ◊í#ˆÏÑ˛ á,íyÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü õ%¢!úõ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ¡‘FäÈ ~ÓÇ xfl˛ô,üƒ ÓˆÏú Ñ,˛!eõ¶˛yˆÏÓ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛y ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !òâ%˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !£®%Ó˚y
¢yõy!ãÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õÎ≈yîy úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ xyüyÎ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£â˛ˆÏÎ≈ xy¢ˆÏì˛
÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Óy·˛íƒÓyî !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y!£ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛y!ï˛ôì˛ƒ ¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛yÜƒ˛ôíƒ !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˛ô÷Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆì˛õò ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ó˚yˆÏÖ!ò– !Ñ˛ls˛ õ%¢!úõ ¢õyã
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚yÁ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ õÎ≈yîy ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xy¢ˆÏú ì˛ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚
¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ õ%¢!úõ ¢õyã Óúy›˛y !‡˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ òy– ì˛Öò xy¢ˆÏú @˘Ã£í Óã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zîyÓ˚ì˛yÓ˚ õïƒ
!îˆÏÎ˚ !£®% õ%¢!úõ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õv˛yˆÏÓ›˚ ˛ Ó˚*˛ô ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yã Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈú– Ñ%˛ú#ò v˛z˛ôy!ïïyÓ˚#
«˛õì˛yˆÏúy¶˛# xyÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈yˆÏß∫°Ï# Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ òyòyõ%Ö# ˆâ˛yÖÓ˚yày!ò ~õ!ò ¢õyãâ%˛ƒì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
˝õ!Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Á x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òâ%˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !£®%Ó˚y õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£â˛ˆÏÎ≈ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ö˛ˆÏú
ì˛yÓ˚y !Ó!¶˛ß¨¶˛yˆÏÓ úy¶˛Óyò £Î˚– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ õ%¢úõyòÓ˚yÁ ~Ñ˛yhs˛ !ÓŸªhfl˛ ~ˆÏîü#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ üy¢ò Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ õãÓ%ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
!ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢õyãâ%˛ƒì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !£®% ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ òì%˛ò îˆÏúÓ˚
ãß√ ˆîÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôÓ˚Ó!ì≈˛Ñ˛yˆÏú õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ£z Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ~£z ¢Ó
¢õyãâ%˛ƒì˛ !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆüÓ˚Öyò#ñ ◊#õhs˛Öyò# xyÓ˚ !˛ôÓ˚y!ú ˆ◊í#Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˆÑ˛Ô!úòƒ
≤ÃÌy !ì˛ˆÏÓ˚y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ xÓyÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏúy ~£z ˆÜ§yv˛¸y Óy·˛íˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z
ˆÑ˛v˛z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò ¢Ç£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ õ%¢!úõ üy¢Ñ˛ÓÜ≈ ~õò!Ñ˛ !òâ%˛ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ !£®%ˆÏîÓ˚
¢yˆÏÌ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xyˆÏ˛ôy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ˆîÓ#ÓÓ˚ á›˛Ñ˛ òyõÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ãò
¢î¢ƒˆÏÑ˛ Óy·˛íÓ˚y ¢õyãâ%˛ƒì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛!›˛
!òÎ˚õ ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ÎyÓ˚ xyÁì˛yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãy_´ò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfl˛iyò v˛zk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
¢«˛õ £ò– !‡˛Ñ˛ ~Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ¢õyˆÏãÁ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y úyˆÏÜ– ~Ñ˛ãò
Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i ≤Ãïyò ˛ôÓ˚õyò® Ó¢% Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛iˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏã ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ˆÑ˛Ô!úíƒ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !òÎ˚õ Ñ˛yò%ˆÏò ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ¢yïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
ïõ≈˛ô)ãy òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ïõ≈#Î˚ !ÓŸªy¢ !£®% ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ õ%¢!úõ ¢õyã
Á ã#Óòyâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ≤ÃõyˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zIµú î,‹Tyhs˛– ~£z !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÜˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õ)ú ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ~Ó˚y ~ˆÏÑ˛ŸªÓ˚Óyî# !äÈˆÏúò– ïõ≈‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ~£z
¢¡±îyÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ïõ≈õˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y ~Ñ˛yd £ˆÏÎ˚ Á !õˆÏú!õˆÏü Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛#
!äÈˆÏúò– ~£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛zayò ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú !£®% ¢õyˆÏã ˆ¶˛îyˆÏ¶˛î Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆ◊!í!Óòƒy¢ ˆÓ˚y!£ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú
xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z õ%¢!úõ ¢%!ö˛ õì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ˜Ó°åÓ õì˛ÓyˆÏîÁ ˆ◊í#ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚
ÓîˆÏú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ xˆÏÌ≈ õ%¢!úõ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆîÔî≈[˛
≤Ãì˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ◊# ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ õyòÓ ïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ£z !£®% ïõ≈ Á !£®% ¢õyã !›˛ˆÏÑ˛
ÎyÎ˚– ˜Ó°åÓ õì˛yîü≈# Ñ˛#ì≈˛ò#Î˚yÓ˚y ì˛y£z Îì˛ ˆÓ!ü õ%¢!úõ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛yÎ˚
ã!v˛¸ˆÎÏ !˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆë˛Ó˚ â˛«%˛ü)ú £ò Óy·˛íƒÓyî# !£®%ˆîÏ Ó˚– Óì≈˛õyò ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õïƒÎ%ˆÜÏ Ó˚
xy§Ñ˛Ó˚ ¢)e !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy £z!ì˛£y¢ â˛â≈˛yÑ˛yÓ˚# !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚
¢yÓxŒ›˛yí≈@˘Ã&˛ôÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ î%£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ x¢D!ì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ Óv˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓúyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò õ%¢!úõ üy¢Ñ˛ÓÜ≈ Ñ˛#ì≈˛ò#Î˚yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓyï Ñ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò Óyïy
!îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ !£®% Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ãÓyò# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#
x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òî#Î˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã# ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆîy°Ï ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyò!ò– ì˛y£z !ì˛!ò ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓˆÏÑ˛
fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛#ì≈˛ò ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xò%õ!ì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
õ%¢!úõ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!î˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ÓÖ!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ Öúã#Ó˚ õ%oy xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !£®% ≤Ãì˛#ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ñ õ¢!ãˆÏîÓ˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚íñ ˆì˛yáÓ˚y !ú!˛ôˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛#Ó˚
Óy£ò Ó˚yã£§yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢§yì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y›˛yÓ˚ î,ˆÏüƒ !£®% ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü
!£®% ¢õyˆÏã òyòy ïõ≈ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛zayò ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !£®% õ%¢!úõ ¢%¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛£z
£z!Dì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó!FäÈß¨ î%£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ üe&ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Óyî !îˆÏú !£®% õ%¢!úõ ¢õyˆÏã v˛zß¨ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !äÈú– ˆõyáú xye´õˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚¶%§˛£zÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc !£®% õ%¢!úõ
¢!¡ø!úì˛ Óy!£ò#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï£z ˆõyáú Óy!£ò# ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÎ%≈îhfl˛ £Î˚– !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ◊#˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó˚yãy â§˛yî Ó˚yÎ˚ Á ˆÑ˛îyÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆ¢yúyÎ˚õyò ˆúy£yò#ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò !òÎ%_´
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~=ˆÏúy xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È£z òÎ˚ !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢!úõ Óı%˛c˛ô)í≈ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Á ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚
≤Ãõyí– ¶%˛ú%Î˚y ì˛Ìy Óì≈˛õyò ˆòyÎ˚yÖyú#Ó˚ !£®% ã!õîyÓ˚ xòhs˛ õy!íÑ˛ƒ ì˛yÓ˚ Óy!£ò#Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò
!òÎ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò !õã≈y £zv˛z¢%ö˛ ÓyÓ˚úy¢ˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛!Ó !ÓãÎ˚=ˆÏÆÓ˚ õò¢yõDú Ñ˛yÓƒ £ˆÏì˛
ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ â§˛yî ¢ÁîyÜˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãy£yˆÏã xˆÏòÑ˛ õ%¢úõyò Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚# !äÈˆÏúò– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü â§˛yî
¢ÁîyÜˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏú ˛ú«˛#®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏì˛ òÎ˚üì˛ õ%¢!úõ ÜyÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– xyÓ˚
â§˛yî ¢ÁîyÜÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏì˛ £y¢òy£y!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!ãˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyò ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyˆÏã !£®% õ%¢!úõ ¢%¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
£z!Dì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ô!O ≠
1– xõˆÏú® ˆîñ Óyày!ú Ó%!k˛ã#Ó# Á !Ó!FäÈß¨ì˛yÓyîñ 1974ñ Ó˚by ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y–
2– xü#ò îyü=Æñ £z!ì˛£y¢ Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ 1989ñ xyò® ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ ≤Ãy£zˆ¶Ï ˛›˛ !ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛ñ
Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛y–
3– !Óõyò!Ó£yÓ˚# õã%õîyÓ˚ñ ¢%ÖõÎ˚ ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ãÎ˚yòˆÏ®Ó˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒõDúñ 1971ñ !î
~!üÎ˚y!›˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢y¢y£z!›˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y–
4– !Ó˚â˛yv≈˛ ~õ £z›˛òñ !î Ó˚y£zã xö˛ £z¢úyõ ~[˛ ˆÓDú ö˛!r›˛Î˚yÓ˚ 1204ÈÙÈ1760ñ
1996ñ £zv˛z!ò¶˛y!¢≈!›˛ xö˛ Ñ˛ƒy!úˆÏö˛y!ò≈Î˚y ˆ≤Ã¢ñ £zv˛z ~¢ ~–
5– ¢%!õì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ˆÓÎ˚u˛ òƒyüyòy!úfi›˛ ˆö˛õ¢ñ 2002ñ ˛ôyõ≈yˆÏòr›˛ ÓœƒyÑ˛ñ !òv˛z !î!Õ‘–
Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú Ó˚Ó#wÑ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏâ˛ì˛òyñ

Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚!ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî ãy!òˆÏÎ˚
~ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÌâ˛úy ÷Ó˚&– xÓüƒ xyï%!òÑ˛
Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏm°Ï# !äÈˆÏúò òy– ~£z
ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ Ñ˛!Ó x!õÎ˚ â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ !Î!ò ˆäÈy›˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xò%Ó˚yÜ#– !ì˛!ò
¢õˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈx¢õˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈî%É¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆfl˛¨ˆÏ£Ó˚ fl˛ôü≈
úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˜üüÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ |°ÏyúˆÏ@¿
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ≤ÃÖÓ˚ Óƒ!_ć Á !ÓŸªÖƒyì˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚
¢y!ß¨ïƒúy¶˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ¢y!ß¨ˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãÜÍ Á ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò–
ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yñ ¢õyã ˆâ˛ì˛òyñ
õyòÓˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ î,!‹TˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~
x!õÎ˚ â˛e´Óì˛#≈Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò xòƒyòƒ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDÁ ˆõˆÏú
ì˛y˛ô¢ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚îyÓ˚ òy– fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óî,!‹Tñ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒÈÙÈãÜÍ–
õ)úƒ ≠ 130˘ ›˛yÑ˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒÈÙÈÑ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢Ó≈îy òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !äÈú xyã#Óò–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó x!õÎ˚ â˛e´Óì˛≈#Ó˚ !â˛hs˛yÈÙÈ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚
ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!â˛e ≤Ã¢DˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˆúÖÑ˛–
ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ ≠ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ

ì˛y˛ô¢ Ó˚yÎ˚*
Ó%k˛ˆÏîÓ =£ xyã ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛– ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ

ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì§˛yÓ˚ xÓîyò ÎˆÏÌ‹T– !ì˛!ò !üˆÏ“Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÓòÈÙÈãDúñ
òîÈÙÈòî#ñ ˛ô÷ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ö ~ÓÇ xÓ˚ˆÏíƒ úy!úì˛ ˛ôy!úì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í ÜÓ˚#Ó õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– òyÓ˚# ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yõyM˛ÈÑ˛Ó˚ xò%¶%˛!ì˛=!úÁ ì§˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛úˆÏõ x≤Ã!ì˛m®µ– G˛yv˛¸ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Óò¶%˛!õ ˆÎõò xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ô÷ !üÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛õ!ò
xÓ˚íƒ ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛ Ó˝ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛Á xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛
!ü“#Ó˚ òyõ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ xyˆÏ¢– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó%k˛ˆÏîÓ
=£– Ó%k˛ˆÏîÓ =£ õyò%°Ï!›˛ Ó˝ =ˆÏíÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#– !â˛e!ü“#ñ ÜyÎ˚Ñ˛ñ ≤Ãüy¢Ñ˛ñ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ¢Ó
üyÖyˆÏì˛£z !ì˛!ò ¢ö˛ú– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ~£z ¢Ó =ˆÏíÓ˚ !òÖ%§ì˛ ˆõú
Óı˛ò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– ö˛ˆÏú v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xy¢y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ á›˛òy=!ú Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓy!â˛ì˛ Ó˚*˛ô ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
˛ôyúyˆÏõÔ ãDˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ äÈ!Ó ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆúÖÑ˛ Óí≈òy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ¢!ì˛ƒ£z !Ófl˛øÎ˚Ñ˛Ó˚ Á
x¶˛yÓò#Î˚– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy!‡˛Ñ˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈ñ ˆÓ˚yõyˆÏM˛Èñ v˛zÍÑ˛t˛yÎ˚
!ü£!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛– òyÓ˚# ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ≤Ãõ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ
õyey ~ˆÏò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
ÚÓˆÏòƒÓ˚y ÓˆÏò ¢%®Ó˚ !ü÷Ó˚y õyì,˛ êýˆÏv˛¸Ûñ ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏòy ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~£z ≤ÃÓyî ÈÙÈ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
ÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ£z xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛›%˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ñ ÚxòƒÓ˚y xòƒe ¢%®Ó˚ñ Ó%k˛ˆÏîÓ =£
ãDú õ£ˆÏúÛ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z v˛z!_´ ÎÌyÌ≈– ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÛÓ˚
Ó˚*˛ô Ó˚¢ ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ ~£z õhs˛ÓƒˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÑ˛yò v˛z˛ôyÎ˚
ˆò£z– xÓ˚íƒ ¶%˛!õˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ãÜˆÏì˛ !Ófl˛øÎ˚ ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒ ¢õ,!k˛ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò
!Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ xÓ˚íƒ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z ¢%®Ó˚– !£Çfl˛À ≤Ãyí# ˆÎ ˆò£z ì˛y
òÎ˚ñ ì˛Ó% ì˛yÓ˚y xÓ˚íƒˆÏÑ˛ !£Çfl˛Àì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô Üíƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó%k˛ˆÏîÓ =ˆÏ£Ó˚
xÓ˚íƒ¶%˛!õ !£Çfl˛Àñ ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¶˛#°Ïí ¢%®Ó˚– Óúy â˛ˆÏú Ó%k˛ˆÏîÓ =ˆÏ£Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ xÓ˚ˆÏíƒÓ˚ î%£z
Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛£z ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ v˛zqy!¢ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î,!‹T xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢£z
≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚íƒÑ˛ ãòã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– ~ÖyˆÏò !‡˛Ñ˛ xy!îÓy¢# ãòã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü“ ˆúˆÏÖò!ò– ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÓ˚ xÓ˚íƒ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛
òÓ˚òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ !â˛e– v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô G˛yv˛¸ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛
*¢£Ñ˛yÓ˚# xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ £z®y¢ õ£y!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ ≠ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 99
!â˛e– ¢Ó≈e xyˆÏäÈ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÛÓ˚ xÓ˚íƒ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛Ó˚ Óíòy ˆÎõò ˆÓ˚yõy!r›˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò !£Çfl˛À xy!îõì˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Ó– Óyhfl˛Ó Á ˆÓ˚yõyˆÏ™Ó˚ ¢õß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï
˜Ó!üˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#–
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ≤Ãïyò â˛!Ó˚e– ~£z ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢)e ïˆÏÓ˚£z ˆÎ Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ìy v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ
ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛õ ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ˆÏúÓ˚ òÎ˚– õy!Ó˚Î˚yòyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõñ ¢%Üì˛Ó˚ ò#Ó˚Ó ˆ≤Ãõñ ¢%!õì˛y ˆÓÔ!îÓ˚ Ñ˛yõòy
Óy¢òyñ ãÜî#ü ˛ôyˆÏu˛Ó˚ !£Çfl˛Àì˛yñ ÎüÎ˚ˆhÏ s˛Ó˚ xy!îõì˛yñ úyú!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ¢y£yÜñ ˆáy°ÏîyÓ˚ Ñ,˛!eõì˛yñ
¢%Üyò !¢Ç ~Ó˚ î%ÉÖÈÙÙÙÈòî#Ó˚ õì˛£z ≤ÃyíÓyò ~Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓy£– ~äÈyv˛¸y ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔ xM˛ÈˆÏú ˆâ˛yˆÏÓ˚yñ
ˆÖÓ˚ÁÎ˚yv˛¸ ~ÓÇ Á§Óy˚ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓòïyÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È ˆfl˛Òâ˛ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ¢Ó !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ G˛yv˛¸ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚
Óò¶%˛!õÓ˚ x¢yïyÓ˚í !â˛e– ~£z xÓ˚íƒ¶%˛!õÓ˚ !Óòƒy¢ ˆ£!õÇÁˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú!@˘Ãò !£ú¢ xÓ xy!ö˛Ñ˛yÛÓ˚
¢ˆÏD£z ì%˛úò#Î˚– fl˛∫Î˚Ç ˆúÖÑ˛ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛y ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y ïÓ˚y ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ ˆ¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓü v˛zˆÏmˆÏÜ£z !äÈˆÏúò– ˆ¢£z v˛zˆÏmˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xÇü
ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆÏú£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔ Óí≈òyÓ˚ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÓ˚ !îÑ˛›˛y xò%ïyÓò
Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ÚÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛÛ !úˆÏÖ!äÈúyõ °ÏyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ñ xì˛ƒhs˛ ÎÏb Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ì˛ò
ÓäÈÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚– ˆúÖy!›˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yˆÏì˛£z !úÖˆÏúÁ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ }ì%˛Ó˚ Óí≈òy ˆ¢£z }ì%˛ˆÏì˛£z
ÓˆÏ¢ !úˆÏÖ!äÈúyõ ~£z ˆäÈˆÏú õyò%°Ï# !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ ˆÎñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôy!‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔˆÏÑ˛
˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô Ó˚¢ Üı˛ fl˛ôü≈ ¢ˆÏõÏì˛ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ÓÛÛ– ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z
£zFäÈy ˛ô)í≈õyeyÎ˚ ¢ö˛ú ì˛y !ò!m≈ïyÎ˚ Óúy ÎyÎ˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ ÷ï% xÓ˚íƒ òÎ˚ñ òÓ˚òyÓ˚#Ó˚
ã#ÓòïyÓ˚yÁ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛£z ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò â˛!Ó˚e– ì˛y˛ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– ˆúÖÑ˛ ~£z ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔ
Óò¶)˛!õÓ˚ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ˆÎõò ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò ˆì˛õ!ò ~£z Óò¶)˛!õÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛Á
ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿ Ó˚yˆÏe ãDˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Óí≈òy ˆúÖÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ õˆÏòÓ˚ Ü£ˆÏò ~Ñ˛
Ñ˛!“ì˛ Ó˚*˛ô ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ xãyòy xyòˆÏ® ˛ô%ú!Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ≤Ã!ì˛ «˛ˆÏí «˛ˆÏí ˆ¢£z !ü£!Ó˚ì˛
xyˆÏÓÜ xy!Ó!‹Tì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛úˆÏõÓ˚ õyÎ˚yÓ# fl˛ôü≈ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õòˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫Ü≈#Î˚ ¢%ˆÏÖ ¶˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ÎÖò ˆúÖÑ˛ ÓˆÏúò
ÚÚ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÌˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyÌˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ áò ãÇÜˆÏúÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y !ò!Óv˛¸ ¢%Óy!¢ì˛
˛ôˆÏÌ£z xyõÓ˚y ˆòˆÏõ â˛ˆÏú!äÈ– ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ î%ïyˆÏÓ˚ ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ úB˛yÓ˚ õì˛ !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ì˛=ˆÏúy Üyë˛¸ úyú
ö%˛ú ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– ~õò úyú ˆÎ õyÌyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– G˛òG˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛ÿÎ˚%=ˆÏúy ¢Ó ˆÓˆÏã
ÁˆÏ‡˛–.....xyÓ˚ Á£z ˆÎ !ö˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ=!ò Ó˚ˆÏàÓ˚ ö%˛ú=ˆÏúy ˆîÖäÈñ ˙ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛ñ Á=ˆÏúyÓ˚ òyõ
Úã#Ó˚ ˝úÛ– ~£z ÜÓ˚ˆÏõ£z ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ö%˛›˛y ÷Ó˚& £ú– ÜÓ˚õ Îì˛ ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ ÁÓ˚y ì˛ì˛ ˆÓ!ü
ö%˛›˛ˆÏÓ– ÁˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏà ì˛ì˛ ˆâ˛Ñ˛òy£z úyÜˆÏÓ– ¶˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖúyõ ˆÓ=!ò ö%˛ú=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛–
ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ ˆG˛y˛ôñ ö%˛ú=ˆÏúy £yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ î%úˆÏäÈñ ˆÎò Üyò Üy£zˆÏäÈñ ˆÎò ¶˛#°Ïí Ö%!ü– Ó˚à›˛y
!‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÓ=!ò ÓúˆÏú ¢¡ô)í≈ Óúy £Î˚ òyñ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚#Ó˚ !õ!‹T fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ õì˛ Ó˚àñ ˆÎ fl˛∫≤¿ xyâ˛õÑ˛y
100 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ ≠ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ˚
ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚!ò–ÛÛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ú Á ¢%£y!Ü òî#Ó˚ Óí≈òyˆÏì˛Á ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ õyÎ˚yÓ˚ £zˆÏõã ¢Ó≈e ˆúˆÏÜ
xyˆÏäÈ– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ~£z xÓ˚ˆÏíƒÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÎÖò xyˆÏ¢ ì˛Öò v˛zÍÑ˛t˛y xyÓ˚
xyì˛ˆÏB˛ £*îÎ˚ x!fl˛iÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛ î% ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó!í≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛. ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛
ì˛y[˛Ó Á ãls˛ ãyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%£z. õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xy!îõì˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ˛ô÷ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ ~£z
xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ õyò%°ÏãˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´– ~õò!Ñ˛ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÎyÓ˚y xyˆÏ¢ ì§˛yÓ˚yÁ ~£z ˆòüyˆÏì˛
!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¢§ˆ˛Ï ô ˆîÎ˚– ~£z ˆòüyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÓˆÏú ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛Ó˚ì˛yãy õyò%°Ï ˆÎ ãls˛ ãyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
!üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !£¢yÓ ˆò£z– ˛ô÷ !üÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ xyò® Ñ˛ì˛ fl˛∫≤¿ˆÏÑ˛ ï)!ú¢yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ
ì˛y Óúy£z ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎõò õy!Ó˚Î˚yòyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ¢%Üì˛ñ ˛ô÷ !üÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ !â˛ì˛yÓ˚
xye´õˆÏí ≤Ãyí £yÓ˚yÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú õy!Ó˚Î˚yòyÓ˚ ã#Óò î%!Ó≈°Ï£ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ Óyáñ ¶˛yÕ‘%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
xye´õˆÏí Ñ˛ì˛ !ò!Ó˚£ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ≤Ãyí ˆÜˆÏäÈ– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ õyò%°Ï ãò Ñ˛ì,˛Ñ≈ ˛ ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– £zˆÏÜyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ~£z xy!îõ ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ì˛y ~£z ãDˆÏú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ãÜî#ü ˛ôyˆÏ[˛ Á ÎüÎ˚ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ !ÓÓyî ì˛y ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ â˛Ó˚õ xy!îõì˛yÓ˚
!òîü≈ò– ~Ó˚y ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy ~õò ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yã ˆò£z– !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ˆÎõò Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ xy˛ôò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ x≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ä%§˛ˆÏv˛¸ ö˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛Á !˛ôäÈ˛ôy £Î˚ òy– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛y xyÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛
ãˆÏòÓ˚ õì˛ òÎ˚– ~Ó˚y ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ xòƒ ¶˛yˆÏÓ– õyò%°Ï ˆÎ Ñ˛ì˛ ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
ãÜî#ü ˛ôyˆÏ[˛ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í–
õyò%°Ï ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z ˆ≤ÃõÈÙÈ≤Ã#!ì˛ñ Ñ˛yõòyÈÙÈÓy¢òyñ äÈúòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ£z– ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Á ˆ¢£z !â˛e xyˆÏäÈ– ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔ ãDú ~£z v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ– !Ñ˛ls˛
ˆ≤ÃõÈÙÈ≤Ã#!ì˛ñ Ñ˛yõòyÈÙÈÓy¢òyñ äÈúòyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~£z xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ xy!îÓy¢# òÓ˚ÈÙÈòyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛
òÓ˚ÈÙÈòyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !îÑ˛!›˛ ˆÓ!ü =Ó˚&c ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ õyò%°Ïãò ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò–
!Ñ˛ls˛ Óò¶%˛!õÁ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y xyÑ˛!°Ï≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z xÓ˚ˆÏíƒÓ˚
òÓ˚ÈÙÈòyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛y xyÓ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%‡˛yõ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛– ~Ñ˛Ìy !‡˛Ñ˛£z !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yò
~Ñ˛›˛y ˆÑ˛ òy ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ !îÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛£z ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛
â˛!Ó˚eˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ú¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚Û Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ òÓ˚òyÓ˚#Ó˚ òyòy ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏú
Óƒ_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ì˛y v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Óy ˆî£Üì˛ !îÑ˛Á v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ–
!ì˛!ò ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yˆÏÑ˛ òyòy ¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y Óy ˆ≤Ãõ !òˆÏÎ˚ Î%Ü Î%Ü ïˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ òyòy !Óì˛Ñ≈˛ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆ¢£z !Óì˛ˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xòƒ õyey ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò– ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚
x!¶˛õ%Ö Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z ÓˆÏúò ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xò%¶)˛!ì˛ £ú ≤’ƒy›˛!òÑ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z
ˆÑ˛v˛z ÓˆÏúò !ö˛!ãÑ˛ƒy!ú– xÌ≈yÍ ˆ≤Ãõ £Î˚ õòÜì˛ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ˆî£ äÈyv˛¸y ˆ≤Ãõ
£ˆÏì˛£z ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy ˆ£yÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛ò ˆúÖÑ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y
¶˛yúÓy¢y£z– ˆÑ˛yò›˛y !‡˛Ñ˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¶%˛ú ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò £§ƒy Óy òy ˆì˛ v˛z_Ó˚ £Î˚ òy– ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚
xò%¶%˛!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ £yãyÓ˚ £yãyÓ˚ õy£zú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ xy¢y ÎyÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢yÓ˚y ã#Óò ~Ñ˛y
ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ ≠ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 101
ÌyÑ˛y ÎyÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚ xyúˆÏì˛y ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y ¢yÓ˚y ã#Óò ~Ñ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï xò%¶˛) !ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ– õy!Ó˚Î˚yòy
xyÓ˚ ¢%Üì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ˆÎò ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ£z xò%¶)˛!ì˛– ~£z ˆ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ Óúy â˛ˆÏú !òÑ˛!°Ïì˛ ˆ£õ– ì˛Ìy
Ñ˛!Ìì˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y x˜ÏÓïƒ– ˆ≤Ãõ !Ñ˛ xyÓ˚ !ò!î≈‹T ˆö˛ˆÏõ Ó§yïy !òÎ˚ˆÏõ â˛ˆÏú– ˆ¢
â˛ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛£z– õy!Ó˚Î˚yòy xyÓ˚ ¢%Üì˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãõ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ñ ò#Ó˚Ó xÌâ˛ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í#Î˚–
¢%Üì˛ !ÓÓy!£ì˛ñ õy!Ó˚Î˚yòy ¢Ó ãyˆÏò ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ¢%ÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛f#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò {°Ï≈y ˆò£z–
ÓÓ˚Ç xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü îy!Î˚c Á Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò– õy!Ó˚Î˚yòy Á ¢%Üì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ ì˛y£z ≤Ãõyí
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ˆ≤ÃˆõÏ Ó˚ !òõ≈õ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ¶˛#°Ïí ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛‹T ˆîÎ˚– !â˛ì˛y ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ xye´õˆÏí
¢%Üì˛Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ ¢!ì˛ƒ£z !òõ≈õ– ~Ñ˛›˛y õ,ì%˛ƒ ¢õhfl˛ ãDˆÏúÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãòˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÓüyõyú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆîÎ˚– xòƒ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÎˆÏüyÎ˚hs˛ ~Ñ˛ ˜Ó!â˛eƒõÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï– ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y xyúyîy–
ÚÚúyú!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛!õ ¶˛yúÓy¢⁄ ÎˆÏüyÎ˚hs˛ xyÓyÓ˚ £y¢ú– õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ ˆÜy§ˆÏö˛Ó˚ ö§˛yˆÏÑ˛ Á ˆÑ˛õò
£y!¢ £yˆÏ ¢ – Óúúñ !òÿ˛Î˚ ¶˛yúÓy!¢– üÓ˚ # ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ¶˛yˆÏ ú yÓy¢y– xyÓ˚ õˆÏ ò Ó˚
¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y⁄......õˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y ˆì˛y ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛ Óy¢y ÎyÎ˚ òy úyú¢yˆÏ£Ó– ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛ãòˆÏÑ˛£z
Óy!¢– ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ ãyˆÏòyñ ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ˆì˛y Ü§y Óîú £Î˚ òyó ˆ¢ ¶˛yúÓy¢y ~Ñ˛ Ü§yˆÏÎ˚£z
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ã#Óò ~Ñ˛ãòˆÏÑ˛£z ˆì˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y ÎyÎ˚– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y=ˆÏúy
¢Ó ˆ¢£z ~Ñ˛£z ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÎyÁÎ˚y xyÎ˚òyÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y=ˆÏúy ~Ñ˛
ã#ÓˆÏò î%Û£yˆÏì˛ Ñ%˛!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ãˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Á xyÓ˚ ˆ¢ ¶˛yày xyÎ˚òy ˆãyv˛¸y úyˆÏÜ òy– ˆÎ xyÎ˚òy
¶˛yˆÏàó ì˛y ¶˛yˆÏà£zÛÛ– ÚÚõˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y xyÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ãˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ì%˛!õ ˛ôyˆÏÓ òy– Î!î ì˛y áˆÏ›˛ñ ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òy ÓˆÏ›˛– ì˛y òy £ÁÎ˚y£z ¶˛yú– ........ˆÑ˛v˛z ~Ñ˛£z
¢ˆÏD üÓ˚#Ó˚ xyÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ â˛y!£îy ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓÛ˚ Û– ÎˆÏüyÎ˚hs˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y xy!îõ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚
õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛yˆÏúy ˛ôyÌˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hfl(˛˛ô ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚ú ¢yÎ˚yı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ òyúyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛Ó˚ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòˆÏõ ~ˆÏ¢ xyõyÓ˚ £yì˛ ïÓ˚ú– Óúúñ ¶˛yÜˆÏì˛ !Ñ•˛£z £zÎ˚yÓ˚⁄ xyˆÏÓ˚ ˜ÓˆÏ‡˛y– ì%˛õ ˆ¢ Ñ%˛â˛!¶˛
!äÈ˛ôòy ˆò!£– ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ v˛yÑ˛ú– v˛zì˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xy úyú!ì˛– úyú!ì˛ ¢úˆÏI
Óúúñ ˆò!£– !Ñ•˛v˛z⁄ òyDy⁄ £z¢ !úˆÏÎ˚⁄ÛÛ xòƒ !îˆÏÑ˛ ¢%!õì˛y ˆÓÔ!îˆÏÑ˛ ÎˆÏüyÎ˚hs˛ õò ≤Ãyí
!îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyˆÏ˛ôyÑ˛ÌˆÏò ì˛y fl˛ô‹TÛÛ– ¢%!õì˛y ˆÓÔ!î ÎˆÏüyÎ˚hs˛Ó˚ õyÌyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛Ó˚yü
â%˛ú £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏúyˆÏõˆÏúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÁÓ˚ ÜyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Üyú ä%È§ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏ¢ Ó˚£zˆÏúò– xyõyÓ˚
ˆ¢£z ¢yÎ˚yı˛Ñ˛yˆÏúÁ õˆÏò £úñ ÎˆÏüyÎ˚ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚y üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛õò ~Ñ˛›˛y !ü£Ó˚í ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛
úyÜú– ÎˆÏüyÎ˚hs˛ ˆÓÔ!îÓ˚ £yì˛ î%Öy!ò ~Ñ˛›˛yˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ õ%!‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïÓ˚ú– ì˛yÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆì˛ˆÏúy î%!›˛ ÁÓ˚ ˆ‡˛§yˆÏ›˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ á°Ïú– xˆÏòÑ˛«˛í !òˆÏãÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ¢%!õì˛y ˆÓÔ!îˆÏÑ˛
ÓúˆÏúòñ ~£z ì%˛!õ Ñ§˛yîäÈ⁄ ÈÙÙÙÈÈ ~£z ˆÓyÑ˛yÊ ì%˛!õ Ñ§˛yîäÈ⁄ !äÈ !äÈ !äÈñ !Ñ˛ ˆÓyÑ˛y– ì%˛!õ Ñ˛y§îäÈ⁄
~£z ÓúˆÏì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓÔ!îÓ˚ ÜúyÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚Á Ñ˛yßÿÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏã ~ˆÏúy–ÛÛ ~£z £ú ÎˆÏüyÎ˚ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ õòÜì˛
¶˛yúÓy¢yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô– ÎÖò ÎˆÏüyÎ˚hs˛ ÓˆÏú ÚÚÓ%ãˆÏú úyú¢yˆÏ£Óñ òÓ˚õ ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ õì˛ õ˝ú ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚
õì˛ñ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ òyv˛¸úyõ â˛yv˛¸úyõ– !üDyú £!Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y £!Ó˚í#Ó˚
102 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ ≠ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ˚
îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD äÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yj%ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÖúúyõ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢%!õì˛y ˆÓÔ!îÓ˚ õì˛ Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖúyõ
òy– õˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yúÓy¢yÓ˚ Ü§y Óîú xyõyÓ˚ £ú òyÛÛ– ÎˆÏüyÎ˚ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy xyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ
~Ñ˛›˛y ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ xyˆÏäÈ ~£z fl˛∫#Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ò#!ì˛ xyúyîy Îy
õyòˆÏì˛ x¢%!Óïy £Î˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ Óy ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ ¶%˛ú ˆ¢ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢£ã òÎ˚–
úyú¢yˆÏ£ˆÏÓÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛â˛yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ã#Óò v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏúy ì˛y òyòy !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í≈– ~ˆÏì˛y ˆÓ˚yõyM˛ÈÑ˛Ó˚ Á v˛zÍÑ˛t˛yÎ˚ ¶˛Ó˚y Îy Ñ˛Öò£z ¶%˛úy ÎyˆÏÓ òy– ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ãÓyò# !îˆÏÎ˚£z Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ÚÚ˛ôyÌÓ˚›˛y£z ÓˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏ¢ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛Ìy£z õˆÏò £Î˚– ˆÎ !îò ÎüyÎ˚ˆÏhs˛Ó˚
¢ˆÏD ≤ÃÌõ xyúy˛ô £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ˆ¢!îòÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ~£z ˛ôyÌˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü Ñ˛ì˛ ÓyÓ˚ â˛v˛Y£z¶˛y!ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢%!õì˛y ˆÓÔ!î ÚÑ˛yÛ Á ÚÓyÛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !£!® Óúy !ü!ÖˆÏÎ˚ !äÈˆÏúò xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò–
¢%!õì˛y ˆÓÔ!îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Öò£z ˆ¶˛yúÓyÓ˚ òÎ˚– !ì˛!ò ˆÎ ˆáy°ÏîyÓ˚ fl˛f#ñ ~£z Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ¶˛yÓˆÏú£z Ñ˛‹T
£Î˚– xyõyÓ˚ Óyı˛Ó# õy!Ó˚Î˚yòyñ õy!Ó˚Î˚yòyÓ˚ Óı%˛ ¢%Üì˛ñ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚£z ÎyˆÏÓy– õˆÏò
¶˛y!Óñ £yÓ˚yˆÏÓy òy !Ñ˛ä%È£z– õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏò î%õ)≈úƒ xyì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ~£z ¶˛yˆÏúy úyÜyñ ~£z
¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yó ~£z ¢%Üı˛ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏÓy xò%«˛íó xyã#Óò– Îì˛!îò Ó§y!â˛ÛÛ– ~£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z
ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎˆ˚ ú
Ï Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ Á ˆ≤Ãõ ≤Ã#!ì˛Ó˚ xyÖƒyò !ò!õ≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– Îy xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛
Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓyÎ˚– ÚÓ˝ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ xyˆÏ¢ñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛z_Ó˚£z õòˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ üy!hs˛ !îˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– xy¢ˆÏú ãDú xyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ£z ÎyÓ˚ Ó˚£¢ƒ v˛zˆÏß√yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z–
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþöì„þîû ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÚäÈ®Û äÈyv˛¸y ˆÎõò Ü!ì˛ £Î˚ òyñ
!‡Ñ˛ ˆì˛õò£z ÚÓ£zÛ äÈyv˛¸y !ü«˛yÓ˚ ÓúÎ˚ ˛ô)í≈
£Î˚ òy– ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüòyÎ˚
Úx˛ôÓ˚*˛ôyÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ¢ÇÑ˛úòÖy!òˆÏì˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È
!ü÷ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ≈y¢ õˆÏòy!ÓîƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y=FäÈñ
ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏÜ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ ã#ÓÏò
˛ÚôyÓ˚y˛ôyˆÏÓÓ˚ Û˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚
Ó%Í˛ô!_ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÚˆúyÑ˛Ü#!ì˛Û Á Ú≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ Û˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ ¢õß∫Î˚ ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚
ü#ˆÏ°Ï≈ñ Úx˛ôÓ˚*˛ôyÛÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ~Ñ˛ xòÓîƒ
≤ÃÎ˚y¢– ~£z ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢ö˛úì˛yÎ˚
x˛ôÓ˚*˛ôy
˛ôyÌ≈ Ö§y G˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôv˛YÑ˛ÈÙÈ !≤ÃÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚
õ)úƒ ≠ 100 ›˛yÑ˛y xÑ,˛˛ôí xyü#≈Óyî–
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ !Ñ˛ä%È òy£zÈÙÈòˆÏ£ !Ñ˛ä%È õ£#Î˚yòÈ ≠ òãÓ˚&ú

v˛. ò®Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚y*
òãÓ˚&ú £z¢úyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !ì˛!ò õyòÓîÓ˚î# Ñ˛!Ó– !ì˛!ò õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛
¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢ˆÏì˛òñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÖÈÙÈî%ÉˆÏÖñ ÓƒÌyÈÙÈˆÓîòyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y£z òãÓ˚&ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y ˆî!Ö Ó˚Ó#w Î%ˆÏÜ ˆÎ
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛!Ó ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú £z¢úyõ
S1899ÈÙÈ1976V ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ– Óyàúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ !ÓˆÏoy£# Ñ˛!Ó !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏò– òãÓ˚&ˆÏúÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˜Ó!â˛eƒ ú«˛í#Î˚ ˆì˛õ!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚Á ˜Ó!â˛eƒ
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xyãÁ !ÓˆÏoy£ Ñ˛!Ó Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢– òãÓ˚&ú
÷ï% Ñ˛!Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yò!ò– ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆîüñ ¢õyã xyÓ˚ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆÎõò !ì˛!ò ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïñ
ˆì˛õ!ò xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÓ˚y !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ !òÎ≈y!ì˛ì˛ñ !ò˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢,‹T
Ñ˛!Óì˛y=!ú ì˛y£z Î%Ü Î%Ü ïˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó≈£yÓ˚y õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ö˛!Ó˚Î˚yîñ ì˛yÓ˚£z ãÎ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy–
òãÓ˚&ú îy!Ó˚ôÏ ƒÓ˚ ãµyúy Ó%ˆÑÏ ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ !Ñ˛ä%È òy£zÈÙÈòˆÏ£
!Ñ˛äÈ% õ!£Î˚yò õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛úƒyí ¢yïˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò ˆúÖò# ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛
!äÈú ˜¢!òˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢y£¢– ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ñ ˆüy°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ñ üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ñ xòƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈxì˛ƒyâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– ì˛y£z Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¶˛_´ £ˆÏÎ˚Á !ì˛!ò Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ô!ÌÑ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!òñ
!ì˛!ò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢¡ô)í≈ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f– ì˛y£z Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˝ã%Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆÜˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢õyîÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛
òy ˆ¢ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ !mïy£#ò ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòÈÙÈ
Óì˛≈õyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó xy!õ ¶˛y£z ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ ò£z òÓ#ñ
Ñ˛!Ó Á xÑ˛!Ó Îy£y ÓˆÏúy ˆõyˆÏÓ˚ õ)Ö Ó%ˆÏã ¢£z ¢!Ó–
≤ÃÌõ õ£yÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ¢õy!Æ ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ õ£yÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ¢)e˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õïƒÓì˛≈# ¢õÎ˚›%˛Ñ%˛ òãÓ˚&ú
£z¢úyˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yüÑ˛yú– Ñ˛!Ó=Ó˚& Ó˚Ó#w ì˛Öò ÓúyÑ˛yÈÙÈ˛ô)Ó˚Ó# xÌ≈yÍ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
õïƒÜÜˆÏò !ÓÓ˚yã Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈˆú Ï ò– ˆ¢ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛yú˜ÏÓüyÖ#Ó˚ G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ õì˛ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ òãÓ˚&ˆÏúÓ˚
xy!Ó≈¶˛yÓ– Ñ˛yú˜ÏÓüyÖ#Ó˚ G˛v˛¸ ˆÎõò â˛!Ñ˛ì˛ xy!Ó≈¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓŸª ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õ%£)ˆÏì˛≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
!ÓˆÏõy!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò Ó˚Ó#wÑ˛yÓƒ ¢yïòyÓ˚ õïƒy£´ úˆÏ@¿ òãÓ˚&úÑ˛yÓƒ ~Ñ˛ !Ófl˛øÎ˚Ñ˛Ó˚
¢,!‹T– ì˛y£z !ÓˆÏoy£# Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ fl˛iyò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò !ÓŸª ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚–
!£õyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !üÖÓ˚Á ˆÎò ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xÓòì˛ÈÙÈ
Óú Ó#Ó˚
Óú v˛zß¨ì˛ õõ !üÓ˚ñ
!üÓ˚ ˆò£y!Ó˚ xyõy!Ó˚ òì˛ÈÙÈ!üÓ˚ Á£z !üÖÓ˚ !£õy!oÓ˚
*xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ fl˛ÿì˛ˆÏÑ˛y_Ó˚ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ó˚§y!â˛ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ Ó˚§y!â˛–
104 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ !Ñ˛ä%È òy£zÈÙÈòˆÏ£ !Ñ˛ä%È õ£#Î˚yòÈ ≠ òãÓ˚&ú
Óú Ó#Ó˚
Óú õ£y!ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ õ£yÑ˛yü ö˛y!v˛¸
â˛w ¢)Î≈ @˘Ã£ ì˛yÓ˚y äÈy!v˛¸
¶)˛ˆÏúyÑ˛ î%ƒˆÏúyÑ˛ ˆÜyúÑ˛ ˆ¶˛!îÎ˚y
ˆÖyîyÓ˚ xy¢ò xyÓ˚ü ˆäÈ!îÎ˚y
v˛z!‡˛Î˚y!äÈ !â˛Ó˚ÈÙÈ!Ófl˛øÎ˚ xy!õ !ÓŸª!Óïye#Ó˚
Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú £z¢úyõ !ÓˆÏoy£# Ñ˛!Ó1 ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ ¢Ñ˛ú xòƒyÎ˚ñ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ Á x!Óâ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ òãÓ˚&ú ˆÎ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ˆ¢ ¢õÎ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe£z !ì˛!ò
~£z xòƒyÎ˚ñ x¢yõƒñ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ Á x!Óâ˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ˆ¢ ¢õÎ˚ !ÓˆÏîü# üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
üy¢òîˆÏ[˛ ˛ôÓ˚yï#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#Ó˚ ≤Ãyí Á¤˛yÜì˛ ì˛y£z òãÓ˚&ú ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ ã%ú%õÓyã
üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yò ˆ£yÑ˛– ˛ôÓ˚yï#òì˛yÓ˚ òyÜ˛ôy¢ !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ fl˛∫yï#ò ˆ£yÑ˛– ì˛y£z ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏt˛ òãÓ˚&ú ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ â˛úˆÏÓ !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛ˆÏì˛y!îò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ÈÙÈ
ÎˆÏÓ v˛zÍ˛ô#!v˛¸ˆÏì˛Ó˚ e´®òÈÙÈˆÏÓ˚yú xyÑ˛yˆÏü Óyì˛yˆÏ¢ ïπ!òˆÏÓ òy
xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ Öv˛¸Ü Ñ,˛˛ôyí ¶˛#õ Ó˚íÈÙÈ¶)˛ˆÏõ Ó˚!íˆÏÓ òyÈÙÈ
!ÓˆÏoy£# Ó˚íÈÙÈÑœ˛yhs˛
xy!õ ˆ¢£z!îò £Ó üyhs˛
~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ã˜ÏòÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õhs˛Óƒ!›˛ v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ ò#Î˚ÈÙÈˆÎÏ ÈÙÈ¢õˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ õyò%°Ï Á !ü“# !äÈˆú Ï ò
òãÓ˚&úÈÙÈˆÏ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢#£z ¢Ω˛Óì˛ !äÈˆÏúò õˆÏò õˆÏò !ÓˆÏoy£#– ˆ¢£z !ÓˆÏoy£
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ñ !Ó!›˛ü Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˛ôÓ˚yï#òì˛yÓ˚ @’y!òÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ì˛Öò
Óyày!úÓ˚ õˆÏò ˆãˆÏÜ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ˆ«˛y¶˛ Á ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî– ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ Á ˆ¢£z ¢y«˛Á ˆîÎ˚– ˆ¢£z
≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# Óyì˛yÓÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛zj#˛ôòyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z x!ì˛Óy!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ òãÓ˚&ˆÏúÓ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢–
ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢üfl˛f !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ 1902 !Öfi›˛y∑ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z– fl˛iy!˛ôì˛ £ú !Ó≤’Ó#
îú Î%Üyhs˛Ó˚ Á xò%ü#úò– ÓD¶˛D ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï xyˆÏ®yúò v˛z_yú £ú 1905 ¢yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ
1909ÈÙÈ10 ¢yú ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì˛yÓ˚ x!@¿ì˛y˛ô ÓyúÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õòˆÏÑ˛Á fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xÓ˚!Ó® ˆáyˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yÓyî# ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ xy£¥yòñ õy!òÑ˛ì˛úy ˆÓyõyÓ˚ õyõúy Á «%˛!îÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ö§˛y!¢Ó˚ v˛zˆÏ_ãòy
1908 ¢yˆÏú– ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ õ£yÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ó˚íïπ!ò– òãÓ˚&ú ÓyúÑ˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢£z ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚õ[˛ˆÏúÓ˚
ì˛!v˛¸ì˛ÈÙÈ≤ÃÓy£fl˛ô,‹T £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ õ£yÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆ¢òyÓy!£ò#ˆÏì˛ ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏÎ˚
xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó˚y‹T…ü!_´Ó˚ !Óòƒy¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!ò– ì˛Öò£z
Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ≤Ã¶%˛ˆÏcÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò òãÓ˚&ú– ˛ôÓ˚yï#òì˛yÓ˚ @’y!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚
õ%!oì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú xyˆÏÜ£z– ˆŸªì˛yD £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛ô#Î˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶%˛c !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ fl˛∫FäÈ
£ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ !Ó!›˛ü üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ«˛y¶˛ ¢!M˛Èì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚– fl˛ô‹T
¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ü!_´Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆáy°ÏíyÁ !ì˛!ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !â˛!£´ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È v˛zÍ˛ô#v˛¸ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyòñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆáy!°Ïì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚í–4
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ !Ñ˛ä%È òy£zÈÙÈòˆÏ£ !Ñ˛ä%È õ£#Î˚yòÈ ≠ òãÓ˚&ú ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 105
òãÓ˚&ˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢ !äÈú ~Ñ˛õye !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xã≈ò ¢Ω˛Ó– ì˛y£z
!úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ Ñ˛y[˛yÓ˚# ì˛Ó ¢¡ø%ˆÏÖ ˙ ˛ôúy!üÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛Ó˚ñ
Óyàyú#Ó˚ Ö%ˆÏò úyú £ú ˆÎÌy Ñœ˛y£zˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ÖOÓ˚
˙ ÜDyÎ˚ v%˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏäÈ £yÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !îÓyÑ˛yÓ˚
v˛z!îˆÏÓ ˆ¢ Ó˚!Ó xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ö%ˆÏò Ó˚y!àÎ˚y ˛ô%òÓ≈yÓ˚
÷ï% Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xÓƒÓfl˛iy òÎ˚ñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏúÁ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò
î)!Ó≈°Ï£ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈúñ õ%!‹TˆÏõÎ˚ ˛ô%§!ã˛ô!ì˛ Á ï!òÑ˛ ˆüy°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ !òõ≈õ ˆÓv˛¸yãyú !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y ◊õã#Ó# ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚_´÷ˆÏ°Ï !òˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !îò fl˛≥˛#ˆÏì˛yîÓ˚ £ˆÏFäÈñ ì˛y£z
òãÓ˚&ú ◊õã#!Ó õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏt˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ
ˆì˛yõÓ˚y Ó˚!£ˆÏÓ ˆì˛ì˛yúyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y Ó˚!£Ó ò#ˆÏâ˛
xÌâ˛ ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÓì˛y Ó!úÓ ˆ¢ ¶˛Ó˚¢y xyã !õˆÏäÈ 11Ü
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Á òãÓ˚&ú !ÓˆÏoy£#– ì˛§yÓ˚ ~ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ õ)ˆÏú Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫ˆÏîü
≤Ã#!ì˛ñ ì˛y£z xì˛ƒhs˛ ˆ«˛yˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ
ãòÜˆÏí ÎyÓ˚y ˆã§yÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢õ ˆüyˆÏ°Ï ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ õ£yãò Ñ˛Î˚ñ
¢hs˛yò ¢õ ˛ôyˆÏú ÎyÓ˚y ã!õñ ì˛yÓ˚y ã!õîyÓ˚ òÎ˚ 1
õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ òy â˛Ó˚íñ
õy!›˛Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛ ì§˛y£yÓ˚£z £òÈÙÈ
ˆÎ Îì˛ ¶˛[˛ ï!v˛¸Óyã xyã ˆ¢£z ì˛ì˛ ÓúÓyò 17
òãÓ˚&ú !äÈˆÏúò õy!›˛ Á õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó– ˆÎ ¢Ó õyò%°Ï ◊õ Á áyˆÏõÓ˚ v˛z°åì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚
ÜîƒõÎ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#›˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ Óï≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò òãÓ˚&ú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚£z Ñ˛!Ó– ~ ˆì˛y
ˆÜú Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyˆÏäÈ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ñ
ïõ≈#Î˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ Á ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£ñ õyò%°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏã ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy£–
òãÓ˚&ˆÏúÓ˚ ~ ¢Ó !ÓˆÏoy£ Îì˛!îò õyòÓ ¢õyˆÏã ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ì˛ì˛!îò ~ !ÓˆÏoy£Á ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
òãÓ˚&úÁ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õyòÓ ãy!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓò–
¢ˆÏB˛ì˛ ¢)e ≠
1– xyõyÓ˚ ˜Ñ˛!ö˛Î˚ì˛ÈÙÈ¢Ó≈£yÓ˚yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 94
2– !ÓˆÏoy£#ÈÙÈx!@¿Ó#òyñ ˛ô,¤˛y 1
3– ˙ ˙
4– ¢,!‹T fl˛∫yì˛ˆÏs˛fƒ òãÓ˚&úÈÙÈ¢%!õì˛y â˛e´Óì˛≈#ñ ˛ô,¤˛y 48
5– Ñ˛y[˛yÓ˚# ˝!üÎ˚yÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ¢Ó≈£yÓ˚yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 65
6– Ñ%˛!úõã%Ó˚ ÈÙÈ ¢yõƒÓyî#ñ ˛ô,¤˛y 44
7– ö˛!Ó˚Î˚yîÈÙÈ¢Ó≈£yÓ˚yñ ˛ô,¤˛y 90
¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# Óy·˛#
v˛y. ¢%ÓúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õy£z!ì˛*
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ x!ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Óy·˛#üyÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏîÓ˚ Î%Ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òyòy òyˆÏõ xyÖƒy!Î˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏäÈ–
ˆÓˆÏîy_´ òyõ ˆ¢yòy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yõñ ~!›˛£z Óy·˛# ˆ¶˛yã– Úˆ¢yõy £z!ì˛ ˆ¢yˆÏõy Óy·˛# ˆ¶˛yãÇÛ
ÈÙÙÙÈ õ£#ïÓ˚ ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ¶˛y°Ïƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò xÌÓ≈ˆÏÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ÓîƒÑ˛Ñ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢)_´!›˛ˆÏÑ˛– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ!›˛
ˆ¢yõyñ ˆ¢!›˛£z ˆ¢yõñ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢›˛y£z Óy·˛#– !ÓˆÏü°Ï ÓƒyÖƒyÎ˚ Óúy £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ÈÙÙÙÈ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !üˆÏÓy˚ ¶˛yˆÏÜ
~ˆÏÑ˛ x!¶˛!°Ï!M˛Èì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ÷ˆÏe´Ó˚ ˛ô!Óeì˛y ~ÓÇ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óú Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– â˛ˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢õyò
ÎˆÏüyúy¶˛ £Î˚– ˆ¢yõ£z Áãñ ì˛yÓ˚£z «˛Ó˚ˆÏí õï%ˆÏõ£ xyˆÏ¢– ˆ¢yõ òyõÑ˛ ~£z ˆ¶˛°Ïã!›˛ Áã
ïyì%˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xÑ˛yú õ,ì%˛ƒ ˆÓ˚yï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
â˛Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢Ç!£ì˛yÎ˚ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ x!@¿ˆÏ¢yõydÑ˛ˆÏcò ÁãÉñ bòyüòyÍ òyüõ,k˛!ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ
xÌ≈yÍ ~£z Ólfl˛!›˛ xyˆÏ@¿Î˚ Á ˆ¢yõ#Î˚ñ ~Ñ˛yïyˆÏÓ˚ x!@¿ïõ#≈ Á ãúïõ#≈– ÁãÉ «˛Î˚ £ˆÏú£z
õ,ì%˛ƒñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óy·˛# ì˛y ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– â˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~!›˛ x¢yïyÓ˚í =íÈÙÈ¢¡ôß¨
ˆ¶˛°Ïã– ˆ¶˛°Ïã!›˛ Ó˚¢yÎ˚í ÈÙÈ =í¢¡ôß¨ñ x˛ôfl˛øyÓ˚ Sõ,Ü#V ˆÓ˚yÜòyüÑ˛– ¢%◊&ˆÏì˛ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆõïy Á xyÎ˚%Óï≈Ñ˛ ˆ¶˛°ÏˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Óy·˛# ˆ◊¤˛–
˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ≤ÃÑ˛yü SˆÏ°Ïyv˛¸ü üì˛Ñ˛V @˘ÃˆÏs˛i Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ Óy·˛# Á ÌyòÑ%˛ò#
¢õ=íÈÙÈ¢¡ôß¨– ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Óy·˛#Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyòÑ%˛ò#Ó˚ Ñ˛îÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü– ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ
ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ Ë°Ïï ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏD î%ÚˆÏ›˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– î%Û!›˛£z ãúy¢ß¨ ¶)˛!õˆÏì˛
ãˆÏõ– Ó°Ï≈yÑ˛yˆÏú x!ïÑ˛ Ó,!k˛ £ˆÏúÁ ¢yÓ˚yÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– úì˛yˆÏò v˛z!qî– õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ Ü§y›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆüÑ˛v˛¸ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ñ Óy·˛#Ó˚ ˆÓy›˛y!òÑ˛ƒyú òyõ
Becpa monnieri (L) Pennell. xyÓ˚ ÌyòÑ%˛!òÓ˚ òyõ £ˆÏúy centella asiatica (L) Urban.
~Ñ˛›˛y õãyÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈxyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏò !Ñ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛ xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ïñ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏò ˆÜ§ˆÏÌ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÌyòÑ%˛!ò xyõyüy £ˆÏú xyÓ˚ Óy·˛# Ó%!k˛ Ñ˛õ £ˆÏú ÖyÁÎ˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–
ÌyòÑ%˛!ò £ˆÏúy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyñ ~Öò Óy·˛#ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛ òyv˛¸yâ˛yv˛¸y Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÑ‰˛–
ˆÓˆÏîÓ˚ ¢)e ïÛˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ xò%¢ı˛yˆÏò ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Óy·˛#ˆÏÑ˛ â˛ú!ì˛Ó!õ≈ñ !Ó!õ≈ñ
Ó·˛# òyˆÏõ v˛yÑ˛y £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛# òyõÑ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ =íÓ_yÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ– ˆÎõò ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆ¢yõÓÕ‘#ñ Ñ˛ˆÏ˛ôyì˛ÓB˛òñ ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛– ~äÈyv˛¸y ≤ÃˆÏîüˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî òyòy òyõÑ˛Ó˚í– xyõÓ˚y
¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# òyõ!›˛ ~ãòƒ ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òúyõ ˆÎñ Ó%!k˛ñ fl˛ø,!ì˛ñ ˆõïy ì˛Ìy ˛ôy![˛ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ Á Óy£Ñ˛
ˆîÓ# ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# xyÓ˚ ~£z ˆ¶˛°Ïã!›˛ ~¢Ó =íˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!k˛ Á Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xyÎ˚%ˆÏÓ≈î õˆÏì˛ Óy·˛#Ó˚ =í £ˆÏúy ÈÙÙÙÈ !ì˛_´ ÈÙÈ Ñ˛°ÏyÎ˚ÈÙÈõï%Ó˚ñ Ó˚¢ ¢¡ôß¨ ü#ì˛Ó#Î≈ñ ¢yÓ˚Ñ˛ñ
úá%ñ ˆõïyãòÑ˛ñ xyÎ˚%Óï≈Ñ˛ñ fl˛∫Ó˚Ó°Ï≈Ñ˛ñ fl˛ø,!ì˛≤Ãîñ Ó˚¢yÎ˚íñ ÷e´Óï≈Ñ˛ñ ˛ô%!‹TÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ%˛¤˛ñ ˛ôy_%ñ
*¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyÎ˚ˆ% ÓÏ î≈ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ xÓ¢Ó˚≤ÃyÆ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÈÙÈ!ÓK˛yò#ñ ÓˆÏòÔ°Ï!ï ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛
xyÎ˚%ˆÏÓ≈î !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛–
¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# Óy·˛# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 107
ˆõ£ Sõï%ˆÏõ£ ¢£ ¢Ó Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆõ£ Óy ≤ÃˆÏõ£Vñ Ó˚_´ˆÏîy°Ïñ Ñ˛y¢ñ ˆüyÌñ ãµÓ˚ñ !Ó°ÏˆÏîy°Ïñ
v˛zß√yîñ x˛ôfl˛øyˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó¢hs˛ˆÏÓ˚yÜñ ˆÑ˛y¤˛Ók˛ì˛yñ õ)ì˛Ñ,˛Fä…Èì˛y ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ òyüÑ˛–
òˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¢õ#«˛yÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z ÈÙÙÙÈ fl˛∫yˆÏî ˆì˛ˆÏì˛yñ ¢)eÑ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ñ Ñ˛yˆÏõyj#˛ôÑ˛ñ õ,î%
!ÓˆÏÓâ˛Ñ˛ Á Ó˚_´˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚Ñ˛– ~!›˛ !â˛hs˛yü!_´ñ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòyÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Á fl˛ø,!ì˛ü!_´ Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ~!›˛ õ!hfl˛ˆÏ‹ÒÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y°ÏˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ì%˛ ~£z ˆ¶˛°Ïã!›˛ xƒyúG˛y£zõy¢≈ ˆÓ˚yÜ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Óy·˛# xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆÏmÜñ î%É!ÿ˛hs˛yñ v˛zÍÑ˛¤˛yñ ÓƒyÑ%˛úì˛yñ fl˛ÿÎ˚!ÓÑ˛
î%Ó≈úì˛yñ Ó%Ñ˛ ïv˛¸yö˛v˛¸ S£yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛Ó,!k˛Vñ õyÌyÓ˚ Îs˛fíyñ xÓ¢ß¨ì˛yñ á%ˆÏõÓ˚ Óƒyáyì˛ñ
õò¢ÇˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ x¶˛yÓñ £ãˆÏõ !Ófl˛∫ì˛y SÓî£ãõV ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~!›˛
x˛ôfl˛øyÓ˚ Á xòƒyòƒ õˆÏòy!ÓÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚– !ú¶˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !e´Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛
!Ó°ÏˆÏîy°Ïõ%_´ SToxin õ%_´V Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚ˆÏ_´ üÑ≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí õyey!ì˛!Ó˚_´ Ñ˛ˆÏõ !ÜˆÏÎ˚
òÓãyì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ!hfl˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ «˛!ì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛y Óy·˛# ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ– ~!›˛Ó˚ ˆÓîòyüÑ˛ =í
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎˆÏ«˛ˆÏe x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ Îs˛fíyòyüÑ˛ Ë°Ïï ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óy·˛#Ó˚
ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ñ Ë°ÏˆÏïÓ˚ õyey Ñ˛ˆÏõñ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ÓyˆÏv˛¸– üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ xÎÌy ˆö˛yúyñ úyú úyú â˛yÑ˛y
â˛yÑ˛y îyÜñ ~úy!ã≈ Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Óy·˛#ˆÏì˛ xì˛ƒhs˛ «˛õì˛y ¢¡ôß¨ xƒy!r›˛x!:ˆÏv˛r›˛ xyˆÏäÈñ
Îy !Ñ˛v˛ò#Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ö%Ó£z v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚#– ¢Ó ÓÎ˚ˆ¢Ï Ó˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ü!_´ Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓñ˚ o&ì˛ õòòü#úì˛y
Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– õ!hfl˛‹Ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ «˛Î˚ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆ¶˛°Ïã!›˛ õò Á õ!hfl˛ˆÏfl˛ÒÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛
Ö%Ó£z v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚#– òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚£z ˆÎÔò«˛õì˛y Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛– ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Óyï≈Ñ˛ƒ
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï ~!›˛Ó˚ !Óüyú ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~!›˛ Óœyv˛ ˆ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy·˛# ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚– ˆÎ¢Ó õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢!ò≈Ñ˛ñ Ñ˛ƒyv˛!õÎ˚yõñ
¢#¢yñ ˛ôyÓ˚î ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ oÓƒ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛Óy·˛#ˆÏì˛ ~¢Ó õyey!ì˛!Ó˚_´ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
Óy!úñ ˆÜyÓÓ˚¢yÓ˚ Á ¢yõyòƒ õy!›˛ !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ~!›˛Ó˚ â˛y°Ï ¢£ˆÏã Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ ›˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛yú¶˛yˆÏÓ
â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ãB˛ñ Ñ˛˛ôyÓ˚ñ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ oÓƒ Á ~!›˛ ¢£ˆÏã @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óy·˛#Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¢yÓïyˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ xÌÓy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆò£z–
1– Ü¶≈˛Óì˛# Á hfl˛òƒîyÎ˚# õy ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò òy–
2– Î§yˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ Ñ˛õ (Bradycardio) ì§˛yÓ˚y ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò òy–
3– ˛ôyÑ˛fl˛iú#ñ xü≈ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ «˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ òy Ñ˛Ó˚y£z ¶˛yú–
4– xƒyãõy Á ~¢ö˛y£z!¢õy ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆò£z–
5– xˆÏs˛f ˆÑ˛yò xÓˆÏÓ˚yï Óy ÓœˆÏÑ˛ã ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò òy–
6– Óy·˛# ˆ¢ÓˆÏò ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôyÑ˛fl˛iú#ˆÏì˛ !Ìâ˛!Öâ˛ ¶˛yÓñ Ó!õÓ!õ ¶˛yÓñ õ%Ö
÷!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yñ ˛ôyÍúy ˛ôyÎ˚Öyòyñ xÓ¢yî ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛Öò õyey Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xÌÓy Óı˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏú ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ ~!›˛ ÌyÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏv˛Ó˚ £Ó˚ˆÏõyò
Ó,!k˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢ãòƒ Î§yÓ˚y ÌyÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏv˛Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ¶%˛ÜˆÏäÈò Óy Á°Ï%ï ÖyˆÏFäÈòñ ì§˛yÓ˚y
ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ !ÓˆÏü°ÏˆÏK˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆòˆÏÓò– ~!›˛ õ)eÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ñ ì˛y£z õ)e¢ÇÓ£ò ì˛ˆÏs˛f
ˆÑ˛yò≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓˆÏÓ˚yï ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–
108 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# Óy·˛#
~ÓyÓ˚ ~!›˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛e=!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xy¢y ÎyÑ‰˛–

ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚≠
Óy·˛#Ó˚ Ó˚¢ñ !¢Ó˚y˛ôñ Ó›˛# ÈÙÙÙÈ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ~!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– áˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚
!áˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yãy Óy·˛#ñ Óy·˛#üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y›˛y ¢£ã– ¢ÆyˆÏ£ 3ÈÙÈ4 !îò xyú%ñ
ˆÓ=ò ¢£ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ Óy·˛#üyÑ˛ Ó˚yßÿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Sî%˛ô%Ó˚ ˆÓúyÎ˚V ÖyÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ äÈyeÈÙÈäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Óy·˛#üyÑ˛ !áˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏã ¶˛yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÖˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÓò– Ó˚¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy
!¢k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ãú!›˛Á ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
1– Ó%!k˛ÈÙÈfl˛ø,!ì˛ÈÙÈˆõïy £…yˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ˛ô‡˛òÈÙÈ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏò xò#£yÎ˚ ≠ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È£z õˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏäÈ
òy– ˆì˛yì˛y ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ õì˛ ˆÑ˛Óú Ó%!ú xyÁˆÏv˛¸ ÎyˆÏFäÈñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy ˆÜú ÈÙÙÙÈ fl˛ø,!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È£z
Ó˚£zˆÏúy òy– xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚&Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚&Ó˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ Ó¢yÓ˚ £zˆÏFäÈ ˆò£zñ ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y
¶˛Î˚ ¶˛Î˚ ¶˛yÓñ v˛zˆÏmÜñ î%É!ÿ˛hs˛y ~ÓÇ õòòü#úì˛y Á ~Ñ˛y@˘Ãì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓñ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
Óy·˛#üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢ 1ÈÙÈ2 â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛ SÓÎ˚¢ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛V !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ xyï â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛ õï% !õ!üˆÏÎ˚
¢Ñ˛yˆÏú !›˛!ö˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È!îò ÖyÁÎ˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Ñ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ úyÜyì˛yÓ˚ õy¢ !ì˛ˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÖˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– ~äÈyv˛¸y ~£z Ó˚¢!›˛ xyï â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛ !á Á xyï Ñ˛y˛ô î%ˆÏï !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ˆÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
2– x˛ôfl˛øyˆÏÓ˚ Sõ,Ü#ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÜV ≠ Óy·˛# üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢ ÓÎ˚¢yò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ 1ÈÙÈ4 â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõÑ˛ xyï
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛y˛ô £yúÑ˛y ÜÓ˚õ î%ˆÏï !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÓäÈÓ˚ Öy!òÑ˛–
3– ˆÑ˛y¤˛Ók˛ì˛y Á ¢)eÑ˛ˆÏFäÈì˛yÎ˚ ≠ Î§yˆÏîÓ˚ î%ÛˆÏ›˛yˆÏì˛£z ¢õ¢ƒyñ ì§˛yÓ˚y Óy·˛#üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢
3ÈÙÈ4 â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛y˛ôÖy!òÑ˛ ÜÓ˚õ î%ˆÏï !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú £yúÑ˛y !›˛!ö˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏò
~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ÖyˆÏÓò– ~äÈyv˛¸y õyˆÏG˛ ~£z üyÑ˛!›˛ Ó˚yßÿ Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚Á ÖyÁÎ˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–
4– ˆÎÔò «˛õì˛y Á £zFäÈy £…yˆÏ¢ ≠ ÓÎ˚¢ Óyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚£z ~£z
¢õ¢ƒy xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ â˛y˛ôñ v˛zˆÏmÜñ î%É!ÿ˛hs˛yñ !Ó◊yõ£#òì˛y x!òoy
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ˆÎÔò «˛õì˛y Ñ˛õˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ £zFäÈy›˛y òyÁ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛òñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óy·˛#üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢ 3ÈÙÈ4 â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ xyï
â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛ !á Á Ñ˛y˛ôÖy!òÑ˛ ÜÓ˚õ î%ï !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Öyò– Ó˚ˆÏ_´
üÑ≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ ˆÓ!ü òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòõì˛ !â˛!ò !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓò– õy¢ !ì˛ˆÏòÑ˛ Öyòñ
v˛zj˛#˛ôòy Á v˛zˆÏ_ãòyñ ˆ¢£z¢ˆÏD õˆÏòÓ˚ xîõƒ £zFäÈy ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓ– õy¢Öy!òÑ˛
úyÜyì˛yÓ˚ ÖyˆÏÓò– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ xÌ≈yÍ ¢ÆyˆÏ£ 2!îò ÖyˆÏÓò– ì˛yÓ˚£z õyˆÏG˛ î%Û~Ñ˛!îò
ì˛Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÖyˆÏÓò–
5– ˝!˛ôÇ Ñ˛y!¢ˆÏì˛ ≠ ÓyFâ˛yˆÏîÓ˚£z ˆÓ!ü £Î˚– Óy·˛#üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢ £yÕÒy ÜÓ˚õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢yò%˛ôyˆÏì˛
15ÈÙÈ20 ˆö§˛y›˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛ Ó˚¢ ¢yõyòƒ õï%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏò 2ÓyÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò– 5ÈÙÈ7
!îˆÏò ¢õ¢ƒy â˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ–
6– ÷e´ì˛yÓ˚ˆÏúƒ ≠ ˆÑ˛ò £ˆÏúyñ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ £ˆÏúyñ !Ñ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆîyˆÏ°Ï £ˆÏúyñ ~¢Ó xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Óy!ì˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy·˛#üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢ 2ÈÙÈ4 â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛ õyeyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛y˛ô ÜÓ˚õ î%ˆÏï !õ!üˆÏÎ˚
¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# Óy·˛# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 109
¢Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ãúÖyÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È!îò Öyò– ¢%ÜyÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú xÓüƒ£z ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãòõì˛
!â˛!ò ˆõüyˆÏÓò–
7– ˆÜ§ˆÏ›˛ ÓyˆÏì˛ ≠ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˆÜ§ˆÏ›˛ ÓyˆÏì˛ Óy·˛#üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢ 2ÈÙÈ4 â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛ £yúÑ˛y ÜÓ˚õ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î%ˆÏï SxyïÈÙÈ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈÑ˛y˛ôV !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ˆÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–
8– Ó%Ñ˛ ïv˛¸ö˛ˆÏv˛¸ ≠ £yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚ ˆÓ!üñ òyv˛¸#˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏÓ
ÈÙÙÙÈ !õ!òˆÏ›˛ 80ÈÙÈ90 ÓyÓ˚ Óy x!ïÑ˛– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óy·˛# üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢ 3ÈÙÈ4 â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛ Ñ˛y˛ôÖy!òÑ˛
£yúÑ˛y ÜÓ˚õ î%ˆÏï !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ Öyò– 7 !îò ÖyˆÏÓòñ 7 !îò Óyî ˆîˆÏÓò– fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛
xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ~ˆÏú ¢ÆyˆÏ£ 1 Óy 2 !îò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ÖyˆÏÓò–
9– Üúy Ó¢yÎ˚ ≠ ≤ÃyÎ˚£z Üúy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà Üúy ÓˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óy·˛# Ó˚¢ 2ÈÙÈ4 â˛yÈÙÈâ˛yõâ˛
ÜÓ˚õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ‡˛y[˛y £ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ â˛y ÈÙÈ â˛yõâ˛ õï% !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏ›˛ ÖyˆÏÓò– ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú Óy
!ÓÑ˛yˆÏú ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚– úÓò ãˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ 2ÈÙÈ3 ÓyÓ˚ ÜyÜ≈ú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ Ó˚¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÖyÁÎ˚yñ !áˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏã ÖyÁÎ˚yñ ì˛Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÖyÁÎ˚y â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜˆÏú õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ õ!hfl˛ˆÏ‹ÒÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yÜ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy– ˆÎõò fl˛ø,!ì˛ˆÏúy˛ôñ ¶%˛ˆÏú
ÎyÁÎ˚yñ xƒyúG˛y£zõyÜ≈ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ– ˆÓ˚yÜ›˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú !Ñ˛ls˛ !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òy–
ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ó!ú ÙÙÙÈÈ ˆÓˆÏîÓ˚ñ }!°ÏÜí xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ~õò ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ô÷˛ôyì˛ xfl˛f ì%˛ˆÏú
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛y â˛!Ó≈ì˛ â˛Ó≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚!ò– üyÑ˛!›˛ Ó%!k˛ Óyv˛¸yÎ˚ ÓÛˆÏú
xyõÓ˚y Îì˛£z ˆâ§˛â˛y£z òy ˆÑ˛òñ Ñ˛Ûãò xyÎ˚%ˆÏÓ≈îˆÏ¢Ó# ~!›˛ !òÎ˚!õì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò⁄ ö˛ˆÏú
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚£z Ó%!k˛ºÇü £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– ˆÎ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!îò üy=Ñ˛yÓ˚Üí ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# ÓÛˆÏú xyÖƒy!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ
ˆ¢!›˛Ó˚ñ õˆÏõ≈yk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ üì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ ãyˆÏò–
Óì≈˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ#«˛yÎ˚ Îy Îy Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ó=!ú ˆÓî Á ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ¢Ç!£ì˛y
@˘Ãs˛i=!úˆÏì˛ xyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~õ!òˆÏì˛ õyˆÏäÈ ÙÈ¶˛yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óyày!úÓ˚ üyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ òãÓ˚ ˆò£zñ
ì˛yÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏòy ˆì˛ˆÏì˛y üyÑ˛ñ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏúÁ òãÓ˚ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ¢Ó ÓÇüïÓ˚Üí ~Ñ˛îy Óy·˛#Ó˚ ˆîÔúˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛#Ó˚ ÓÓ˚˛ô%e £ˆÏÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ !Ñ˛ä%È xyˆÏÆy˛ôˆÏîü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ˆÎ=ˆÏúyÓ˚ £!îü !Ñ˛ xyõÓ˚y xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò!îò
˛ôyÓ⁄ ~ãòƒ£z ~ ãyì˛›˛yÓ˚ ~ì˛ xˆÏïyÜ!ì˛– !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ
~Ñ˛îú Ñ˛!‡˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚◊õ# xò%¢ı˛yòÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ îú â˛y£z– xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ fl˛∫ì˛fl˛≥)˛ì≈˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓy òyñ
ˆ¢›˛y ˆÓyï£Î˚ !î!Óƒ Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy˛ôòyÎ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty £ˆÏú ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò
ˆÓì˛òñ ≤ÃˆÏõyüòñ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÖ!Î˚ñ ˆÑ˛y®ú !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ xy¢Ó˚ ãõãõy!›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ òy ˆì˛yÊ
˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y

!Óã!ú ˆî*
˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ !äÈˆÏúò ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ_ý– ˆ°Ïyv˛¸ü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚

ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú òy– Ñ˛yÓ˚í õ£y≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ ïõ≈ ¢ß¨ƒy¢#Ó˚ ïõ≈–
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò fl˛f#¢D !äÈú ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyãƒ– õ£y≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚ !òì˛ƒyò® ≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚
˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓüy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !äÈú– Ñ˛yÓ˚í !òì˛ƒyò® ≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ ïõ≈ !äÈú Ü,£#Ó˚ ïõ≈– fl˛f#
¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈ ˛ôì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛Î˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛õ– !òì˛ƒyò® ≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ £zFäÈyÎ˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈
≤ÃˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢£ï!õ≈ò#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y á›˛yˆÏì˛ ◊#!òÓy¢ xyâ˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ Ñ˛òƒy ˆ£õúì˛y
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#ñ !òì˛ƒyò®ÈÙÈ˛ôb# ãy£´Ó#ˆÏîÓ#ñ x˜Ïmì˛ ˛ôb# {ŸªÓ˚# Á ˆÜÔÓ˚yD!≤ÃÎ˚y ~ÓÇ !üÖ#
õy£y!ì˛ñ õy!úò# ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#ñ ¢ì˛ƒ¶˛yõy ˆîÓ#ñ ú«˛#£#Ó˚y Ñ,˛°åîy¢#ñ õyïÓ#úì˛y £zì˛ƒy!î ˜Ó°åÓ
õ!£úyÜˆÏíÓ˚ õs˛fî#«˛yîyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á Ú=Ó˚&õyÛ Óy ÚõyÈÙÈˆÜ§y¢y£zÛ £zì˛ƒy!î Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô õÎ≈yîy úy¶˛
Á òyÓ˚#Ó˚ =Ó˚&õy Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô Óy ¶˛yˆÏÓ x¶%˛ƒayò áˆÏ›˛–1
ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ fl˛∫í≈Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆ°Ïyv˛¸ü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓîyò Ö%Ó£z ¢yõyòƒ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢yõyòƒ £ˆÏúÁ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚
òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓîyò ˆò£z ~Ñ˛Ìy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õˆÏì˛£z Óúy ÎyÎ˚òy– ~õò!Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ«˛ˆÏe òyÓ˚#Ó˚
xÓîyò ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ˆÓ!üñ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚–
õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ fl˛f# !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛úò ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü ˜Ó°åÓ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚˛ õˆÏïƒ£z ≤ÃÌõ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ~£z
òyÓ˚#Ó˚y£z !ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ãïyò ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˆòò– òyÓ˚#!ü«˛y ≤Ãâ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ˜Ó°åÓ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
xÓîyò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
◊#!òÓy¢ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ î%£z ˛ôb# !äÈú– ≤ÃÌõy ˛ôb#Ó˚ òyõ {ŸªÓ˚# ~ÓÇ !mì˛# ˛ôb#Ó˚ òyõ
˛ôpyÓì˛#– ˛ôpyÓì˛# !äÈˆÏúò ◊#!òÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ü°Ïƒy– ◊#!òÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ì˛ò˛ô%e Á !ì˛ò Ñ˛òƒy– ì§˛yÓ˚
˛ô%eˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ=!ú £ú ÎÌye´ˆÏõ Ó,®yÓò ÓÕ‘¶˛ñ Ó˚yïyÑ,˛°å Á Ü!ì˛ˆÏÜy!Ó®– ì§˛yÓ˚ !ì˛ò Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚
òyõ =!ú £ú ÎÌye´ˆÏõ ˆ£õúì˛yñ Ñ,˛°å!≤ÃÎ˚y Á Ñ˛yM˛Èò!≤ÃÎ˚y– ◊#!òÓy¢ xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛ô%eˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÜy!Ó® ~ÓÇ Ñ˛òƒyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ# Ö%Ó£z ≤Ã!¢k˛y !äÈˆÏúò– ◊#!òÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚
≤ÃÌõy˛ôb# {ŸªÓ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒy !äÈˆÏúò ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#–
ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ !ÓÓy£ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú õ%!ü≈îyÓyˆÏî– ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ òyõ ˆÜy˛ô#ÓÕ‘¶˛ â˛RÓ˚yã–
ˆ£õúì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ fl˛∫yõ# x“ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ õyÓ˚y !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˆ£õúì˛y ˆîÓ# !äÈˆÏúò !òÉ¢hs˛yò–
!ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ºyì%˛‹ô%e ¢%Óúâ˛wˆÏÑ˛ î_Ñ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
x“ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢£z ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˆòˆÏõ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ˜ÓïˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúyäÈyÎ˚y– ˆ¢£z
Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛›˛y ¢yïyÓ˚í òyÓ˚#Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y !ì˛!ò ¶˛!Óì˛ÓƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò ¢yÓ˚y›˛y ã#Óò Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîò
*xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛yñ ˛ô§yüÑ%˛v˛¸y Óòõyú# Ñ˛ˆÏúãñ !Ó.~v˛ !Ó¶˛yÜñ ˛ô)Ó≈ˆÏõ!îò#˛ô%Ó˚–

˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 111
!ò– ÓÓ˚Ç !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ Ü,ˆÏ£ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ ¢yïòy Á Ñ˛yÓƒâ˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÎˆÏb Ó˚«˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– x“!îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ# ˜Ó°åÓ ïõ≈ÈÙÈîü≈ò Á £z!ì˛£y¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T
!ü!«˛ì˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò !òˆÏã Úõyò!Ó !Óúy¢Û òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ !˛ôì˛y ◊#!òÓy¢ xyâ˛yÎ≈ !äÈˆú Ï ò Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸y ˆãúyÓ˚ !Ó°å˛ô%Ó˚ ◊#˛ôyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛y–
~£z ◊#˛ôy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí# xyˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú xyÖv˛¸y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò–
ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ !äÈú ÙÙÙÈÈ xÓ!hs˛Ñ˛yñ ˆõˆÏÓ˚úyñ my!Ó˚Ñ˛yñ ˆÑ˛y‡˛y £zì˛ƒy!î– õ%!ü≈îyÓyˆÏî
!ì˛!ò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ó%ï%£z˛ôyv˛¸y ◊#˛ôy›˛– ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òÎ˚y!Õ‘ü ˛ôyv˛¸yñ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚˛ô%Ó˚ñ
õ˝úyñ Ó˚yÎ˚˛ô%Ó˚ £zì˛ƒy!î xM˛ÈˆÏúÁ !ì˛!ò Ó˝ ◊#˛ôy›˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ !Óhfl˛#í≈
xM˛Èú ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ~Ñ˛ Ó,£Í Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚–
ˆ£õúì˛y ˆîÓ# ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó@˘Ã£ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì˛y=Ó˚& ˆÜy˛ôyú ¶˛ˆÏRÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ !Ó@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ òyõyò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ~£z !Ó@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÓ˚yïyÓ˚õíÛ– ˆ£õúì˛y
ˆîÓ# Ó˝ !ü°ÏƒˆÏÑ˛ î#«˛y !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ÚÑ˛í≈yòˆÏ®Û ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ÎÌy ÙÙÙÈ
¢%Óúâ˛w ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ñ ˆÜyÑ%˛ú â˛e´Óì≈˛#ñ Ó˚yïyÓÕ‘¶˛ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ñ ÓÕ‘¶˛îy¢ñ Îî%ò®õñ Ñ˛yò%Ó˚yõ â˛e´Óì≈˛#ñ
î˛ô≈òyÓ˚yÎ˚í £zì˛ƒy!î– ~£z !ü°ÏƒˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ó≈yˆÏ˛ô«˛y ≤Ã!¢!k˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò õy!ú£y›˛# @˘Ãyõ
!òÓy¢# ¢Æîü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ Îî%ò®ò îy¢ ˜Óîƒ– Îî%ò®ò xˆÏòÑ˛ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˆ¢£z
¢õhfl˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ãÎ˚Üyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
Ú◊# xyâ˛yÎ≈ ≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒy ◊#ú ˆ£õúì˛y–
ˆ≤ÃõÑ˛“ ÓÕ‘# !Ñ˛Óy !òÓ˚õú ïyì˛y––
ˆ¢£z î%£z â˛Ó˚í ˛ôp £*îˆÏÎ˚ !Óúy¢–
Ñ˛í≈yò® Ó˚¢ Ñ˛ˆÏ£ Îî%ò®ò îy¢––Û
~£z ÚÑ˛í≈yò®Û @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÌõ ˆ£õúì˛y ˆîÓ#ˆÏÑ˛£z ÷!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ
ˆ£õúì˛y ˆîÓ# !òˆÏã @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ òyõ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÑ˛í≈yò®Û– 3
ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí# õ%!ü≈îyÓyˆÏî ~£z Óv˛¸ ˜Ó°åÓˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ =Ó˚&õyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ã!¢k˛y !äÈˆÏúò–
ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ¢£!ãÎ˚y ˛ô%!Ì !Óúy¢ Ñ˛yÓƒ Úõyò!Ó !Óúy¢Û !Ó°%å˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyâ˛yÎ≈ ˆÎyˆÏÜüâ˛w
˛ô%Óy˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛ ¶˛ÓˆÏò ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ xyˆÏäÈ– Úˆ≤Ãõ!Óúy¢Û Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ú!˛ô Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò õÕ‘Óy˚ ã
ˆÜy˛ôyú !¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ õ!£°Ï# ïπãyõ!íñ !òã£ˆÏhfl˛– ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ◊#◊#
Ó˚yïyÓ˚õíã#v˛z !Ó@˘Ã£!›˛ ~ÖòÁ !Ó°%å˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!ü‹T ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü“# K˛yˆÏòw≤Ã¢yî ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#Ó˚
Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôyˆÏFäÈ–4
ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ !ú!Öì˛ Úõyò!Ó !Óúy¢Û @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ ˛˛ô,¤˛y ¢ÇÖƒy 16– õye ~£z 16 ˛ô,¤˛yÓ˚
˛ô%!ÌˆÏì˛ ˆú!ÖÑ˛y ì˛Ìy ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ# ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy![˛ì˛ƒ Á Ñ˛!ÓˆÏcÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T !òîü≈ò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆÜˆÏäÈò–
~£z @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ Óy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !Ó¶˛_´– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˜Ó°åÓ xyâ˛yÎ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ¢yïÑ˛ ¶˛ˆÏ_´Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ õyòÓ ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚
õ)ú ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôyîƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ú õyò%°Ï ~ÓÇ õyòÓõ!£õy ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí# õ%!ü≈îyÓyî xM˛ÈˆÏú ˜Ó°åÓïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– õ%!ü≈îyÓyî xM˛ÈˆÏú
xyÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛ãò ˜Ó°åÓïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ òyõ Ú£!Ó˚!≤ÃÎ˚yÛ– ˜Ó°åÓ
112 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
òyÓ˚# ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí# Á £!Ó˚!≤ÃÎ˚y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ xÓîyò ˜Ó°åÓ ãÜˆÏì˛ x¢yõyòƒ– ì§˛yÓ˚y
ò)ì˛ò Î%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò ˜Ó°åÓ ¢õyˆÏãñ ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ ÎÖò òyÓ˚#Ó˚y !äÈú x¢)Îfl≈ ˛ôüƒyñ
ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y òyòy Óyïy !Ó˛ô!_Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜Ó°åÓïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí# !äÈˆÏúò ¢%Ñ˛ˆÏt˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛y!Ó˚í#– ï&˛ôîyD Ñ˛#ì≈˛ò ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò
˛ôyÓ˚î!ü≈ò#– ˆÖì%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ õ£y¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò !ì˛!ò !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆÎyÜ
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˛ô%Ó˚#ñ Ó,®yÓòñ òÓm#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ¢õyã ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyâ˛yÎ≈yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ÓÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò– !Ó°å˛ô%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ Ó˚yã˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÁ
˚ !ì˛!ò !äÈˆúÏ ò x!ì˛üÎ˚ ¢¡øyò#Î˚y– Ó˚yã xhs˛É˛ô%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚
òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ì˛!ò !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ xò%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚íyÎ˚ Ó˚yãxhs˛É˛ô%!Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚y
~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ õ!®Ó˚ fl˛iy˛ôˆÏò x@˘Ãí# ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ÷ï% Ó˚yã xhs˛ÈÉ˛ô%!Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ òÎ˚ñ ◊#˛ôy›˛=!úˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& £Î˚–
!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôî≈y≤ÃÌyÁ !ü!Ìú £Î˚– Î!îÁ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !äÈú
Ö%Ó£z ¢#õyÓk˛–
Ó%§ï£z ˛ôyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ# ◊#ÓÇü#Óîò Á ◊#Ó˚yïyõyïÓ !Ó@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆ¢Óy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛òñ
Ñ˛!Ìì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ÓÇü#ÓîˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ÓyÍ¢úƒ ≤Ã#!ì˛ !äÈú– ˆ£õúì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢hs˛yò !äÈú òy– ¢%Óúâ˛wˆÏÑ˛ ˆ£õúì˛y ˆîÓ# ˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ˛ô%e Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
¢%Óúâ˛wÁ ¢hs˛yò òy ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~£z Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y
â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏäÈ–5 ì˛ˆÏÓ xyâ˛yÎ≈ ≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ ÓÇü äÈyv˛¸y ˆ˛ôy°Ïƒ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ ˆò£z–
Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸y ˆãúyÓ˚ !Ó°%å˛ô%Ó˚ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ !˛ôeyúÎ˚– ˆ£õúì˛y ˆîÓ# x!ïÑ˛yÇü
¢õÎ˚ !Ó°%å˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ò ~ÓÇ !Ó°%å˛ô%Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ì˛– Ñ˛!Ìì˛ xyˆÏäÈ
ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ# Ó,®yÓˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ú◊#Ó˚yïyÓ˚õò ã#v˛zÛ Á Ú◊#Ó˚yïyîyˆÏõyîÓ˚ ã#v˛zÛÓ˚ î%!›˛ !Ó@˘Ã£
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆú Ï ò– Ú◊#Ó˚yïyîyˆÏõyîˆÏÓÓ˚ Û˚ !Ó@˘Ã£!›˛ ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ# Ñ˛®˛ô≈ â˛RÓ˚yãˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú
Ï ò–
Ñ˛®˛ô≈ â˛ÏRÓ˚yã !Ó°%å˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛fl˛i õ!í˛ô%Ó˚ Ó˚yv˛zˆÏì˛yv˛¸y @˘ÃyˆÏõ Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– õ!í˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ
Ó˚yïyîyˆÏõyîˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ!®Ó˚ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛®˛ô≈ â˛ÏRÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ÓÇüïÓ˚Üí !ò¤˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
~£z ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢Óy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò–
Ó˚yïyÓ˚õí !Ó@˘Ã£ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ£õúì˛yˆÏîÓ# ÓyÍ¢úƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛ãòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– õyòÓã#ÓˆÏò Îì˛
Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ xyˆÏäÈñ ˜Ó°åˆÏÓÓ˚y ˆ¢£z ¢õhfl˛ ˆ≤Ãõ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÓyÓ˚
ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛y£z ¶˛_´ Á ¶˛ÜÓyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î)Ó˚c ˆò£z– ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xyÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ïõ≈õì˛£z {ŸªÓ˚ ¢yïòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ì˛ á!ò¤˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy£z– Îy
x¢#õñ xòhs˛ñ £z!wÎ˚yì˛#ì˛ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢#õyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xy˛ôòãˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Ö%Ó ¢£ã
¢yïƒ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ òÎ˚– ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ ì˛y£z ˆîÓì˛y !≤ÃÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ì˛yÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ {ŸªÓ˚ £ˆÏúò ~Ñ˛yhs˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛ˆÏ_´Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õˆÏòÓ˚ õyò%°Ïñ ì˛yÓ˚ xhs˛Î≈yõ#–
ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí# ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚y!›˛ˆÏì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚
ˆÎ ¢¡∫ı˛ñ Ó˚yïyÓ˚õòã#v˛zÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ˆ¢£z ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !äÈú–
òyÓ˚# !ü«˛y ≤Ãâ˛úòñ ˜Ó°åÓïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ£õúì˛y‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ xÓîyò xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈–
£z!ò xyÓyÓ˚ fl˛∫!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ òÎ˚ ˜Ó°åÓïõ≈ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ
˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 113
Ü,ˆÏ£Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˆ¢ãòƒ ~£z õ!£úy xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü xyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ îy!Ó
Ó˚yˆÏÖò–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1– ¢%ì˛˛ôy õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒÎ˚ñ ˜Ó°åÓã#Óò# ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ òyÓ˚# ¢õyãñ ≤ÃˆÏ@˘Ã!¢¶˛ ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈ñ
Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1úy ˜ÓüyÖñ 1403ñ ˛ô,. 83
2– ˆÑ˛Ô!üÑ˛ îyü=Æñ õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ î˛ô≈ˆíÏ òy!Î˚Ñ˛y xˆÏß°∫ íÏ ñ ◊#¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ˆ≤Ã¢ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ
xyÜfi›˛ 2011ñ ˛ô,. 124
3– x!¢ì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ £z!ì˛Ó,_ñ õv˛yí≈ Ó%Ñ˛ ~ˆÏã™#
≤Ãy. !ú.ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 1996ñ ˛ô,. 161–
4– ≤Ãî#˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ñ õÕ‘¶˛) ˆÏõÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓâ˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ Ó#Ó˚!¢Ç£ @˘Ãyõñ ≤Ãb ˛ô!Ó˚e´õy È≠ õÕ‘¶˛) õñ
!Ó°%å˛ô%Ó˚ñ Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸yñ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ 2004ñ ˛ô,. 184ñ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ ÈÙÈ ãúïÓ˚ £yúîyÓ˚–
5– ≤Ãî#˛ôÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !¢Ç£ñ ◊#ú ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ õyò!Ó !Óúy¢ñ Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸yñ 25ˆü ˜ÓüyÖ
1387ñ ˛ô,. xxviii
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþ„þ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ¢õÎ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛òyÎ˚ñ ˆüÖyÎ˚– !ü“# ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚
â˛ˆÏú ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôˆÏÌ– ã#ÓÈÙÈxã#Ó ¢õhfl˛ Ó˚Ñ˛õ
v˛z˛ôyîyò Ñ%˛!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌˆÏÓ˚ ÌˆÏÓ˚ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖò xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚–
¢,!‹TÓ˚ ¢yïòyÎ˚ õ@¿ xydy !ò¢ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ÎK˛ ˆÓî#ˆÏì˛ ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛–
!Óúy¢ ˜Ó¶˛ˆÏÓ ˆõyv˛¸y xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ì˛õ ã#Óò–
v˛zß¨ì˛ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ xy!ì˛Ìƒ ¢õ@˘Ã ã#Óò ã%ˆÏv˛¸– ì˛yÓ˚£z
õˆÏïƒ fl˛∫yîÓîˆÏúÓ˚ Ü,£fl˛i Ó˚&!â˛ ¢ÇK˛yÎ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚
≤ÃyÑ‰˛ÈÙÈxyï%!òÑ˛ ã#Óò– ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚y!íÑ˛ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y äÈ§yî õ%˝ˆÏì˛≈Ó˚
ãòƒ ÓîˆÏú ˆîÎ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ÈÙÈˆÓ˚ÁÎ˚yã– ˆúyÑ˛
ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚ Ö%§ˆÏv˛¸ xˆÏúyÑ˛ xyò® ì%˛ˆÏú xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã
!ü“# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !òÖ§%ì˛ ÓÎ˚ò!üˆÏ“Ó˚ xyîˆÏú– ã#Óò
!ãK˛y¢yÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ Ö§%ˆÏã ˆö˛ˆÏÓ˚ò fl˛∫≤¿ã#Ó#Ó˚ õì˛–
ã#ÓòÈÙÈãÜÍ xhs˛£#ò ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ˛ôyˆÏÌÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛À‹Ty
ˆâ˛òy xˆÏâ˛òy ˛ôÌ â˛úyÎ˚
â˛ˆÏúò õòö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏü– xydyÓ˚ xò%¢ı˛yò Ñ˛Ó˚y£z ˆÎ
¢%!õì˛y â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ı˛yòñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò ˆ¢Ñ˛Ìy ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛
õ)úƒ ≠ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y ¢%!õì˛y â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢
≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
²ÌKþy !î„þyŸ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ÓyÇúy òy›˛ƒïyÓ˚yÎ˚ñ Üíòy›˛ƒ ~Ñ˛ x!Ófl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ òy›˛Ñ˛
Á òy›˛ƒ≤ÃˆÏÎyãòy– Îy â˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ÓDÓ˚DõˆÏM˛È
xyˆÏúyv˛¸ò ~ˆÏò !îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ÓyÇúy òy›˛ƒÈÙÈxyˆÏ®yúˆÏò
òì%˛ò Ó˚_´ ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú– ˆÎÈÙÈ≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ x!¶˛áyˆÏì˛
xyõÓ˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈ òÓòy›˛ƒñ ¢Íòy›˛ƒñ !˛ô˛ôú‰¢‰ !ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yÓ˚ñ
Ìyv˛≈ !ÌˆÏÎ˚›˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î òì%˛ò ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛– ˆ¢£z
Üíòy›˛ƒ ~ÓÇ òÓòyˆÏ›˛ƒÓ˚ x@˘Ãí# !ì˛òãò òy›˛ƒÓƒ!_ć
ÈÙÈ !Óãò ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ñ !î!Üwâ˛w ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ì%˛ú¢#
úy!£v˛¸#– Î§yˆÏîÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛ñ òy›˛ƒ¶˛yÓòy !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyñ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíy fl˛∫ì˛s˛f¶˛yˆÏÓ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛Ó%
Üíòy›˛ƒ Á !ì˛ò òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õúyˆÏ›˛ !ì˛ò òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏï ˆö˛ˆÏú ≤ÃyÎ˚
¢¡ôyîòy òÖî˛ô≈ˆíÏ ˆîˆÏÖ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆâÏ ˛‹Ty ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ~›˛y£z ≤ÃÌõ–
ì˛Ó˚&í õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ òy›˛ƒˆÏ≤Ãõ# ˆÎ¢Ó ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Á ˛ôy‡˛yÌ≈# !Óhfl+˛ì˛ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚
xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚ xÓÑ˛yü ˛ôyò òyñ ì§˛yÓ˚y ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úò ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ ¢õ,k˛
õ)úƒ ≠ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏÓòñ xyüy Ó˚y!Ö–
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþ„þ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ≤ÃÌy òÎ˚ñ £z!ì˛£y¢ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ÈÙÈ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò ¢!ì˛ƒ !Ñ˛òy ì˛y !õ!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆîÖyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò £Î˚ òy ˆúÖƒyÜyˆÏÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ–˚ Î!îÁ ~Ñ˛ÌyÁ
!‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ã £z!ì˛£y¢ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ¢y!£ì˛ƒÁ xy¢ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z xhs˛£#ò £z!ì˛£y¢ xyÓ˚ xhs˛£#ò ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ â˛úy– £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã
Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛úˆÏõ â˛ˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ !â˛Ó˚yÎ˚ì˛ÈÙÈ¶˛!DˆÏì˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
Ö§yˆÏã Ö§yˆÏã– ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
Ó§yÑ˛ñ ˆõyâ˛v˛¸ñ áyì˛ÈÙÈx!¶˛áyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z
@˘ÃˆsÏ ˛i v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢ı˛yò# ˆâ˛yÖ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò
ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãyíyhs˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢#– ˆâ˛òyˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛òyˆÏòy òÎ˚ñ
£z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÖƒyò xˆÏâ˛òyˆÏÑ˛ñ Îy xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yîy ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ¢â˛Ó˚yâ˛Ó˚ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸
v˛. x!Ó˚!ãÍ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ òyñ ˆ¢£z xâ˛#ò ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÁÎ˚yÓ˚# v˛. x!Ó˚!ãÍ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈
õ)úƒ ≠ 135 ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ì˛y§Ó˚ ~£z @˘Ãs˛i–
õy£ö%˛ãyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ õ%£)ì≈˛

ˆ¢ÔÓ˚¶˛ â˛e´Óì≈˛#*
~„þ x!˜îyëÅ éôé xþ™)’Å ”Ÿ„þéôé!¦þ!_„þ !î¦þy‹öì˜ !˜!”ÅÜT ¢›öìëûîû !ÞÝþ„þyîû „þ!îöì”îû †yöìëû
~¤öìÝþ ö”çëûyîû !¢öìÞÝþ›£z „þyîÄyöìœy‰þ˜yîû !vþ!¢!²Õöì˜ ”lßþîû £öìëû ”¤y!vþüöìëûöìŠéÐ xy¢öìœ– ~ öë˜
ò!”ÍÔ#„þy œyU%þóÐ öë …yëû ö¢ þ™hßþyëû xyîyîû öë …yëû ˜y ö¢ç þ™hßþyëûÐ ¢!“þÄ „þíy îœöì“þ „þ#–
”Ÿ„þ– ö¢£z !˜!”ÅÜT ¢›öìëûîû £z!“þ£yöì¢îû ö²Ì!Çþöì“þ þ™yàþ„þöì„þ ò†¦þ#öìîû ëyç xyîûç †¦þ#öìîû
ëyçó ~£z xöì›y‡ ¢%öìîû övþöì„þ !˜öìëû öëöì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ xyîyîû ¢›öìëûîû x!˜îyëÅ“þy !„þŠ%é ˜“%þ˜
Ÿöì·îû ¢,!ÜT „þöìîû ¢‚!ÙÕÜT ”Ÿöì„þîû „þ!î“þyöì„þ }kþ „þîûöì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ þ™yŸyþ™y!Ÿ xyîyîû ~Ýþyç
¢“þÄ— éôôôé ö„þy˜ !˜!”ÅÜT ¢›öìëû îy îœy ¦þyœ ”Ÿöì„þ ö„þy˜ „þ!î !œ…öì“þ Öîû& „þöìîû þ™)’Å“þyîû
¢õþy˜ ˜y öþ™öìëû þ™îûî“Åþ# ¢›öìëû öëöì“þ£z þ™yöìîû˜Ð xyîyîû ö„þyöì˜y ~„þ!Ýþ !˜!”ÅÜT ”Ÿöì„þ !œ…öì“þ
~öì¢£z „þ!î“þy £öìëû çàþyîû ¢šþœ“þyîû xyßþºy” öþ™öìëç û þ™îûî“Åþ# ”Ÿ„þ=!œöì“þç ¢›öìëîû û !‰þ£«öì„þ
•yîû’ „þöìîû “¤þyîû „þyîÄéôé¦þy¡ìy “þíy xy!D„þç ¢yšþöìœÄîû ¢yöìí£z þ™!îûî!“Åþ“þ £öì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ “þy£z
xöì˜„þ ¢›ëû ²Ì„þyŸ xyîû !î„þyöìŸîû ›öì•Ä öë›˜ ¢›öìëûîû ”%hßþîû îÄî•y˜ íy„þöì“þ þ™yöìîû
ö“þ›!˜ !î„þyöìŸîû •yîûyç ¢›öìëûîû ¢yöìí ¢yöìí !îî!“Åþ“þ £öì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ xöì˜„þöìÇþöìe£z xyîyîû
”%£z ”Ÿ„þ îy Ÿ“þöì„þîû ¢!õþÇþöì’ç „þ!îîû xyd²Ì„þyŸ ‡öìÝþÐ ›!‹” ›y£›%öì”îû xy!î¦Åþyî
~£zîû„þ›éôé£z ‡)’Åyëû›y˜ ¢›öìëûîû ›öì•Ä— xyöìÝþîû ”Ÿöì„þîû öŸ¡ì xyîû ˜öìëûîû ”Ÿöì„þîû Öîû&öì“þÐ
ßþºöì²Àîû ßþºy•#˜“þy ¢_öìîû ~öì¢öìŠéÐ “þî%ç ßþºy•#˜“þyîû ßþºy” îy‚œyöì”Ÿ þ™yëû!˜Ð ~öì¢ ö†öìŠé
~îû¢y”— éôôôé !îÙ»y¢¦þD„þyîû# ßþº‹y!“þîû ²Ì!“þ!˜!•Ð xyîû “þíy„þ!í“þ ßþºy•#˜ ö”öìŸîû þ™îûy•#˜
„þ!îîûy– !îöìŸ¡ì „þöìîû xyöìÝþîû ”Ÿöì„þ ëyîûy !œ…öì“þ ~öìœ˜ “þyöì”îû „þ!î“þyëû Ÿy!’“þ xöìßþfîû
Gþ˜äGþöì˜ xyçëûy‹ öë›˜ öþ™œy›Ð ö“þ›!˜ “þyöì”îû †œy î%öì‹ ö†œ =® ‡y“þöì„þîû £yöì“þ
…%˜ £çëûyîû xyŸBþyëû éôôôé
òòö„þîœ ›,“%þÄîû ”%Ä!“þ †yŠé öíöì„þ ö˜öì› ‰%þ!þ™
x¤•yöìîû ”¤y!vþüöìëû íyöì„þ– ”¤y!vþüöìëû íyöì„þ Ö•%– vþyöì„þ ˜yÐóó S1V
Sòþ™%Ü™”Á™!“þó– !î¡%Œ !îÙ»y¢V
!„þ‚îy–
òòŠ%é!vþü £yöì“þ xÙ» Š%éöìÝþ ëyëû
îû‹ƒßþºœy £öìœ ˜y!„þ ö›öìëûÚ
~öì¢!˜˜ „þ!î“þy !œ…öìî˜óó S2V
Sò²Ìîy£›y˜ó– ÷¢ëû” “þy!îû„þV
!î¡%Œ !îÙ»y¢ îy ÷¢ëû” “þy!îûöì„þîû ›“þ ›!‹” ›y£›%”ç xyöìÝþîû ”Ÿöì„þ !œ…öì“þ xyöì¢˜Ð
*†öìî¡ì„þ– îy‚œy !î¦þy†– xy¢y› !îÙ»!î”ÄyœëûÐ

116 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ õy£ö%˛ãyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ õ%£)ì≈˛
xyöìÝþîû ”Ÿöì„þîû ~öì„þîyöìîû öŸöì¡ìîû !”öì„þ 1889éôé~ ²Ì„þyŸ þ™yëû “¤þyîû ²Ìí› „þyîÄ@ùÌsþi
ò›y£š%þ‹y›DœóÐ ~£z ²Ìí› „þyîÄ@ùÌöìsþi£z !“þ!˜ “¤þyîû ßþº“þsþf“þyîû Šéyþ™ îûyöì…˜Ð
ò›y£š%þ‹y›Dœó Ÿ·îõþ!Ýþ vþzF‰þyîûöì’îû ¢yöìí ¢yöìí „þöìëû„þöìŸy îŠéöìîûîû çþ™yîû
öíöì„þ öë˜ ›˜¢y›Dœ– ‰þ[þ#›Dœ– •›Å›Dœ !„þ‚îy x§¬”y›Döìœîû ²Ìœ!Áº“þ Çþ#’ •¹!˜
„þyöì˜ ö¦þöì¢ xyöì¢Ð ›öì˜ ²ÌÙÀ ‹yöì† ›˜¢yöì”î#– ‰þ[þ#öì”î#– •›Åàþy„%þîû !„þ‚îy x§¬”yîû ›öì“þy
›y£š%þ‹yç „þ# {Ù»îûÚ !„þlsþ „þ!î îöìœ˜ éôôôé
òò“%þ!› ¢†öìîÅ ²Ì‰þyîû „þöìîûy {Ù»öìîûîû ›öì“þy
ö“þy›yîû xîy•Ä“þyëû „þ“þ ‹˜þ™” £öìëûöìŠé …“þ›Ðóó S3V
Sòö“þy›yîû x£‚„þyîûó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
xíÅyê ›y£š%þ‹y xyîû {Ù»öìîûîû ›yöìGþ îöì¢ íy„þyîû ›öì“þy ~£z “%þœ˜yîy‰þ„þ Ÿ·!Ýþ ‹y˜y˜
ö”ëû ò›y£š%þ‹y›Dœó xy¢öìœ traditional ›Dœ„þyöìîÄîû ¢Á±¢yîû’ ˜ëûÐ ›y£š%þ‹yç {Ù»îû
˜˜Ð “þî%ç ›y£ydÄöìœy¦þ# ›Dœ„þyöìîÄîû ö”î#öì”îû ›öì“þy ö„þy˜ä ßþºyíÅyõþ“þyëû …“þ› „þîûyîû
šþîû›y˜ ~…yöì˜ç ‹y!îû öíöì„þöìŠéÚ “þöìî !„þ !“þ!˜ îû_«éôé›y‚öì¢îû ›y˜%¡ì éôôôé
òò›y£š%þ‹y ö“þy›yîû „þyîûöì’ ë!” •öì¢ ëyëû ÝþÆëû
›öìîû ëyëû !@ùÌöì„þîû ¢¦þÄ›y˜%¡ì
“þy£öìœ ”yëû# ö„þ “%þ!› ˜y ›y˜%¡ìóó S4V
vþzk,þ“þ þ™‚!_« xy›yöì”îû þ™)öìîÅy_« ²ÌöìÙÀîû ¢£‹ ‹îyöìî ‹y˜y˜ !”öìFŠé ›y£š%þ‹y ›y˜%¡ìç
˜˜Ð !“þ!˜ {Ù»îûç ˜˜– !“þ!˜ ›y˜%¡ìç ˜˜Ð “þöìî !„þ !“þ!˜Ú ›!‹” !œ…öìŠé˜ éôôôé
òòîûî#w˜yíöì„þ “%þ!› ”yç!˜ •îûy
„þy‹#”y x!¦þ›yöì˜ ö“þy›yîû !îþ™îû#“þ
!šþîûyöìëûöìŠé †yœ
xyîyîû ö„þ˜ •îûöìŠé x˜%öì‹îû þ™yŠé
“%þ!› Šéyvþüy ö˜£z xy›yîû „þ!î“þyîû !î¡ìëûÐóó S5V
Sòö“þy›yöì„þ ‹y˜öìœ£zó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
~…yöì˜ ²Ìy¢!D„þ ¦þyöìî£z xyöìœy‡öìîûîû þ™Çþ öíöì„þ xy£öì›” !šþöìîûyöì‹îû ö˜çëûy ›!‹”
›y£›%öì”îû ~„þ!Ýþ ¢yÇþyê„þyöìîûîû !˜îÅy!‰þ“þ x‚Ÿ vþzk,þ“þ „þîûöì“þ ‰þy£z éôôôé
òòxyöìœy‡îû - ›y£š%þ‹y›Dœ îýœ þ™!àþ“þ ~„þ!Ýþ „þyîÄ@ùÌsþi– ~ @ùÌösì þi ›)œ vþzþ™‹#îÄ „þ#
éôôôé ëy xyþ™˜yöì„þ ¢îöì‰þöìëû öî!Ÿ Ýþyöì˜Ú
›!‹” ›y£›%” - ›y˜öìîîû †£#˜ éôé †£˜ „þy§¬yÐ îûî#w˜yí ëyöì„þ ‹#î˜öì”î“þy îöìœöìŠé˜Ð
›y˜%öì¡ìîû ¢îÝ%þ„%þ ö‰þ“þ˜y !”öìëû ëyöì„þ •îûy ëyëû ˜yÐ xyîyîû ëy •îûy ëyëû ˜y– “þy „þ# „þöìîû£z îy
›y˜%öì¡ìîû „þy›˜yîû îlßþ £öì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ þ™yçëûy xyîû ˜y þ™yçëûy– •îûy xyîû x•îûyîû m¨µÐ „þ!î
!˜öì‹ç ëyöì„þ þ™%öìîûyþ™%!îû îÄy…Äy „þîûöì“þ þ™yöìîû˜ ˜yÐ îý îÄî£yöìîû „þ!î ë…˜ !„ÏþÜT £öìëû
þ™öìvþü˜– „þ!î ë…˜ ²Ìy“þÄ!£„þ“þyîû ›öì•Ä î!¨ £öìëû þ™öìvþü˜– “þ…˜ ¢%”)îû xí‰þ „þyöìŠéîû ö”…y
xí‰þ xßþ™ÜT“þyîû ›yöìGþ ö„þvþz ~öì¢ „þ!îöì„þ vþzkþyîû „þîûöì“þ ‰þyëû éôôôé ö¢£z ›y£š%þ‹yÐóóS6V
õy£ö%˛ãyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ õ%£)ì≈˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 117
›y˜%¡ì îœ!Šé ˜y– ›y˜öìîîû †£#˜éôé†£˜ „þy§¬y îûî#w˜yöìíîû ‹#î˜öì”î“þy !„þ ˜y ö¢

!˜öìëû !î“þ„Åþ íy„þöì“þ þ™yöìîû– !„þlsþ ‹#î˜öì”î“þyîû
òò“þyöìîû •!îû •!îû ›öì˜ „þ!îû
•îûöì“þ ö†œy›
xyîû öþ™œy› ˜yóó
éôôôé ~£z xy‰þîûöì’îû ›•Ä !”öìëû „þ!îîû „þöìàþyîû “þþ™¢Äy‹y“þ x¦þ#ÜT ¢y!§¬•Ä ²Ìyëû „þîûyëû_
£öìëûç ë!” Š%é ôé›hsþîû ‹y”%öì“þ ¦þÄy!˜Ÿ £öìëû ëyëû “þ…˜ ö“þy †£#˜éôé†£˜ öíöì„þ övþy„þîûyöì˜y
„þy§¬yîû ‰þyþ™y ßþºîû ö¦þöì¢ xy¢y£z x!˜îyëÅ £öìëû ”¤yvþüyëûÐ îy!„þ „þíy=!œ xîŸÄ ‹#î˜öì”î“þyîû
¢Á™öì„Åþç …yöìÝþÐ xy¢öìœ „þ!î !˜öì‹ ›y£š%þ‹yöì„þ îûî#w˜yöìíîû ‹#î˜öì”î“þyîû ¢yöìí “%þœ˜y
„þîûöìœç xy›îûy ›y£š%þ‹y›Dœ þ™yöìàþ ßþ™ÜT î%Gþöì“þ þ™yîûî ‹#î˜öì”î“þyîû ¢yöìí ›y£š%þ‹yîû
~„þÝþy ßþ™ÜT þ™yíÅ„þÄ xyöìŠéÐ ~›˜!„þ ›y£š%þ‹y ‹#î˜y˜öì¨îû î˜œ“þy– ¢%”ŸÅ˜y îy ¢%öì‰þ“þ˜yç
˜˜ þ™%öìîûyþ™%!îûÐ ~£z ›y£š%þ‹y ~„þyhsþ ›!‹öì”îû£zÐ ë!”ç ö¢£z ›y£š%þ‹yîû ›öì•Ä îûî#w˜yöìíîû
‹#î˜öì”î“þy îy ‹#î˜y˜öì¨îû ¢%ö‰ì þ“þ˜yîû !„þŠ%é ¢y”,ŸÄ xyöìŠéÐ îlßþ“þ ~£z ›y£š%þ‹y xöì˜„þ=öìœy
ö‰þ“þ˜yîû ¢›y£yöìîû ¢,ÜTÐ ›y£š%þ‹yöìîûy „þ!î ë…˜ îöìœ˜ éôôôé
òò“%þ!› ö“þy þ™¤y‰þœy… îŠéîû xyöì†îû ›y£š%þ‹y
“%þ!› ö“þy ¢,!ÜTîû ²Ìí› ›y£š%þ‹yóó
éôôôé “þ…˜ xy›îûy î%Gþöì“þ þ™y!îû ~£z ›y£š%þ‹y xy¢öìœ x›îûöìcîû x!•„þyîû#Ð “þöìî
xhsþöìîûîû ŸyÙ»“þ x›îû“þyîû xyvþüyöìœ îû*þ™yhsþöìîûîû ˜“%þ˜öìc “þyîû î!£îûöìDîû ›y˜y˜¢£z ¢y‹
!˜!›Å“þ £öìëûöìŠéÐ xyîû ~£z xhsþœÅ#˜ ¢“þÄ£z !„þ „þ!îöì„þ !”öìëû !œ!…öìëû ö˜ëû ˜y éôôôé
òò“%þ!› ë!” îœöì“þ þ™yîû ›y£š%þ‹y
xy›îûyç ö“þy›yöì”îû ö„þvþz
ö“þy›yîû ¢_yîû „þ¢›
xyîû “þöìî •îûî ˜y öîŸÄyîû £y“þóó S7V Ú
Sò~rÝþy„Åþ!Ýþ„þyó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
!„þlsþ ~„þ!î‚Ÿ Ÿ“þ„þ „þöìî£zîy xyîû ö„þîœ ŸyÙ»“þ öîyöì•îû ¢õþyöì˜ !˜›@À íy„þöì“þ öþ™öìîöû Šì éÚ
~£z Ÿ“þöì„þîû ²Ìí›yöì•Å£z xy›yöì”îû †y !‡˜y!‡˜ „þöìîû vþzöìàþöìŠé éôôôé
òòöë£z „%¤þ‹ é ôôôé †œ†[þ ›y‚öì¢ šþ!œëûyöìŠé
˜ÜT Ÿ¢y éôôôé þ™‰þy ‰þyœ„%þ›vþüyîû Šé¤yöì‰þ–
öë ¢î £*”öìëû šþ!œëûyöìŠé
éôôôé ö¢£z ¢îÐóó S8V éôôôé ö”öì…Ð Sòöîy•ó– ‹#î˜y˜¨ ”yŸV
“þy£z ~„þy”Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû öŸöì¡ìç ë…˜ ò…îîûó xyöì¢ éôôôé
òò†“þ„þyœ xy›yöì”îû @ùÌy› öíöì„þ ~öì¢!Šéœ ~„þ xq$“þ „,þ¡ì„þ
~îyîû î˜Äyëû ö¦þöì¢öìŠé ëyîû £yöìœîû îœ”
¢yîûy!”˜ !˜îû§¬ öíöì„þç ‰þyöì…!˜ xy›yîû vþy£z!˜‚öìëû …yîyîûóó S9V
Sò…îîûó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
éôôôé “þ…˜ xyîû xy›yöì”îû †y !‡˜!‡˜ç „þöìîû ˜y– xydyç ‰þyëû˜y òöëy!˜îû ö‰þöìëû „%¤þ„þöìvþü
íy„%þ„þ ¦þöìëûóÐ ~ öë˜ ~„þ !î„,þ“þ x¦þÄyöì¢îû öîûy‹˜y›‰þyÐ ëyîû †öì¦Åþ£z îvþü £öìFŠé xy†y›#îû
²Ì!“þîy”Ð ~£z ²Ì!“þîy”£z ~„þ!”˜ ¢‚‡!Ýþ“þ „þîûöìî !î²ÕîÐ ë!”ç ²Ì!“þîy”# ßþºöìîû ¢îy£z öë
vþzF‰þ!„þ“þ £öìî˜ ~›˜ ˜ëûÐ ›!‹”ç ˜˜Ð !“þ!˜ “¤þyîû !˜‹ßþº ÞÝþy£zöìœ îû_«›y…y !‰þe„þÒ
!”öìëû£z ¢‚ë“þ ßþºöìîû „þ!î“þyîû î%˜Ýþ ÷“þ!îû „þîûöì“þ ‹yöì˜˜ éôôôé
òòþ™%îû&“þ xy˜!¨“þ xy›yîû ›¤yöì¢
xy=öì˜ Gþœöì¢ „þöìîûöìŠé îû†îû¢y
“%þ!› ö“þy îûöìëûŠé öî!”öì“þ î¢y
xy˜¨ „þöìîûy ›y îû_«y_« ‡yöì¢Ðóó S10V
Sòë)þ™„þyàþó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
~£z îû_«Gþîûy ö²Ì!Çþ“þéôé£z ¢)!‰þ“þ „þîûöìî xyöìîû„þÝþy îû_«Gþîûy ¢„þyöìœîûÐ ~îû ›•Ä !”öìëû
£ëû“þ ~„þ!”˜ òîû’ îû_« ¢šþœ“þyó ¢)!‰þ“þ £öìîÐ ë!”ç éôôôé
òò~£z þ™,!íî#îû îû’ îû_« ¢šþœ“þy
¢“þÄ— “þî% öŸ¡ì ¢“þÄ ˜ëûÐóó S11V
Sò¢%öì‰þ“þ˜yó– ‹#î˜y˜¨ ”yŸV
~£z ¢“þÄ ›öì˜ öîûöì…£z £ëûöì“þy îûöì_«îû îû’¦)þ!› öŠéöìvþü x…uþ !ßþ¬?þ“þyëû ò~rÝþy„Åþ!Ýþ„þyó
£öìëû ö˜öì› xyöì¢˜ ›y£š%þ‹y éôôôé
òòö“þy›yîû îîûšþ¢%¡ì›y !‰þî%„þ
!£›y!˜îû ö”£
x¢½þî !îÙ»yöì¢ ˜@À £öìëû xyöìŠé “%þ¡ìyîû hßþ˜
xy›yîû îvþü !£‚öì¢ £ëû ›y£š%þ‹y
ö“þy›yîû ç£z !îŸyœ ö”öì£ ö£¤öìÝþ öîvþüyëû öþ™D%£z˜Ðóó S12V
!£‚öì¢ ö“þy ¢yöìþ™öìÇþîû ›y˜”öì[þ £ëûÐ x!˜îyëÅ ¦þyöìî£z „þ!îîû „þÄyöì›îûy “þ…˜ !˜‹ßþº#
“%þœöì“þ “þêþ™îûÐ £àþyê ò~rÝþy„Åþ!Ýþ„þyóéôéëû ‡öìÝþ Šé¨þ™“þ˜ éôôôé
òò”‚!Ÿ“þ Çþöì“þ þ™öì‰þ çöìàþ xy›yöì”îû îý îÄî£*“þ Ÿîû#îûóó S13V
îlßþ“þ „þ!îöì”îû ‡Êy’Ÿ!_« öë îvþü “þ#îÊÐ “þy£z Ö¼éôé¢%†!õþ îû&›yöìœ x¤yŸöìÝþ †õþ ‰þyþ™y
ö”çëûyîû vþzþ™yëû ö˜£zÐ ö²Ì!›„þy ›y£š%þ‹yîû vþz§Ã%_« îöìÇþîû Šé!î ~„þ îÄ!_«†“þ xÄyœîy›
öíöì„þ ²Ì„þyöìŸÄ xyöì˜˜ „þ!î éôôôé
òòxy!› ö“þy ö”!… ö“þy›yîû ¢î%‹ hßþ˜ éôôôé xy=öì˜îû öÇþ“þ
x¢½þî „þyîû&„þyöì‹ öîöìvþü çàþy “þy‹›£öìœîû …%¤!Ýþóó S14V
Sò…îîûó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
¢!“þÄ£z ö“þy ~îû ö‰þöìëû öî!Ÿ xyîû „þ#éôé£z îy „þîûöì“þ þ™yöìîû˜ „þ!îÚ ¢D# ö“þy Ö•% „þy†‹–
„þœ›Ð ~„þy£z íyöì„þ˜– ~„þy£z öšþyÝþy˜– ~„þy£z ö“þy …y˜Ð xyîû ~£z „,þFŠé¢y•˜yëû ›yöìGþ ›yöìGþ
ö”…y þ™yçëûy ¢y•Ä ¢!D˜#öì„þç “þy£z x˜yëûyöì¢ þ™yàþyöì“þ þ™yöìîû˜ ö¢£z òxq$” „,þ¡ì„þóéôé~îû
îy!vþüÐ „þyîû’ éôôôé
òò“%þ!› ˜y ö†öìœ
xyîy” îû!£“þ £öìî öîîû&îy!vþüîû ö¢£z î!¨„,þ¡ìöì„þîûóó S15V
Sò…îîûó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
îlßþ“þ „þ!î îy•Ä £öìëûöìŠé˜ £*”ëûéôé‰þy!îû’# ›y£š%þ‹yöì„þ ˜@À îöìÇþ xy›yöì”îû ¢y›öì˜ £y!‹îû
„þîûöì“þÐ ›y£š%þ‹yîû ¢î%‹ hßþ˜£z ö“þy þ™yöìîû !˜îû§¬ xq$“þ „,þ¡ì„þöì„þ …!˜„þÝþy ‹#î˜#Ÿ!_«
!”öì“þÐ “þy£z „þ!îîû ßþ™ÜT ßþº#„þyöìîûy!_« éôôôé
òòö“þy›yîû ‰%þöìœîû xîûöì’Ä þ™y£z ˜y „þœÄyöì’îû ‡Êy’Ðóó
“þî%ç ~„þÝþy x˜%“þyþ™ ö„þyíyç öíöì„þ ö†öìŠéÐ ßþº²À‰þy!îû’#öì„þ !˜›Å› îyhßþöìîîû ¢Á¿%…#˜
„þîûöì“þ îy•Ä £öìëûç ö×ëû xyîû ö²Ìëû öîyöì•îû xhsþmÅöì¨µ !îÇþ“þ £öìëûöìŠé˜ !“þ!˜Ð ë%!_«öì“þ
£ëû“þ ö×ëû öîy• !‹öì“þöìŠéÐ “þî%ç ö²Ìëûöìîyöì•îû þ™îûy‹öìëû xhsþîûydyîû xy!“Åþ£z ö“þy x!˜îyëÅ
!Šéœ éôôôé
òòö“þy›yîû ‰%þöìœîû xîûöì’Ä þ™y£z ˜y „þœÄyöì’îû ‡Êy’Ð
~›˜ xöìëy†Ä „þ!îöì„þ “%þ!› ¢y‹y ”yç ›y£š%þ‹y
öë ö„þîœ …%¤öì‹öìŠé ö“þy›yîû ˜îû› ›y‚¢óó S16V
Sò…îîûó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
~…yöì˜ òö“þy›yîû ‰%þöìœîû xîûöì’Ä þ™y£z ˜y „þœÄyöì’îû ‡Êy’ó þ™‚!_«!Ýþ þ™îû þ™îûî“Åþ# öë
hßþî„þ Öîû& £öìFŠé ö¢…yöì˜ ë!” x˜%F‰þy!îû“þ ~„þ!Ýþ Ÿ· ò“þy£zó öëy† „þîûy ëyëû “þöìî xy›yöì”îû
¢y›öì˜ ~„þ!Ýþ ¢%ßþ™ÜT îÄy…Äy vþzöìàþ xy¢öì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ îlßþ“þ öë „,þ!¡ì ¢¦þÄ“þy !˜îû§¬ „,þ¡ì„þöì„þç
!Šé!˜öìëû ö…öì“þ öŸ…y ö“þy ”)îû– ”ëûyîû ”y˜ þ™ëÅhsþ !˜öì“þ öŸ…yëû!˜ ö¢£z î%¦%þÇþ „,þ¡ì„þöì„þ ö‰þyöì…îû
¢y›öì˜ ö”öì… ›y£š%þ‹yîû ‰%þöìœîû xîûöì’Ä „þœÄyöì’îû ‡Êy’ þ™yçëûy „þ# ¢½þîÚ xyîyîû ßþº²Àîy!¢˜#
›y£š%þ‹yöì„þ£z îy „þ# „þöìîû îyhßþöìîîû |¡ìîû“þyëû î¤y!‰þöìëû îûy…y ¢½þîÚ “þy£z ßþº²À‰þy!îû’#öì„þ !˜›Å›
îyhßþöìîîû ¢Á¿%…#˜ „þîûöì“þ îy•Ä £öìëû ö×ëû xyîû ö²Ìëû öîyöì•îû xhsþmÅöì¨µ !îÇþ“þ £öìëûöìŠé˜
„þ!îÐ ë%!_«öì“þ £ëû“þ ö×ëû öîy• !‹öì“þöìŠé “þî%ç ö²Ìëû öîyöì•îû þ™îûy‹öìëû xhsþîûydyîû xy!“Åþ£z
ö“þy x!˜îyëÅ !ŠéœÐ “þy£z ö“þy “¤þyîû !˜öì‹öì„þ „þy›˜y ¢îÅßþº ˜îû› ›y‚¢ öœy¦þ# îöìœ ›öì˜
£öìëûöìŠéÐ ~ ²Ì¢öìD ›öì˜ þ™öìvþü ëyöìFŠé ö¢£z xy® îy„þÄ!Ýþ éôôôé ¢y!£“þÄ ¢y!£öì“þÄîû ‹˜ÄÐ
¢y!£“þÄ vþzöìjŸÄ›)œ„þ ˜ëûÐ
›y£š%þ‹yîû ›!‹Åîû !îîû&öìkþ ö†öìœ •¹‚¢ öë x!˜îyëÅ “þy ö“þy !îœÇþ’ ‹yöì˜˜ éôôôé
òòö“þy›yîû xîy•Ä“þyëû „þ“þ ‹˜þ™” £öìëûöìŠé …“þ›óó S17V
²Ì„,þ“þ ²Ìhßþyöìî ~Ýþy „þ# ›y£š%þ‹yîû ›!‹Å ˜y „þyœöìîœyîû „þîûyœ íyîy— öë…y˜ öíöì„þ
vþzI!ëû˜#þ™%öìîûîû ¢%¨îû#£z ö£y„þ !„þ‚îy ›!‹” ›y£›%öì”îû ›y£š%þ‹y éôôôé „þyöìîûyîûéôé£z !˜hßþyîû
ö˜£zÐ “þy£z ò“,þ“þ#ëû !îöìÙ»îû î¤y‰þîyîû !£¢yîó ˜y „þ¡ìöìœ ›y£š%þ‹yîû öîûyöì¡ì þ™vþüy£z ö“þy ßþºy¦þy!î„þÐ
“þy£z ›!‹” ›y£›%” ßþº²À ö”öì…˜ vþz_îûy!•„þyîû ¢)öìe ²Ìy® ›y£š%þ‹yöì„þ öë…y˜ öíöì„þ öþ™öìœ˜
~î‚ öë…yöì˜ ~öì˜ ”¤yvþü „þîûyöìœ˜ ö¢…y˜ öíöì„þ£z „þyöìœîû £y“þ •öìîû !îî“Åþöì˜îû ˜“%þ˜ öîöìŸ
x˜Ä ö„þyöì˜y ›!‹” !‰þîû„þyöìœìîû ö¢£z ›y£š%þ‹yöì„þ xöìFŠé”Ä ¢y•˜éôé¢!D˜# „þöìîû þ™yöìî˜ éôôôé
òò“%þ!› !Šé§¬!¦þ§¬ £öìëû
“%þ!› Çþ!ëû“þ îÄ!í“þ £öìëû
xyîyîû !šþöìîû xy¢ x…uþ ö“þy›yöì“þ
xy›yîû !îþ™öìÇþ x!¦þöìëy† íyöì„þ ˜y ö“þy›yîû
„þyîû’ ö“þy›yîû £zFŠéyîû !îîû&öìkþ þ™yöìîû ˜y öëöì“þ
xy›yöì”îû ”yöì¢öì”îû ‹#î˜Ðóó S18V
Sò”yöì¢îû ‹#î˜ó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
xöì˜„þÇþ’ öíöì„þ ›öì˜ ~„þÝþy ²ÌÙÀ …‰äþ…‰äþ „þîû!ŠéœÐ „þ!îîû î_«îÄ „þ# ›y£š%þ‹yîûç
î_«îÄÚ ~…yöì˜ ~öì¢ “þyîû ~„þÝþy vþz_îû xy›îûy öþ™œy›Ð „þyîû’ „þ!î ‹y˜yöìFŠé˜ ›y£š%þ‹yöì”îû
£zFŠéyîû !îîû&öìkþ öëöì“þ þ™yöìîû ˜y “þyöì”îû ›öì“þy˜ ”yöì¢öì”îû ‹#î˜Ð xíÅyê ›y£š%þ‹yîû £zFŠéy£z
„þ!îîû £zFŠéyÐ “þy£z „þ!î ë…˜ ›y£š%þ‹yöì„þ ¢›„þyœ#˜ ö²Ì!Çþöì“þ !Šé§¬!¦þ§¬ £öìëû– Çþ!ëû“þéôéîÄ!í“þ
£öìëû “þyîû ßþº#ëû x…[þ ¢_yöì“þ !šþîûöì“þ îœöìŠé˜ “þ…˜ öë “þy î„þœöì› ›y£š%þ‹yîûéôé£z £zFŠéy
“þyöì“þ ¢öì¨£ ö˜£zÐ
›öì˜ ²ÌÙÀ ‹yöì† öë „þyîûöì’ „þ!î x˜%“þ® ö¢£z „þyîûöì’£z „þ# ›y£š%þ‹y †!îÅ“þÚ öë
‹#’Å“þyéôé”#’Å“þyîû ¢y›öì˜ „þ!î ~„þyhsþ x!˜FŠéy îŸ“þ ›y£š%þ‹yöì„þ ”¤yvþü „þîûyöì“þ îy•Ä £öìFŠé˜
ö¢£z ”#’Å“þy ‹#’Å“þyöì„þ£z „þ# ›y£š%þ‹y ößþºFŠéyëû ‰)þ’Å „þöìîû !”öìëû “¤þyîû x…[þ ßþº#ëû ¢_yëû !šþîûöì“þ
‰þy£zöìŠé˜ ˜yÚ îlßþ“þ ~Šévþüy ö“þy þ™íç ö˜£zÐ ˜“%þîy ~£z ‹#’Å“þy£z ö“þy þ™)’Å“þyîû þ™öìí þ™!îûþ™sþi#
£öìëû ”¤yvþüyöìîÐ
~…yöì˜ xyîûç ~„þ!Ýþ !”„þ x“þÄhsþ “þyêþ™ëÅþ™)’ÅÐ „þ!î ›y£š%þ‹yîû !îîû&öìkþ öëöì“þ þ™yöìîû˜
˜y !àþ„þ£zÐ !„þlsþ “þy îöìœ !„þ „þ!îîû ßþº“þsþf £zöìFŠé ö˜£zÚ !îîû&kþy‰þîû’ „þîûöì“þ xþ™yîû† £öìëû
›y£š%þ‹yîû ²Ì!“þ !„þ x!¦þ›y˜ ö˜£zÚ „þ!î îöìœ˜ éôôôé
òòxy›yîû ö“þy ~„þÝþy£z ‹yëû†y !Šéœ
þ™,!íî#öì“þ ~„þÝþy£z ‹yëû†y !Šéœ xy›yîû
“þyç “%þ!› ö„þöìvþü !˜öìœ ›y£š%þ‹y
“þyç “%þ!› ö„þöìvþü !˜öìœ
ö“þy›yîû£z „þyîûöì’ öëöì“þ þ™yîûî ˜y ö“þy›yîû ¢›%…Ðóó S19V
Sòö“þy›yîû£z ›y˜%¡ìó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
“þî%ç „þ!îîû !„þŠ%é îœyîû ö˜£zÐ îyhßþîöì„þ xßþº#„þyîû „þîûyîû Çþ›“þy „þyîûéôé£z îy xyöìŠéÚ xyîû
îyhßþîöì„þ xßþº#„þyîû „þîûöìœç ›y£š%þ‹y !„þ “þ¤yöì„þ Çþ›y „þîûöìî˜Ú “þy£z !˜ƒßþº ›y˜%¡ì!Ýþ „Ïþyhsþ
£öìëû †œy öîy‹y ßþºöìîû !˜öì‹îû x‹yöìhsþ£z öë˜ xßþ³%þöìÝþ îöìœ çöìàþ˜ éôôôé
òò“%þ!› ”%ƒ… !”öìœ ”yç
“%þ!› !îîû£ !”öìœ ”yç
~öì“þ xy›yîû !„þŠ%é£z íy„þöìî ˜y îœyîû
xy!› ö“þy „þy”y‹œ›y…y ö“þy›yîû ›y˜%¡ìÐóó S20V

Sòö“þy›yîû£z ›y˜%¡ìó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
x!˜îyëÅ ¦þ!î“þîÄ“þyëû òö˜£z– ö“þyîû ö„þvþz ö˜£z– ö“þyîû ö„þvþz ö˜£zóéôé~îû ‡›%¦þyˆy!˜ëûy
¢%öîì û £àþyê ö‹öì† vþzöàì þ ö²Ì!›„þyöì„þ öë˜ !˜‹ £yöì“þ ”%óÝ%þ„þöìîyû „þöìî˜û Ð xyîû ~£z¦þyöìî !îî“Åþ›y˜
ö²Ì!›„þyîû ¢y›öì˜ îûy…y ÷˜öìîöì”Äîû íyœyëû xyœÁº˜ !²Ìëûyöì„þ „þ!Á™“þ £yöì“þ ¢!I“þ „þîûöì“þ
„þîûöì“þ ”,‘þü „þöìZþ vþzF‰þyîû’ „þöìîû˜ éôôôé
òòö“þy›yîû !„þ ‹y˜y xyöìŠé ›y£š%þ‹y
~£z¢î ›)…Åöì”îû ‹îyî
ëyîûy ö“þy›yöì„þ …![þ“þ „þöìîûöìŠé ~›˜
“%þ!› ö“þy þ™¤y‰þ £y‹yîû îŠéîû xyöì†îû ›y£š%þ‹y
“%þ!› ö“þy þ™¤y‰þ œy… îŠéîû xyöì†îû ›y£š%þ‹y
“%þ!› ö“þy ¢,!ÜTîû ²Ìí› ›y£š%þ‹y
þ™,!íî#öì“þ ²Ì!“þ!Ûþ“þ ö£y„þ ö“þy›yîû Ÿy¢˜Ðóó S21V
Sòö”î#ìó– ›!‹” ›y£›%”V
~£z¦þyöìî£z ~„þ!î‚Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû e«y!hsþœöì@À öþ™¤ïöìŠé xy•%!˜„þ ›Döìœîû ö”î# ›y£š%þ‹yîû
~„þ xyØþëÅ ¢›yþ™“þ˜ ‡öìÝþ ëyëûÐ !“þ!˜ Traditional ›Dœ„þyöìîÄîû ö”î#öì”îû ›öì“þy˜ ¦þëû
ö”!…öìëû ¦þ!_«îû vþzöìo„þ „þöìîû ›y˜î‹y!“þîû þ™)‹y öþ™öì“þ xy@ùÌ£# ˜˜Ð îîû‚ ¦þöìëû ¦þ!_«îû
þ™)‹yëû “þ¤yîû “þ#îÊ x˜#£y– xy¢!_« “þ¤yîû ö²Ìöì›Ð “þy£z xéôéö²Ìöì›îû x‰þœyëû“þ˜ ¦þyˆöì“þ–
Classic xy!¦þ‹y“þÄ ¦%þöìœ öë˜ öŸy˜éôéþ™y‚Ööì”îû ”öìœ ˜y› öœ…yöì“þ£z !“þ!˜ “þêþ™îûÐ
¢›öìëûîû !îî“Åþöì˜îû ›•Ä !”öìëû ‡öìÝþ ëyçëûy “þyîû ~£z îû*þ™yhsþ!îû“þ îû*þ™!Ýþöì„þ !˜!Øþ“þ¦þyöìî
!‰þ!£«“þ „þöìîû– ö²Ì!›öì„þîû £yöì“þ öë˜ “%þöìœ ö”˜ „¤þyÝþy xyîû þ™y“þy ¦þîûy ö†yœyöìþ™îû vþyœÐ
ö²Ì!›„þyîû ~£z îyhßþî vþzþ™£yöìîû îû_«y_« £öì“þ £öìî ”%ó‹˜öì„þ£zÐ “þyîûþ™îû ö„þyöì˜y ~„þ!”˜
ö†yœyöìþ™îû þ™yþ™!vþüîû ›“þ ö²Ì!›„þy ›y£š%þ‹yîû œyœ ö„þy›œ xyD%öìœîû xëy!‰þ“þ ŸyÙ»“þ
þ™îûŸ ö„þyöì˜y ˜y ö„þyöì˜y ›!‹” þ™yöìî˜éôé£z þ™yöìî˜Ð
“þíÄ¢)e -
1V òîyœ%‰þîûó 6Ûþ î¡ìÅ– 8› ¢‚…Äy– þ™,Ûþy éôé 66
2V þ™)öìîÅy_«– þ™,Ûþy éôé 68
3V ›y£›%” ›!‹”– òò„þ!î“þy›yœyóó– xy×›– ‘þy„þy– ²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ - ~!²Ìœ 2015– þ
™,Ûþy éôé 263
6V òò¢î%‹ßþº†Åóó– ¢Á™y”˜y éôé œ!“þšþ ö‹yëûy”Åyîû– ‰þ“%þíÅ î¡ìÅ– ‰þ“%þíÅ ¢‚…Äy– xy†ÞÝþ
2012– þ™,Ûþy éôé 126
7V ›y£›%” ›!‹”– òò„þ!î“þy›yœyóó– xy×›– ‘þy„þy– ²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ - ~!²Ìœ 2015– þ™,Ûþy éôé
262
8V ”yŸ ‹#î˜y˜¨– òò‹#î˜y˜¨ ”yöìŸîû ö×Ûþ „þ!î“þyóó– ¦þyîû!î– „þœ„þy“þy– ”Ÿ› ›%o’ -
xy†ÞÝþ 2003– þ™,Ûþy éôé 21
9V ›y£›%” ›!‹”– òò„þ!î“þy›yœyóó– xy×›– ‘þy„þy– ²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ - ~!²Ìœ 2015– þ™,Ûþy éôé
260
11V ”yŸ ‹#î˜y˜¨– òò‹#î˜y˜¨ ”yöìŸîû ö×Ûþ „þ!î“þyóó– ¦þyîû!î– „þœ„þy“þy– ”Ÿ› ›%o’ -
xy†ÞÝþ 2003– þ™,Ûþy éôé 52
12V ›y£›%” ›!‹”– òò„þ!î“þy›yœyóó– xy×›– ‘þy„þy– ²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ - ~!²Ìœ 2015–
þ™,Ûþy éôé 262
~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþ„þ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ xy£ì˛ ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏü
Áv˛¸yÈÙÈv˛z!v˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ú~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy¢y ÎyÎ˚–Û òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ !î!Üwâ˛w ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z xy£ì˛ ˛ôy!ÖˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy¢yÓ˚ Ü“ ˆüyòyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– òyÓ˚# ÎyÓ˚y òy!Ñ˛
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ñ Óy£Ñ˛Á– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÓú¡∫# £ˆÏÎ˚
Á‡˛yÓ˚ Ü“ñ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ¢õ%ˆÏoÓ˚ !òì˛ƒ ˜ò!õ!_Ñ˛
ˆãyÎ˚yÓ˚ ¶˛y›˛yÎ˚ v˛zÌyú ˛ôyÌyú ã#ÓˆÏò !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛
£y!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ òy ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü“ ÷!òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò
!î!Üwâ˛w ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚– ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚ ~ÖyˆÏò îü!›˛
~Ñ˛yB˛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y
≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ¢£z fl˛∫yÓú¡∫# £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚
xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚
õ)úƒ ≠ 80 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛Ìy ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ ≠ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ã#Óò ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ

¢%Óí≈y !¢Ñ˛îyÓ˚*
Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ !ò¡¨ˆÏ◊í#Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xÓK˛yì˛ ã#Óò !òˆÏÎ˚£z

¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛y£yÓ˚ñ Óyv˛z!Ó˚ñ ˆÓˆÏîñ ¢y˛ô%ˆÏv˛¸ñ â˛yõyÓ˚ñ ÓyÜî#ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í
ã#ÓòÑ˛ÌyÁ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢%!ò˛ô%ò ˆúÖò#ˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏîÎ˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢Ó˚ õ)ˆÏú Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
~£z¢Ó õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜñ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x˛ô!Ó˚¢#õ
îÓ˚î– ~£z¢Ó !ò¡¨ˆÏ◊!íÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÈÙÈõ®ñ ˆîy°Ïe&!›˛ñ Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ñ Óyïy!òˆÏ°Ïïñ
î%ò#≈!ì˛ñ Ñ˛˛ô›˛ì˛yñ ˜îòƒ ¢õhfl˛£z !ì˛!ò ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚
ÎÌyÎÌ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜÁ ~£z ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È ÓˆÏú£z !ì˛!ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ%ˆÖÏ Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ˆÏÜ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚
!ò¡¨ì˛õ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fl˛iì˛ õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ ã#Óòñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õñ ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ – ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ Ö%Ó Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z õyò%°= Ï !úˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈˆú
Ï ò–
ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ã!õîyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢hs˛yò £ˆÏúÁ ã!õîyÓ˚# ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ˛ôì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ–
Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÁ !˛ô!¢õyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÓü# Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛
!ÓÓ˚&k˛ õò !òˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆäÏ È !ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¢£yò%¶˛) !ì˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ~£z õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !õˆÏüˆÏäÈò–
ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢!›˛ˆÏì˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ì˛úyÎ˚ xÓ!fl˛iì˛ ˆv˛yõ
¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yú £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !òì˛y£zâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ã#Óò ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ
Á xyˆÏdy˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£ò# ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ– !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yú £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe î%£zãˆÏòÓ˚ xÓîyò
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ˆÜy˛ôÓï) ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ ~ÓÇ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ G%˛õ%Ó˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˜fl˛∫!Ó˚ò# Ó¢hs˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
xò%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚íy ã%!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~£z î%Ûãò òyÓ˚#£z ˛ôy!Ì≈Ó ãÜÍ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓîyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
!òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏòy¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ !Óâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ !òì˛y£z ~Ñ˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛Ó˚ ã#Óòîü≈ˆÏò v˛z˛ôò#ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !òì˛y£z Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yú xhs˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ Á ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üyò
ˆÓ§ˆÏïˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò !ò¡¨ˆÏ◊í#Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ì%˛FäÈ ì%FäÈ á›˛òy ˆÎõò fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ˆì˛õ!ò üyŸªì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !òì˛y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˆÓ˚úÁˆÏÎ˚
˛ôˆÏÎ˚r›˛¢õƒyò Ó˚yãyÓ˚ Óı%˛cñ !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ Á Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyòñ G%˛õ%Ó˚ îˆÏúÓ˚
õyò%°Ï=!úÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ›˛yòyˆÏ˛ôyv˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Á !òì˛y£z Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ Üyò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ–
ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚxyõyÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒã#ÓòÛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÜyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¢yˆÏÌ ¢y«˛yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚõyˆÏ‡˛ õyˆÏ‡˛ á%!Ó˚–.....ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢§yÁì˛yú˛ôyv˛¸yñ
¢§yÁì˛yú˛ôyv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyˆÏ‡˛ õyˆÏ‡˛ ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó›˛ì˛úy £ˆÏÎ˚ î%ÈÙÈ¢!ì˛ˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íyñ ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ì˛yÓ˚yÈÙÈõyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛yày– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ÓˆÏ¢ Ìy!Ñ˛ ÜyäÈì˛úyÎ˚– £‡˛yÍ Ñ˛yˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚
*ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ñ ÓD¶˛y°Ïy Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
124 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ ≠ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚...
¢%Ó˚– ÜyäÈ=!úˆÏÑ˛ õ%?˛ Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ ˆfl˛Àyì˛y ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ Ó§y £yì˛ ÜyˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛yò £yì˛Öy!ò
ˆòˆÏv˛¸ ˆòˆÏv˛¸ xy˛ôò õˆÏò£z Ñ˛!ÓÜyò ˆüyòy!FäÈú–Û Ó˚yãyñ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛Ó˚Á ˆÎ Óyhfl˛Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe
x!hfl˛c !äÈú ˆúÖÑ˛ !òˆÏã£z ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò– Ó˚yãyÓ˚ xy¢ú òyõ Ó˚yãy !õÎ˚yñ ˆ¢ ãy!ì˛ˆÏì˛
õ%¢úõyòñ ˆ¢ !£!®Á ÓˆÏú òy xyÓ˚ Î%ˆkÏ ˛Á ÎyÎ˚!ò– xyÓyÓ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ Ó˚yãyÓ˚ üƒy!úÑ˛y òy £ˆÏúÁ
ˆÓ˚úúy£zò ïˆÏÓ£˚ z ˆ¢ xy¢ò ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò î%ˆïÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyÜyò !îˆÏì˛yñ Ö%Ó â˛›˛˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢–
ˆúÖÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó ã#Óò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛!Ó˚e=!ú @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e=!ú ~ì˛ ¢ã#Ó ≤ÃyíÓhs˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ˆúÖÑ˛ ~£z õyò%°Ï=!úˆÏÑ˛
Ö%Ó Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ÓˆÏú£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~õò ¢%®Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
ˆúÖÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛£z !òì˛y£zâ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ÓÇü ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
!£®% ¢õyˆÏã !ò¡¨ˆ◊ Ï !íÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ ˆv˛yõÓÇˆÏü !òì˛y£zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ãß√– ~£z ˆv˛yˆÏõÓ˚y ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !ÓÖƒyì˛
úy!‡˛Î˚yú ~ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôy!ï Ó#Ó˚ÓÇü#– !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyõy ˆÜÔÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚ÓÇü# v˛yÑ˛y!ì˛ Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ ãòƒ
˛ô§yâ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ xy®yõyˆÏò ˆãú ˆÖˆÏ›˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ˆÜÔˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÓy üΩ%˛ Ó#Ó˚ÓÇü# xy®yõyˆÏò£z õyÓ˚y
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !˛ôì˛yõ£ !äÈú xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì˛yÁ !äÈú !¢•ˆÏîú ˆâ˛yÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚
!˛ôì˛yõ£ Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ãyõy£zˆÏÑ˛£z ˛ô!ÌÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ £ì˛ƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ˆ¢£z õy‡˛
ãyõy£zõyÓ˚#Ó˚ õy‡˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ˛ô%!úü !Ó˚ˆ˛Ï ôyˆÏ›˛≈ Á ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˛≈ ô%Ó&˚ °ÏˆîÏ Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ äÏ È–
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãß√ £z!ì˛£y¢ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ú!B˛ì˛ xïƒyÎ˚– ~õò!Ñ˛ !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛£yÓ˚yˆÏì˛Á
ì˛yÓ˚ ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ ¢%fl˛ô‹T äÈy˛ô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ Óv˛¸ Óv˛¸ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ !Óò#ì˛ ¢Ñ˛Ó˚&í î,!‹T ì˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛!‡˛ò ˆî£ñ ¢Óú ˆ˛ôü#ñ Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó˚ÇˆÏÑ˛ äÈy!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~õò ˆâ˛yÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛yì˛
ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚ £‡˛yÍÈÙÈ£z Ñ˛!Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y›˛y Ñ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ ¢)â˛òyˆÏì˛£z ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏò !Ófl˛øÎ˚
v˛zˆÏoÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆúÖÑ˛ î,‹Tyhs˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ú˜Ïîì˛ƒÑ%˛ˆÏú ≤Ã‚yîÛ ~ÓÇ ÚÓ˚yõyÎ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ÓyÕ√#!Ñ˛ÛÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D
~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò– x!ü!«˛ì˛ £!Ó˚ãˆÏòÓ˚yÁ !òì˛y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢ÇÓyˆÏî â˛õˆÏÑ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
õyá# ˛ô)!í≈õyÓ˚ !îˆÏò ˆîÓ# â˛yõ%[˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ xR£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆõúyÎ˚ ãyÑ˛ãyõÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈
Ñ˛!ÓÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢Ó˚ ÓˆÏ¢– ~£z xy¢ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,≈˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ õyò Ó§yâ˛yˆÏì˛ !òì˛y£zâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÜyò Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚
¢)e˛ôyì˛– ~£z xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓÖƒyì˛ î%£z Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yú ˆÜy›˛ò îy¢ Á ü£ˆÏîÓ ˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÜyˆÏòÓ˚
xy¢Ó˚ Ó¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆÜy›˛ò îy¢ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ òy £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏîƒy_ýˆÏîÓ˚ î%É!ÿ˛hs˛yÓ˚ ¢#õy
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛£z !òì˛y£zâ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ– !òì˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ ¢£ãyì˛ Ñ˛!Ócü!_´Ó˚
ÓˆÏú õ£yˆÏîÓ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ xy¢Ó˚ ã!õˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ â˛yÑ%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ì˛
ÓyÓ%!›˛ !Ófl˛øÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ Úˆòì˛y£zâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ~ì˛ =íÊ A Poet! Óy£Óyñ
Óy£Óy ˆÓ˚ !òì˛y£z– ì˛y ˆúˆÏÜ Îy ˆÓ˚ ˆÓ›˛yñ ˆúˆÏÜ Îy–Û !Ñ˛ls˛ õ£yˆÏîÓ !òì˛y£z â˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛y!úõyÖy
ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~Ñ˛ õ%£)ì≈˛Á ˆ¶˛yˆÏú!ò– ˆ¢ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ôˆÏî !òì˛y£zâ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôõyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ äÈv˛¸y
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ– !òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ xye´õí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ äÈv˛¸y ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈÙÙÙÈÚÚÁÈÙÈˆÓ›˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy !äÈú !¢•ˆÏîú
ˆâ˛yÓ˚ñ Ñ˛ì≈˛yÈÙÈÓyÓy ‡˛yàyˆÏv˛¸– õyì˛yõ£ v˛yÑ˛yì˛ ˆÓ›˛yÓ˚ î#˛ôyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ õˆÏÓ˚–– ˆ¢£z ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúñ
ˆÓ›˛y Ñ˛!Ó Ñ˛Ó˚!Ó ì%˛£z– ˆv˛yˆÏõÓ˚ îyÁÎ˚yú Ó˚byÑ˛Ó˚ñ !â˛Ç!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆ˛ôyòy Ó˚&£z––ÛÛ ˆîyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y ~Ó˚
¢yˆÏÌ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚx§yhfl˛yÑ%˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ~§ˆÏ›˛y˛ôyì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ fl˛∫Ü‰ˆÏÜ ÎyÓyÓ˚ xyüy ˆÜyÊ ö˛Ó˚yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zv˛¸ú ˛ôyì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ
ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ ≠ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 125
fl˛∫Ü‰ˆÏÜ ÎyÓyÓ˚ xyüy ˆÜyÊÛÛ !òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ÓƒD!Óo*˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ !òì˛y£z ˜ïÎ≈ƒ £yÓ˚yÎ˚!ò–
‡˛y[˛y õyÌyÎ˚ !Óò#ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ãÓyÓ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ õ£yˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛z˛ô£y¢ xyÓ˚ xye´õˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü
~£z !ÓòÎ˚ ¡‘yò– ì˛y£z !òì˛y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ £yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛!Ó !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !òì˛y£z–
Î!îÁ ÓÇˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛úB˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ò‹,Ò!ì˛ ˆîÎ˚!ò ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Ñ˛yˆÏúÁ– ~£z Ñ˛úˆÏB˛Ó˚ ˆÓyG˛y õyÌyÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚£z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó !£¢yˆÏÓ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ úv˛¸ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô£z x˛ôõyò
¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!òì˛y£z fl˛∫¶˛yÓÑ˛!Ó– ˆv˛yõ ÓÇü ãß√ ˆòÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ˜Ñ˛ˆÏüyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y÷òyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ áˆÏ›˛!ò–
˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ˆìÏ ˛ ˆ¢ ã!õîyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ˜òü !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !òÎ˚!õì˛ ˛ôv˛¸y÷òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ È– ˆ¢ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚
≤ÃÌõ fl˛iyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ñ ãyõyñ ÜyõäÈy Á úZ˛ò v˛z˛ô£yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– î%ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢
xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó£zÁ v˛z˛ô£yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢=!ú õ%Öfl˛iÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôy‡˛üyúy!›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛
ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y÷òy Óı˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢ ˛ôv˛¸y÷òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú£z ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Ñ˛yˆÏú
Ñ˛!ÓÜyò â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ !¶˛ß¨ ïyÓ˚y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛!ÓÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xŸ’#úì˛yñ Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyˆÏò
ˆ¢ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ô%Ó˚yíñ Ó˚yõyÎ˚í õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£ò#ñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ äÈ® Á !õú– !òˆÏã£z Üyò
Ó§yïˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !òì˛y£z– !òì˛y£z !òã ¢õyã ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xòƒ @˘ÃyˆÏõ áòüƒyõ ˆÜy¢y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Óyv˛¸#ˆÏì˛ õy!£®yÓ˚# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó£zÖyì˛yÓ˚ îÆÓ˚ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆfi›˛üˆÏò
~ˆÏ¢ ˆ¢ Ñ%˛!ú!Ü!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛z˛ôyã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÚÑ˛!Ó ÓÓ˚Û ÓˆÏú ‡˛yRy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õyõyÁ
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Úxyhfl˛yÑ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ~§ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôyì˛yÛ ÓˆÏú v˛z˛ô£y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ äÈyˆÏv˛¸!ò– !òì˛y£z !òîyÓ˚&í xyáyì˛
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛ÖòÁ £yú äÈyˆÏv˛¸!ò– ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyd¢¡øyˆÏò xyáyì˛ ˆúˆÏÜˆÏäÈ–
Ñ˛ÖòÁ Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˆ¢ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyîÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy õy!ã≈ì˛– !òì˛y£z Üyò
Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈÚ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z õ£yüÎ˚–/«˛õyÓ˚ ¢õyò ïõ≈ ˆÑ˛yò ïõ≈ ˛ôyÎ˚––Û
ÎyÓ˚y !òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ x˛ôõyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ ãyì˛ ì%˛ˆÏú Üy!úÜyúyã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !òì˛y£z
!òã=ˆÏí ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ ãyì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ v˛zˆÏïï≈– ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ˆÏì˛
ÈÙÙÙÈ Úˆv˛yˆÏõ£z Óy úIy !Ñ˛⁄ ˆv˛yõ£z Óy ˆäÈy›˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏ¢⁄ ˆv˛yõÁ õyò%°Ï Óyõò%Á õyò%°Ï–Û
!òì˛y£z ~Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó¢_y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ áyì˛ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛áyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ˆãˆÏÜ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢ ˛ôv˛¸y£z
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !üÖˆÏäÈ– xyáyì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ xyd¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ Ñ%˛!úõã%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yã
ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ¢¡øyòˆÏÎyÜƒ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÖ§yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó !£¢yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ !òì˛y£z
!òˆÏãÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ó%!k˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– õ£yˆÏîÓ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yú x¢%fl˛i £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÜyˆÏòÓ˚
ÓyÎ˚òy ~ú !òì˛y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– ˛ô§yâ˛!îò Ñ˛!ÓÜyò ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ !òì˛y£z ÎÖò !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ú ì˛Öò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
ˆâ˛òy£z ÎyÎ˚ òyñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏãyv˛¸y ã%ˆÏì˛yñ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ â˛yîÓ˚– !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢¡øyò ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˆ¢
≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ú ~=!ú ˆ¢ !üˆÏÓ˚y˛ôy !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ~Ñ˛Ìy ¢Óy£z !ÓŸªy¢Á Ñ˛Ó˚ú– !Ñ˛ls˛
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ Ó˝!îò xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ÓyÎ˚òy ~úòy– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !òì˛y£z Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚
fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ú ÈÙÙÙÈ Úì%˛!õ ˆÎ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yúÊ Ñ˛ì˛ Óv˛¸ ˆúyÑ˛ÊÛ ≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛!ÓÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓ˚
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛£z !äÈú !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õ%?˛ ˆ◊yì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ ˆÜy˛ôÓï)ñ ˆÓ˚úÁ˛ôˆÏÎ˚r›˛ÈÙÈ¢‰õƒyò Ó˚yãyÓ˚
üƒy!úÑ˛yñ ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ !òì˛y£zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ î%ˆïÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyÜyò Óı˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆîÎ˚!ò– !òì˛y£zˆÑÏ ˛ Ñ˛!ÓÜyˆÏòÓ˚
xò%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚íyÁ ã%!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛– ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚ˆÏàÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú Ó˚yãy ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
126 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ ≠ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚...
‡˛yRy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !òì˛y£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ

ÚÑ˛yˆÏúy Î!î õ® ì˛ˆÓÏ ˆÑ˛ü ˛ôy!Ñ˛ˆú Ï Ñ§˛yî ˆÑ˛ˆòÏ ⁄ Ñ˛yˆÏúy ˆÑ˛ˆüÏ Ó˚yày Ñ%˛¢õ% ˆ£ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èy !Ñ˛ òÎ˚ˆòÏ ⁄Û
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ xò%¶˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ x¢Ω˛Ó–
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛f#– ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú xòƒ ~Ñ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÎyˆÏÓñ ~ !òì˛y£z
â˛yÎ˚òyñ ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛Ó˚ Ÿª÷Ó˚Óyv˛¸#Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛ãòÁ ¶˛yˆÏúy– õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò£z ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ ˆÏäÈ
!òì˛y£z– !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ¢ygs˛òy !îˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ Üyò ˆÓ§ˆÏïˆÏäÈ–
Úâ§˛yîÈÙÈì%˛!õ xyÑ˛yˆÏü ÌyÑ˛ ÈÙÈ xy!õ ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ ˆîÖÓ Öy!ú– ä%È§ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ â˛y£zòyˆÏÑ˛y ˆ£ ÈÙÈ
ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ xˆÏD úyÜˆÏÓ Ñ˛y!ú––Û
!òì˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Óı%˛ Ó˚yãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÁ õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óƒ_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢!M˛Èì˛
˛ô%§!ãÁ ˆü°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ ˆÑ˛yò ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˆõy›˛Ó£ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òyñ ì˛y£z @˘Ãyõ ˆîÓì˛yÈÙÈõy
â˛[˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ãµyúy ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ãµyúy ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~õò ¢õÎ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ G%˛õ%Ó˚ îˆÏúÓ˚
xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ áˆÏ›˛– G%˛õ%Ó˚îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ Ó¢hs˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ !òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛ ¶%˛ú Ó%ˆÏG˛ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛–
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú– !ÓÑ˛yÓ˚@˘Ãhfl˛ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ !òì˛y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ òyõ
v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ¢Óy£z !òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛£z ˆîy°ÏyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !òì˛y£z Ó˚yãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛£z ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ õyò%°Ï !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ú!B˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛
¢%fl˛i £ˆÏÓñ ¢%Ö# £ˆÏÓñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yày áÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆãyv˛¸y úyÜˆÏÓ ~£z õòfl˛ÒyõòyÎ˚ !òì˛y£z ˆ¢Öyò
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓîyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ≤Ãõyfl˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ õDúÑ˛yõòy£z !òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ–
ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ÈÙÈˆäÈy›˛ÜˆÏ“ ˆÓˆÏîñ Óy!ãÑ˛Ó˚ñ ˜Ó°åÓñ G%˛õ%Ó˚îˆÏúÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎyeyÎ˚
!Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ Óí≈òy xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z– !ò¡¨ˆÏ◊!íÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y !îÑ˛ G%˛õ%Ó˚ÜyˆÏòÓ˚
õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ G%˛õ%Ó˚ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ ÓãyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛!ò– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú
!ò¡¨ˆ◊ Ï !íÓ˚ Üy!Î˚Ñ˛y Á ÓyãòyîyÓ˚ñ ˆîy£yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ£˚ z G%˛õ%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ îú ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚y ÎyÎyÓˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛@˘Ãyõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ@˘ÃyˆÏõ á%ˆÏÓ˚ á%ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢Ó˚ Ó¢yÎ˚– ~£z G%˛õ%Ó˚îˆÏú ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !òì˛y£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚ ÷Ó˚&– G%˛õ%Ó˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ òy!Î˚Ñ˛y Ó¢hs˛ ≤ÃÌõ îü≈ˆÏò
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÚÑ˛Î˚úyõy!òÑ˛Û ÓˆÏú v˛z˛ô£y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !òì˛y£z ÚÓ¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛y!Ñ˛úÛ £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !òì˛y£z G%˛õÓ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Ú˜fl˛∫!Ó˚ò# òyÓ˚#Ó˚ v˛zˆÏk˛≈˛ xòƒ ~Ñ˛ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò
ˆ≤ÃõõÎ˚# òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– !òì˛y£z ˆÑœ˛îy_´ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– ˆ¢
!‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ£yÑ˛ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– G%˛õ%Ó˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆòyÇÓ˚y
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü îõ Óı˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õ%£)%ˆÏì≈˛ ˆõy£yhs˛ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ K˛yò úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òì˛y£zñ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ á,íy î)Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ–˚ G%˛õ%Óî˚ ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü,£fl˛iy!úò#Ó˚ !îÑ˛!›˛Á ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ !òì˛y£zˆÎÏ Ó˚ –˚
ú«¯˛#ÓˆÏì˛Ó˚ xò%¤˛yˆÏò Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ !ò¤˛yÓì˛# Ó˚*˛ô!›˛ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛– Ó¢hs˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛£z
Ó¢hs˛ ì˛yÓ˚ î%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚yÜƒ «˛Î˚ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ãyòyÎ˚ !òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛– ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyÑ˛¤˛ !˛ô˛ôy¢y
ÌyÑ˛ ¢ˆÏ_¥Á xyÓ˚ Ü§y›˛ äÈyv˛¸y Ó§yïy £Î˚ òy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚– !òì˛y£zÁ ãyˆÏò Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚% ˆÓü#!îò
òÎ˚– ~£z ˆÖî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !òì˛y£z Üyò Ó§yˆÏï ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú~£z ˆÖî xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏò õˆÏò– ¶˛yˆÏúyˆÏÓˆÏ¢ !õ›˛ú òy xyü ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ%˛úyú òy ~ ã#ÓˆÏò–
£yÎ˚ ã#Óò ~ì˛ ˆäÈy›˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏò⁄ ~ ¶%˛ÓˆÏò⁄Û
ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ ≠ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛!ÓÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 127
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ Ó¢hs˛ Ö%Ó x¢%fl˛i £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏú õyÌy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ£z ˆ¢ õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓyÎ˚ !òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛– õÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢!ì˛ƒ£z !Ñ˛ ¢Ó
!ò!ÿ˛£´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄ õÓ˚í ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ !ãK˛y¢y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !òì˛y£z Üyò Ó§yˆÏï– ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ïƒyˆÏò
ˆâ˛yÖ Óı˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˆ¢ Ó¢hs˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– õÓ˚íãÎ˚# ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Üyò ˆÓˆÏï ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆ¢
ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚõÓ˚í ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ £yÓ˚ £ú ˆÎ õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¶˛yÓˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ !òˆÏú ˆ¢ ˆÎ ˆî!Ö õˆÏò£z
xyˆÏäÈ õˆÏòÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛£z ÓˆÏ¢ xyˆÏäÈ–Û
Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ G%˛õ%Ó˚îú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓîyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !òì˛y£z Ñ˛yü# ÎyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò
!ÜˆÏÎ˚Á v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y äÈyv˛¸y !Ñ˛ä%È£z ˛ôyÎ˚ òy ˆ¢– !ÓˆÏîˆÏü ì˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛îÓ˚ ˆò£z– Î!îÁ
~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yãÜyÓ˚ £Î˚!ò ì˛y òÎ˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛!ÓÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢Ó˚ äÈyv˛¸y !òì˛y£z ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ
òy– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õy!›˛Ó˚ ›˛yˆÏò£z ˆîˆÏü !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢– ˆÎò xy˛ôò õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏú !ö˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢–
xyd#Î˚ fl˛∫ãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˆõúyˆÏõüyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ£z ˆü°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°Ï=!úñ òî#ñ õy‡˛ñ
õy â˛[˛#ñ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y !üÓ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛#v˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢yˆÏÌ õyÌyÎ˚ ˆ¢yòyú# ˆ›˛y˛ôÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛yüö%˛ú ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢£z ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛Á ˛ôyÜú £ˆÏÎ˚ õyÓ˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚!G˛ñ
Ó¢òÈÙÈî%ãò£z !òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ î)ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÖî !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚£z
ˆÜˆÏúy– ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ¢yï ~ ã#ÓˆÏò xyÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚í £ú òy !òì˛y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ î%ãˆÏò£z Üyò
Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ xò%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚íy £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚£zú– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !ò¡¨ì˛õ ˆ◊í#ˆÏì˛ ãß√@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛
úv˛¸y£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ñ˛!Ó !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ôˆÏî úyN˛òyñ
x˛ôõyòñ î%ÉÖÈÙÈˆÓîòy=!ú£z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛!ú ã%!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z Ñ˛!‡˛ò ã#Óò ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ£z
!òì˛y£z ~Ó˚ ÜyòÈÙÈÓ˚â˛òyÓ˚ñ xyˆÏdy˛ôú!∏˛£z ì˛yÓ˚ Üyò Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ
!òì˛y£zˆÏÑ˛ ãÜÍ Á ã#Óò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ~Ñ˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛Ó˚ îü≈ˆÏò v˛z˛ôò#ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i ≠
1. Ñ˛!Ó– ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– !õe Á ˆáy°Ï ˛ôyÓ!úüy¢≈– ¢Æ!ÓÇü õ%oí– x@˘Ã£yÎ˚í
1413–
2. ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó– x!â˛hs˛ƒ !ÓŸªy¢– Ó˚byÓú#– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy!ã≈ì˛ Á
˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ï≈ì˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í– xyÜfi›˛ 2È016–
3. ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó É ì˛ˆÏ_¥ Á ¢,ãˆÏò– ï&ÓÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ˆã ~ò ˆáy°Ï xƒy[˛
¢™– ˛ô%òÉ õ%oí 2010–
4. xyõyÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒã#Óò– ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ÓyÇúy xyÑ˛yˆÏîõ#–
ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 2011
5. ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyò– Ó˚&õy ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– ÓD#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Ç¢î–
ã%ò 2014–
Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ ≠ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ

≤ÃíÓ òfl˛ÒÓ˚*
~Ñ˛.
¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛z˛ôyîyò– ˆ¢£z ˛v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î!îÁ
¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõúyˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ~Ñ˛›%˛ !mïy!ß∫ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ Ü“ Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛– ì˛ˆÏÓ
¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yì˛ÈÙÈ˛ô§yâ˛ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ úyˆÏÜ òy– xì˛#ì˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óyhfl˛Ó Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !õ◊ˆÏí ¢,!‹T Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÙÙÈ~õò ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ î,‹Tyhs˛
¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ xãfl˛À– xyï%!òÑ˛Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï ïyÓ˚íy õyÌy
ˆâ˛ˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y ˆÓ˚yõy™ˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Á ≤Ãyïyòƒì˛y ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎÔòì˛yˆÏÑ˛– xyã
¢õhfl˛ ˆîü ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !úD !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ ¢õyòy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– ~£z ¢õyòy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ˆÎõò ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆãyÓ˚ Ñ˛îˆÏõ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˛òyÓ˚#Á
ˆì˛õ!ò !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛!ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÖyˆÏò– ˆ¢ òyÓ˚# ü˝ˆÏÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y˛ôß¨ ˆ£yÑ˛ Óy @˘Ãyõ#ò
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡%˛Ñ˛– ~õò£z @˘Ãyõ#í ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛!úÓ˚ x§yâ˛ˆÏv˛¸ fl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚
x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚£z Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚
õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚–
ãß√¢)ˆÏe£z Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !äÈˆÏúò Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸y ˆãúyÓ˚ õyò%°Ï– ˜üüÓ Á ˜Ñ˛ˆÏüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈
¢õÎ˚£z !ì˛!ò Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸yÓ˚ ãúÈÙÈxyÓ£yÁÎ˚yÈÙÈõyò%°ÏãòˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛yd !äÈˆÏúò– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
üÓ˚#Ó˚ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ @˘Ãyõã#Óòñ ˆúyÑ˛Ñ˛Ìyñ ¢Ç@˘ÃyõÈÙÈ£zˆÏhfl˛£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¢D ~›˛y xfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛
!Ñ˛ä%È òÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü“ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˆö˛õÓ!® ¢y!Ó˚– ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚
x«˛Ó˚ äÈy!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢ äÈ!Ó ~ˆÏ¢ ˆõˆÏú Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã#Óò˛ôˆÏ›˛– ˆ¶˛ÔÜ!úÑ˛ Ü![˛Ó˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
Ü“ õ)úì˛ Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸y Á ˛ô%Ó˚&!úÎ˚y xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy£z ˆüyòyÎ˚ñ ¶˛yÓyÎ˚ó Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒ!ì˛e´õÁ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y¢£ ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˆúÖy– ≤Ãì˛ƒhs˛ @˘Ãyõ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xhs˛ƒã
õyò%°ÏÓ˚y£z õyò%°ÏÓ˚y£z !¶˛v˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚yâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ î%%ÉÖÈÙÈˆÓîòyÈÙÈxyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢õy£yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ãòƒ– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ¶˛!D›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢Ó˚úì˛y ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚ñ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ú«˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ¢!›˛£z ì§˛yÓ˚ style (fi›˛y£zúV Óy Ü“ÓúyÓ˚ Óyâ˛ò¶˛!D– !ì˛!ò Ñ˛y!£!ò
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÎ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òÓ˚y¢_´ Ñ˛ÌˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛!DˆÏì˛ ˆÎò !Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyfl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ò ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z xyîü≈ Á Ó˚â˛òy ˜üú#Ó˚ î«˛ì˛yÎ˚ !ì˛!ò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚
ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò– !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ !ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy =Ó˚&ÜΩ˛#Ó˚ ã!›˛ú á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛
=Ó˚&c òy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜îò!®òì˛yÓ˚ Ó£õyò ¢õÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛£z ˆö˛õÓ!® Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~ Ó˚Ñ˛õ£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ !¶˛ß¨
fl˛∫yˆÏîÓ˚ Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛úò Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ– ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ fl˛iyò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÚÓyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛
*xÇüÑ˛yú#ò !ü«˛Ñ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ ö˛!Ñ˛Ó˚â§˛yî Ñ˛ˆÏúã–

Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ ≠ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 129
òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ Ü“ÛˆÏÑ˛– ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ !¶˛ß¨ fl˛∫yˆÏîÓ˚ Ü“ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôì)˛£ú !òÓ˚y¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ
!ì˛!ò !òˆÏã£z ~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛Ìy ≠ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚˆúÖyˆÏú!ÖÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& Üì˛
üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏì˛Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢£z !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ì˛!Ó˚ü ÓäÈÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ â˛úú– £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ üÈÙÈÖyˆÏòÑ˛ Ü“– ˆ¢ ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö ˆÓü
!Ñ˛ä%È ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚e ~Ñ˛ãò òyÓ˚#– õˆÏò £ú ~=!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úò ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆÓyG˛y ÎyˆÏÓ òyòy ¢õˆÏÎ˚ òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚e=!ú ˆÑ˛õò Ó˚*˛ô ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È Ü“=!úˆÏì˛–
ì˛ˆÏÓ ~¢Ó Î%!_´ î%£z ~Ñ˛yhs˛£z Óy£ƒ– ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ìy £ú òyÓ˚# ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ì%˛‹T £ˆÏúò òy!Ñ˛ Ó˚&‹T–ÛÛ1
î%£z.
Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Úòyòy ¢õˆÏÎ˚ òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚e=!úÛÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ£z !òõ≈yí
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ òyõÑ˛ x!¶˛òÓ Ü“@˘Ãs˛i!›˛ˆÏÑ˛– !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ú«˛í#Î˚ñ xyã
~Ñ˛!ÓÇü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆîyÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò õ)ú !üÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛–
Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸yÈÙÈÓ#Ó˚¶)˛ˆÏõÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ !õˆÏü!äÈú ì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôÓ˚ˆÏì˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !G˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛ xyÿ˛Î≈ Óyâ˛ò¶˛!DÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü“ÈÙÈ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛
õˆÏòy!Ó!ü‹T Á xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü“ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Á
ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ Îyò Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ x®Ó˚õ£ˆÏú– ˆÎò ~Ñ˛ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ ˆ¢£z ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛yÓ˚
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚e– xy¢ˆÏú ~Ñ˛ xî,üƒ Óı˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏï Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ xyÓˆÏì≈˛– Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÷!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˜îò!®òì˛yÓ˚ â˛úõyòì˛yÓ˚
ïyÓ˚y˛ôyì˛– xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ã#Óò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ~ÖˆÏòy ~ì˛›˛y£z Ñ˛õ ˆÎñ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ã#ÓòÎyey£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ òì%˛ò úyÜˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛yÓ˚í
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚Ñ˛õ !õú Ö%§ˆÏã
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– xyõÓ˚y Î!î ~Ñ˛ òãˆÏÓ˚ x!Óòyü ˆîyúyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü“ ÚÓ!úÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÑ˛y£zñ
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆîÖÓ Ü§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ%˛ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ ãú ˆòÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î!úì˛ Á v˛zFâ˛ÓÜ#≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï
~Ñ˛ î!úì˛ õyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ õyÓ˚y £Î˚– Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü“ ~ì˛›˛y ò,üÇ¢ òÎ˚ñ ~õò ¶˛yˆÏÓ
¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ xyáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆüyòyÎ˚ òy– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“ ˆÜy˛ôò «˛ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚òñ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y
ú%!¢Á Ó˚v˛!Ó˚ÜˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆúÖy Ü“ Ú~£z ˆì˛y £Î˚Û Óy õ£yˆÏŸªì˛y ˆîÓ#Ó˚ ÚÓ˚&îyú#Û Óy xyÖì˛yÓ˚
õ!£v˛zî!îˆÏòÓ˚Û ÚÓÓ˚ö˛Û ˆÜyúyÓ˚ ˆÖúyÛ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y–
Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ Ü“=!ú xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z !¶˛ß¨ fl˛∫yˆÏîÓ˚ñ
ì˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚e=ˆÏúyÓ˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ£z ì§˛yÓ˚
v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈñ xÓüƒ ~ Ñ˛Ìy Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yˆÏì˛£z
ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~£z ÓyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎò xyõÓ˚y ì§˛yÓ˚ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ¢_yÓ˚
≤ÃÑ˛yüˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôy£z– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ì§˛yÓ˚ Úî%ˆÏÖ ˆÑ˛Áv˛¸yÛñ Ú¶˛Óî#Î˚ òDÓ˚â˛wÛ Óy Úïò˛ô!ì˛Ó˚
!¢Ç£ú ÎyeyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶%˛úˆÏú â˛úˆÏÓ òy– ~£z ¢õhfl˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
¢ˆÏD ~ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚eÓ˚yÁ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ)ú Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚
xydÑ˛ÌˆÏò£z fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~Ñ˛Ìy ≠ ÚÚ!òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆúÖy !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ xyõyÓ˚ xòƒ ~Ñ˛
x¢%!ÓˆÏïÁ xyˆÏäÈ– xy!õ Ü§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏú ö˛ˆÏú Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏG˛ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚!ò
130 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ ≠ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ
Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy– î%ÈÙÈ!ì˛ò ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyd#Î˚ fl˛∫ãòÈ Óy !¶˛òÜ§yÓy¢# áˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyü ã!Ó˚˛ô
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÁ õyñ üƒyõ!úˆÏÑ˛ ÓÜ‰òy ˆîˆÏÖ ˆÜú%õ ~£z ˆ¢!îòñ ÁÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Óyä%ÈÓ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄ ¢ãˆÏò ÜyäÈ›˛y ˆ¢ ÓäÈÓ˚ úyÜyˆÏúñ ~Ó˚ ˆÎ v§˛y›˛y G%˛úˆÏäÈ ˆÜy– Ñ˛yˆÏúy £§y¢äÈyòy!›˛
!v˛õ !îˆÏFäÈ⁄ ~›˛y ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yˆÏäÈˆÏú›˛y òy⁄ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyÎ˚ Óy˛ô– ì%˛£z ˆÎ ˛ô%ˆÏÎ˚yú äÈyì%˛Ó˚
õˆÏì˛y !îˆÏò Óy!v˛¸¢ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ Óy!v˛¸¢ÊÛ ÜÓ˚&ñ £§y¢ñ ¢ãˆÏò ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôy !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸
Á‡˛y ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy!õ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ xyúyî Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ÛÛ2 ˆúÖÑ˛ ¢ì˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !˛ôä%È ÙÈ˛ôy
£ò!ò Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£zñ Îy ¢ì˛ƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z !ì˛!ò fl˛∫yFäÈˆ® Ï ƒ ¶˛y°ÏyÓı˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓˆÏk˛ !ú!˛ôÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
Ñ˛y!£!ò Óy á›˛òyïyÓ˚y Óí≈òyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ˙!ì˛£ƒˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛yd
˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Ñ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢¡ø%ˆÏÖ– ~£z Ü“ ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ£z
Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÓyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ òyÓ˚# ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ Ü“ˆÏÑ˛– ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úòˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y xyÑ,˛‹T
Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÌyÜì˛ òyõÑ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ äÈÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ x!ì˛ fl˛ô‹T ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛
ˆüyòyˆÏúò òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢%ÖÈÙÈî%ÉÖ £y!¢Ñ˛yßÿÓ˚ !îò!ú!˛ôˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ– xyõÓ˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ Ö%§ˆÏã !òˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚Ó Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£z ¢õhfl˛
!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛y Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒˆÏÑ˛£z– ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü“ Á Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚
¢_yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ò£z–
!ì˛ò.
!Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïíñ õy!òÑ˛ ~ÓÇ õ)úì˛ ì˛yÓ˚yüB˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆúyÑ˛ÈÙÈ˙!ì˛£ƒ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
x!¶˛òÓ ¢,ãò !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Î§yÓ˚y xÓƒy£ì˛
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛£z ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ– xhs˛ƒãñ @˘ÃyõÈÙÈ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚
õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆÎ Ü“ÈÙÈv˛z˛ôòƒy¢ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢,ãòÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏŸª
~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ£˚ z !¶˛ß¨ fl˛∫ÓÈ˚ ÙÈfl˛∫Óy˚ hs˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÓƒOòy ˆîÎ˚– ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚
Ú@˘Ãyõ#í ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ü“ ˆúˆÏÖòÛ ÓˆÏú !â˛!£´ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~Ñ˛Ìy !ì˛!ò !òˆÏãÁ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ≠ ÚÚxyõyÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛y Ó§yÑ%˛v˛¸y ˆãúyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõñ Ó˚yë˛¸ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ Á
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ– ì%˛¢%Üyòñ Óyv˛zúñ Ó˚yõyÎ˚íñ Ñ˛#ì˛≈ò ~¢Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ ˜üüÓ Á ˜Ñ˛ˆÏüyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ãÜÍ–ÛÛ3 !Ñ˛ls˛ ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆúÖÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ò!î≈‹T ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyÓˆÏì≈˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏï ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– @˘Ãyõ ì§˛yÓ˚
ÜˆÏ“ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ñ ˆ¢£z ˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˆÎ¢Ó â˛!Ó˚e Á á›˛òy ≤ÃÓy£ x§yÑ˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÓîò ì%˛FäÈ ˆîüÈÙÈÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛y xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ~Ñ˛yhs˛ õyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚ v˛z_#í≈
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü“=ˆÏúyˆÏì˛ Ü“ Ñ˛ÌˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛!DÓ˚ ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ Îy xòƒˆÏîÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y î)Ó˚ˆÏc î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Á ˆÎò Ñ˛Öò ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚&«˛ õy!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
÷òˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ›˛yòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xq%ì˛ ü!_´ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈÎy !ì˛!ò xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛4 x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌõ
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ÚõyîˆÏú òì%˛ò ˆÓyúÛ Ü“ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ Ü“=!ú ÈÙÙÙÈ Îy Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ 1973
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1981ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒó ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ü“=!ú xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü ˆÓyïÜõƒñ ~Ñ˛õ%Ö# Á ¢yÓú#ú–
Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÖyˆÏúy¢ ¶˛yàyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ≈ñ ~ÖyˆÏò ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆîÖyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ ì˛ÖˆÏòy ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛!ò– ÚˆÓÔñ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ñ xƒyúˆÏ¢!¢Î˚yò Á ˛ôy£z˛ôÛñ Ú!˛ôÑ˛!òÑ˛Ûñ ÚîyÎ˚Ók˛Ûñ
Ú!òì˛ƒˆÏÜy˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyÓì≈˛òÛñ ÚˆäÈyÓúÛñ Ú~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ˛ô!à Ñ%˛Ñ%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢%ÖÈÙÈîÉ% ÖÛñ ÚÓ˚yã¢¶˛y Ñ˛y!£ò#Ûñ
ÚõyîˆÏú òì%˛ò ˆÓyúÛ ~ÓÇ Úˆ˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚y Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y ˛ôyhs˛y Ó%!v˛¸Û ÈÙÙÙÈ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ü#°Ï≈ òyõ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ
ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y !òì˛yhs˛£z Ö%â˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˛ôÎ˚¢yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y– ÜîƒÁ ˆì˛õò üy!íì˛
òÎ˚–
!mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î,!‹T¶˛!D ÷ï% ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆîÖy Óy Ñ˛yˆÏò ˆüyòyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ú òy– ˆúÖÑ˛ !òˆÏãÁ ˆÎò ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚eˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ~Ñ˛yd £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò–
ö˛ˆÏú Ü“ xyÓ˚ !òäÈÑ˛ á›˛òyÓ˚ Óí≈òyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ú òy ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ xyÓˆÏì≈˛
äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚úñ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ú â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˛ã≈ÜˆÏì˛– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD !ì˛!ò
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòˆÏúò xyÖƒyò Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚Á– ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Ü“=ˆÏúy 1981 ¢yˆÏú ˆúÖy ÚÓ§yÑ%˛â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÜÓ˚fl˛iy!úÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1994 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ Ú˛ô!Ó˚e´õyÛ Ü“!›˛ ˆúÖyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛– ~ÖyˆÏò
!ì˛!ò !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ á›˛òyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÷ï% ¢#õyÓk˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúò òyñ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ìò ¶˛!Dõy–
xÌ≈yÍ ˆúÖÑ˛ òÎ˚ñ x!¶˛ãyì˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z òÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ Ü“ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚£z ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÎò á›˛òy òÎ˚
!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yãÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy=ˆÏúy xòƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆüyòyˆÏFäÈñ ˆ¢ ˆüyòyˆÏFäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÓ˚
õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢£z ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ü![˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛Öò ˆÎò !Óòy ÓyïyÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Á˛ ≤ÃˆÏÓüy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú– ì˛y£z ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ü“=!ú xˆÏòÑ˛ˆÏÓ!ü xhs˛Ó˚D £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ÚˆÜy¤˛Ûñ
Ú˜ãƒ¤˛ 1390Ûñ Úá%á% !Ñ˛ÇÓy õyò%°ÏÛñ Úˆãƒy!ì˛°Ï#Ûñ ÚÓòõy!úÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ˆö˛Ó˚yÛñ ÚÚÓyÑ%˛â§˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÜÓ˚fl˛iy!úÛñ ÚxyÑ˛°Ïí≈ Á !ÓÑ˛°Ïí≈ Û ÚˆõÔãy ˆv˛yõ˛ôy!›˛Ûñ Ú£yv˛zˆ¢Ï Ûñ Ú¢!ÖòyÛñ Ú¢¡ôÑ˛≈Ûñ Úâ˛˜ÏÓˆ˚ ÓÏ !ì˛Û
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ Ü“–
˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy 1994 ¢yˆÏú ÚÓyˆÏÓ˚yõy¢Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ üyÓ˚î ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
Ú˛ô!Ó˚e´õyÛ Ü“ !îˆÏÎ˚– ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ü“ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü ¢õ,k˛ Á üy!íì˛– !ì˛!ò xyÓ˚ «%˛o «%˛o
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúò òyó ÷Ó˚& £ú ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ â˛úyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚e´õy– 2000 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛!ò !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=ˆÏúy õ)ú Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã¢D ˛ôyŒ›˛yˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúò– ˆ¢=ˆÏúy
~Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢Ó=ˆÏúy ~Ñ˛!eì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˛ôyÎ˚– £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛
òì%˛ò ~Ñ˛›˛y xyÖƒyò ¶˛!D– ˆÎõò ÈÙÙÙÈ Úî%ˆÏÖ ˆÑ˛Áv˛¸yÓ˚ fl˛∫yfl˛iƒ ¶˛yÓòyÛñ Úî%ˆÏÖ ˆÑ˛Áv˛¸yÓ˚ !ÓŸªÛ
Ü“ È= Úî%ˆÏÖ ˆÑ˛Áv˛¸yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ó Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ Ü“ = Ú¶˛Óî#Î˚ òDÓ˚â˛wÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ó
ÚîyÈÙÈÑ˛y›˛yÛ Ü“ =È ÚÑ˛ÌyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ~£z ˛ôˆÏÓ≈£z !ì˛!ò Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Úâ˛õÑ˛y£zì˛úy
â˛ˆÏúyÛñ Ú=Ó˚&ÈÙÈì˛˛ô≈íÛ £zì˛ƒy!î Ü“– ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü“=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%!úÍãyÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˛ôˆÏ›˛y@˘ÃyˆÏö˛Ó˚
¢ˆÏD ì%˛úòy Ñ˛Ó˚y â˛ˆÏú– ~£z ö˛ˆÏ›˛y!›˛ ˆÎõò !ÓŸª îÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜy›˛y xy!ö˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ !â˛e ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆì˛õ!ò ~£z Ü“ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒhs˛ xM˛Èˆú Ï Ó˚ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ õyò%°ˆÏ îÏ Ó˚ !òˆÏ¶˛≈ ãyú ¶˛yˆÏÓ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú–
~ÖyˆÏò xyúyîy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓM˛Èòy Óy ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £Î˚ òy–
â˛yÓ˚.
!ò¡¨ÓˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ã#Óò Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛Ó˚y ˆÎ Ñ˛ÌòˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyfl˛iy˛ôò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ !òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ò«˛e–
ˆîü#Î˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ !â˛hs˛yÈÙÈˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ
ì˛y xyM˛È!úÑ˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛ x!¶˛òÓ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢– ~£z x!¶˛òÓì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z 2008ÈÙÈ~
≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛úò!›˛– ÓyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ !¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ
Ü“ Ú!˛ôÑ˛!òÑ˛Û SÜ“=FäÈñ 1980VñÙÙÙÈ Îy ˆ◊!í ˜Ó°Ïõƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖy– ~£z ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆÑ˛Óúõye
˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Á Ü“â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÑ˛yÓ˚– ˆúÖÑ˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ˛ô!îñ ¢%!îñ Ü!DÈÙÙÙÈ~£z¢Ó ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìyó ÎyÓ˚y ã#ÓˆÏò ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ Ó£z î%ÛÓyÓ˚ ˆõy›˛Ó˚Üy!v˛¸ ˆîˆÏÖ!òñ ÎyÓ˚ òyõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ÚÑ˛y!äÈõ
Üy!v˛¸Ûñ ÚxyÓyÓ˚ !˛ôÑ˛!òÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ÓˆÏú Úõy‡˛ Ó˚yßÿÛ– ~£z õy‡˛Ó˚yßÿ£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ü£Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õy!ÜÈÙÈõÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ îúñ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°Ï ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !îò ü˝ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yúâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚ñ ì˛y£z ˆì§˛ì%˛ú ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ÚˆõˆÏÎ˚›˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ‡˛¢ !îˆÏÎ˚ õÓ˚î›˛y ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà
ÓˆÏ¢Û ÌyÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ !Ófl˛øˆÏÎ˚ £ì˛ÓyÑ˛– Ü“!›˛ˆÏì˛ â˛õÑ˛ ãyÜyÎ˚ ÖyÁÎ˚yÈÙÈîyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ~ˆÏ¢–
Ü!D ì˛yÓ˚£z ÓÎ˚!¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈyR ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÖyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÑ˛yÎ˚ ≠ ÚÚ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ
~Ñ˛›˛yÁ !õ!‹T ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆò£z– ~ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ¢Óy£z– ˆòv˛¸yñ ˆÜyÓÓ˚y ¢Óπy£z ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ ÎyÎ˚
˛ôyì˛y=ˆÏúyÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– Ñ%˛Ñ%˛Ó˚›˛y ~!îÑ˛ Á!îÑ˛ ˛ôyì˛y ›˛yòy›˛y!ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ü!DÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò
úyú î£zñ ˆ˛ôyÎ˚y!ì˛ !õ!‹Tñ õyÇ¢ñ úyúãyõyñ úyúã%ˆÏì˛y ¶˛yˆÏ¢– Ü!DˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆîˆÏÖ ˆõˆÏÎ˚›˛y
˛ôyì˛yÖyòy ˆ‡˛ˆÏú ˆîÎ˚– ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ÇˆÏâ˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ... â˛yì˛yú›˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆòˆÏõ ä%È›˛ˆÏì˛ ä%È›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Ü!D– Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ î%ÈÙÈ£yˆÏì˛ ãy˛ô!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛
~§ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôyì˛y›˛y–ÛÛ5 ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z Ü“!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ â˛yÁÎ˚yÈÙÈ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
x!DÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò !ì˛!ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ £zFäÈy›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%ˆÏÖ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ü!D
â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ £zFäÈyÈÙÈ≤ÃÓíì˛y Á ˛ôÓ˚â˛â≈˛yñ ˛ôÓ˚!ò®y £zì˛ƒy!î ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
!e´Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô x!ì˛ !ò˛ô%í £ˆÏhfl˛ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢_yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛y°Ïy !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò–
˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Á !òã !òã v˛zî‰@˘Ã#Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD @˘Ãyõƒ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü xyˆÏÎ˚y!ãì˛ Ú!˛ôÑ˛!òÑ˛ÛˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ ¶˛yˆÏÓ
v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!ÌÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yò!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Úãy!ì˛fl˛øÓ˚Û S˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ 1991V ~ÓÇ
Úâ˛˜ÏÓ˚ˆÏÓ!ì˛Û SÑ%˛‡˛yÓ˚ñ 1993V Ü“ î%!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ– ˜Ó°åÓ#Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÜˆÏäÈ
v˛z¶˛Î˚ ÜˆÏ“– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ü“ î%!›˛ ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú õˆÏò £ˆÏÓ Ú!ì˛ˆÏú !ì˛!ú ò)ì˛ò ˆ£yÎ˚Û–
˜Ó°åÓ#Î˚ xò%°ÏˆÏDÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xõÓ˚ !õeˆÏÑ˛ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛îy
ãy!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò≠ ÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˝ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´Ó˚ £!îü ˜Ó°åÓ ã#Óòîü≈ˆÏò
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~!›˛ xyõyÓ˚ Ü“â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÓ≈– ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÓúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛#ì≈˛!òÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈñ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÓyï xyõyˆÏÑ˛ Ö%Ó fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xy¢ˆÏú â˛úyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚
ã#Óò›˛y ˆÎò òì%˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–Û ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˛ôÌ â˛úˆÏì˛ â˛úˆÏì˛ õˆÏòy£Ó˚îy¢ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ›˛yˆÏò
¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyÎ˚yÓ˚ ãyú !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˆòˆÏõ!äÈú !Ñ˛‹T ¢yõ%£z– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôÌ£z ì˛yÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy ÈÙÙÙÈ
~Ñ˛ xyÖv˛¸y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ xyÖv˛¸y– ~£z ¢)ˆÏe£z ~ˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚ ˆõúyÈÙÈÑ˛#ì≈˛òÈÙÈÎyey˛ôyúyÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D–
~õò£z ~Ñ˛ ˆ¢yòyõ%Ö#Ó˚ õˆÏòy£Ó˚îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆõúyÎ˚ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Óy˛ô !Ñ˛‹T ¢yõ%£z ì˛Ìy !Ñ˛‹Tîy¢
ÓyÓyã#ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%ã § ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õyñ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎÁ
˚ ÎyÎ˚– ≤Ãì˛ƒˆÏ£Ó˚ Îy˛ôò ¢ÇÓyî ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÓyã#ˆÏÑ˛
ÓˆÏú ≠ ÚÚõ%!òˆÏüÓ˚ îyõ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á £zv˛z!òÎ˚ò– xy›˛ ár›˛y Ñ˛yã– ˆÓì˛ò ˛ô§!â˛ü ›˛yÑ˛y–ÛÛ6
xyˆÏÓ˚y ÓˆÏúñ ÚÚ˛ôlfl˛ ˛ôyòyˆÏì˛ ~ÓäÈÓ˚ ˆv˛yÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ õí õyäÈ õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏâ˛– Öy˛ô%¢ Öy˛ô%¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ v˛z‡˛ú ˆÜy–ÛÛ7 ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î!v˛¸ ˆäÈ§v˛¸y v˛zîy¢ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÓyÓyã# ì˛yÓ˚
ã#Óò¢£â˛Ó˚#Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛!îò ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÓyì≈˛yñ áÓ˚í#Ó˚ õyòÈÙÈx!¶˛õyòñ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ xyfl˛∫yîò
ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ ¢Ó£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÓyÓyã# ~Öò ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ â˛úyÓ˚ ˛ô!ÌÑ˛ñ ì˛y£z
˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ xy£¥Óyò ˆì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyˆÏÓ˚y õï%Ó˚ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ü¶˛#Ó˚– ö˛ˆÏú Óï≈õyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ¢ Ó˚yïyÓ˚
õyˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆîÎ˚ ÓyÓyã#– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ õ%¢ˆÏúñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛yˆÏüyúñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
ÓòÓ#Ó˚!¢Ç ÈÙÙÙÈ xyˆÏÓ˚y xòƒe– xyÓ˚ î#á≈ ˛ôÌ ˛ôy!v˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó Ñ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ õ%ˆÏÖ
Ó˚yïyÓ˚ Óy˛ôˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ˆÏã ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚Á ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– !Ñ˛‹TîyˆÏ¢Ó˚
G%˛!úˆÏì˛ ˛ôÓ˚õ õõì˛yÎ˚ !áñ õï%ñ òyv˛Y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õyÈÙÈˆÑ˛Á áˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~õò Óí≈òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ òyòy Óí≈òy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ˛ôîyÓú#Ó˚ ˆáÓ˚y äÈˆÏÑ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
¢yï xyÓ˚ î#á≈Ÿªy¢ ïˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– xyÓ˚ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õy ¢yÓ˚y ã#Óò !îˆÏÎ˚ Îy xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ
Ó%ˆÏG˛ˆÏäÈ ÙÈÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ ì˛y£z ˆüyòyÎ˚ ≠ ÚÚ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yïˆÏì˛£z ˆì˛y áÓ˚ Ó§yïy– ÓˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜyÓ˚& Ñ§˛yˆÏï ˆãyÎ˚yú ˆòÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆáyÓ˚y õyò%°Ï›˛y ˆÎ ö§˛yÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏú ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚Ê Ó˚yïyÓ˚
õy áÓ˚ Ó§yïˆÏì˛ ãyˆÏò !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôÌ Ó§yïˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜy⁄ÛÛ8 ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õyÈÙÈÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
xy=ˆÏòñ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãˆÏú !Ñ˛‹TîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ õyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ â˛úyÓ˚ !Ó≤Ãì˛#ˆÏ˛ô ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚£z ~Ñ˛
òì%˛ò ¶˛y°Ïƒ ˆúÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎòÓy–
Úãy!ì˛fl˛∫Ó˚ÛÈÙÈ~ !Ñ˛‹Tîy¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyÎ˚yÈÙÈÓı˛ò ˆÓ§ˆÏï Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!òñ ˆì˛õ!ò
Úâ˛˜ÏÓ˚ˆÏÓ!ì˛ÛÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôy ¢FäÈú ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy›˛ÈÙÈÑ˛Ó˚y !G˛ñ £zv˛z!ò›˛ ›˛∆yfi›˛ xyÓ˚ £z!®Ó˚y !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
≤Ãyâ%˛Î≈ñ ã#Óò x«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ñ˛ä%È£z ˆÜy˛ôyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ§ˆÏï Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ú òy≠
ÚÚÁ Ó§y!üˆÏì˛ v˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ÷ˆÏò!äÈ ˆÎ xyã/ˆõyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yò Ñ˛y!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ ˆ¢ Ó˚yÖyúÓ˚yã–ÛÛ9 ˆÎ
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!îò ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôò ¶˛yˆÏúyúyÜyÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÖyˆÏúÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú ì˛yˆÏú ˆòˆÏâ˛ ˆÓ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ
ãyõüúyÓ˚ ÎyeyÜyˆÏò ÎyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÑ˛v˛z ì˛yúy£z ˛ôyì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!òñ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ
xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ~Öò !ì˛òˆÏ›˛ üƒyˆÏúyÈÙÈâ˛úy Ü,£ˆÏfl˛iÓ˚ äÈÈÙÈÑ˛% ‡%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎò ÚxˆÏüyÑ˛ÓˆÏò
¢#ì˛y–ÛÛ ~ÖyˆÏòÁ ÓyÓyã# xyˆÏäÈòñ xyˆÏäÈò üy_´ =Ó˚&Ó˚ !ü°Ïƒ– ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚îy¢ ÓyÓyã# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
ˆüyòyÎ˚ ÚÓv˛¸ !Ó˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ö˛úÛ úyv˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ˆÑ˛òòy ˆ¢ ÚÑ˛y›˛ˆÏú ¢%Ó˚ñ ö˛y›˛ˆÏú x¢%Ó˚Û–
ÓyÖyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú ≠ ÚÚúyv˛z ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ~Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚y– ... £yˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚y v˛z‡˛ˆÏú ì%˛!õ ÷ï% ¢%Ó˚!›˛ ïˆÏÓ˚
xyäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ Üyò ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ˛ôÌñ òî#ÈÙÈ!ÓŸªÓΩ˛y[˛– ... ì˛ˆÏÓ úyv˛z ö˛y›˛ˆÏú£z ÜˆÏ[˛yˆÏÜyú– ¢%Ó˚
Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏú£z x¢%Ó˚– ã#Óò!›˛ ˆö§˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÜú– ... õyòÓã#Óò Óv˛¸ xõ)úƒ ïò– ˆ¢ ïò !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ãò
õ£yãò# Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄ÛÛ10 !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆîÖy ˆÜúñ ˆÜy˛ôy ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚y ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ_´Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z
ˆÎ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ÈÙÈÑ˛Ó˚y ÓyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Óyî# Ñ˛Z˛fl˛∫Ó˚– Ö§yâ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ì˛y£z ¢Ó
!òˆÏ°ÏˆÏïÓ˚ ˆÓ!v˛¸ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆö˛ˆÏú ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ¢!Dò# £ˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ ˆÜy˛ôy– !Ñ˛ls˛
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ ˆ¢ !fl˛i!ì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆ¢£z ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏë˛¸Ó˚ ˆÜÓ˚&Î˚y Óí≈ Ó¢ˆÏò
xyÓ,ì˛– £yˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚y– Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏú â˛®ˆÏòÓ˚ !›˛˛ô– Ñ§˛yˆÏï !¶˛«˛yÓ˚ G%˛!ú– xyÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôyÓ˚ úúyˆÏ›˛
˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ !òîyò– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ õÌ%Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó,®yÓòñ Ó,®yÓò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%Ó˚#ñ ˛ô%Ó˚# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òÓm#˛ôñ
òÓm#˛ô ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !¶˛úy£z ÈÙÙÙÈ e´õyÜì˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú ˛ôÌ â˛úy– ~£z ˛ôÌ â˛úˆÏì˛ â˛úˆÏì˛ Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛ô!ÌÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Á Ñ˛Öò ~Ñ˛yd £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy ˆõúyÎ˚– ¶%˛ˆÏú ˆÎˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ Ñ˛Öò
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ x®Ó˚õ£ˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y â˛!Ó˚e Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô xy!Ó¶)≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛
¢_y– ~£z ˙!ì˛£ƒÈÙÈ£z Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚–
Ü“ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Ü“ Ú¢!ÖòyÛÈÙÈˆì˛ SÑ˛yúyhs˛Ó˚ñ 1993V Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˛ôƒyÓ˚y@˘Ãyö˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
˛ôƒyÓ˚y@˘Ãyö˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !¢â%˛ˆÏÎ˚üò ˆÜyú Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ fl˛ô‹T ¶˛yˆÏÓ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛
v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ ÜˆÏ“ õ!ãîñ Óv˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £yì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ›˛yÑ˛y !òˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy
ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡øyˆÏò ÓyïˆÏúÁñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ˆòüy ˛ôyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ÚÚ¢!Öòy Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y Ö%!v˛¸ñ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y
Óv˛z!îñ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ÷ï% ¢!Öòy– ì˛yÓ˚ Óv˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y xyúyîy £zIì˛– áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ~Öò
ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ÓîúyˆÏFäÈ– Óv˛zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˛ôÎ˚¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ úyú ˆÜ!O â˛y˛ôˆÏFäÈñ Ñ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ â˛!›˛–...ÛÛ11
~£z ¢!ÖòyˆÏÑ˛£z xyÓyÓ˚ ˆîÖÓ ¢yÇ¢y!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈ ¢%!ò˛ô%íy ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚˆäÈˆú Ï ˆÏõˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ â˛â≈˛yñ Ó˚yßÿÓyßÿñ
ˆÜyÓ˚& ˆîÖy ¢Ó£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚Û ì˛yˆÏÑ˛– ¢yÇ¢y!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°ÏãòˆÏîÓ˚
ãòƒÁ ˆ¢ !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ â˛yÎ˚ó ì˛y£z Ó˚ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ £Ó˛ô%Ñ˛% ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÓƒyˆÏB˛Ó˚ õƒyˆÏòãyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óyv˛¸!ì˛ ˆúyò Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ú!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óhfl˛y Óhfl˛y ˆÓúÈÙÈˆÖyúy xy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– !ÓüÈÙÈ!eü›˛y ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ ˆÎò ~Ñ˛›˛y v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ õ£v˛¸y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚–
ú!Ó˚›˛y !˛ôâ˛Ó˚yhfl˛y ˆ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !î!áÓ˚ Üy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~ˆÏ¢ xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏÜyˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y
ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ îú ú!Ó˚Ó˚ Öyúy!¢ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yˆÏã £yì˛ úyÜyÎ˚– ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏäÈ ≠ ÚÚˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
G§˛yÑ˛ Üy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ú!Ó˚Ó˚ Öyúy!¢Ó˚y £yì˛ úyÜyÎ˚– ¢Æ˛ôˆÏí≈ òyõyò £Î˚ ˆÓú ˆÖyúyÓ˚
Óhfl˛y– ¢!Öòy ¢£z Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ~Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y Óhfl˛y ì%˛ˆÏú ˆòÎ˚– ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z
õyÌyÎ˚–ÛÛ12 Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èòñ ~Ñ˛ ˆãòyˆÏÓü˚ ò ˆÓúˆÏÖyúyÓ˚ Óhfl˛y ú!Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ áõ≈˛ôyì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ããß√ ÚúZ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ ˛ôÌ ˆîÖyÎ˚ ÓyFâ˛y ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏõˆÏÎ˚=ˆÏúyÛ–13 ~
ÜˆÏ“Á Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ü“ Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏÑ˛ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈòñ Îy ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ !¶˛ß¨
¢_yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢¡ô)í≈ òyÓ˚# õòfl˛Òì˛yÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ñ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Ú¢!ÖòyÛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y£z òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ£z ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒõ!í Óy ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y v˛zFâ˛˛ôîfl˛i fl˛iyò
xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÚüÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yàyÈÙÈÜv˛¸yÛ S≤Ã!ì˛«˛íñ 1994V ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ì˛ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚
!Ó!v˛Á õƒyv˛yõ– Î!îÁ ÜˆÏ“ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ @˘Ãyõ#í Ó˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ !â˛e– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢õ@˘Ã Ü“!›˛
ÎyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢£z ö%˛úõ!í ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎ ˛ôM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ¢î¢ƒy–
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ñ˛yã ˆ¢ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ¢yõúyˆÏì˛ £Î˚– Ü“ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¶˛yàyÈÙÈÜv˛¸yÓ˚ äÈ!Ó– ö%˛úõ!íÓ˚ Óƒhfl˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˛ôM˛ÈyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚
îö˛yîyÓ˚ ¢ß¨ƒy¢# á%á% !Ó!v˛Á !î!îõ!íÓ˚ £zFäÈyò%ÎyÎ˚# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ãˆÏì˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆîÖy £ˆÏú ¢ß¨ƒy¢#
ÓˆÏú ≠
Ú!Ó!v˛Á !î!îõ!í ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈòñ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈò– !õ!›˛Ç £ˆÏÓ–Û
ÚxyˆÏÜ ÓˆÏú!ò ˆì˛yÊÛ
ÚxyˆÏÜ !‡˛Ñ˛ !äÈú!ò– òì%˛ò !Ó!v˛Á !î!îõ!í xyÓ˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ ¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛y¢ˆÏúò–
ì˛y !î!îõ!íÓ˚ £zˆÏFäÈ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ˆõ¡∫yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏÓò– ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ ÖÓÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ~ú%õ–Û
Ú!ì˛òˆÏ›˛ ÓyãˆÏì˛ ˆì˛y ˆî!Ó˚ xyˆÏäÈ ˆÜy– ¢yì˛ãò Ó˚&£zˆÏäÈ– xy!õ Îy£z ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄Û
Úˆ¢ˆÏe´›˛y!Ó˚ ÓúˆÏú ãÓ˚&!Ó˚ !õ!›˛Ç–Û
Ú¢Ó£z Ó%G˛ú%õ– ˆäÈˆÏú›˛y õy£z ÖyÎ˚!ò ¢Ñ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– áÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–Û
Úˆî!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ÓyÓ%Ûñ ¢ß¨ƒy¢# ÓˆÏú– Úõy‡˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ!ò⁄ÛÛÛ14
ö%˛úõ!í !ò!î≈‹T ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !õ!›˛ÇÈÙÈ~ ˆÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– ˜îò!®ò ïÓ˚yÓ§yïy äÈÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò ö%˛úõ!í– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó Ñ˛yãÑ˛õ≈ ˆ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ£z ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚– Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚
Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ~ÖyˆÏò ö%˛úõ!í â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò !òÎ˚õyò%ÎyÎ˚# Ñ˛ì≈˛ÓƒÓ˚ì˛y òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛–
xyÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆü°ÏyÇˆÏü !ì˛!ò ö%˛úõ!íÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚£z Ú¶˛yàyÈÙÈÜv˛¸yÛÓ˚ !â˛e!›˛ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò
ì%˛!úÓ˚ x§yâ˛ˆÏv˛¸– ~ÖyˆÏò ˆ¢£z î#á≈ x§yâ˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y£z ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚úyõ ≠ ÚÚ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ü Ó§y ˛ôy Öyòy
÷£zˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛– v˛yò ˛ôy›˛y Ó%Ñ˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ v˛yò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆ¢yãy v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– £§y›%˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ˆ¶˛ˆÏà xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏõˆÏäÈ ò#ˆÏâ˛– v˛yò £yì˛›˛y Ñ˛ò%£z ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚– Ó§y £yì˛›˛y
Ñ˛ò%£z ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚– Ó§y £yì˛›˛y ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚ õyÌyˆÏì˛– !òì˛ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¶˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛w– Ó˝Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ x!ã≈ì˛ ~Ñ˛ ¶˛!D– G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ xyáyì˛ ¢yÓ˚y õ%ˆÏÖ– ˆâ˛yÎ˚yˆÏú ¶˛yàˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛ô‹T
!â˛£´– Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏú òyòy ¶§˛yã– Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y!›˛ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈñ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xyÿ˛Î≈ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛
≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï– ~ Ó˚à @˘Ã#‹ø ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyñ Ó°Ï≈y ï%ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ãDˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚
üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y£z ~£z áˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ Ó˚à üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ !â˛Ó˚›˛y Ñ˛yú– ˆõˆÏãy!›˛ ãyòyúyÓ˚
ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ£úyò !îˆÏÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚– ˆÎò ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˝Ñ˛yú– î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ
ˆõy°Ï ˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ñ ãDˆÏú üyˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüñ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ã!õÓ˚ õyÌyÎ˚ ö˛¢ú Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ì˛y!ÜˆÏî– ÓˆÏ¢
xyˆÏäÈ ö%˛úõ!í !òì˛¡∫ î%!›˛ õy!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôy î%Öyòy Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!ò v˛zˆÏ‡˛
!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏõˆÏäÈ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛– î%ÈÙÈ£§y›%˛Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛ ~Ñ˛ î#á≈ ü)òƒì˛y– ˆ¢ ü)òƒì˛y ¶˛Ó˚y›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ˛ôyîõ)ˆÏú– xyà%ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ î%£z ˛ôyì˛y Öy!òÑ˛›˛y ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏäÈ Öy!òÑ˛
Öyîñ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ hfl˛ò ˆÓü Öy!òÑ˛›˛y ˆÖyúy– ~Öò£z £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yˆÏÖyÑ˛y G§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ¢ı˛yˆÏò– v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ hfl˛ò Ñ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ë˛yÑ˛y– ¢õhfl˛ úIy xyFäÈy!îì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ¢ÎˆÏb–
£yì˛ î%ˆ›Ï ˛y Óy˝õ)ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óyv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ Óyv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ î%ÈÙÈ£y§ ›%˛Ó˚ Üy ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ãˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È– üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛yˆÏÑ˛
xyÜˆÏú ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒÎ˚# ≤Ãyâ˛#ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z ¢õ@˘Ã ¶˛!DÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ≤Ãy˜ÏÜ!ì˛Ñ˛£y!¢Ñ˛
£z!ì˛£y¢ ïÓ˚y xyˆÏäÈ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚üñ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yñ ˆõˆÏãy ~ÓÇ ö%˛úõ!í !õˆÏú ˆÎò ~Ñ˛›˛y äÈ!Óñ äÈ!ÓÓ˚
õyò%°Ï=ˆÏúyÓ˚ ˆÎ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ì˛y ˆÎò ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ¶˛yˆÏàñ ¶˛yày v˛z!â˛Í–ÛÛ15 Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
¢yÓ˚Ñ˛Ìy ˆüyòyò– ˆÎ äÈ!Ó !ì˛!ò ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y xì˛ƒhs˛£z x!¶˛òÓ–
~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˆÎò ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yàyÈÙÈÜv˛¸y–
ÚüyÖyÛ SÎ%Üyhs˛Ó˚ñ 1994V ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ ˆîÓ# ¢yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Á xõ)úƒ ü§yÖy!Ó˚ ¢Çeýhs˛
!Ñ˛ÇÓî!hs˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ≤ÃÑ˛“òyÓ˚ ¢#õy õ%ˆÏäÈ ÎyÁÎ˚yˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛òy £ˆÏúÁ e´õü
xõ)ˆÏúƒÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ÷ˆÏºÓ˚ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôòyÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Óì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Ç ÓîˆÏúÓ˚ äÈ!Ó ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– xõ)úƒ
ü§yÖy!Ó˚ñ ˆîÓ# ¢yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ ˆîÓ#ˆÏÑ˛ ü§yÖy ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ £z!ì˛Ó,_ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ !ò!õ≈ì˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!ò!õ≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆîÓ# ¢yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ ˆÜy£y›˛ ÓˆÏ¢– ˛ô%§!ãÓyî
Á ¢yõhs˛ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Ü§y›˛äÈv˛¸yÎ˚ Óƒ!_´ x!hfl˛c Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !Óï,ì˛ñ ì˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !òãfl˛∫ ¶˛y°ÏyÈÙÈ¶˛!DõyÎ˚
Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚È Èfl˛ô‹T¶˛yˆÏÓ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !òãfl˛∫ ˙!ì˛ˆÏ£ƒÓ˚ ¢Ç!õ◊ˆÏí–

Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÜˆÏ“ õyò%°Ï òyòy ¢Çáyì˛ Á !Ó≤Ãì˛#˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Á
x˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ äÈ!Ó ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z Ú˛ô!Ó˚e´õyÛ SÓyˆÏÓ˚yõy¢ñ 1994V ÜˆÏ“ ˆî!Öñ õÎ˚òyÓ˚ õy ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó ¢hs˛yò
¢hs˛!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏe ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú òÓ#ò ÜˆÏO– !Ñ˛ls˛ ÎÖò ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ £yì˛äÈy!òˆÏì˛
¢Óy£z î)ˆÏÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ó ì˛ÖˆÏòy õÎ˚òyÓ˚ õy ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛e ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ î%î≈õò#Î˚ fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿
!ÓˆÏ¶˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈ– fl˛∫yõ# ◊#òyˆÏÌÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á !òÉ¢D £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ò ˆ¢– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚
õyˆÏG˛ xò%¶)˛!ì˛≤ÃÓí òyÓ˚# !òãfl˛∫ ˆ«˛e ÜˆÏv˛¸ !òˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛ÜÓyò ˛ôy[˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
◊#ˆÏ«˛e ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿ñ !›˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÓòyÓ˚¢#Ó˚ fl˛∫≤¿ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ˛ô)Ó˚í £Î˚!ò– ì˛Ó% fl˛∫≤¿ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà
ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á üì˛Ó°Ï≈ x!ì˛eýhs˛ õÎ˚òyÓ˚ õy fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîˆÏÖ â˛ˆÏúó ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ !›˛ˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÓòyÓ˚¢#ñ ¢õ@˘Ã ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛e Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ~õò!Ñ˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
≤Ãyhs˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ ◊#òyÌ â˛e´Óì˛#≈Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¶˛ÜÓyò ˛ôy[˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈò ˆ˛ôäÈò ãÜßÿÌ îü≈ˆÏò
ÎyˆÏFäÈ– â˛y!Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z ¶˛yàòñ xÓ«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛Á x«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢yïòy Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– ì˛y£z
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆü°ÏyÇˆÏü v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏ¢ñ £y!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ õyDúƒ Á ÷¶˛ˆÏÓyïˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ó
Îy Óy!£ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ≤Ããß√ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ããß√yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚– õˆÏò £Î˚ ~ ˆÎò ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ xòƒ
ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ú˛ô!Ó˚e´õyÛ–
xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ Ü“ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ S≤Ãõyñ
2000V– ~£z òyõ!›˛£z xÓüƒ ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ü#°Ï≈ òyõ ~ÓÇ Ü“!›˛ xyÜyˆÏÜyv˛¸y Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=ˆÏúy
!â˛!‡˛Ó˚ ¢õ!‹T– Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ ü#°≈Ñ˛ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ !≤ÃÎ˚yB˛y Üy!ı˛ ˛ô%e ¢hs˛yò ¢Ω˛Óy ~£z
¢ÇÓyî ˆãˆÏò£z ˛ôeˆÏ≤ÃÓÑ˚ ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫¶˛yÓ ¢%ú¶˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ãò ˆÓyˆÏï v˛z!m@¿ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò– xy¢ß¨ ¢hs˛yò!›˛Ó˚
ˆîÖy ˆüyòyÓ˚ ãòƒ â˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y˛ôk˛!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛– ˆÎ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚
ÚÑ˛úƒyíÑ,˛˛ôyÎ˚Û ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏe äÈy˛ôy ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£z £ˆÏÓÛ– ì˛Öò xyãß√ @˘Ãyõƒ˛ôy!úì˛
~£z õyò%°Ï!›˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ü¶≈˛fl˛i ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !úD !òï≈yÓ˚í ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyï £Î˚ ˆõˆÏò
!òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!òó xyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò ÓˆÏú£z ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚ ≠ ÚÚ¶˛ÜÓyò ˆÎ!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò
ˆ¢!›˛£z xyò® Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú !Ñ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ~ˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚⁄ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚
‡˛yÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õì˛ò ˆõˆÏÎ˚ £ˆÏú ãÜÍ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˆì˛y xyˆÏúy–ÛÛ16 ~Ñ˛Ìy ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ @˘Ãyõƒ Ñ˛yúâ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛£z
ˆüy¶˛y ˆîÎ˚ñ xyï%!òÑ˛ ≤Ããß√ ~Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ Ü“ ¢¡ô)í≈ì˛ !¶˛ß¨ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚–
~ Ü“ ˛ôy‡˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ ≤Ããß√ˆÏÑ˛ Ö%Ó ¢£ˆÏã£z Ü“Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü“ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ òì%˛ò ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛Ñ%˛ú–
Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛úò ~Ñ˛ xòƒ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ õyòÓ# â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ¢õy£yÓ˚– ˆÎÖyˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ x!¶˛òòÓcñ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ)úÑ˛ xy!DÑ˛ñ !õÌ Á ˆúyÑ˛yâ˛yÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚ˆÏí
!ì˛!ò òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ òyòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ ¶%˛°Ïí Á Ó¢ò ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úò @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ ˆü°Ï
â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Ü“ ÈÙÙÙÈ Úâ˛õÑ˛y£zì˛úy â˛ˆÏúyÛ S≤Ã!ì˛!îòñ 2000Vñ Úˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛# ≠ ~Ñ˛ãò ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¶˛yÓòyÛ Sò®òñ 2000Vñ Úî%ˆÏÖ ˆÑ˛Áv˛¸yÓ˚ òyÓ˚# ¶˛yÓòyÛ SÓyˆÏÓ˚yõy¢ñ 2001Vñ ÚÑ%˛!˛ôì˛
ˆîÓ#â˛[˛#Û Sxò%‹T%˛ôñ 2006V– ~£z â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Ü“£z !¶˛ß¨ !¶˛ß¨ xy!DÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ó ~Ñ˛›˛y
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛›˛y ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !õú Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– Úâ˛õÑ˛y£zì˛úy â˛ˆÏúyÛ ÜˆÏ“
Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú ¶˛yˆÏÜ Ü“!›˛ v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú!Ó!ï¢¡øì˛ ¢ì˛Ñ˛#≈Ñ˛Ó˚íÛñ ÚˆîÓ#
õ)!ì˛Ûñ ÚˆîÓ#Ó˚ ˛ô)ãyÛñ ÚˆîÓ#Ó˚ õy£ydƒÛñ Úâ˛õÑ˛y£z õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ë°ÏïÛñ ÚõyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôÛ– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛
¶˛yÜ£z Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yîv˛¸yÓ˚ @˘ÃyõˆÏîÓ# â˛õÍÑ˛y!Ó˚!ò Óy â˛õÑ˛y£zÈÙÈõyˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Ü“
Úˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛# ≠ ~Ñ˛ãò ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÛÈÙÈˆì˛ ˆúÖÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ ˆÖyˆÏúy¢ ˛ôyˆÏŒ›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò
ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xy¢ˆÏò v˛z˛ô!íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÚõyÈÙÈÓyÓyÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xy!ì˛üÎƒÛÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ
ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÓ˚ xy¢Ó˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ≠ ÚÚxÓüƒ ˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛# Óy
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xy!ì˛ü¢ƒ Ñ˛# ì˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ òy–ÛÛ17 Úî%ˆÏÖ ˆÑ˛Áv˛¸yÓ˚ òyÓ˚# ¶˛yÓòyÛ ÜˆÏ“ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚
Úî%ˆÏÖ ˆÑ˛Áv˛¸yÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚y˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~ÖyˆÏò ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏì˛– xyÓ˚
ÚÑ%˛!˛ôì˛ ˆîÓ#â˛[˛#Û ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛y!£!ò ì˛y xyõÓ˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Îy£z Úïò˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ !¢Ç£ú ÎyeyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ñ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛£z ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ≠ ÚÚïò˛ô!ì˛ ¢îyÜˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyáyˆÏì˛
!äÈ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚ ÖˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !Óv˛¸y xyÓ˚ Üv˛¸yÜ!v˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ Ö%Õ‘yÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛y â˛[˛#Ó˚ õDúá›˛–ÛÛ18 Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚
õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ~£z ˆÎ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ü“ !òõ≈yí Óy ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ fl˛iyò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ ì§˛yÓ˚ òì%˛òì˛õ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Óúy â˛ˆÏú– xy¢ˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚
õ)ú ˆÑ˛w!Ó®% ˆÎ òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚eˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖyˆÏòyñ ÷ï% ˆîÖyˆÏòy òÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓòïyÓ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆì˛yúy ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛«˛˛ôÌ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z !˛ôä%È ÙÈ˛ôy £ò!ò–
˛ô§yâ˛.
¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ òÓì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò– !Ó°ÏÎ˚˜ÏÓ!â˛eƒñ Ü“
Ñ˛Ìò¶˛!Dñ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜñ ˜îò!®ò ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ÖÈÙÈî%ÉÖ £zì˛ƒy!î ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Ö%§!›˛òy!›˛
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢,ãˆÏò fl˛iyò !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü“ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ~ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚
˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏòy@˘Ãy£# Á ¢%Ö ≤ÃîyòÑ˛yÓ˚#– òyÓ˚# ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ~£z ÓyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ Ü“ ˛ôy‡˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~›˛y
fl˛ô‹T £Î˚ ˆÎñ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òyó ˆÎ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ Óƒ_´
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛¡∫y ˆÎ Ü“ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ ˆúÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢ Ü“ !ì˛!ò !mì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆúˆÏÖò òy–
ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ !ì˛!ò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò xì˛ƒhs˛ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ# ~ÓÇ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òó ì˛y£z
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò v˛z˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ òì%˛ò xyÓ£– !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ
ˆúyÑ˛ÈÙÈv˛z˛ôyîyò ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüúñ @˘Ãyõ#íã#Óò ¢¡ô,_´ Ó˚#!ì˛ñ xyâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓŸªy¢ñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˛ô%Ó˚yí Ñ˛y!£!ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ xy›˛ˆÏ˛ôÔˆÏÓ˚ xÌâ˛ ¢%î)Ó˚Üyõ# Ñ˛y!ÓƒÑ˛
¶˛y°Ïy ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z !ì˛!ò fl˛∫yì˛ˆÏs˛fƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓ˚Öy!â˛e xB˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚
ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ Ú˛ôy‡˛Û ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏ¢ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛ Ú¶˛yÓòyÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Îy ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !¶˛ß¨ !¶˛ß¨ õyeyÎ˚
¶˛yÓyÎ˚– Îy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôy£z ì˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒ–
!ÓÜì˛ !ì˛ò îüÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ô£yÓ˚ !îˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ Èò ¢¡ô)í≈ fl˛∫ì˛s˛fÓ#˚ !ì˛Ó˚
Ü“– ~£z fl˛∫yì˛s˛fƒì˛y£z Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !õ◊ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆúÖÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ãyòˆÏì˛òñ
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ≤ÃÌy!¢k˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ Óy ¢õy!ÆÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyÎ˚ Óyhfl˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õÌ≈ò ˆò£z– ì˛y£z
Îy xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ ¢ì˛ƒñ ì˛y £ú Ó£õyò ¢õÎ˚– ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÓˆÏ£ õyò%°Ï xÓüƒ ˛ôÓ≈ÈÙÈ˛ôÓ≈yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚
!üˆÏ“Ó˚ xyÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ !Óòƒhfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏä– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢ ï%Ó !fl˛i!ì˛ x¢Ω˛Ó
ÓˆÏú£z ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢õÎ˚ÈÙÈü#!úì˛ !ü“Ó˚*˛ô ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˛Ó,≈ì˛ ≤ÃÓíì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ï!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚
ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚– ˛ôy‡˛Ñ,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛y£z !ò!î≈‹T xyÓ˚Ω˛ Óy ¢õy!Æ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– x!ì˛ ì%˛FäÈ ã#!ÓÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xD#Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ Ó§yâ˛yÈÙÈõÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏîˆÏü î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ õ!Ó˚Î˚y õyò%°Ï üòy_´
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xy˛ôyì˛ÈÙÈx˛ôyà‰ˆÏ_´Î˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zm,_ˆÏÑ˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚&!ãÓ˚&!â˛ xyÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
!òì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ m®µ ¢yˆÏÓ!Ñ˛ ˛ô%Ó˚yí ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÓyòyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òì%˛ò ˛ô%Ó˚yí– xy¢ˆÏú Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üîƒ
äÈ!Ó !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– äÈ!Ó !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú£z !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ¢£z õyÎ˚yõÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ ¢yˆÏÓÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏú
Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛Ìy Ñ˛ÌˆÏòÓ˚ x!äÈúyÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏú ˆîò ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛ î#í≈ ã#Óò Ñ˛Ìy!›˛– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z òÓì˛Ó˚
Ó˚*˛ô ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ òyÓ˚# ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ Ü“ ¢ÇÑ˛úò Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ– xyÓ˚ ~£z Ü“
¢,ãˆÏò Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈò ˙!ì˛£ƒõÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚Ñ˛ Á Óy£Ñ˛–
¢)e !òˆÏî≈ü ≠
1. Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛ SòyÓ˚#ÈÙÈˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ Ü“Vñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ≠
Ó£zˆÏõúyñ 2008ñx«˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ!úˆÏÑ˛üò¢‰ñ 29/3ñ ◊#ˆÏÜy˛ôyú õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ ˆúòñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 12ñ ¢)â˛òyÇü
2. Úˆ¢yˆÏõò â˛® fl˛ø,!ì˛ ˛ô%Ófl˚ ˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!‡˛ì˛Ûñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ÓyÇúy xyÑ˛yˆÏî!õñ 26 ã%úy£z 2000ñ v˛zmì, ˛ñ
î#˛ôB˛Ó˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ Á ˆîÓyÓ˚!ì˛ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ S¢¡ôyîòyVñ ÚÓ˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≠ Ñ˛ÌyÎyeyÎ˚ !ì˛ò îüÑ˛Ûñ
ÚxyõyÓ˚ ˆúÖyˆÏú!Ö ÈÙÈ 1Ûñ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ≠ Ó£zˆõÏ úyñ 2013ñ !îÎ˚y ˛ôyÓ!úˆÏÑ˛üòñ 44ÈÙÈ1/~ñ ˆÓ!òÎ˚yˆÏ›˛yúy
ˆúòñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 9ñ ˛ô,. ÈÙÈ 252
3. x!˛ô≈ì˛y õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≠ Ú¢õÎ˚ñ ã#Óò Á õ,ì%˛ƒˆÏì˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛Ó˚yÛñ ÓyˆÏÓ˚yõy¢ñ üyÓ˚î 2000ñ
v˛zk,˛ì˛ñ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ ˛ô,. 57–
4. ì˛y˛ô¢ ¢y£yñ ÚÓ˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆîÖy ã#ÓˆÏò ≤Ãì˛ƒhs˛ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ü“Ûñ î#˛ôB˛Ó˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ Á ˆîÓyÓ˚!ì˛ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛
S¢¡ôyîòyVñ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ ˛ô,. 34
5. Ó˚yõÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ Ú!˛ôÑ˛!òÑ˛Ûñ ˛ô,. 18
6. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ Úãy!ì˛fl˛øÓ˚Û ˛ô,. 33
7. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ ˛ô,. 35
8. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛i ˛ô,. 36
9. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ Úâ˛˜ÏÓ˚ˆÏÓ!ì˛Ûñ Ú˛ô,. 37
10. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ ˛ô,. 46
11. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ ˛@˘Ãs˛iñ Ú¢!ÖòyÛñ Ú˛ô,. 53
12. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ ˛ô,. 57
13. ì˛ˆÏîÓ
14. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ ÚüÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yàyÈÙÈÜv˛¸yÛñ ˛ô,. 62
15. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ ˛ô,. 67ÈÙÈ68
16. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚yB˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú£zÛñ Ú˛ô,. 99
17. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ Úˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛# É ~Ñ˛ãò ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòyÛñ ˛ô,. 107
18. ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ @˘Ãs˛iñ ÚÑ%˛!˛ôì˛ ˆîÓ#â˛[˛#Ûñ ˛ô,. 120
îy‚œyëû ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy ç öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#

˜#œy‚Ö x!•„þyîû#*
¢Á±!“þ ¢yîûy þ™,!íî# ‹%öìvþü ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy Ÿ·!Ýþ !˜öìëû îÄyþ™„þ ¢yvþüy þ™öìvþüöìŠéÐ xöì˜öì„þîû
›öì•Ä ~£z !î¡ìëû!Ýþ !˜öìëû !”öì˜îû þ™îû !”˜ !îöìŸ¡ì xy@ùÌ£ç ö”…y ëyöìFŠéÐ ›£y!î”Äyœëû ç
!îÙ»!î”Äyœëû hßþöìîû ~ !î¡ìöìëû ˜y˜y þ™îû#Çþy !˜îû#Çþyç ‰þœöìŠéÐ x!•„þy‚Ÿ ŠéyeŠéye#îûy öë›˜
~ !î¡ìë!û Ýþ !˜öìëû þ™vþüö“ì þ ‰þy£zöŠì é– xyîyîû ¢‚†#“þ Kþy˜!þ™þ™y¢% !„þŠ%é îÄ!_«ç ¢D#öì“þîû …¤!% Ýþ˜y!Ýþ
îû£¢Ä vþzöì§Ãy‰þöì˜îû “þy!†öì” ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû myîûßþi £öìFŠéÐ Ö•%›ye £zvþzöìîûyþ™#ëû ö”Ÿ=!œ ˜ëû–
þ™yŸyþ™y!Ÿ ~!Ÿëûy– ~›˜!„þ xy›yöì”îû ~£z îy‚œyöì“þç ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû îÄyþ™„þ ²Ì‰þœ˜ œÇþÄ
„þîûy ëyöìFŠéÐ “þy£öìœ ²Ìíöì› ö”öì… ö˜çëûy ëy„þ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy Ÿ·!Ýþîû vþzm¦þ îû£¢Ä ~î‚ xíÅÐ
îy‚œyëû ëyöì„þ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy îœy £ëû– £zvþzöìîûyþ™#ëû ¦þy¡ìyëû íyöì„þ Musicology îöìœôôôô
Ÿöì·îû î%Äêþ™!_†“þ !”„þ!Ýþ !îöìÙÕ¡ì’ „þîûöìœ ö”…y ëyëû öë– Musicology Ÿ·!Ýþ ~öì¢öìŠé
Musicþ~î‚ Logyéôôé ~£z ”%!Ýþ £z‚öìîû!‹ Ÿöì·îû ¢›§ºëû ¢y•öì˜îû šþöìœÐ Music ~îû xíÅ
¢‚†#“þ– xyîû Logy xöìíÅ !î”ÄyÐ x“þ~î– ”%!Ýþ Ÿöì·îû ~„þ!e„þîû’ £œ ¢‚†#“þ!î”ÄyÐ
vþzöìÍÔ…Ä–– Logy Ÿ·!Ýþ ~öì¢öìŠé Latin Ÿ· Logos öíöì„þ– ëyîû ›yöì˜ £öìFŠé Ÿyßþf–!î”Äy–
!îKþy˜ £z“þÄy!”Ð ~„þ„þíyëû– Logos Ÿ·!Ýþ ¢‚†#öì“þîû ë%!_«¢D“þ !”„þ!Ýþ “%þöìœ •öìîûÐ
¢‚†#öì“þ “þ_´ ~î‚ “þöìíÄîû =îû&cþ™)’Å ¦)þ!›„þy îûöìëûöìŠé !àþ„þ£zÐ !„þlsþ ~„þíy ßþ™ÜT öë ¢)-
!î‰þyöìîûîû xyöìœyöì„þ “þöì_´îû ö‰þöìëû “þöìíÄîû =îû&c xþ™!îû¢#›Ð “þ_´ Ç%þo xöìíÅ îÄî£*“þ £ëû–
xyîû “þíÄ î,£ê xöìíÅÐ ëy£zöì£y„þ– “þöìíÄîû ›öì•Ä “þöì_î´ û xy˜yöì†y˜y !˜!Øþ“þ ßþº#„þyîû „þîûöì“þ£z
£ëûÐ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy ¢‚†#öì“þ îÄî£*“þ “þöìíÄîû !îKþy˜¢Á¿“þ ~î‚ ë%!_«@ùÌy£Ä îû*þ™!Ýþ ßþ™ÜT
„þöìîû ö“þyöìœÐ
²Ì„,þ“þþ™öìÇþ ~£z Musicology Ÿ·!Ýþîû vþzqî £ëû |˜!î‚Ÿ Ÿ“þy·#îû ²Ìyëû ›yGþy›y!Gþ
¢›öìëûÐ !„þlsþ “þyîûç þ™)öìîÅ îýîŠéîû xyöì† xy›yöì”îû ö”öìŸ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû ²Ì‰þœ˜ !ŠéœÐ
“þ…˜ ~£z ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äöì„þ †yõþîÅ!î”Äy îœy £“þÐ ›%!˜ ¦þîûöì“þîû ˜yÝþÄŸyöìßþf ç x˜Äy˜Ä @ùÌöìsþi
~£z †yõþîÅ!î”Äyîû îÄy…Äy þ™yçëûy ëyëûÐ ë#Ö…Ê#öìßþTÉîû ‹öì§Ãîû þ™îûî“Åþ# ¢›öìëû †yõþîÅ!î”Äyîû
çþ™îû îû!‰þ“þ öëéôéöì„þyöì˜y @ùÌsþiöì„þ£z †yõþîÅöìî” îöìœ xy…Äy ö”çëûy £“þÐ xyîyîû ²Ìy‰þ#˜
¦þyîû“þîöì¡ìÅ ~£z öî”öì„þ þþ™Mþé›öìî” îœy £“þÐ ~ „þíy ¢“þÄ öë– öîöì”îû ”%!Ýþ !”„þ íyöì„þÐ
~„þ!Ýþ !î”Äy– xþ™îû!Ýþ !e«ëûy„þy[þÐ !àþ„þ ~„þ£z¦þyöìî †yõþîÅöìîöì”îûç ”%!Ýþ !”„þ !Šéœéôôôôé ~„þ!Ýþ
¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy– xþ™îû!Ýþ ¢‚†#öì“þîû !e«ëûyd„þ !”„þÐ „þyœe«öì› ë…˜ =®ë%öì†îû þ™_˜ £ëû–
“þ…˜ †yõþîÅ!î”Äy Ÿ·!Ýþîû þ™!îûîöì“Åþ ˜y”!î”Äy Ÿ·!Ýþ ²Ì‰þ!œ“þ £öì“þ íy„þœÐ òò|˜!î‚Ÿ
Ÿ“þy·#îû !m“þ#ëûyöì•Å öþ™¤ïöìŠé xy›îûy ö”…!Šé ¢yîûy ¦þyîû“þî¡ìÅ ë…˜ ˜y”!î”Äy þ™!îû¦þy¡ìy!Ýþ !˜öìëû
¢lsþÜT îûöìëûöìŠé– “þ…˜ xy›yöì”îû ~£z îy‚œyîû ~„þ ¢‚†#“þ!îmy˜ ˜y”!î”Äyîû þ™!îûîöì“Åþ
*†öìî¡ì„þ– ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy !î¦þy†– îûî#w¦þyîû“þ# !îÙ»!î”ÄyœëûÐ
140 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ îy‚œyëû ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy ç öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#
ò¢D#“þ!î”Äyó þ™!îû¦þy¡ìy!Ýþ ²Ì‰þœ˜ „þîûöìœ˜Ð “¤þyîû ˜y› £öìFŠé öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#Ðóó1

1863 ¢yöìœ Friedic Chrysander ˜yöì› ~„þ‹˜ ‹y›Åy˜ ¢‚†#“þKþy˜# ¢îÅ²Ìí›
Musikalische Wissenschaft Ÿ·!Ýþ îÄî£yîû „þöìîû˜Ð ~£z Ÿ·!Ýþîû ›yöì˜ £œ Musical
Science xíÅyê ¢y‚†#!“þ„þ !îKþy˜Ð þ™îûî“Åþ#„þyöìœ ~£z Ÿ·!Ýþ šÊþyöìª Musicologie ~î‚
£z‚œöìuþ Musicology ˜yöì› îÄî£*“þ £ëûÐ Musicologyþ¢‚†#“þ ¢‚e«yhsþ öëöì„þyöì˜y !î¡ìëû
ëíy ¢y‚†#!“þ„þ •¹!˜ !îKþy˜– ¢‚†#öì“þîû £z!“þ£y¢– ¢D#öì“þîû “þ_´†“þ!”„þ– ¢‚†#öì“þîû ¢y!£“þÄy‚Ÿ–
¢‚†#öì“þ ”ŸÅ˜!î”Äy– ¢‚†#öì“þ ö¢ï¨ëÅ!î”Äy £z“þÄy!” !˜öìëû xyöìœy‰þ˜y „þöìîÐû ~„þ „þíyëû– ¢‚†#öì“þîû
vþzþ™öìîyû _« !î¡ìë=
û !œîû vþzþ™îû †öìî¡ì’y›)œ„þ þ™vþüyÖ˜y£z £œ ¢‚†#“þ!î”ÄyÐ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû ~„þ›ye
vþzöjì ŸÄ £œ ¢‚†#öì“þîû ˜y˜y!”öì„þîû vþzþ™y”y˜=!œîû !îKþy˜!¦þ!_„þ– ë%!_«¢D“þ ~î‚ “þíÄ¢›,kþ
îÄy…Äy ²Ì”y˜ „þîûy ~î‚ ö¢£z¢öìD ¢‚†#öì“þîû ëyíyíÅÄ !îöìÙÕ¡ì’ „þîûyÐ
~…˜ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû „þ›Å„þyöì[þîû =îû&c xy•%!˜„þ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû xyöìœyöì„þ
„þ“þ…y!˜ ²Ìy¢!D„þ “þy !îöìî‰þ˜y•#˜Ð xy•%!˜„þ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû ÷î!ŸöìÜTÄîû ¢öìD “¤þyîû „þ›Å„þyöì[þîû
÷î!‰þeÄ ç“þöì²Ìy“þ¦þyöìî ‹!vþü“þ îöìœ xöì˜„þ ¢‚†#“þöì„þy!î”ä ›öì˜ „þîûöìœç ö„þyöì˜y ö„þyöì˜y
þ™![þöì“þîû x!¦þ›“þ ¢Á™)’Å !îþ™îû#“þÐ “¤þyöì”îû •yîû’yëû î“Åþ›y˜ ¢‚†#“þ †öìî¡ì„þöì”îû „þyöìŠé
öÇþeöì›y£öì˜îû xöì˜„þ ¢y‚†#!“þ„þ !¢kþyhsþ ö“þ›˜ @ùÌ£’öìëy†Ä ˜ëûÐ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû
ë%† öíöì„þ e«›!îî“þÅöì˜îû þ™í •öìîû xy‹ þ™ëÅhsþ ¢‚†#öì“þîû ö‰þ£yîûyîû ˜y˜yîû„þ› þ™!îûî“þÅ˜
‡öìÝþöìŠéÐ ë%†yhsþöìîû ¢î !î¡ìöìëûîû£z ~„þ!Ýþ þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ œÇþÄ „þîûy ëyëûÐ ~ ‡Ýþ˜y ˜“%þ˜ !„þŠ%é
˜ëûÐ !„þlsþ !„þŠ%é !„þŠ%é !î¡ìöìëûîû öÇþöìe “þyîû ›)œ “þ_´ ²ÌyëûŸ£z xþ™!îûî!“Åþ“þ öíöì„þ ëyëûÐ
ö¢öìÇþöìe xy˜%¡ì!D„þ !„þŠ%é þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ ‡Ýþyöì˜y £ëû ›yeÐ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû „þ›Å„þyöì[þîû
!îöìÙÕ¡ìöì’îû öÇþöìeç ~îû„þ› ”,ÜTyhsþ ²Ì!’•y˜öìëy†ÄÐ “¤þyîû ¢‚†#“þ ¢,!ÜT îû£öì¢Äîû ›)œ “þ_´
¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû xyöìœy‰þ˜yëû xy‹öì„þîû !”öì˜ç xöì˜„þÝþy£z ú!“þ£Äîy£#Ð öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû
¢‚†#“þéôé!î¡ìëû„þ „þ›Å„þy[þ xöì˜„þyÝþy£z !îKþy˜¢Á¿“þ– †öìî¡ì’y•›Å# ~î‚ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû
xyëû_y´ •#˜Ð ¢%“þîûy‚ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy ~î‚ ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸöìëîû û „þ›Å„þyöì[þîû ›öì•Ä ~„þ!Ýþ ¢%¢Á™„Åþ
î‹yëû íy„þyÝþy ßþºy¦þyî“þ£z ßþºy¦þy!î„þ îÄyþ™yîûÐ “þy ¢öì_´ç ~ „þíy ›öì˜ îûy…y ”îû„þyîû öë–
“¤þyîû „þyöì‹îû ›öì•Ä ö„þyöì˜y e&!Ýþéôé!î‰%þÄ!“þ xyöìŠé !„þ˜y– ëy ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû ›öì•Ä ¢Á™„Åþ ßþiyþ™öì˜
”)îcû î‹yëû îûy…öì“þ þ™yöìîÐû xyîû ö¢£z¢öìD “¤þyîû ¢y‚†#!“þ„þ “þyêþ™öìëîÅ û ëyíyíÅÄ !î‰þyîû „þîûyÝþyç
ë%!_«¢D“þÐ
|˜!î‚Ÿ Ÿ“þy·#öì“þ îy‚œyëû ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy ²Ì¢yöìîû “þ¤yîû ²Ìöì‰þÜTy ~î‚ „þöì›Åy”Ä› ¢îÅ‹˜
²ÌŸ‚¢˜#ëûÐ “þê„þyœ#˜ ¢›öìëû ×# ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸëû îÄ“þ#“þ x˜Ä „þyvþzöì„þ£z ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy‰þ‰Åþy
„þîûöì“þ ö”…y ëyëû!˜Ð “þöìî þ™îûî“Åþ#„þyöìœ “¤þyîû !Ÿ¡ìÄöì”îû ›öì•Ä ²Ì“þÄÇþ¦þyöìî ~î‚ x˜Äy˜Ä
¢‚†#“þŸyßþf#öì”îû ›öì•Ä þ™öìîûyÇþ¦þyöìî ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû ‰þ‰Åþy „þîûöì“þ ö”…y ö†öìŠéÐ ¢%“þîûy‚–
¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyëû ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸöìëûîû ²Ìí› £hßþöìÇþþ™ ¢‚†#öì“þîû vþzê„þ¡ìÅ ¢y•öì˜ öë›˜ …Äy!“þ
~öì˜öìŠé– ö“þ›!˜ †öìî¡ì„þ ›£öìœ “¤þyîû „þ›Å„þyöì[þîû !îhß+þ“þ !îöìÙÕ¡ì’ ç Kþy˜y‹Åöì˜îû vþzöìjöìŸÄ
²Ìîœ vþzê¢y£ç ö”…y !”öìëûöìŠéÐ ëy£zöì£y„äþ– ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸöìëûîû „þ›Å„þyöì[þîû ²Ìy¢!D„þ“þy
¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû xyöìœyöì„þ „þ…öì˜y£z x²Ìy¢!D„þ £îyîû ˜ëûÐ
îy‚œyëû ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy ç öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 141
“¤þyîû ¢‚†#“þ“þ_´éôé!î¡ìëû„þ xyöìœy‰þ˜y=!œ xy•%!˜„þ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äyîû !˜!îûöì… „þ“þÝþy

²Ìy¢!D„þ “þy !îöìÙÕ¡ì’ „þîûy ~„þyhsþ ‹îû&îû#Ð !“þ!˜ “¤þyîû îû!‰þ“þ ¢‚†#“þ@ùÌöìsþiîû !î!¦þ§¬ ßþiyöì˜
öîŸ !„þŠ%é ¢y‚†#!“þ„þ þ™!îû¦þy¡ìyîû vþz”y£îû’ßþºîû*þ™ ¢‚!Çþ® îÄy…Äy „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð ~£z þ™!îû¦þy¡ìy
¢‚e«yhsþ xyöìœy‰þ˜y “¤þyîû „þZþöì„þï›%”#öì“þç !î!Çþ®¦þyöìî îûöìëöìŠéÐ !“þ!˜ ö¢…yöì˜
vþz”y£îû’ßþºîû*þ™ þ™!îû¦þy¡ìy=!œîû ¢‚!Çþ® îÄy…Äy „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð ~£z îÄy…Äy ç !îöìÙÕ¡ì’ !“þ!˜
“¤þyîû !˜‹ßþº ë%!_« !”öìëû öîyGþyîyîû ö‰þÜTy „þöìîöû Šì é˜Ð !îöìŸ¡ì „þöìîû ò¢‚†#“þ¢yîû @ùÌösì þi ¢‚†#öì“þîû
!îþ™%œ “þ_´ !“þ!˜ “%þöìœ •öìîûöìŠé˜Ð ~£z ¢‚†#“þ @ùÌsþi!Ýþ “¤þyîû ‹#îöì˜îû ~„þ ›£y›)œÄîy˜
¢,!ÜT îœy ëyëûÐ ëy£zöì£y„äþ– ¢‚†#“þ ~î‚ ¢‚†#“þŸyßþf ¢Á™öì„Åþ “¤þyîû •yîû’y „þZþöì„þï›%”#öì“þ
!„þ¦þyöìî vþzöìÍÔ… îûöìëûöìŠé “þy ö”öì… ö˜çëûy ëy„þÐ !“þ!˜ ö¢…yöì˜ ¢‚†#öì“þîû ¢‚Kþy ~£z¦þyöìî
!”öìëûöìŠé˜éôôôôé òò†#“þ– îy”Ä ç ˜,“þÄ ~£z !“þ˜!Ýþ ~„þe ££zöìœ “þy£yöì„þ ¢D#“þ îy ö“þïëÅÄ!e„þ
îœy £ëûÐóó 2 ~ „þíy xy›îûy ¢îy£z ‹y!˜Ð ²Ìy‰þ#˜„þyœ öíöì„þ ¢‚†#öì“þîû ¢‚Kþy ~£z¦þyöìî
öŸy˜y ëyëûÐ !„þlsþ xy•%!˜„þ †öìî¡ì’yëû ¢‚†#“þéôé~îû ¢‚Kþy ~„þÝ%þ !¦þ§¬ ²Ì„,þ!“þîûÐ ~…yöì˜
†#“þ ç îy”Äöì„þ ò¢‚†#“þó îöìœ ßþº#„þyîû „þîûy £ëûÐ ~îû þ™Øþyöì“þ ë%!_« îûöìëûöìŠéÐ ²Ìy‰þ#˜„þyöìœ
†#“þ– îy”Ä ç ˜,“þÄöì„þ ~„þöìe ¢‚†#“þó îœy £“þÐ „þyîû’– “þ…˜ ˜yÝþöì„þîû x!îöìFŠé”Ä xD
!£¢yöìî †#“þ– îy”Ä– ˜,“þÄöì„þ ¢‚†#“þ îöìœ xy…Äy ö”çëûyîû îû#!“þ !ŠéœÐ ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸöìëûîû
¢‚Kþyéôéîû ¢öìD xy•%!˜„þ„þyöìœîû •yîû’yîû x!›œ …¤%öì‹ þ™yçëûy ëyëûÐ ~ îÄyþ™yöìîû xy•%!˜„þ
¢‚†#“þéôé†öìî¡ì„þ vþ. ²Ì”#þ™„%þ›yîû ö‡yöì¡ìîû î_«îÄ!Ýþ “%þöìœ •îûöìœ ‡Ýþ˜y!Ýþ !îÙ»y¢öìëy†Ä £öìî
îöìœ ›öì˜ £ëûÐ “¤þyîû ›öì“þéôôôôé òò²Ìy‰þ#˜„þyöìœ †#“þ– îy”Ä ç ˜,“þÄ ~£z !“þ˜!Ýþöì„þ ¢D#“þ
îœy ö£y“þÐ „þyîû’ “þ…˜ ˜yÝþöì„þîû xþ™!îû£yëÅ xD !Šéœ †#“þ– ˜,“þÄ ç îy”Ä ¢›!§º“þ ¢D#“þÐ
þ™îûî“Åþ#„þyöìœ xîŸÄ †#“þ ç îy”Äöì„þ£z ¢D#“þ îœyîû îû#!“þ ²Ì‰þ!œ“þ £ëûÐóó3 “þy£öìœ öîyGþy
ëyöìFŠé öë– ¢‚†#öì“þ †#“þ ~î‚ îyöì”Äîû ²Ìy•y˜Ä£z ¢îÅy!•„þ =îû&cþ™)’ÅÐ xyîû– ˜,öì“þÄîû ßþiy˜
íy„þyîû xíÅ £œ ˜yÝþ„þ#ëû ²Ì¦þyîÐ ëy£z ö£y„äþ– ¢‚†#“þŸyßþf !î¡ìöìëû !„þ !„þ ë%!_« îûöìëûöìŠé
“þy ~„þîyîû ö”öì… ö˜çëûy ëy„þÐ ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸëû îöìœöìŠé˜éôôôôé òòöìë Ÿyßþfmyîûy ¢D#öì“þîû
!î¡ìëû !î!ŸÜT îû*öìþ™ xî†“þ £çëûy ëyëû– “þy£yöì„þ ¢D#“þŸyßþf „þöì£Ðóó4 !“þ!˜ Ö•% ¢‚†#öì“þîû
¢‚Kþy ö”˜!˜– ö¢£z¢öìD ¢‚†#öì“þîû Ÿyßþf ¢Á™öì„Åþç ¢‚Kþy !˜îû*þ™’ „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð ~£z
¢‚†#“þéôéŸyöìßþfîû ¢‚Kþy !˜îû*þ™’ „þîûöì“þ !†öìëû !“þ!˜ ßþ™ÜT“þƒ îöìœöìŠé˜ öë– ¢D#“þéôéŸyßþf
èþ™þ™!_„þ ç !e«ëûy!¢kþ ~£z ”%£z ²Ì•y˜ ¦þyöì† !î¦þ_«Ðóó5 xíÅyê Ÿyßþf ¢‚†#öì“þîû vþz¦þëû
!”„þ !˜öìëû xyöìœy‰þ˜y „þöìîÐû xyîyîû Ÿyßþf îœöì“þ Ö•% !íç!îû öîyGþyëû ˜y– ö¢…yöì˜ xy˜%¡!ì D„þ
xyîûç x˜Äy˜Ä !î¡ìöìëûîû xyöìœy‰þ˜y ~öì¢ þ™öìvþüÐ !î¡ìöìëû ßþºy›#²ÌKþy˜y˜öì¨îû vþz!_«!Ýþ
!îöìŸ¡ì¦þyöìî ²Ì!’•y˜öìëy†ÄÐ !“þ!˜ îöìœöìŠé˜éôôôôé òò¢D#öì“þîû Ÿyßþf îœöì“þ Ö•%£z ò!íçîû#ó
“þíy î¤y•y•îûy îÄy„þîû’ ˜ëû– ¢yD#!“þ„þ Ÿyöìßþfîû þ™!îûþ™)’îÅ *û þ™ †öìvþü çöìàþ ¢D#öì“þîû e«›!î„þyöìŸîû
£z!“þ£y¢– ¢y!£“þÄ– !îKþy˜– ›öì˜y!îKþy˜– ”ŸÅ˜ ~£z ¢„þœ !„þŠ%éöì„þ @ùÌ£’ „þóöìîûÐóó6 x“þ~î
vþzþ™öìîûy_« xyöìœy‰þ˜y öíöì„þ ¢£öì‹£z öîyGþy ëyëû öë– öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû ›“þy˜%ëyëû#
¢‚†#“þŸyßþf Ö•%›ye èþ™þ™!_„þ !î¡ìëûöì„þ ˜y î%!Gþöìëû !e«ëûyd„þ !î¡ìëûöì„þç öîyGþyëûÐ vþz¦þëû
!î¡ìëû !˜öìëû ¢‚†#“þŸyöìßþfîû þ™!îû„þyàþyöì›y †öìvþü çöìàþÐ !„þlsþ– öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû ¢öìD
~ !î¡ìöìëû xy•%!˜„þ ¢‚†#“þéôé†öìî¡ì„þ “þíy ¢‚†#“þ“þ_´!î”ä ²ÌKþy˜y˜¨‹#îû ”,!ÜT¦þ!Dîû x!›œ

œÇþÄ „þîûy ëyëûÐ ~¤îûy ”%ó‹˜ ¢‚†#“þŸyßþf ¢Á™öì„Åþ !¦þ§¬ x!¦þ›“þ öþ™y¡ì’ „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð
²Ì„þ, “þþ™öìÇþ– ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy– ¢‚†#“þŸyßþf– ¢‚†#“þ!îKþy˜ Ÿ·=!œ ¢Á™)’Å ¢›yíÅ„þÐ ~£z !˜îõþ
xyöìœy‰þ˜yîû Öîû&öì“þ£z Musicology Ÿ·!Ýþîû xíÅ ²Ì”y˜ „þîûy £öìëûöìŠéÐ ö¢!”„þ öíöì„þ !î‰þyîû
„þîûöìœ– ¢‚†#“þŸyöìßþf !e«ëûyd„þ !”öì„þîû ²Ìy•y˜Ä ¢Á™)’Å ö†ï’Ð Ö•%›ye Ÿyßþfîû‰þ˜yîû “þy!†öì”
ë“þÝ%þ„%þ îÄî£y!îû„þ ¢‚†#“þ ¢Á™öì„Åþ •yîû’y íy„þy ²Ìöìëûy‹˜ “þ“þÝ%þ„%þ£z ëöìíÜTÐ
ò˜y”ó þ™!îû¦þy¡ìy!Ýþ !˜öìëû öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# “¤þyîû „þZþöì„þï›%”#öì“þ öë¦þyöìî xyöìœy‰þ˜y
„þöìîûöìŠé˜ “þy …%î£z xÒ þ™!îû¢öìîû ¢#›yîkþ £öìëûöìŠéÐ !“þ!˜ ˜yöì”îû îÄy„þîû’†“þ vþzêþ™!_îû
„þíy îöìœöìŠé˜Ð ö¢£z¢öìD ˜yöì”îû ²Ì„þyîûöì¦þöì”îû „þíyç îöìœöìŠé˜Ð “¥þyîû ›“þy˜%ëyëû#éôôôôé
òòîÄyëûy„þîûöì’îûy •¹˜ÄyíÅöìîy•„þ ˜” •y“%þîû vþz_îû ¦þyîîyöì‰þÄ ‡’ä ²Ì“þÄëûmyîûy ˜y” Ÿ· !˜Ü™§¬
„þ!îûëyû öìŠé˜– ¢%“þîûy‚ ˜y” Ÿöì· •¹!˜ ¢y›y˜Äöì„þ£z î%GþyëûÐóó7 !“þ!˜ ˜yöì”îû !î¦þy‹˜ ç “þyöì”îû
¢‚Kþy ~£z¦þyöìî !”öìëûöìŠé˜éôôôôé òò†#“þ– îy”Ä ç ˜,“þÄ ²Ì¦,þ!“þ ¢‚¢yöìîûîû îÄî£yöìîûyþ™öìëy†#
ëyî“þ#ëû „þyëÅÄ£z ²Ìyëû ˜yöì”îû x•#˜– !„þlsþ ö¢£z ˜y” !m!î•– ëíyéôé xy£“þ ç x˜y£“þ– ›˜%ö¡ì Äì îû
„þZþ“þyÍºy!”îû x!¦þ‡yöì“þ öë ˜y” vþzêþ™§¬ £ëû “þy£yöì„þ xy£“þ îy îÄ_« ˜y” ~î‚ “þ!q§¬
îlßþ›yöìe£z x!¦þ‡yöì“þ öë ˜yöì”îû vþzêþ™!_ “þy£yöì„þ x˜y£“þ îy xîÄ_« ˜y” „þöì£Ðóó8 “¤þyîû
xyöìœy‰þ˜yëû ö”…y ëyëû ¢‚†#“þKþîûy xyîyîû ”%!Ýþ ˜y”öì„þ ”%ó¦þyöì† ¦þy† „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð ”%ó¦þy†
îœöì“þ ›•%îû•¹!˜ ~î‚ „þöìàþyîû•¹!˜Ð ~£z vþz¦þëû•¹!˜îû ¢‚Kþy !“þ!˜ “¤þyîû vþz_« @ùÌöìsþi vþzöìÍÔ…
„þöìîûöìŠé˜éôôôôé òòöì„þy˜ !˜ëû!›“þ „þyöìœîû ›öì•Ä ö„þy˜ !˜!”ÅÜT e«›y˜%†“þ x˜%îû’˜ myîûy öë
•¹!˜ vþzêþ™§¬ £ëû– xíîy öë •¹!˜ ›˜%¡Äì „þöìZþ x˜%„þîû’öìëy†Ä xí‰þ !ßþ¬?þ ç îûO˜ =’!î!ŸÜT
“þy£yöì„þ£z ¢D#“þ•¹!˜ îy ßþºîû „þöì£ ~î‚ öë ¢„þœ •¹!˜îû vþzêþ™y”„þ x˜%î’û ˜ ¢›)£ x!˜ëû!›“þ
¢%“þîûy‚ “þI˜Ä ëy£yöì”îû e«›ç !˜!”ÅÜT £ëû ˜y “þê¢›%”yëû£z „þöìàþyîû•¹!˜ ›ye î!œëûy
þ™!îû†!’“þÐóó9 !„þlsþ ~ „þíy x˜ßþº#„þyëÅ öë– öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# ò˜y”ó ¢Á™öì„Åþ öë “þíÄ
!”öìëöû Šì é˜ “þy !îhßþ+ “þ ˜ëû– …%î£z ¢#!›“þ¦þyöìî !“þ!˜ ˜y” ¢Á™öì„þÅ †“þy˜%†!“þ„þ “þíÄ !”öìëöû Šì é˜Ð
›)œ ¢)e ~„þ£z £öìœç xy•%!˜„þ †öìî¡ì’yëû “¤þyîû ò˜y”ó ¢Á™!„Åþ“þ •yîû’y ¢y›O¢Äþ™)’Å ˜ëûÐ
xy•%!˜„þ ¢‚†#“þéôé†öìî¡ì„þ “þíy ¢‚†#“þéôéîÄy…Äy„þyîû vþ. ²Ì”#þ™„%þ›yîû ö‡y¡ì “¤þyîû ¢‚†#“þŸyßþf
¢›#Çþy S²Ìí› þ™îÅV ~î‚ Ÿyßþf#ëû ¢D#“þ þ™!îû‰þëû S²Ìí› þ™îÅV @ùÌsþi ”%!Ýþöì“þ ˜y” ¢Á™öì„Åþ
öë¦þyöìî vþz”y£îû’¢£ !îhß+þ“þ xyöìœy‰þ˜y „þöìîûöìŠé˜ “þy x˜Ä xyîû ö„þyöì˜yç @ùÌöìsþi ~“þ
!îhßþ+ “þ¦þyöìî ~î‚ öîyGþîyîû vþzþ™öìëy†# „þöìîû xyöìœy‰þ˜y „þîûy £öìëöû Šì é !„þ ˜y ö¢ !î¡ìöëì û ¢öì¨öì£îû
xî„þyŸ öíöì„þ£z ëyëûÐ ˜yöì”îû îÄy„þîû’†“þ î%êþ™!_ vþ. ö‡y¡ì ~¦þyöìî !”öìëöû Šì é˜éôôôôé ¢D#öì“þîû
vþzþ™öìëy†# öëéôéö„þy˜ •¹!˜öì„þ£z ò˜y”ó îöìœÐ ò˜y”ó Ÿ·!Ýþîû vþzêþ™!_ £öìëûöìŠé ôé ò˜”äó •y“%þ
+ ò‡~Œäó ²Ì“þÄëûöìëyöì†Ð ²Ìy‰þ#˜ ¢‚†#“þŸyöìßþfîû @ùÌöìsþi öœ…y xyöìŠé ôôôôé ò˜óéôé~îû xíÅ ²Ìy’
~î‚ ò”óéôé~îû xíÅ x!@ÀÐ ²Ìy’ ~î‚ x!@Àîû ¢‚öìëyöì† ò˜y”ó vþzêþ™§¬ £ëûÐóó10 vþ. ö‡y¡ì
˜yöì”îû !î!¦þ§¬ îû„þ› !î¦þy‹öì˜îû „þíy îöìœöìŠé˜Ð ÷îKþy!˜„þ ”,!ÜTöì“þ ˜y” ”%£z ²Ì„þyîûéôôôôé
xy£“þ ˜y” ç x˜y£“þ ˜y”Ð ²Ìy‰þ#˜ ¢‚†#“þŸyöìßþf ˜yöì”îû xyöìîûy ”%!Ýþ ¦þy† xyöìŠé ôôôôé
²Ì„,þ!“þ†“þ¦þyöìî ~î‚ vþzêþ™!_†“þ¦þyöìîÐ ²Ì„,þ!“þ†“þ¦þyöìî ˜y” þ™¤y‰þ ²Ì„þyîûÐ ~£z þ™¤y‰þ ²Ì„þyîû
˜y” ö„þyíy öíöì„þ vþzêþ™§¬ £öìëûöìŠé “þy !“þ!˜ xyöìœy‰þ˜y „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð !“þ!˜ þ™¤y‰þ ²Ì„þyîû xy£“þ
˜yöì”îû „þíy îöìœöìŠé˜Ð ~Šéyvþüyç !“þ!˜ ˜yöì”îû !“þ˜ ²Ì„þyîû ßþºy¦þy!î„þ ßþiy˜éôé~îû vþzöìÍÔöì…îû
þ™yŸyþ™y!Ÿ ˜yöì”îû ÷î!ŸöìÜTÄîû vþzöìÍÔ…ç „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð “þy£öìœ öîyGþy ëyöìFŠé e«›!îî“Åþöì˜îû þ™í
•öìîû ò˜y”óéôé~îû xyöìœy‰þ˜y xy•%!˜„þ ›“þyîœÁº#öì”îû „þyöìŠéþ xyöìîûy †¦þ#îû¦þyöìî !îöìÙÕ¡ì’ ç
îÄy…Äyîû !î¡ìëû £öìëû ”¤y!vþüöìëûöìŠéÐ
¢‚†#öì“þîû “þ_´!î¡ìëû„þ xyöìœy‰þ˜y öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# “¤þyîû x˜Äy˜Ä îû!‰þ“þ @ùÌöìsþiîû
›öì•Ä ëe“þe xÒ!îhßþîû “%þöìœ •îûöìœç ¢D#“þ¢yîû @ùÌöìsþi ö¢ !î¡ìöìëû xöì˜„þÝþy£z !îhß+þ“þ
xyöìœy‰þ˜y „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð !“þ!˜ öî!Ÿîû¦þy† ¢y‚†#!“þ„þ þ™!îû¦þy¡ìyîû x˜Ä ˜y›„þîû’ „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð
~=!œ “¤þyîû ¢,!ÜT„þöì›Åîû ~„þ ~„þ!Ýþ vþzIµœ ”,ÜTyhsþÐ ~…y˜ öíöì„þ “¤þyîû þ™y![þöì“þÄîû †¦þ#îû“þy
¢Á™öì„Åþ ¢›Ä„þ Kþy˜œy¦þ „þîûy ëyëûÐ “¤þyîû ¢y!£“þÄöìîy•ç ¦þ#¡ì’ ¢›,kþŸyœ# !ŠéœÐ “þy ˜y
£öìœ ¢‚†#öì“þîû ~£z þ™!îû¦þy¡ìyîû ×&!“þ¢%…„þîû ˜y›„þîû’ ¢½þîþ™îû £“þ ˜yÐ !“þ!˜ òöìßþñœóöì„þ
òö¢yþ™y˜ó îöìœ vþzöÍì …Ô „þöìîöû Šì é˜Ð òxyöìîyû £˜ó ç òxîöìîyû £˜óöì„þ !“þ!˜ ëíye«öì› òx˜%öœ ì y›ó
ç ò!îöìœy›ó ˜yöì› !‰þ!£«“þ „þöìîöû Šì é˜Ð xyîyîû “þy˜þ™%îyû ‹y“þ#ëû îy”Äësþfö„ì þ ò“þyÁºî% yû ó îöìœöìŠé˜
~î‚ †#“þéôéîy”Äéôé˜,“þÄ ¢›!§º“þ ¢‚†#“þöì„þ òöì“þïëÅÄ!e„þó xy…Äyëû ¦)þ!¡ì“þ „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð ~ îû„þ›
!î!¦þ§¬ þ™!îû¦þy¡ìyîû !¦þ§¬ !¦þ§¬ ˜y› “¤þyîû ¢‚†#“þéôé@ùÌsþi=!œîû ›öì•Ä ëe“þe îÄî£*“þ £öìëûöìŠéÐ
~„þ!Ýþ !îßþ¿ëû„þîû ‡Ýþ˜y £œ !“þ!˜ “¤þyîû îû!‰þ“þ ¢‚†#“þ@ùÌöìsþiîû ›öì•Ä ö„þyíyç ˜,“þÄ ç
îyöì”Äîû xyöìœy‰þ˜y !îhß+þ“þ¦þyöìî „þöìîû˜!˜Ð Ö•›ye ¢D#“þ¢yîû îÄ“þ#“þ “¤þyîû x˜Ä ö„þyöì˜y
@ùÌöìsþi ˜,öì“þÄîû vþzöìÍÔ… ˜y£zÐ “þöìî öëÝ%þ„%þ îûöìëûöìŠé “þy …%î£z ¢y›y˜ÄÐ ¢D#“þ¢yîûéôé~îû ²Ìí›¦þy†
xíÅyê èþ™þ™!_„þ ö“þïëÅÄ!e„þ þ™öìîîÅ û ‰þ“%þíÅ þ™!îûöFì Šéö”ì ˜,“þÄ„þy[þ !î¡ìöëì û ¢y›y˜Ä xyöìœy„þþ™y“þ
„þöìîûöìŠé˜ ›yeÐ xyîû !m“þ#ëû ¦þy† xíÅyê !e«ëûy!¢kþ ö“þïëÅÄ!e„þ þ™öìîÅ ˜,“þÄ¢y•˜ ¢Á™öì„Åþ
£z!D“þ !”öìëûöìŠé˜Ð !“þ!˜ ¢‚öìÇþöìþ™ ˜,öì“þÄîû ¢‚Kþyîû þ™yŸyþ™y!Ÿ ˜,öì“þÄîû ”%£z ²Ì„þyîû “þy[þî
ç œyöì¢Äîû „þíy îöìœöìŠé˜Ð xyîyîû “þy[þî ç œyöì¢Äîû ”%ó!Ýþ „þöìîû ¦þyöì†îû „þíyç îöìœöìŠé˜Ð
˜,öì“þÄ ˜“Åþ„þ îy ˜“Åþ„þ#îû îû*öìþ™îû ²Ìöìëûy‹˜Ð ˜,“þÄ îyöì”Äîû£z x˜%†“þÐ ˜,öì“þÄ !î!¦þ§¬ œöìëûîû
²Ì”ŸÅ˜– ˜,öì“þÄ î#îû „þîû&’y!” îû¢îÄOöì„þ £yî– ¦þyî– „þÝþyÇþ– „þ!Ýþ– |îû& £z“þÄy!”îû ¢Mþéyœ˜éôôôôé
~£z !î¡ìëû=!œ !˜öìëû !“þ!˜ ~„þ!Ýþ ¢y•yîû’ •yîû’y ²Ì!“þþ™§¬ „þöìîûöìŠé˜ îœy ëyëûÐ “¤þyîû ¢›öìëûîû
îý þ™)öìîÅ ˜,öì“þÄîû x!“þŸëû xy”îû !Šéœ •y!Á¿Å„þ ~î‚ ë%öìkþyê¢£ îÄ!_«öì”îû ›öì•ÄÐ !„þlsþ
xy•%!˜„þ„þyöìœîû ˜,“þÄ²Ì’yœ#îû îÄyþ™yöìîû !“þ!˜ !îîû&kþ›“þyîœÁº# !Šéöìœ˜Ð xy•%!˜„þ ë%öì†îû
‹‡˜ÄéôéxÙÕ#œ ˜,ö“ì þÄîû myîûy £z!wëûþ™îû“þsþf öœyöì„þöì”îû “,þ!® ö›Ýþyöì˜y £ëû ›yeÐ “þ¤yîû ›öì“þéôôôôé
òòî_Å›y˜ ¢y›y!‹„þ „%þê!¢ê ˜,“þÄ²Ì’yœ#îû öþ™y¡ì„þ“þy „þ!îûöìœ xy›yöì”îû ˜,“þÄ!î”Äyîû „þ…˜£z
vþz§¬!“þ ££zöìî ˜y– £z£yîû ¢yîûy‚Ÿ @ùÌ£’ „þ!îûëûy „þ“þ„þ „þ“þ„þ þ™!îûî_Å˜ „þ!îûöì“þ þ™!îûöìœ öîy•
„þ!îû „þyœe«öì› £z£y !îöìŸ¡ì ×#•yîû’ „þ!îûöìîÐóó11
†#“þ ~î‚ îy”Ä öë›˜ ×î’öìëy†Ä– ö“þ›!˜ ”ŸÅ˜öìëy†Äç îöìÝþÐ !„þlsþ ˜,“þÄ ×î’öìëy†Ä
˜ëû– Ö•%›ye ”ŸÅöì˜îû vþzþ™öìëy†#Ð ö¢£z „þyîûöì’ öîy•£ëû öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# ˜,“þÄ !î¡ìöìëû
þ™%Cy˜%þ™%C ~î‚ !îhß+þ“þ xyöìœy‰þ˜y– îÄy…Äyéôé!îöìÙÕ¡ì’ „þöìîû˜!˜Ð “þyŠéyvþüy– ¦þyîû“þîöì¡ìÅ ²Ì‰þ!œ“þ
˜,“þÄ •yîûy ²Ì¢öìDç “¤þyîû è”y¢#˜Ä œÇþ’#ëû ~î‚ ö¢£z¢öìD ˜,“þÄy!¦þ˜öìëûîû ²Ì„þyŸéôéîû#!“þ
¢Á™öì„Åþç !îhß+þ“þ xyöìœy‰þ˜y öíöì„þ !“þ!˜ !îîû“þ öíöì„þöìŠé˜Ð îy”Ä !î¡ìöìëû ¢y›y˜Ä
xyöìœy„þþ™y“þ „þîûöœ ì ç ö¢ “%þœ˜yëû ˜,“þÄ !î¡ìöëì û xyöìœy‰þ˜y x!“þ ¢y›y˜ÄÐ îlßþ“þ– ¢‚†#öì“þîû
ßþºîû!œ!þ™ ö”öì… ²Ìí› !ŸÇþyíÅ# ësþf xöìþ™Çþy „þZþ¢‚†#öì“þ ¢£öì‹ ¢%îûKþy˜ xyëû_ „þîûöì“þ
þ™yöìîû˜ ˜yÐ ²Ìíöì› ëöìsþfîû þ™jÅy x˜%¢îû’ „þöìîû ¢‚†#öì“þîû ¢%îûöì„þ îöìŸ xy˜öì“þ £ëûÐ ëöìsþf
¢%öìîûîû ¢y•˜ !àþ„þ›“þ £öìœ “þyîûþ™îû x˜%¦þî Ÿ!_«îû myîûy „þöìZþ ¢!àþ„þ ¢%öìîûîû !î‰þîû’ £ëûÐ
!„þlsþ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# îöìœöìŠé˜éôôôôé òò˜,“þÄ²Ì’yœ# £z£y xöìþ™Çþy ¢£‹Ð “þyœy!”îû !˜ëû›
~„þÝ%þ !ŸÇþy „þ!îûëyû vþzþ™öì”Ÿ ¢£„þyöìîû ö¢£z “þyöìœ “þyöìœ þ™y” !îöìÇþþ™ „þ!îûöœ ì £z ˜,“þÄ ¢Á™§¬
££zöìî– !„þlsþ “þy£yîû ¢!£“þ x˜Äy˜Ä xy!D„þ !e«ëûy!” „þ“þ„þ=!œ !ŸÇþöì„þîû !˜„þÝþ ëíyíÅîû*öìþ™
vþzþ™!”ÜT ££zöì“þ £ëûÐóó 12 !“þ!˜ ˜,“þÄþ™kþ!“þöì„þ †#“þ xöìþ™Çþy ¢£‹ îöìœöìŠé˜Ð †#“þöì„þ !“þ!˜
öî!Ÿ =îû&c !”öìëûöìŠé˜Ð ˜,“þÄ !î¡ìöìëû ¢y›y˜Ä xyöìœy‰þ˜yîû ~!Ýþ ~„þ!Ýþ „þyîû’ £öì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ
ëy£z ö£y„äþ– öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# ˜,“þÄ ¢Áºöìõþ ëê¢y›y˜Ä “þíÄ “¤þyîû @ùÌöìsþi “þî%ç ö›yÝþy›%!Ýþ
vþzöìÍÔ… „þöìîû ö†öìŠé˜Ð !„þlsþ– “¤þyîû ö„þyöì˜y !Ÿ¡ìÄéôé²Ì!Ÿöì¡ìÄîû ¢,!ÜT„þöì›Å ˜,“þÄ !î¡ìöìëû ö„þyöì˜y
xyöìœy‰þ˜y£z ö‰þyöì… þ™öìvþü ˜yÐ ~ !î¡ìöìëû “¤þyîûy ö„þvþz£z ö„þyöì˜y !‰þhsþyéôé¦þyî˜y „þöìîû˜!˜Ð ë!”
“þy £“þ “þy£öìœ “¤þyöì”îû îû‰þ˜yîû ›öì•Ä ˜,öì“þÄîû xyöìœy‰þ˜y xîŸÄ£z ßþiy˜ öþ™“þÐ “þyŠéyvþüy–
˜,öì“þÄîû xyöìœy‰þ˜y ßþºëû‚ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# ë!” !îhß+þ“þ¦þyöìî vþzöìÍÔ… „þîûöì“þ˜ ~î‚ “¤þyîû
!Ÿ¡ìÄéôé²Ì!Ÿöì¡ìÄîû ›öì•Ä „þyöìîûy îû‰þ˜yëû ë!” ˜,öì“þÄîû xyöìœy‰þ˜y ¢½þîþ™îû £“þ– “þy£öìœ ~„þ
˜“%þ˜ !î¡ìöìëûîû î%!kþ”#® “þíÄ ¢‚†#öì“þîû †öìî¡ì„þöì”îû „þyöìŠé †öìî¡ì’yîû þ™í ²ÌŸhßþ „þîûöì“þ
¢Çþ› £“þÐ
“¤þyîû ò¢D#“þ¢yîûó @ùÌöìsþiîû ›öì•Ä ˜,“þÄ ç îy”Ä !î¡ìëû„þ öëÝ%þ„%þ xyöìœy‰þ˜y îûöìëûöìŠé “þy
…%î£z xÒ!îhßþîû îœy ëyëûÐ !“þ!˜ ~£z @ùÌösì þiîû èþ™þ™!_„þ ö“þïëÅÄ!e„þ þ™öìîîÅ û “,þ“þ#ëû þ™!îûöFì Šéö”ì
îy”Ä„þy[þ !î¡ìöìëû ö›yÝþy›%!Ýþ •yîû’y !”öìëûöìŠé˜Ð !“þ!˜ îöìœöìŠé˜éôôôôé òò•¹˜Äyd„þ ˜y” ££zöì“þ
îy”Äîû vþzêþ™!_Ð ëy£y ££zöì“þ ö¢£z îy”Ä vþzêþ™§¬ £ëû– “þy£yöì„þ îy”Äësþf îöìœÐóó14 !“þ!˜
îyöì”Äîû vþzêþ™!_ ~î‚ îy”Äëöìsþfîû ¢‚Kþyîû þ™yŸyþ™!Ÿ îy”Äëöìsþfîû ö×’# !î¦þy‹˜ç
ö”!…öìëûöìŠé˜Ð xyîyîû “þyöìœîû vþzêþ™!_îû ¢öìD ¢öìD “þyœéôéŠéöì¨îû ¢Á™„Åþ !˜öìëû !„þ!Mþéê
xyöìœy„þþ™y“þ „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð !“þ!˜ !î!¦þ§¬ “þyœ ëíy þ™Ýþ“þyœ– ›•Ä›y˜– „þyçëûyœ#– à%þ‚îû#–
„þy£yîûîy– ¢%îûäšþy_«y– ö‰þï“þyœ– ~„þ“þyœ– ”y”îûy– •y›yîû– ö“þçvþüy– îû*þ™„þ– xyvþüyöì‰þï“þyœ–
ëê– î#îûþ™Mþé– G¤þyþ™“þyœ– ö…›äÝþy– ö“þçÝþ– ¢çëûy!îû– îû&o– îÊáþöìëy†– œ-# £z“þÄy!”îû öàþ„þyîû
vþzöÍì …Ô „þöìîöû Šì é˜ ~î‚ !„þŠ%é !„þŠ%é “þyöìœîû ëê¢y›y˜Ä þ™!îû‰þëûç !”öìëöû Šì é˜Ð !“þ!˜ “þyœ ²Ì„þîûö’ì îû
þ™yŸyþ™y!Ÿ ësþf ²Ì„þîûöì’îûç vþzöìÍÔ… „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð ö¢…yöì˜ !“þ!˜ ú„þ“þy˜ ëöìsþfîû !î¡ìëû “%þöìœ
•öìîûöìŠé˜Ð ~Šéyvþüy ¢¦þÄësþf– ›yDœÄësþf– îû’ësþf– ö‡y¡ìësþf– @ùÌy›Äësþf– ¢çëûyîû# ësþf– îyöì”Äîû
ö”y¡ìéôé=’ £z“þÄy!” !î¡ìöìëûîû vþzþ™îû !„þŠ%éÝþy xyöìœy‰þ˜y „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð “¤þyîû xyöìœy‰þ˜yëû îyöì”Äîû
†àþ˜éôé²Ì’yœ# ¢Á™öì„þÅ ö„þyöì˜y vþzöÍì …Ô ˜y£zÐ îy”˜÷ìî!ŸÜTç ~öì„þîyöìîû ëê¢y›y˜Ä– ”%éôé~„þ!Ýþöì“þ
œÇþÄ „þîûy ëyëûÐ xyîû !î!¦þ§¬ îy”Äëöìsþfîû ›öì•Ä ¢y›y˜Ä „þöìëû„þ!Ýþîû ²Ì¢D xyöìœy!‰þ“þ £öìëûöìŠé
›yeÐ !„þlsþ “¤þyîû !Ÿ¡ìÄ ¢Äyîû îûy‹y öŸïîû#wöì›y£˜ àþy„%þîû ¢‚†#öì“þîû îy”Äy‚Ÿ !˜öìëû xöì˜„þ
@ùÌsþi îû‰þ˜y „þöìîû ö†öììŠé˜Ð “¤þyîû ¢›hßþ @ùÌsþi=!œ †öìî¡ì’y›)œ„þ ~î‚ !îKþy˜¢Á¿“þÐ “þyîû
òësþföì„þy¡ìó– òësþföìÇþe”#!þ™„þyó– ò›,”D›Oîû#ó £z“þÄy!” @ùÌsþi=!œ £œ ¢‚†#öì“þîû îy”Ä
xyöìœy‰þ˜yîû ~„þ vþzê„,þÜT ²Ì›y’Ð ~£z @ùÌsþi=!œ “¤þyîû x¢y•yîû’ ¢,!ÜTÐ ~£z @ùÌsþi=!œ £œ
¢‚†#öì“þîû îy”Ä xyöìœy‰þ˜yîû ~„þ vþzê„,þÜT ²Ì›y’Ð ~£z @ùÌsþi=!œ îû‰þ˜yîû þ™Øþyöì“þ =îû&
öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû x˜%ö²ì Ìî’û y îy xî”y˜ öë !˜!Øþ“þ !Šéœ ö¢ !î¡ìöëì û ö„þyöì˜y ¢öì¨öì£îû
xî„þyŸ „þ…öì˜y£z íy„þöì“þ þ™yöìîû ˜yÐ x“þ~î ~£z ‡Ýþ˜y öíöì„þ ~ „þíy x˜%!›“þ £ëû öë–
öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# !˜Øþëû£z ›,”D îy‹yöì“þ ‹y˜öì“þ˜ îy ›,”D ‰þ‰Åþyîû ¢y!§¬öì•Ä ²ÌyëûŸ£z
íy„þöì“þ˜– “þy ˜y £öìœ ö¢ïîû#wöì›y£˜ „,þ“þ ò›,”D›Oîû#ó @ùÌsþi!Ýþ ¢,!ÜT £“þ ˜yÐ ¢%“þîûy‚–
ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸöìëûîû ²Ì¦þyî öŸïîû#wöì›y£˜öì„þ öë vþzê¢y!£“þ „þöìîû!Šéœ ~ „þíy !˜!Øþ“þÐ
“þyŠéyvþüy– ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸëû î#’y îy‹yöì“þ ‹y˜öì“þ˜ îöìœ öŸïîû#wöì›y£öì˜îû @ùÌöìsþi î#’yîû
xyöìœy‰þ˜y œÇþÄ „þîûy ëyëûÐ îœyîyýœÄ– î#’y„þyîû œ-#²Ì¢y” !›öì×îû „þyöìŠé ¢‚†#“þ !ŸÇþyîû
¢%îyöì” î#’y îy‹yöì˜y îy ö¢ ¢Á™öì„Åþ •yîû’y íy„þyÝþy ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸöìëûîû þ™öìÇþ xßþºy¦þy!î„þ
˜ëûÐ “þyŠéyvþüy– x…[þ ö›!”˜#þ™%öîì îû û îûy‘þü xMþéöœ
ì îû ¢‚†#“þéôé£!z “þ£y¢ þ™ëÅöîì Çþ’ „þîûöœ
ì öîyGþy
ëyëû öë– ö¢…yöì˜ ¢‚†#“þ ‰þ‰Åþyîû xþ™!îû£yëÅ îy”Äësþf !Šéœ þ™yöì…yëûy‹ ç î#’yÐ „þyîû’–
“þê„þyöìœ ú ~œy„þyëû •Ê&þ™” †yöì˜îû ‰þ‰Åþy £“þÐ xyîû ~£z •Ê&þ™” †yöì˜ ¢£öìëy†# îy”Äësþf
þ™yöì…yëûy‹ ²Ì‰þ!œ“þ !ŠéœÐ ¢%“þîûy‚– îûy‘þü xMþéöìœ þ™yöì…yëûyöì‹îû îÄî£yîû “þê„þyöìœ öë !Šéœ
“þy xyîû ¢öì¨öì£îû xöìþ™Çþy îûyöì… ˜yÐ ~Šéyvþüy– “þ…˜ î#’yöì“þ †y˜ †yçëûyîû ²Ì‰þœ˜ç !ŠéœÐ
ö¢!”„þ öíöì„þ !î‰þyîû „þîûöìœ ¢‚†#öì“þîû ¢£öìëy†# îy”Äësþf !£¢yöìî î#’yöì„þ ²Ìy•y˜Ä !”öì“þ£z
£ëûÐ xyîû ~„þ!Ýþ =îû&cþ™)’Å !î¡ìëû £œ öë– ²Ìí› îy‚œy ¢y!£öì“þÄîû !˜”ŸÅ˜ ‰þëÅyþ™öì” î#’y
ç ›,”öìDîû vþzöìÍÔ… îûöìëûöìŠéÐ ‰þëÅyþ™öì” ~£z¦þyöìî îûy‘þü îöìDîû xöì˜„þ “þíÄ þ™yçëûy ëyëûÐ “þ…˜
î¤y„%þvþüy– !î¡%Œþ™%îû– þ™!Øþ› ö›!”˜#þ™%öìîûîû !„þŠ%é x‚Ÿ îûy‘þü îöìDîû xhsþ¦Å%þ_« !ŠéœÐ îû&Çþ–
œyœ– „¤þy„þîû ›y!Ýþîû ö”Ÿ îöìœ£z îûy‘þü ~œy„þy ˜yöì› þ™!îû!‰þ“þÐ !î¡%Œþ™%îû– ˜yvþüyöì‹yœ ²Ì¦,þ!“þ
îûy‹î‚öìŸ “þ…˜ •Ê&þ™”#¢‚†#“þ ‰þ‰Åþyîû îÄyþ™„þ ²Ì‰þœ˜ íy„þyëû ¢£öìëy†# îy”Äësþf !£¢yöìî î#’y
ç þ™yöì … yëû y öì ‹ îû ëöì í ÜT =îû & c !Šé œ Ð ˜yvþü y öì ‹ yöì œ îû îû y ‹y ×#˜öì î û w œyœ …¤ y ˜
òþ™!îûîy!”˜#éôé!ŸÇþyó ˜yöì› ~„þ!Ýþ îy”Äëöìsþfîû @ùÌsþi !œöì…öìŠé˜Ð ~£z @ùÌöìsþi ö¢“þyîû îy‹yöì˜yîû
†ê ç ßþºîû!œ!þ™ ›%!o“þ xyöìŠéÐ “þê„þyöìœ öì¢“þyîûöì„þ ¢®“þsþf# î#’y îœy £“þÐ x“þ~î
î#’yîû îÄî£yîû ö¢„þyöìœ öë £“þ ~ „þíy ¢Á™)’Å ßþ™ÜTÐ
xyöìœy‰þ˜y ²Ì¢öìD xyîû ~„þ!Ýþ =îû&cþ™)’Å ”,ÜTyhsþ “%þöìœ •îûy öëöì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ ”,ÜTyhsþ!Ýþ
!îßþ¿ëû„þîûç îöìÝþÐ †öìî¡ì’y›)œ„þ ”,!ÜT¦þ!Döì“þ x˜%›y˜ „þîûy ëyëû öë– öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#
~¢äîûy‹ îy‹yöì“þ ‹y˜öì“þ˜Ð “þy £öìœ òxyÖîûO˜#éôé“þ_´ó îû!‰þ“þ £œ !„þ „þöìîûÚ ~ ²ÌÙÀ
†öìî¡ì„þöì”îû ¦þyî˜y²Ì¢)“þÐ ~¢äîûy‹öì„þ !“þ!˜ òxyÖîûO˜#ó xy…Äy !”öìëûöìŠé˜Ð ~…yöì˜ç “¤þyîû
¢y!£“þÄöìîy• ç Ÿ·‰þëûöì˜îû ~„þ ˜y¨!˜„þ ›öì˜yöìœyöì„þîû þ™!îû‰þëû þ™yçëûy ëyëûÐ “¤þyîû þ™y![þ“þÄ
Ö•%›ye „þZþ¢‚†#öì“þ !Šéœ ˜y– îy”Äëöìsþfç öë !Šéœ ö¢„þíy xy‹ ßþº#„þyîû „þîûöì“þ !m•y ö˜£zÐ
!„þlsþ ”%¦Åþyöì†Äîû !î¡ìëû !“þ!˜ “þ¤yîû ö„þyöì˜y ¢‚†#“þ@ùÌöìsþi îy”Ä ¢Á™öì„Åþ !îhß+þ“þ¦þyöìî !„þŠ%é£z
!œöì… ëy˜!˜Ð Ö•%›ye òxyÖîûO˜# “þ_´ó ~îû ²Ìí› þ™,Ûþyëû ~„þ!Ýþ ~¢äîûyöì‹îû !‰þe ö”…öì“þ
þ™yçëûy ëyëû ~î‚ þ™öìîû ~£z îy”Äësþf!Ýþîû x!“þ ¢y›y˜Ä þ™!îû‰þëû ç î’Å˜y !“þ!˜ !”öìëûöìŠé˜Ð
“þöìî “¤þyîû îû!‰þ“þ !î!¦þ§¬ ¢‚†#“þ@ùÌsþi öíöì„þ îy”Äësþf !î¡ìöìëû !îhß+þ“þ !„þŠ%é “þíÄ ²Ìy® £öìœ
þ™îûî“Åþ# ²Ì‹öì§Ãîû ¢‚†#“þéôéKþy˜yíÅ#†’ xöì˜„þ öîŸ# œy¦þîy˜ £öì“þ þ™yîûöì“þ˜ !îöìŸ¡ì“þ
†öìî¡ì’y„þöì›ÅÐ ¢½þî“þ– !Ÿ¡ìÄ ö¢ïîû#wöì›y£˜ àþy„%þîû !îhß+þ“þ¦þyöìî îyöì”Äîû xyöìœy‰þ˜y
„þöìî!û Šéöœì ˜ îöìœ– !“þ!˜ ~ !î¡ìöëì û ö“þ›˜ ö„þyöì˜y xy@ùÌ£ ²Ì„þyŸ „þöìî˜û !˜Ð ëy£zö£ì y„þ– ¢öìîyÅ þ™!îû
~ „þíy îœy ëyëû öë– †#“þ ç îyöì”Äîû xyöìœy‰þ˜y “¤þyîû !Ÿ¡ìÄöì”îû ›öì•Ä „þ› öî!Ÿ ¢îy£z
xyöìœy‰þ˜y „þîûöìœç ˜,öì“þÄîû !î¡ìöìëû öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû ¢y›y˜Ä xyöìœy‰þ˜y îÄ“þ#“þ “¤þyîû
ö„þyöì˜y !Ÿ¡ìÄéôé²Ì!Ÿ¡ìÄ „þ…öì˜y ö„þyíyç !î¨%›ye xyöìœy„þþ™y“þ „þöìîû˜!˜Ð ~ !î¡ìöìëû “þ¤yîûy
ö„þvþz£z ö„þyöì˜y !‰þhsþyéôé¦þyî˜y „þöìîû˜!˜Ð ë!” “þy £“þ “þy£öìœ “¤þyöì”îû îû‰þ˜yöì“þ ˜,öì“þÄîû
xyöìœy‰þ˜y ßþiy˜ öþ™“þÐ “þyŠéyvþüy– ˜,öì“þÄîû xyöìœy‰þ˜y ¢½þîþ™îû £öìœ ¢‚†#öì“þîû †öìî¡ì’y
xyöìîûy ¢Á™)’Åîû*öìþ™ ¢›,kþŸyœ# £“þÐ ~„þ ˜“%þ˜ !î¡ìöìëûîû î%!kþ”#® “þíÄ †öìî¡ì„þöì”îû „þyöìŠé
†öìî¡ì’yîû þ™í ²ÌŸhßþ „þîûöì“þ ¢Çþ› £“þÐ
xy›îûy ‹y!˜ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# ”[þ›y!e„þ ßþºîû!œ!þ™ þ™kþ!“þîû ²Ìî“Åþ˜ „þöìîû˜Ð ~
îÄyþ™yöìîû “¤þyöì„þ ¢y£yëÄ „þöìî!û Šéöœ ì ˜ “þ¤yîû£z !Ÿ¡ìÄ öŸïîû#wöì›y£˜ àþy„%þîûÐ ¢‚†#“þöì„þ !œ!þ™îkþ
„þöìîû î¤y!‰þöìëû îûy…yîû “þy!†öì” “¤þyîû ~£z ²Ìëûy¢ …%î£z ²ÌŸ‚¢˜#ëûÐ “þy „þ…öì˜y xßþº#„þyîû „þîûy
ëyëû ˜yÐ !î!ŸÜT ¢‚†#“þ“þ_´!î”ä ö”îîÊ“þ ”öì_îû „þíyëûéôôôôé òò!ŸÇþyîÊ“þ# öÇþeöì›y£˜ ¦þ!î¡ìÄê
!ŸÇþyíÅ#öì”îû ¢%!î•yöìíÅ ç †yöì˜îû îöì¨Ÿöì„þ !œ!þ™îkþ „þîûyîû „þöìÒ ”[þ›y!e„þ ßþºîû!œ!þ™îû
vþzqyî˜ „þöìîû˜Ðóó14 ~£z ßþºîû!œ!þ™îû ²Ì¦þyî þ™îûî“þÅ#„þyöìœ xöì˜öì„þîû ¢‚†#“þ@ùÌöìsþi ö”…öì“þ
þ™yçëûy ëyëûÐ ßþºy›# !îöìî„þy˜¨ ¢y›y˜Ä ¢‚ßþñyîû „þöìîû “¤þyîû ò¢D#“þ„þÒ“þîû&ó @ùÌöìsþi ~£z
ßþº î û ! œ!þ™îû !„þŠ% é ”, Ü T y hsþ öîû ö ì … ö†öì Š é ˜ Ð ~Šé y vþü y ¢“þÄ!„þBþîû îöì ¨ Äyþ™y•Äyëû “¤ þ yîû
ò¢D#“þéôéKþy˜éôé²ÌöìîŸó ç ò¢D#“þ›%„%þîûó £z“þÄy!” ¢‚@ùÌ#“þ@ùÌöìsþiç ~£z ”[þ›y!e„þ ßþºîû!œ!þ™îû
îÄî£yîû „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð xyîyîû îûy›²Ì¢§¬ îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû îû!‰þ“þ ò¢‚†#“þ›Oîû#ó ~î‚ ö†yöìþ™Ù»îû
îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû îû!‰þ“þ ò¢D#“þ‰þ!w„þyó @ùÌsþi ”%!Ýþç ”[þ›y!e„þ ßþºîû!œ!þ™ þ™kþ!“þ x˜%ëyëû# îû!‰þ“þÐ
!„þlsþ xyØþöìëÅîû !î¡ìëû– î“Åþ›yöì˜ ~£z ßþºîû!œ!þ™ þ™kþ!“þîû ²Ìöìëûy† xyîû ö”…y£z ëyëû ˜yÐ ²Ìyëû
x‰þœ îœöìœ£z ‰þöìœÐ xy‹„þyœ Ö•%›ye ö‹Äy!“þ!îûw˜yí àþy„%þîû ²Ìî!“Åþ“þ xy„þyîû›y!e„þ
ßþºîû!œ!þ™ þ™kþ!“þîû x!•„þ ²Ìöìëûy† þ™!îûœ!Çþ“þ £ëûÐ xyîû Ÿyßþf#ëûéôé¢‚†#öì“þîû öÇþöìe þ™![þ“þ
¦þy“þ…öì[þ ²Ìî!“Åþ“þ !£¨%ßþiy˜# ßþºîû!œ!þ™ þ™kþ!“þîû ²Ìöìëûy†ç xy‹„þyœ …%î ~„þÝþy „þ› ˜ëûÐ
ëy£z ö£y„äþ– ”[þ›y!e„þ ßþºîû!œ!þ™ þ™kþ!“þîû ›y•Äöì› !œ!þ™îkþ íy„þy öë ¢î †yöì˜îû £!”Ÿ
xy‹öì„þ xy›îûy öþ™öìëû!Šé ö¢=!œ ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy ‰þ‰Åþyîû öÇþöìe x“þÄhsþ vþzþ™öìëy†#Ð
îœyîýœÄ– ò†#“þöì†y!îöì¨îû ßþºîû!œ!þ™ó S1871 !…Ê.V @ùÌsþi!Ýþ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû
~„þ!Ýþ x˜î”Ä ¢,!ÜTÐ ÷î¡Œî „þ!î ‹ëûöì”öìîîû ò†#“þöì†y!î¨óöì„þ ö„þw „þöìîû ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸëû
“¤þyîû ~£z @ùÌsþi!Ýþ îû‰þ˜y „þöìîöû Šì é˜Ð ò†#“þöì†y!î¨ó xy¢öìœ þ™”yîœ#Ð ~…yöì˜ îûy† ~î‚ “þyöìœîû
vþzöìÍÔ… xyöìŠéÐ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# ~£z þ™”yîœ#îû ßþºîû!œ!þ™ !˜›Åy’ „þöìîû˜ 1871 !…Ê.Ð
x›œ ”yŸŸ›Åyîû „þíyëûéôôôôé òòvþz_« @ùÌöìsþi †#“þöì†y!îöì¨îû 25!Ýþ ²Ìîöìõþîû ßþºîû!œ!þ™ xyöìŠéÐóó15
²Ìîõþ Ÿ·!Ýþ îœy £öìFŠé ~£z „þyîûöì’ öë ²Ìîõþ†#!“þîû îû#!“þöì“þ£z ò†#“þöì†y!î¨ó îû!‰þ“þ
£öìëû!ŠéœÐ “þy£öìœ ö”…y ëyöìFŠé öë– †#“þöì†y!îöì¨îû ¢%îû ö„þ›˜ !Šéœ “þy ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸëû
!œ!þ™îkþ „þöìîû ö†öìŠé˜Ð î“Åþ›yöì˜ ¢‚†#“þ †öìî¡ì„þîûy ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸöìëûîû ~£z xî”yöì˜îû
šþöìœ öë !îöìŸ¡ì vþzþ™„,þ“þ £öì“þ ¢Çþ› £öìëûöìŠé˜ “þy ¢£öì‹£z x˜%öì›ëûÐ
1858 !…Ê. òîûbyîœ#ó ˜yÝþöì„þ ²Ìöìëûy† „þîûyîû ‹˜Ä ¦þyîû“þîöì¡ìÅ ¢îÅ²Ìí› ö”Ÿ# îy”Äësþf
ç £zvþzöîì yû þ™#ëû îy”Äëöìsþfîû ¢y£yöìëÄ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# ò~„þ“þy˜ îy”˜ó ¢,!ÜT „þöìî˜û Ð 1868
!…Ê. ~£z ˜yÝþöì„þîû †y˜=!œ òú„þ“þy!˜„þ ßþºî!û œ!þ™ó @ùÌsþi !£¢yöìî xyd²Ì„þyŸ „þöìîÐû þ™îûî“Åþ#„þyöìœ
öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû ~£z ¢,!ÜT„þöì›Åîû myîûy ²Ì¦þy!î“þ £öìëû “¤þyîû£z !Ÿ¡ìÄ ”!Çþ’y‰þîû’ ö¢˜
!î!¦þ§¬ þ™yØþy“þÄ îy”Äëöìsþf ¢›yöìîöìŸ òîÏ$ !îûî˜ xöì„ÅþßþTÉyó †àþ˜ „þöìîû˜ ëy ö¢¢›ëû ÞÝþyîû
!íöìëûÝþyöìîûîû x˜Ä“þ› xy„þ¡ìÅöì’îû !î¡ìëû !ŠéœÐ Ö•% “þy£z ˜ëû– ”!Çþ’y‰þîû’ ö¢˜ =îû&îû
òú„þ“þy!˜„þ ßþºî!û œ!þ™óîû x˜%„þîûö’ì ”%!Ýþ …öì[þ !î¦þ_« òú„þ“þy!˜„þ ßþºîéû ôé¢‚@ùÌ£ó îû‰þ˜y „þöìî˜û Ð
!„þlsþ ”!Çþ’y‰þîû’ ö¢˜ ›£yŸëû öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû ßþºîû!œ!þ™ þ™kþ!“þîû ¢öìD x!“þ!îû_«
!„þŠ%é !‰þ£« ë%_« „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð ëy£z ö£y„þ– î“Åþ›yöì˜ îy‚œyëû xy•%!˜„þ î,ÿîöì˜îû ²Ì‰þœ˜ !„þlsþ
ö†yßþºy›# ›£yŸöìëûîû ú„þ“þy˜ îy”öì˜îû þ™!îû’y› îœy ëyëûÐ “þy£öìœ öîyGþy ëyöìFŠé !“þ!˜£z
²Ìí› ¦þyîû“þîöì¡ìÅ î,ÿîöì˜îû ¢)eþ™y“þ „þöìîû˜Ð
|˜!î‚Ÿ Ÿ“þy·#öì“þ xy›yöì”îû ~£z îy‚œy îûy‘þüîy‚œy îy îûy‘þüîD ˜yöì› x!¦þ!£“þ !ŠéœÐ
òòîû y ‘þü î öì D !îKþy˜!¦þ!_„þ !e«ëû y d„þ ¢‚†#“þ!ŸÇþyîû ‹˜Ä öÇþeöì › y£˜ “¤ þ yîû !Ÿ¡ì Ä
þ™yí%!îûëûy‡yÝþyîû àþy„%þîû þ™!îûîyöìîûîû ö¢ï!îûwöì›y£öì˜îû xy˜%„)þöìœÄ 1871 !…Ê. òîD ¢‚†#“þ
!î”Äyœëûó ~î‚ 1881!…Ê. òöîDœ ~„þyöìvþ!› xî !›vþz!‹„þó ¢‚†#“þ !î”Äyœëû ”%!Ýþ ßþiyþ™˜
„þöìîû˜Ðóó16 ~£z ”%!Ýþ ¢‚†#“þ !î”Äyœëû ²Ì!“þ!Ûþ“þ £çëûyîû šþöìœ xöì˜„þ !Ÿ¡ìÄéôé²Ì!Ÿ¡ìÄ öë›˜
÷“þ!îû £öìëûöìŠé– ö“þ›!˜ ~£z îy‚œyëû „þZþ¢‚†#“þ “þíy ësþf¢‚†#öì“þîû îÄyþ™„þ ²Ì¢yîû ‡öìÝþöìŠé
“¤þyöì”îû myîûy£zÐ ¢%“þîûy‚– ~£z ”%!Ýþ ¢‚†#“þ !î”Äyœöìëûîû =îû&c xþ™!îû¢#›Ð
þ™!îûöŸì öì¡ì îœy ëyëû öë– öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#îû !„þŠ%é „þ›Å„þy[þ xy‹öì„þîû !”öì˜ x²Ì‰þ!œ“þ
£öìœç– “¤þyîû „þ›Å„þyöì[þîû ¢)e •öìîû£z xöì˜„þ ¢‚†#“þŸyßþf# “þíy †öìî¡ì„þ î“Åþ›yöì˜ †öìî¡ì’yîû
þ™í ¢%†› „þîûöì“þ ¢Çþ› £öìëûöìŠé˜Ð ö„þ˜˜y– x“þ#“þöì„þ ˜y ‹y˜öìœ î“þÅ›yöì˜ ö„þyöì˜y ~„þ!Ýþ
!î¡ìëûöì„þ !„þ¦þyöìî !îöìÙÕ¡ì’ „þîûy ëyëû “þy xßþ™ÜT öíöì„þ£z ëyëûÐ x“þ#öì“þ ~£z ¢‚îûÇþöì’îû
„þy‹!Ýþ öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#£z „þöìîû ö†öìŠé˜ ëy xy‹öì„þîû !”öì˜ x“þÄhsþ ²Ìy¢!D„þÐ
“þíÄ¢)e -
1. vþ. ö†ï“þ› ˜y† S¢Á™y.V– ¢‚†#“þ!î”Äy !î¦þy†#ëû þ™!e„þy– ²Ìí› ¢‚…Äy -
S„þœ„þy“þy– îûî#w¦þyîû“þ# !îÙ»!î”Äyœëû– 2001V
2. öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#– „þZþöì„þï›%”# - S„þ!œ„þy“þy– îD ¢D#“þ !î”Äyœëû– 1875V– 1
3. vþ. ²Ì”#þ™„%þ›yîû ö‡y¡ì– Ÿyßþf#ëû ¢‚†#“þ þ™!îû‰þëû– ²Ìí› þ™îÅ - S„þœ„þy“þy– ¢%îû•¹!˜–
1985V– 1
4. öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#– „þZþöì„þï›%”#- S„þ!œ„þy“þy– îD ¢‚†#“þ !î”Äyœëû– 1875V–1
5. “þöì”î– þ™,. 1
6. vþz›y ö”– ¢D#“þ þ™!îû‰þëû– ¦)þ!›„þy - S„þœ„þy“þy– îûî#w¦þyîû“þ# !îÙ»!î”Äyœëû– 2009V
7. öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#– „þZþöì„þï›%”# - S„þœ„þy“þy– îD ¢D#“þ !î”Äyœëû– 1875V– 2

8. “þöì”î– þú
9. “þöì”î– ú
10. vþ. ²Ì”#þ™„%þ›yîû ö‡y¡ì– Ÿyßþf#ëû ¢‚†#“þ þ™!îû‰þëû– ²Ìí› þ™îÅ - S„þœ„þy“þy– ¢%îû•¹!˜–
1985V– þ™,. 5
11. öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#– ¢D#“þ¢yîû - S„þœ„þy“þy– xy£z.!¢.öîy¢ xÄyuþ ö„þy‚– 1869V–
þ™,. 64
12. “þöì”î– þ™,. 88
13. öÇþeöì›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#– ¢D#“þ¢yîû - S„þ!œ„þy“þy– îD ¢D#“þ !î”Äyœëû– 1879V– ™,.42
14. ö”îîÊ“þ ”_– ¢D#“þ “þ_´– ²Ìí› …[þ - S„þ!œ„þy“þy– îÊ“þ# ²Ì„þyŸ˜#– 2011V– þ™,. 245
15. x›œ ”yŸŸ›Åy– ¢D#“þ ›˜#¡ìy– ²Ìí› …[þ - S„þœ„þy“þy– ö„þ !þ™ îy†‰þ# xÄyuþ ö„þyÁ™y˜#–
1981V– þ™,. 58
16. ö¢ï!›e œy!£vþü# S¢Á™y.V ç „þBþ˜y ¦þRy‰þyëÅ S¢Á™y.V– îy‚œy ¢‚†#“þ ö›œy ßþ¿yîû„þ
@ùÌsþi - S„þœ„þy“þy– îy‚œy ¢‚†#“þ ö›œy ßþ¿yîû„þ @ùÌsþi vþzþ™¢!›!“þ– 1998V– þ™,. 43
¢£yëû„þ @ùÌsþiþ™!O
1. …¤y˜ ö›yîyîû„þ ö£yöì¢˜ S¢Á™y.V– ¢‚†#“þ¢y•„þ x!¦þ•y˜– ‘þy„þy– îyœy ~„þyöìvþ›# 2003
2. …¤y˜– îûy‹y ×#˜öìîûwœyœ– þ™!îûîy!”˜#éôé!ŸÇþy– ²Ìí› ¦þy†Ð ˜yvþüyöì‹yœ - ˜yvþüyöì‹yœ
îûy‹îy!vþü– 1918
3. †öìDyþ™y•Äyëû ö¢ïöì›w– ¢D#“þ „þœy!î”ä öŸïîû#wöì›y£˜ àþy„%þîû– „þ!œ„þy“þy- ¢%î’Åöìîû…y
1994
4. ö†yßþºy›# ²Ì¦þy“þ„%þ›yîû– ¦þyîû“þ#ëû ¢‚†#öì“þîû „þíy– „þœ„þy“þy– xy!” ˜yí îÊy”y¢Å– 2005Ð
5. ö†yßþºy›# öÇþeöì›y£˜– xyÖîûO˜# “þ_´– „þ!œ„þy“þy– ˜)“þ˜îy‹yîû ‰þîû„þvþyˆy öœ˜
30˜‚ îy!Ýþ– 1885Ð
6. ö†yßþºy›# öÇþeöì›y£˜– „þZþöì„þï›%”#– „þ!œ„þy“þy– îD ¢D#“þ !î”Äyœëû– þ1875Ð
7. ö†yßþºy›# öÇþeöì›y£˜– ‹ëûöì”öìîîû ‹#î˜ ‰þ!îû“þ ¢Áº!œ“þ †#“þöì†y!î¨ †#“þyîœ#îû
ßþºîû!œ!þ™– „þœ„þy“þy - þ™yí%!îûëûy‡yÝþy îD ˜yÝþÄyœëû– 1871Ð
8. ö†yßþºy›#– öÇþeöì›y£˜– ¢D#“þ¢îûÐ „þ!œ„þy“þy– îD¢D#“þ !î”Äyœëû– 1879Ð
9. ö‡y¡ì– vþ. ²Ì”#þ™„%þ›yîû– Ÿyßþf#ëû ¢‚†#“þ þ™!îû‰þëû– ²Ìí› þ™îÅ– „þ!œ„þy“þy– ¢%î•û ¹!˜ 1985Ð
10. ”yŸŸ›Åy– x›œ– ¢D#“þ ›˜#¡ìy– ²Ìí› …[þ– „þœ„þy“þy - ö„þ !þ™ îy†‰þ# xÄyuþ
ö„þyÁ™y˜#– 1981Ð
11. îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû– ¢“þÄ!„þBþîû– ¢D#“þéôé›%„%þîû– „þ!œ„þy“þy - ¢‚†#“þ ö²Ì¢– 1960
12. îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû– ¢“þÄ!„þBþîû– ¢D#“þéôéKþy˜éôé²ÌöìîŸ– „þ!œ„þy“þy– !” !˜vþz £z!uþëûy !²Ì!rÝþ‚
ö²Ì¢– 1949Ð
13. ›%öì…yþ™y•Äyëû– !”œ#þ™„%þ›yîû– îyDyœ#îû îûy†éôé¢D#“þ ‰þ‰Åþy– „þ!œ„þy“þy - šþy›Åy ö„þ ~œ
~› ²Ìy.!œ.– 1976Ð
14. ›%öì…yþ™y•Äyëû– !”œ#þ™„%þ›yîû– ¦þyîûöì“þîû ¢D#“þ=’#– ²Ìí› …[þ– „þ!œ„þy“þy - ~. ›%…y!‹Å
xÄyuþ ö„þy‚ ²Ìy. !œ.– 1977Ð
15. ö¢˜=®– ¢%öìîy•‰þw S²Ìíy˜ ¢Á™y.V– ç î¢%– xO!œ S¢Á™y.V– ¢‚¢” îyˆy!œ
‰þ!îû“þy!¦þ•y˜– ²Ìí› …[þ– „þœ„þy“þy– ¢y!£“þÄ ¢‚¢”– 2010Ð
÷û˛!ÓÓy• ≠ xhsˇÉ˛õ%Ó˚ Ä xhsˇÉ˛õ%!Ó˚Ü˛yàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#Óhsˇ xyˆÏ°áƒ

ˆüÔ!üï˛y ï˛y°%Ü˛òyÓ˚*
ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ öyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓòyö x!ÓfløÓ˚î#Î˚ñ ï˛y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ˆ•yÜ˛
!Ü˛ÇÓy flÀ‹Ty !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ˆ•yÜ˛– í˛zû˛Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z öyÓ˚# fl∫ÈÙÈü!•üyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚y!çï˛– ã˛Î≈y˛õò ˆÌˆÏÜ˛
÷Ó˚& Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyô%!öÜ˛ §y!•ï˛ƒÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ §Ü˛° ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z öyÓ˚# xy˛õö fl∫Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !ÓÓ˚yçüyö– ≤Ãyã˛#ö
ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü !öò¢≈ö ã˛Î≈y˛õˆÏò ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛!°ï˛ §üyç!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö
ÓD§üyˆÏç öyÓ˚#Ó˚ û)˛!üÜ˛y Ü˛#Ó˚*˛õ !åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ §üƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ §üÎ˚
˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ öyÓ˚#Ä xˆÏÌ≈y˛õyç≈ˆÏö §!e´Î˚ û)˛!üÜ˛y @ˇÃ•î Ü˛Ó˚ï˛– ÷ô% xˆÏÌy≈˛õyç≈ö•z
öÎ˚ñ §Çà#ï˛ÈÙÈö,ï˛ƒã˛ã≈˛yˆÏï˛Ä ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏD öyÓ˚#Ó˚yÄ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î Ü˛Ó˚ï˛– ˆÎüö 17 §ÇáƒÜ˛
ã˛Î≈yÎ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ≠
öyã˛!hsˇ Óy!ç° ày!hsˇ ˆòÓ#–
Ó%k˛ öyê˛Ü˛ !Ó§üy ˆ•y•z––1
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ü˛Ìy xöfl∫#Ü˛yÎ≈ ˆÎñ üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ ã˛Î≈yÓ˚ öyÓ˚#Ó˚y xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆÓ!¢ fl∫yô#öï˛y
ˆû˛yà Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !òˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ˆÎ Óô) !öç åÈyÎ˚y ˆòˆÏá û˛#ï˛ §sfhflÏ ÌyˆÏÜ˛ñ ˆ§•z Óô)
Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°y Ÿª÷ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !öoy xÓÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !öˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛yüy!û˛§yˆÏÓ˚ Îyey Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ã˛Î≈yÓ˚ 2
§ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õˆÏò Ó!î≈ï˛ xyˆÏåÈ ≠
!òÓ§•z Ó‡í˛¸# Ü˛yí˛z•z í˛ˆÏÓ˚ û˛yx–
Ó˚y!ï˛ û˛•zˆÏ°Ñ Ü˛yüÓ˚&˛çyx––2
˛õM˛Èò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ÓXÈ%ˇ ã˛[˛#òyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ú◊#Ü,˛£èÜ˛#ï≈˛öÛ Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ öy!Î˚Ü˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö öyÓ˚# §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ §üÎ˚ §üyˆÏç Óy°ƒ!ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö
!åÈ°– ï˛y•z Ó˚yôyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚É§!¶˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚ xö!ï˛eýhsˇ xÌã˛ ˆÜ˛Ô!°öƒ Ó˚«˛y ˆ•ï%˛ ~Ü˛ ö˛õ%Ç§Ü˛
ˆàyÎ˚y°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚yôyÓ˚ !ÓÓy• âˆÏê˛– ú˛°ï˛ñ òy¡õï˛ƒ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy fl∫≤¿•z ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈
•Î˚!ö– ï˛yÓ˚ Ä˛õÓ˚ !åÈ° ¢y÷!í˛¸ ööˆÏòÓ˚ àOöy– ü)°ï˛ ~áyˆÏö Ó˚yôyÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ öyÓ˚#
§üyˆÏçÓ˚ °yN˛öyÈÙÈàOöyñ x§•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛eˆÏÜ˛•z ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
üD°Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ ò,!‹T˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆ§áyˆÏö üö§yñ ã˛[˛#Ó˚
xyd≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õåÈˆÏö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ò%!ê˛ !û˛ß¨ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛õê˛– üö§yÓ˚ í˛z@ˇÃ fl∫û˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÿ˛yˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
xyçß√ !˛õï˛yÈÙÈüyï˛yÓ˚ ˆfl¨•Ó˚§ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Ó!M˛Èï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ Îsfîyñ fl∫yü# §%á Ó!M˛Èï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆÓòöy– xöƒe ã˛[˛#Ó˚ xyd≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õåÈˆÏö Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xû˛yÓ xöê˛öñ òy!Ó˚oƒñ
ü•yˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ !Óü%á í˛zòy§#öï˛y–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õòyÓ°# §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ó˚yôyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒÄ öyÓ˚# ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ x§•yÎ˚ï˛yñ Îsfîy!Üœ˛‹T
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ã˛e•z ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xy§ˆÏ° üôƒÎ%à ˆÌˆÏÜ˛•z ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
*àˆÏÓ£ÏÜ˛ñ ÓDû˛y£Ïy Ä §y!•ï˛ƒ !Óû˛yàñ Ü˛!°Ü˛yï˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚–
150 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ ÷û˛!ÓÓy• ≠ xhsˇÉ˛õ%Ó˚ Ä xhsˇÉ˛õ%!Ó˚Ü˛yàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#Óhsˇ xyˆÏ°áƒ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ öyÓ˚#– !Ü˛v öyÓ˚#ˆÏÜ˛ ≤ÃÌü flÀ‹TyÓ˚ û)˛!üÜ˛yÎ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ |ö!ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛– ~Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆ•üã˛w ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ üô%§)òö ò_ñ öÓ#öã˛w ˆ§öñ {ŸªÓ˚ =Æñ
!Ó•yÓ˚#°y° ã˛e´Óï˛#≈ñ {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ñ Ó!B˛üã˛w ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚
≤Ãü%á öyÓ˚#ˆÏÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó‡ §y!•ï˛ƒ Ó˚ã˛öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– |ö!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ öyÓ˚#
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏ°Äñ öyÓ˚# Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !öò¢≈ö ˛õyÄÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ öy– Î!òÄ üôƒÎ%ˆÏà Úã˛wyÓï˛# Ó˚yüyÎ˚îÛ öyˆÏü ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ~Ü˛çö ü!•°yÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
!Ü˛v ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z ˆ§!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ü!•°yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öy !Ü˛öy ˆ§ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ §ˆÏ®• xyˆÏåÈ– |ö!ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌüyô≈ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ü˛°ˆÏü•z öyÓ˚#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ öyöy !òÜ˛ !¢“Ó˚*˛õ
°yû˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ≤Ã§Dï˛ üô%§)òˆÏöÓ˚ ÚÓ#Ó˚yDöyÛ Ü˛yÓƒ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ§áyˆÏö ~àyˆÏÓ˚y çö öy!Î˚Ü˛y ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃüyflõˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xû˛yÓ
x!û˛ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy çy!öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– !Ü˛v ~ ≤Ã§ˆÏD üˆÏö Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~àyˆÏÓ˚y çö öy!Î˚Ü˛y
!öˆÏçÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy !öˆÏçÓ˚y ˆ°ˆÏáö!ö– ~àyˆÏÓ˚y çö öy!Î˚Ü˛yÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ üô%§)òö !öˆÏç Ü˛°ü
ôyÓ˚î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö–
|ö!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏö§ÑyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ §üyç ç#ÓˆÏöÄ
öyÓ˚#ˆÏÜ˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ fliyö ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ öyöy xyˆÏ®y°ö ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈
û)˛!üÜ˛y @ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö {ŸªÓ˚ã˛w !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ñ Ó˚yüˆÏüy•ö Ó˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãü%á– flf# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã§yÓ˚ñ
§ï˛#òy• ≤ÃÌy ˆÓ˚yôñ Óy°ƒ!ÓÓy• ˆÓ˚yôñ !ÓôÓy !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ®y°ö •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xy•zö ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ~•z §Ü˛° ≤ÃÌy ˆÓ˚yô Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– üˆÏö
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛ ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ Ó˚yçc Ü˛Ó˚!åÈ° •zÇˆÏÓ˚çÓ˚y– ú˛°ï˛ñ ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ä !¢«˛y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆåÈÑyÎ˚y °yˆÏà– !¢!«˛ï˛ §æyhsˇ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ öyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ xhsˇÉ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆû˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚•z !¢«˛y °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfliy Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ~ §üÎ˚
!¢«˛yÈÙÈò#«˛yÎ˚ öyÓ˚#Ó˚y xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆÓ!¢ üyeyÎ˚ üy!ç≈ï˛ Ä xyô%!öÜ˛ ôƒyöÈÙÈôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ §ü,k˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& Ü˛Ó˚°– ÎyÓ˚ ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ |ö!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚yˆÏô≈ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ âê˛°
~Ü˛ Î%àyhsˇÜ˛yÓ˚# ˛õê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö– ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ü!•°y §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Óû≈˛yÓ âê˛°–
÷ô% xy!Óû≈˛yÓ öÎ˚ñ Ó!°¤˛ Ä ¢!_´¢y°# §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Óû≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛– ˆÜ˛í˛z
Ü˛!Ó Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õñ ˆÜ˛í˛z Óy Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ≤ÃyÓ!¶˛Ü˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ §y!•ï˛ƒ çàˆÏï˛
xyd≤ÃÜ˛y¢ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°ö–
í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆÎ §Ü˛° ü!•°y Ü˛!Ó xy!Óû≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏ°ö ≤Ã§ß¨üÎ˚# ˆòÓ#ñ fl∫î≈Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ#ñ üyöÜ%˛üyÓ˚# Ó§%ñ Ü˛y!üö# Ó˚yÎ˚ñ
!≤ÃÎ˚ÇÓòy ˆòÓ#ñ §Ó˚°yÓy°y §Ó˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãü%á– ~ÑˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z Ü˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !åÈ°
˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ü˛ ç#Óöñ fl∫yü# û˛!_´ Ä ˜ÓôÓƒ Îsfîy– í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ü!•°y Ü˛!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xˆÏöÜ˛ ã˛ã≈˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ü˛yˆÏç•z ˆ§ !Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï xyˆÏ°yã˛öy öy Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ |ö!ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ~Ü˛çö ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yÓyö xÌã˛ !Óflø,ï˛ÈÙÈ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#w §ü§yü!Î˚Ü˛
ü!•°y Å˛õöƒy!§ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öy˜Ï¢°#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyˆÏ°yÜ˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÜ˛–
÷û˛!ÓÓy• ≠ xhsˇÉ˛õ%Ó˚ Ä xhsˇÉ˛õ%!Ó˚Ü˛yàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#Óhsˇ xyˆÏ°áƒ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 151
ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ≤ÃÌü Óyäy!° ü!•°y Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ !öÉ§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• fl∫î≈Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ#–

fl∫î≈Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü í˛z˛õöƒy§ Úò#˛õ!öÓ≈yîÛ 1876 !á. ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •Î˚– fl∫î≈Ü%˛üyÓ˚#
ˆòÓ#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ü!•°y Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ÎÑyÓ˚ öyü fløÓ˚î Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛•z •Î˚ !ï˛!ö •ˆÏ°ö
¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚# ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚yö#– 1860 !á. 15 ç%°y•z ÓƒyÓ˚yÜ˛˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yîˆÏÜ˛ üyï%˛°y°ˆÏÎ˚
çß√@ˇÃ•î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õey°Î˚ !åÈ° Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yÓ˚Óyàyö ˛õ!Õ‘ˆÏï˛– !˛õï˛y ¢¢#û)˛£Ïî
Ó§% ã˛yÜ˛!Ó˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ °yˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ò%ÛÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§# ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚#Ä !˛õï˛yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ
ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö– !ï˛ö ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !ï˛!ö °yˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓD !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ û˛!ï≈˛ •ö– ÓD !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
!ï˛ö ÓåÈÓ˚ !¢«˛y °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚# •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚yö fl%ÒˆÏ° û˛!ï≈˛ •ö– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈Ü˛yˆÏ°
Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xy®%ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Óáƒyï˛ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛!ö¤˛ ˛õ%e x«˛Î˚ã˛w
ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓy• •Î˚– x«˛Î˚ã˛w ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ §)e ôˆÏÓ˚•z ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚#
ˆçyí˛¸y§ÑyˆÏÜ˛yÓ˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ö– ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö Ú°yˆÏ•y!Ó˚ö#Û Óy
Ú°yˆÏ•yÓ˚yö#Û öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !åÈˆÏ°ö– fl∫î≈Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ# ï˛ÑyˆÏÜ˛ §!áˆÏc ÓÓ˚î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆöö ~ÓÇ
öyü ˆòö Ú!Ó•Dö#Û §•z– ~üö!Ü˛ fl∫î≈Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ à#!ï˛öyê˛ƒ ÚÓ§hsˇ í˛zÍ§ÓÛ
Ú!Ó•!Dö#Û §•zˆÏÜ˛ í˛zÍ§à≈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö– ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚# Ü˛áˆÏöy ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏÜ˛
!öˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ã˛yö!ö– ≤Ã§Dï˛ çyöyˆÏöy òÓ˚Ü˛yÓ˚ ˆÎñ x«˛Î˚ã˛w ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó˚wöyÌ
ë˛yÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â!ö¤˛ Ó¶%˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ÓyˆÏò ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ Ó˚!ÓÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¶˛ƒyÜ˛y°#ö xy§ˆÏÓ˚
¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚# ≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õyö– ~üö!Ü˛ üyˆÏé˛ üyˆÏé˛ Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ §Ü˛yˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛•z Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Û ˛õ!eÜ˛y ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öyöy xyˆÏ°yã˛öy •ï˛– Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Û ˛õ!eÜ˛y
≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚#Ó˚ í˛zÍ§yˆÏ•Ó˚ §#üy !åÈ° ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚– !Ü˛v !ï˛!ö !öˆÏç ˛õ!eÜ˛yˆÏï˛
ˆ°áyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó®%üye xy@ˇÃ• ˆòáyö!ö– Î!òÄ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈Ü˛yˆÏ° Ó¶%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xö%ˆÏÓ˚yô
x@ˇÃy•ƒ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ~Ü˛!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˆ°ˆÏáö– ˆ§!ê˛ÈÙÈ•z !åÈ° ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü Ó˚ã˛öy–
1288 S1881 !á.V ÓDyˆÏ∑ û˛yo Ä Ü˛y!ï≈˛Ü˛ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ åÈy˛õy •Î˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ≤ÃÓ¶˛
ÚÜ˛!°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ flf# §üyçÛ– Ó°yÓy‡°ƒ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ !ï˛!ö fl∫öyˆÏü ˆ°ˆÏáö!ö– ~áyˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §•z
fl∫î≈Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ü˛yÓ˚î fl∫î≈Ü%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ#Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü
Ó˚ã˛öy ≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §üÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ öyü ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö!ö–
¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü Ä Î%àyhsˇÜ˛yÓ˚# §,!‹T •° Ú÷û˛!ÓÓy•Û– í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ 1312
ÓDyˆÏ∑ üç%üòyÓ˚ °y•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˆ°!áÜ˛yÓ˚ öyü åÈyí˛¸y•z ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Ü˛!Ìï˛ xyˆÏåÈ
Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚#Ó˚ Ü˛yåÈ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˆ°áy!ê˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÚöÓ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ÓDò¢≈öÛ ˛õ!eÜ˛yÎ˚
≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ çöƒ ˛õ#í˛¸y˛õ#!í˛¸ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– Î!òÄ !ï˛!ö ÓƒÌ≈ •ö– ï˛Ó%Ä ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hsˇ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚
xy@ˇÃˆÏ••z Ú÷û˛!ÓÓy•Û í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ# !öˆÏçÓ˚ öyü åÈyí˛¸y•z @ˇÃsiyÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚
≤ÃÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xö%ü!ï˛ ˆòö– Ú÷û˛!ÓÓy•Û í˛z˛õöƒy§ xÓ°¡∫ˆÏö ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ#Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛öy˜Ï¢°#
!öˆÏÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y Óï≈˛üyö xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÎ˚ x@ˇÃ§Ó˚ •Ó– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ü)° ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xhsˇÉ˛õ%Ó˚
Ä xhsˇÉ˛õ%!Ó˚Ü˛yàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ã˛e– xhsˇÉ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ç#Óö xyˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ xhsˇÉ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fliï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá §¡õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ öy–
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ xyd#Î˚Èfl∫çöñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!Ó˚Ü˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó,_ Ó,•Í ˆÎÔÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚•z !ã˛e í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ !ã˛!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~ !ã˛e §¡õ)î≈û˛yˆÏÓ

x®Ó˚ü•ˆÏ°Ó˚– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xy!DˆÏÜ˛Ä Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ x!û˛öÓˆÏcÓ˚ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö–
öyê˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ xy!DˆÏÜ˛ §Ç°y˛õôü#≈ Ü˛y!•!ö ÓÎ˚ö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö !ï˛!ö– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛y!•!öˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöyÓ˚*˛õ
ç!ê˛°ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ öy– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ü˛y!•!öˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ˚fli ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
x®Ó˚ü•ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛e– ~Ü˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ §yˆÏÓ!Ü˛Î˚yöyÓ˚ ˆåÈÑyÎ˚yñ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xyô%!öÜ˛
Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆåÈÑyÎ˚y–
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ Ó!î≈ï˛ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ˚fli ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ •° û%˛ÓˆÏöŸªÓ˚#Ó˚ !ò!òÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚–
û%˛ÓˆÏöŸªÓ˚#Ó˚ !ò!ò !åÈˆÏ°ö ≤Ãyã˛#ö üï˛yò¢#≈– í˛zFã˛˛õòfli ˆåÈˆÏ°ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õy!ç≈ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
x•ÇÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚ x•ÇÜ,˛ï˛– !Ü˛v ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xhsˇˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆfl¨•Ó˚§ §!M˛Èï˛ !åÈ° ï˛y Ü˛áˆÏöy•z !ÓÜ,˛ï˛
•Î˚!ö– ï˛y•z ˆï˛y Ó‡!òö ÓyˆÏò !ÓˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y !öˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓôÓy ˆÓyöˆÏÜ˛ ˆòˆÏá
ˆ§ ˆã˛yá ü%åÈˆÏï˛ ü%åÈˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
ï%˛•z ï˛ xyüyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛ö ö§‰ñ xyüyÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ §hsˇyˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛öñ
Ó%ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ò%ô !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏÜ˛Ä üyö%£Ï Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈñ ˆï˛yÓ˚ ~ ò¢yÄ xyüyˆÏÜ˛
ˆòáˆÏï˛ •°–3
ï˛ÍÜ˛y°#ö §üyˆÏç ˆåÈÑyÎ˚yåÑ%È!Î˚Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~Ü˛≤ÃÜ˛yÓ˚ x¶˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ Ü˛yç
Ü˛Ó˚ï˛– ˆ§•z §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ û%˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ò!òÓ˚ üˆÏôƒÄ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˆï˛y ◊#ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆåÈÑyÎ˚yåÑ%È!Î˚Ó˚ û˛ˆÏÎ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏÜ˛ ÓyÓ˚î Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈˆÏ°ö ˆÎÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
xyüyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá ˆÜ˛• ˆ˛õ§yò !òˆÏï˛ ~§ öy–4
û%˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ò!òÓ˚ !ÓôÓy Ü˛öƒy Ó˚yö#Ó˚ Ü˛°ƒyîüÎ˚#ñ ˆfl¨•¢#°y Ä Ü˛ï≈˛Óƒ ˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î– ˜ÓôˆÏÓƒÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ òyòyÓ˚ §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ§ xy◊Î˚ ˆöÎ˚– òyòyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyÎb Ü˛Ó˚yñ ˆÓÔÈÙÈˆòÓ˚ Ü˛yçÜ˛ü≈
ˆ¢áyˆÏöyÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !Ó¢y° §Ç§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛ü≈Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ï˛òyÓ˚!Ü˛ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛•z Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
◊#ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã§yò @ˇÃ•ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yö#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈Ü˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§
ÓˆÏ°ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
üy!§üyñ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆàˆÏ° üö ~üö ˛õ!Óe •Î˚ ˆÎñ â,îy ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– xy!ü
üy!§üyñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆáˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– ... xy•yñ ˆ˛õ§yò ü%ˆÏá !òˆÏï˛ ˆÎ
xyˆÏüyòñ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yüy!M˛È •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛– §Ü˛ˆÏ° ~Ü˛ ˛õyˆÏe áy!FåÈñ ï%˛!ü
xyüyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá !òˆÏ° xy!ü ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá !ò°%üñ Óy·˛î Ü˛yÎ˚fli ˆû˛ò öy•zñ
~•z ï˛ ˆ§áyöÜ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏüyòÈÙÈ ÙÈ ÙÈ§Óy•z !ÓŸª çöö#Ó˚ §hsˇyöñ xy˛õöyÓ˚
û˛y•z ˆÓyö‰–5
◊#ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ü!•üy í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° Ó˚yö#– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã§yò @ˇÃ•ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
!ü!◊ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° •*òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ û˛!_´– ï˛y•z ˆ§ §•ˆÏç•z çyï˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆû˛òyˆÏû˛òˆÏÜ˛ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏÜ˛ xy˛õö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ~áyˆÏö•z Ó˚yö# í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ~Ü˛ fl∫ï˛sf fliyö
x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ fl∫ü!•üyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ˆüç Ü˛y!Ü˛üyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ü˛° Ü˛yç !öˆÏçÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏô ï%˛ˆÏ°
ˆöÄÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ö#Ó˚òˆÏÜ˛ ºyï,˛ÓyÍ§ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD xß¨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ö Ü˛Ó˚yñ x!Ì!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚
xy˛õƒyÎ˚ö Ü˛Ó˚yÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ §Ü˛° Ü˛yÎ≈ §¡õyòö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ~Ü˛ òy!Î˚cÓyö Ü˛e#≈Ó˚ öƒyÎ˚–
˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ x!û˛âyˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ flf#!¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö âê˛ˆÏ°Ä û%˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ò!ò ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
!¢«˛y °yˆÏû˛ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛# !åÈˆÏ°ö öy– ÷ô%üye Ü˛öƒyˆÏÜ˛ ˛õyefli Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õ%!Ìàï˛ !Óòƒy
xç≈öˆÏÜ˛•z ÎˆÏÌ‹T ÓˆÏ° üˆÏö Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– ï˛y•z û%˛Óö !ò!òÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%ÒˆÏ° ˛õyë˛yˆÏöyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏˆÏÎ˚ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ !ò!òÓ˚ flõ‹T í˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
öy ˆÓyö‰ñ !åÈÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ ˆüˆÏÎ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fl%ÒˆÏ° ÎyÄÎ˚y xyüyÓ˚ ò%Ûã˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !Ó£Ï–
~áöÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ !òöÜ˛y° ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ~Ü˛ê%˛ ˛õí˛¸y÷öy çyöy öy ÌyÜ˛ˆÏ° !ÓˆÏÎ˚
•ÓyÓ˚ ˆçy ˆö•zñ ï˛y•z Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Ü˛ˆÏö ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§•z !üö‰ˆÏ§Ó˚y ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ Ü˛Ìy !çK˛y§y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎüö
xy˛õöyÓ˚y §yˆÏ•Ó •ˆÏFåÈñ ˆï˛ü!ö âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈˆÏ°ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüü Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚–6
Ó,•Í ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ §yü°yˆÏöyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xyô%!öÜ˛ ôƒyö ôyÓ˚îyˆÏÜ˛ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y í˛zòyÓ˚
üyö!§Ü˛ï˛y û%˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ò!òÓ˚ !åÈ° öy– Ü˛öƒyÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ û%˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ò!ò !¢«˛y
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ó˚*˛õˆÏÜ˛•z ≤Ãyôyöƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~üö!Ü˛ ˛õˆÏîÓ˚ Ä˛õÓ˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
ï%˛!üÄ ˆÎüöñ ˛õÎ˚§yÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛í˛z öÎ˚– xyçÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚*˛õ§# ˆ•yö xyÓ˚ =îÓï˛#•z ˆ•yöñ Óy˛õ ~Ü˛åÈy°y ê˛yÜ˛y öy ì˛y°ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚y˛õyÓ˚ ˆö•z– ÌyÜ‰˛ ÌyÜ‰˛ ò¢ !òö ÌyÜ‰˛ §Ó
çyö!Ó–7
xÌ≈yÍ !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ öyˆÏü ÓÓ˚˛õ«˛ˆÏÜ˛ ˛õî òyˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y â,îƒ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ä Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛
xyˆÏ°yÜ˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˆ§ §üˆÏÎ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ÷ô%üye !Óe´Î˚ ˛õîƒ !•§yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛
•ï˛– ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚Ä ˆÎ ~Ü˛ê˛y fl∫ï˛sf x!hflÏc xyˆÏåÈñ ï˛y ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïï˛y!sfÜ˛ §üyˆÏç àîƒ •ï˛ öy–
!Ü˛v !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÌyÜ˛y û˛%ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy §¡õ)î≈ xy°yòy– ˆ§ üˆÏö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚Ä !¢«˛y °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ï˛y•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ%e àˆÏîˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ çöƒ
ˆ§ ~üö ˛õye#Ó˚ §¶˛yö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆÎ !öˆÏç !¢!«˛ï˛ Ä û˛o âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛öƒy •ˆÏÓ– í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§
û%˛ÓöˆÏÜ˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢yöy ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
!ò!òñ àˆÏîˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §¡∫¶˛ Ü˛Ó˚ öy– ˆüˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ §%◊# •Î˚ñ
~Ü˛ê%˛ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸yÄ çyˆÏöñ xyÓ˚ û˛o âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ •Î˚–8
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ Ó!î≈ï˛ x˛õÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ •° û%˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ò!òÓ˚ ˆüç çyÛÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
xÌ≈yÍ ö#Ó˚òã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y xyô%!öÜ˛ !¢«˛yÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ Ó˚&!ã˛§¡øï˛
Ä üy!ç≈ï˛– ö#Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆüç çyÛÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !mï˛#Î˚ Ü˛yÎ˚fli
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x®Ó˚ü•ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛e í˛zò‰ây!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ö#Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y
ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆüüˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ àyöÓyçöyñ ˆ§°y•z §Ó!Ü˛å%È•z ˆ¢ˆÏá– ö#Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üyÓ˚
Ó_´Óƒ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ flõ‹T ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ü˛ï˛ê˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚yÓ˚
x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚#– ö#Ó˚&Ó˚ üy û%˛ÓöˆÏÜ˛ ÓˆÏ°ÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
!Ü˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ñ xy!ü ˆòá°%üÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ ö#Ó˚& ˆï˛y §yˆÏ•Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓÔˆÏòÓ˚
•zÇÓ˚yç# ˆ¢áyÓ˚ çöƒ ~Ü˛çö ˆüü ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ •ÆyÎ˚ !ï˛ö !òö
Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ˆüü ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢°y•zñ •zÇÓ˚yç# xyÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏüy!öÎ˚yü ˆ¢áyÎ˚–
xy!üÄ •ÆyÎ˚ !ï˛ö !òö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ âÓ˚Ü˛ßÿ ˆ¢áyÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy Ü˛Ó˚°%ü– ...
!Ü˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ü˛ Ó˚ÑyôˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yßÿÓ˚
Ó•z=ˆÏ°y !Ü˛ˆÏö !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛•z Ü˛yç ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–9
ö#Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈxyã˛Ó˚î
˛õy°ˆÏöÄ xï˛ƒhsˇ §yÓ°#°– xy§ˆÏ° Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ á%Ó §%®Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãyã˛ƒ Ä ˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
ˆü°Ó¶˛ö â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˆü°Ó¶˛ö âê˛yˆÏöyÓ˚ ˆ§ï%˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !ï˛!ö !öÓ≈yã˛ö
Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö xhsˇÉ˛õ%!Ó˚Ü˛yàîˆÏÜ˛ñ Îy ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ~Ü˛ ò%°≈û˛ âê˛öy–
§yçˆÏ˛õy¢yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÄ ö#Ó˚òã˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ xˆÏöÜ˛ ˆÓ!¢ xyô%!öÜ˛ Ó˚&!ã˛
§¡øï˛– ö#Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆåÈyˆÏê˛y û˛y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ flf#Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óî≈öy !òˆÏ°•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xˆÏöÜ˛áy!ö flõ‹T
•ˆÏÓÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
âˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ ˆçyí˛¸y áyê˛ñ Ü˛!í˛¸Ü˛yê˛ ••zˆÏï˛ ü¢y!Ó˚ é%˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈó ü¢y!Ó˚Ó˚
!û˛ï˛Ó˚ ˛õyáy– ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ !ÓåÈyöy ≤Ã›•z xyˆÏåÈ– ~Ü˛!ê˛ xyÎ˚öy ˆê˛!Ó°ñ
ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ öyöy≤ÃÜ˛yÓ˚ à¶˛oÓƒÈÙÈ ~Ü˛!ê˛ xyö°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚Ü˛áy!ö ¢y!í˛¸
ˆÜÑ˛yã˛yö xyˆÏåÈñ çƒyˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Ä ˆ§!üç 2†1!ê˛ é%˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈñ ˆàyê˛y ò%•z
Ü˛y!üçÄ é%˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈ ÙÈÙÈÙÈ ~Ü˛!ê˛ Óí˛¸ xy°üy!Ó˚ é˛Ü‰˛é˛Ü‰˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ˆÏåÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
~Ü˛!ê˛ @’y§ˆÏÜ˛ˆÏ§ ˆò¢# !Ó°yï˛# ˆá°‰öy §yçyöÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ10
xyÓyÓ˚ Óô)Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ~Ü˛•z §ˆÏD ì˛ƒy˛õy ì˛ƒy˛õy !§Ü˛!° ã%˛!í˛¸ Ä ã˛üÍÜ˛yÓ˚ àí˛¸ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏ°yÎ˚yÓ˚#
ã%˛!í˛¸ ˆÎö ~•z ò%•z §üyˆÏçÓ˚•z !Ó!ã˛e §•yÓfliyˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#Ü˛–
í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%•z Ü˛yÎ˚fli ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhsˇÉ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓöÎyeyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãòyö
≤Ãôyö !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏ°Äñ !ÓôÓy !˛õ!§üyÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ü˛y!•!öˆÏï˛ ~Ü˛ xy°yòy üyey
òyö Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !öÉ§hsˇyö xöyÌy !ÓôÓy !˛õ!§üy çö¢)öƒ Ó,•Í Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !Ó˛õ%° ˙ŸªˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ ¢ƒyü§%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó@ˇÃ•ˆÏÜ˛ Ó%ˆÏÜ˛ xÑyÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛yÜ˛# ç#Óö x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏåÈö–
•ë˛yÍ !˛õï,˛•#ö ºyï%˛‹õ%eˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%Æ ˆfl¨•Ó˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó!•É≤ÃÜ˛y¢
âˆÏê˛– àˆÏî¢ˆÏÜ˛ Ü˛yˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Îáö ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ x◊&ç° !Óà!°ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛áö
fl∫yû˛y!ÓÜ˛û˛yˆÏÓ•z ˛õyë˛ˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ •*òÎ˚Ä ˆÓyô •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ §%!fl¨?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÄˆÏë˛–
Ú÷û˛!ÓÓy•Û í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ÷ô%üye flf# §üyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ç°y˛õ Ä !ã˛eÈÙÈ•z ˆö•zñ xyˆÏåÈ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §ü§ƒyÓ˚ Ü˛ÌyÄ– û%˛ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !ò!òÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ôö# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ÓÓy• •ˆÏ°Äñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏï˛ƒˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ §ü§ƒy fl∫ï˛sf– Å˛õöƒy!§Ü˛ ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚# ˆòÓ# ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ôö#
Ä §%˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛öƒyˆÏÜ˛ §ü˛õ≈î Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°•z öyÓ˚# ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §Ü˛° §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §üyôyö •Î˚
öy– ˆÎáyˆÏö öyÓ˚#Ó˚ !öçfl∫ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ü)°ƒ ˆö•z ˆ§áyˆÏö §%ˆÏáÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî Ü˛Ó˚y•z !û˛!_•#ö–
ˆ§Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ xhsˇÉ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ xˆÏß∫£Ïî Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°
¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚# ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚yö#Ó˚ Ú÷û˛!ÓÓy•Û í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó˚Ó#wöyÌ
fl∫Î˚Ç ˆÎ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ í˛zFå¥È!§ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏ°!åÈˆÏ°öÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ

Ú~•z @ˇÃsiˆÏÜ˛ xyüÓ˚y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ~Ü˛!ê˛ !ÓˆÏ¢£Ï °yû˛ Ó!°Î˚y àîƒ
Ü˛!Ó˚°yü–Û11
ÓyhflÏ!ÓÜ˛•z Ú÷û˛!ÓÓy•Û @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ~Ü˛ ò%°≈û˛ §ÇˆÏÎyçöÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §ˆÏ®• ˆö•z–
ï˛Ìƒ˛õ!O ≠
1. í˛. !öü≈° òy¢ñ Úã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚e´üyÛñ ˆòÛç ˛õyÓ!°!¢Çñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚îñ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚
2005ñ ˛õ,. 159
2. í˛. !öü≈° òy¢ñ Úã˛Î≈yà#!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚e´üyÛñ ˆòÛç ˛õyÓ!°!¢Çñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚îñ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚
2005ñ ˛õ,. 115
3. ¢Ó˚ÍÜ%˛üyÓ˚# ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚yö#ñ Ú÷û˛!ÓÓy•Ûñ üç%üòyÓ˚ °y•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚ñ 1312 ÓDy∑ñ ˛õ,. 04
4. ˙ñ ˛õ,. 18
5. ˙ñ ˛õ,. 18
6. ˙ñ ˛õ,. 22
7. ˙ñ ˛õ,. 23
8. ˙ñ ˛õ,. 26
9. ˙ñ ˛õ,. 67
10. ˙ñ ˛õ,. 63
11. Ó˚&!Ó ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚yö#ñ ÚÓyî#ˆÏ§ÓyÎ˚ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ öyÓ˚#Ûñ ˛õ%hflÏÜ˛ !Ó˛õ!îñ çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2003ñ ˛õ,. 48
§•yÎ˚Ü˛ @ˇÃsi˛õ!O ≠
1. í˛. §ï˛ƒÓï˛# !à!Ó˚ Ä í˛. §üˆÏÓ˚¢ üç%üòyÓ˚ S§¡õy.Vñ Ú≤ÃÓ¶˛ §M˛ÈÎ˚öÛñ Ó˚byÓ°#ñ
!mï˛#Î˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 15 ~!≤Ã° 2009
2. í˛. ˛õyÌ≈ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ ÚÓyÇ°y §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚Ûñ ï%˛°§# ≤ÃÜ˛y¢ö#ñ £Ï¤˛ ˛õ!Ó˚üy!ç≈ï˛ Ä
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ô≈ï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î ≠ xyàfiê˛ñ 2011

õïƒÓˆÏDÓ˚ ãòãy!ì˛ Á òy›˛ƒ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛
v˛. xõú ˆõyîÑ˛
õ)úƒ ≠ 160 ›˛yÑ˛y
x˛ô)Óπ≈ ¢ì˛# ≠ ~Ñ˛ !Ófl˛ø,ì˛ õ!£úy òy›˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy›˛Ñ˛

÷¶˛◊# ˛ôye*
1872 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ òƒüòyú !ÌˆÏÎ˚›˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ó˚DõM˛È Óyàyú#Ó˚ òy›˛ƒÓ˚¢
!˛ô˛ôy¢yˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z â˛!Ó˚ì˛yÌ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚£z ~ˆÏúy ˆÓDú !ÌˆÏÎ˚›˛yÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚y
˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï òÎ˚ñ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚£z õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– õï%¢)îò î_ñ
v˛zˆ˛Ï ôwòyÌ îy¢ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌò≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆú Ï Á {ŸªÓ˚â˛w !Óîƒy¢yÜÓ˚ñ !üÓòyÌ üyfl˛f# ≤ÃõÖ% Ó˚y Ó˚DõˆÏM˛È
ÓyÓ˚yDòyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÓÏ üˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ !ò– ÚÚˆÜyúy˛ô ¢%®Ó˚# S¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚ î_Vñ ~ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ü#ñ
◊#õì˛#ñ ãÜÍ_y!Ó˚í# Á üƒyõyòy¡¨# â˛yÓ˚!›˛ x!¶˛ˆÏòe# ú£zÎ˚y ˆÓDú !ÌˆÏÎ˚›˛yÓ˚ S1úy ¶˛yoñ
1820 ¢yúV Ö%!úÎ˚y !äÈú–ÛÛ1 ˆ¢yõ≤ÃÑ˛ü ˛ô!eÑ˛yñ õïƒfl˛i ˛ô!eÑ˛yñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛yñ
¢%ú¶˛ ¢õyâ˛yÓ˚ñ ¢yïyÓ˚í# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚yDòyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏM˛È x!¶˛òÎ˚ ì˛#Ó ¶˛y°yÎ˚Ï !ò!®ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú–
ì˛Ó%Á ¶˛oáˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ òyÓ˚# òy £ˆÏúÁ ~£z¢Ó ÓyÓ˚yDòyÓ˚y ÓyÇúy òy›˛ƒ ãÜÍˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z x!¶˛òˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò–
~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÜyúy˛ô ¢%®Ó˚# S¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# î_V x!¶˛òÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ£˚ z òy›˛ƒ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ £yì˛
!îˆÏÎ!˚ äÈˆú Ï ò– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ òy›˛ƒ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !ì˛!ò£z ≤ÃÌõ õ!£úy òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚– ◊#Ó˚yõ˛ô%ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ õyˆÏ£ˆÏüÓ˚
ÓyÓ˚yDòy õyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Ñ˛òƒy ˆÜyúy˛ô v˛zˆ˛Ï ôwòyÌ îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ£˚ z ˆÓDú !ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆú Ï ò–
v˛zˆÏ˛ôwòyÌ îy¢ ì§˛yÓ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÜy‹T!Ó£yÓ˚# îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#Ó˚ !ÓÓy£ ˆîò 1874ñ
12 ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛– ~£z !ÓÓy£ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ü£Ó˚ v˛z_yú £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚–
~õò!Ñ˛ ÓƒD!Óo&˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú òyòy äÈv˛¸yÈÙÈ
xy!õ ¢ˆÏÖÓ˚ òyÓ˚# ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚#
fl˛f# ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°Ï xƒyˆÏQy Ñ˛!Ó˚
î%!òÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ ÎyˆÏÓ–˚ ÛÛ2
!ÓÓy£ £ˆÏúÁ ˆÜyúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ~ ã#Óò xÓüƒ ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ £Î˚!ò– ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!Ñ˛ä%È!îò ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛!Ó£yÓ˚# ãy£yˆÏãÓ˚ Öyúy¢#Ó˚ Ñ˛yã !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏîˆÏü ˛ôy!v˛¸ ˆîò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z
ì§˛yÓ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒ £Î˚– ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# Ñ˛òƒyˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛Ó˚õ !Ó˛ôˆÏî ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈˆú Ï òñ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú
ã#ÓˆÏò ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ úv˛¸y£zˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ x!¶˛òÎ˚ ãÜˆÏì˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
ì§˛yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ !îò!›˛Á ˆÑ˛v˛z !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yˆÏÖò !òñ ì˛y£z ãß√ñ õ,ì%˛ƒ î%!›˛ !îò£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xãyòy–
¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# î_Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ õˆÏM˛È xy!Ó≈¶˛yÓ 1úy ¶˛yoñ 1280 ¢yúñ õï%¢î) ˆÏòÓ˚ ü!õ≈¤˛y òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ü!õ≈¤˛yÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– î%ˆÏÜ≈üò!®ò#Ó˚ !Óõúyñ ˛ô%Ó˚&!Óe´ˆÏõÓ˚ ˙úy!Óúyñ x◊&¢ì˛#Ó˚
*xÇüÑ˛yú#ò xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ õy£zˆÏÑ˛ú õï%¢)îò ˆõˆÏõy!Ó˚Î˚yú Ñ˛ˆÏúã–
x˛ô)Óπ≈ ¢ì˛# ≠ ~Ñ˛ !Ófl˛ø,ì˛ õ!£úy òy›˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy›˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 157
õ!úòy â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ì˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– xÓò#wòyÌ ì˛yÓ˚ õ!úòy â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe
x!¶˛òÎ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÚÚ˛ô,!Ì¥Ó˚yã Á õ!úòyÓ˚ Üyòñ ~ÖòÁ Ñ˛yˆÏò ÓyãˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ ¢%Ó˚ÛÛ–3
1874 ~Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛ ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# ˆÎyÜ ˆîò ˆ@˘Ã›˛ òƒyüòyú !ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yˆÏÓ–˚ ~£z ˆ@˘Ã›˛ òƒyüòyú
!ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ !äÈˆú Ï ò ò›˛ˆÏ◊¤˛ xˆÏï® ≈ ˆ% üÏ ÖÓ˚ õ%hfl˛yö˛#– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢%Æ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y üì˛ïyÓ˚yÎ˚
v˛zÍ¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú x!¶˛òÎ˚ î«˛ì˛yÎ˚ xˆÏï®%ˆüÏ ÖˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ òy›˛ƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú–
~õyˆÏÓ”˚ ˛ !ÌˆÏÎ›˚ ˛yˆÏÓÁ
˚ ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – ~ÖyˆÏò ì§˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚
!ü«˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚& !äÈˆÏúò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúÑ˛ õˆÏ£wúyú Ó¢%– ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚# Ó!B˛õâ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ x!¶˛òÎ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãò!≤ÃÎì˚ ˛yÓ˚ !üÖˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛!äÈˆú Ï ò– ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# îˆÏ_Ó˚ !Óõúyñ !Ü!Ó˚ãyÎ˚yÓ˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÖ
Ó!B˛õâ˛w !òˆÏã£z ÓˆÏú!äÈˆú Ï ò ÚÚxyã !Óõúy !Ü!Ó˚ãÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ã#Óhs˛ ˆî!Öúyõ...ÛÛ4 ¢%Üy!Î˚Ñ˛yñ
¢%x!¶˛ˆÏòe# ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚#Ó˚ x!¶˛Óƒ!_´ñ ¢%Ñ˛t˛ñ Ü#!ì˛Ñ%˛üúì˛y ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ x!¶˛ˆÏòe#
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈú–
ˆÜy¤˛!Ó£yÓ˚# îy¢ ÎÖò ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈˆvÏ ˛¸ â˛ˆÏú Îyò ì˛Öò ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ òy›˛Ñ˛ !úˆÏÖ£z
ã#!ÓÑ˛y !òÓ≈y£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– !Ñ˛ls˛ xyõÓ˚y ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òy›˛Ñ˛£z xyã ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˛ôy£z ì˛y £ú
Úx˛ô)Óπ≈¢ì˛#Û– ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ !ì˛!ò£z ≤ÃÌõ õ!£úy òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚– Î!îÁ ì˛yÓ˚ òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚
¢¡ô)í≈ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆúÖy !Ñ˛òy ˆ¢ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!ò £z!u˛Î˚y x!ö˛¢
úy£zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ƒy›˛yúˆÏÜ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò xy÷ˆÏì˛y°Ï îy¢ Á ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚# îˆÏ_Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy Úx˛ô)Óπ≈¢ì˛#Û
òy›˛Ñ˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ Úx˛ô)Óπ≈¢ì˛#Û òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ›˛y£zˆ›Ï ˛ú ˆ˛ôˆÏã Á òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õy!ÆÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Á fl˛ô‹T ˆúÖy
ÚÚ◊#õì˛# ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚# îˆÏ_Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãí#ì˛ Á ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛–ÛÛ
Úx˛ô)Óπ≈¢ì˛#Û òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# î_ fl˛∫íÑ≈ ˛% õyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢Ü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – Úx˛ô)Óπ≈¢ì˛#Û òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ˆÏì˛
ˆõy›˛ 5!›˛ xB˛ñ 14 Ü¶˛≈yB˛– Úx˛ô)Óπ≈¢ì˛#Û òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ 8!›˛ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï â˛!Ó˚eñ ~!›˛ x≤Ãïyò ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï
â˛!Ó˚e ~ÓÇ 10!›˛ òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍ ˛ôy£z– ˛˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï â˛!Ó˚e=!ú ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ òyòy hfl˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ xyÓ˚ òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚e=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛o â˛!Ó˚e 1!›˛ Ó˚yïyÓ˚yò# xyÓ˚ ÓyÑ˛# òyÓ˚# â˛!Ó˚e=!úÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ¢Ó£z ≤ÃyÎ˚ îy¢# Óy ÓyÓ˚yDòy â˛!Ó˚e– òyòy â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ !¶˛ˆÏv˛¸ òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ xyÑ˛≈°Ïí#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ˆÏäÈ–
Úx˛ô)Óπ≈¢ì˛#Û òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ ÓyÓ˚yDòy ò!úò#Ó˚ ã#ÓòÑ˛Ìy– õy £Ó˚õ!í ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôv˛¸y÷òy
!ü!ÖˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò !ü!«˛ì˛ ÓyÓ˚yDòy !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆÓü# xÌ≈ v˛z˛ôyã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ò!úò#Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~ ã#Óò Ñ˛yõƒ òÎ˚– ~ ã#Óò ˆ¢ â˛yÎ˚ òy ÈÙÈ ÚÚ˛ôy!˛ôò#Ó˚ Ü¶˛≈ãyì˛ x¶˛y!Üò# Ñ˛òƒy
xyõyˆÏÑ˛Á !Ñ˛ ˜îÓî%!Óπ≈˛ôyÑ˛ Óüì˛É ˆ¢£z ÓˆÏì˛ Óì˛# £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄ÛÛ5 !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîÖˆÏúÁ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ v˛zFâ˛ÓÇˆÏü !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚ ì˛y ˆ¢ ãyòì˛– ì˛Ó% ˆ¢ õˆÏòÓ˚ õì˛ ~Ñ˛ãò !ü!«˛ì˛
≤ÃíÎ˚# ˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ â˛Ó˚ˆíÏ ˆ¢Óy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã#Óò Ñ˛y›˛yˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ ~ Ñ˛yõòy v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ fl˛∫ÎÇ˚ ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚#Ó˚
£*îÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ó ˆÎ ÓyÓ˚yDòy £ˆÏÎ˚Á fl˛∫yõ#¢DÈÙÈ¢Ö% !Ñ˛ä%È!îˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚#Ó˚
158 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ x˛ô)Óπ≈ ¢ì˛# ≠ ~Ñ˛ !Ófl˛ø,ì˛ õ!£úy òy›˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy›˛Ñ˛
xydã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ò!úò# â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe– ò!úò#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛Ó˚úyÓ˚ S~Ñ˛ãò ÓyÓ˚yDòyV
Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛ÌˆÏòÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚# ˆîÖyˆÏúò ò!úò#Ó˚ x¢yõyòƒ !ÓîƒyÓ%!k˛ˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢ Ó˚â˛òy
!úˆÏÖˆÏäÈ Îy ì˛yÓ˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Îs˛fíyˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– õyÛÓ˚ Ó,!_ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆòÎ˚ òy
!‡˛Ñ˛£z !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ó˚ ãòƒ î%ÉÖ ˛ôyÎ˚– !òˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓÓy£ òy £ˆÏú ˆ¢ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óì˛ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ã#Óò Ñ˛y›˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!äÈú– õy £Ó˚õ!í ~Ñ˛ !ü!«˛ì˛ ÓyúÑ˛ â˛wˆÏÑ˛ì%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ò!úò#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyˆÏò–
â˛wˆÏÑ˛ì%˛ ò!úò#ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢ˆÏúÁ â˛wˆÏÑ˛ì%˛Ó˚ !˛ôì˛y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ò!úò#
xyd£ì˛ƒyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚yDòyÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ ˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚#Ó˚ õˆÏòÓ˚
xyüy !äÈú fl˛∫yõ# ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ã#Óò– ì˛y£z x!¶˛òÎ˚ ã#ÓòÁ !ì˛!ò ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ¢ fl˛∫≤¿ î#á≈fl˛iyÎ˚# £Î˚!ò fl˛∫yõ# ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÓyÓ˚
Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí– ˆ¢£z fl˛∫≤¿£z Ó˚*˛ô ˛ôyÎ˚ ò!úò#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ– ì˛y£z x˛ô)Óπ≈¢ì˛#ÛÓ˚ ò!úò#ˆÏì˛ ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#Ó˚
xydã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆäÏ È–
ÓyÓ˚yDòy ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~£z ≤ÃÌõ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛ey!Î˚ì˛ £ú– ˆ¢ Î%ˆÜÏ Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚yDòyˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
¢%ÖÈ ÙÈîÉ% ˆÏÖÓ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó î!úú Úx˛ô)Ó≈¢ì˛#Û– ~£z òy›˛Ñ˛ ÓyÓ˚yDòyÓ˚ ˆúÖy ≤ÃÌõ òy›˛Ñ˛ó Îy õˆÏM˛È
x!¶˛ò#ì˛Á £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ òy›˛ƒõ)úƒ Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛
õ!£úy òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚# î_ !â˛Ó˚fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓò–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e≠
1– Ó˚DyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚DÑ˛Ìy ≠ ˛ô,¤˛y 68ñ x!Óòyü ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– 1õ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í–
2– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ò›˛ò›˛# ≠ ˛ô,¤˛y 76ñ ˆîÓòyÓ˚yÎ˚í =Æñ 1õ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í–
3– áˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ≠ xÓò#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ñ Ó˚yí#â˛® xò%!ú!Öì˛ñ !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ≤ÃÑ˛yüòñ 2Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í–
4– Ó˚DyúˆÏÎ˚ !eü ÓÍ¢Ó˚ ≠ ˛ô,¤˛y 110ñ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚üâ˛w õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ fl˛∫˛ôò õã%õîyÓ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ñ
1õ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ 1912–
5– ≤Ã¢D ≠ ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚# î_ ≠ !Ó!ãì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ î_ñ !Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛yñ ¢Æõ ¢ÇÖƒyñ Óï≈õyò
!ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i ≠
1– Ó˚DyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚DÑ˛Ìy ÈÙÈ x!Óòyü ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– 1õ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í–
2– v˛z!òü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òy›˛ƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ÈÙÈ îü≈ò ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ñ 1õ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í S˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôí#V
3– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ò›˛ò›˛# ÈÙÈ ˆîÓòyÓ˚yÎ˚í =Æñ 1õ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í–
4– Ó˚DyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !eü ÓÍ¢Ó˚ ÈÙÈ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚üâ˛w õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ fl˛∫˛ôò õã%õîyÓ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛– ≤ÃÌõ
≤ÃÑ˛yüñ 1972–
5– ≤Ã¢D ÈÙÈ ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚# î_ñ !Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ˛ô!eÑ˛yñ ¢Æõ ¢ÇÖƒyñ Óï≈õyò !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
öŸ¡ì ö…ëûy - þ™)’yÅ D þ™yàþ!¦þ!_„þ !îöìî‰þ˜y

vþ. ö”î„%þ›yîû ö‡y¡ì*
ò÷˜öìî”Äóéôéîû þ™¤y‰þ îŠéîû þ™öìîûîû „þyîÄ òö…ëûyó S1906VÐ îûî#w„þ!î‹#îöì˜îû x•Äydîû¢‡˜

xyd!˜öìî”öì˜îû †#“þ¢y•˜yîû ë%ö†ì îû ²Ìöîì Ÿ›%ö…ì ßþiy!þ™“þ £öì“þ þ™yöìîû ~£z „þyîÄ S„þyîÄöìœy‰þ˜yëû
îûî#w˜yí vþ. ¢%öì…¨%¢%¨îû †öìDyþ™y•ÄyëûVÐ ~!”„þ öíöì„þ ö…ëûy ˜“%þ˜ þ™öìîÅîû „þyîÄÐ ~£z
¢›ëû öíöì„þ£z „þ!îîû „þy‹ „þ!îîû ö”…y ~î‚ „þ!îîû ö”çëûy / „þ!îîû ö”…y ö”…yöì˜yîû þ™öìí
‰þœöì“þ ö‰þöìë!û Šéöœ
ì ˜ îûî#w˜yí Sx!‹“þ ‰þe«î“Åþ#öì„þ öœ…y !‰þ!àþ - !îÙ»¦þyîû“þ# îûî#w¦þî˜
¢‚@ùÌ£VÐ òöŸöì¡îì û öœ…yóëû “þyîû ¢öìDîû xîßþiyîû ²Ì„þ, “þ ²Ì„þyŸ - ‡öìîç û ˜öì£ þ™yöìîç
û ˜öì£óÐ
‡yöìÝþîû !„þ˜yîûyëûóéôôôôé ›yGþ…yöì˜ ”¤y!vþüöìëû !”˜öìŸöì¡ì ö†y•)!œöì“þ !“þ!˜ xyþ™˜ ö”öìŸîû ˜yöìëûîû
ö›öìëûöì„þ vþy„þöìŠé˜- xy›yëû !˜öìëû ëy!î ö„þ öîû !”˜öìŸöì¡ì öŸ¡ì ö…ëûyëûÐ
‹#î˜öìî…û yîû ²Ìyëû ›yGþ…yöì˜ ”¤y!vþüöëì û ~£z vþy„þÐ 1861 öíöì„þ 1896 ~î‚ 1906
öíöì„þ 1941éôôôôé ~£z ”%£z ¦þyöì† îûî#w‹#î˜öì„þ ¦þy† „þîûöìœ ²Ìyëû ›yGþy›y!Gþ£z îûöìëûöìŠé
ö…ëûyéôé„þyîÄ S²Ì„þyŸ 1906V— öŸ¡ìöì…ëûy öœ…y ¢½þî“þ 15éôé16 ‹%˜ 1905 Sîû!î‹#î˜#
5 vþ. ²ÌŸyhsþ„%þ›yîû þ™yœV “þy!îûöì…Ð
!îÙ»¦þyîû“þ#îû îûî#w¦þî˜ x!¦þöìœ…Äy†yöìîîû û 110.1 ˜‚ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ ö…ëûyéôé„þyöìîÄîû
1› …¢vþüy þ™yàþ îûöìëû ö†öìŠé ~î‚ “þy „þ!îîû £yöì“þ£z öìœ…yÐ ö¢£z þ™öìîÅîû ¢öìD îD”ŸÅöì˜
²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ~î‚ „þyîÄ@ùÌöìsþiç x˜Äy˜Ä ¢‚„þœöì˜ ›%!o“þ òöŸ¡ì ö…ëûyóîû þ™yàþ !›!œöìëû þ™vþüöì“þ
þ™yîûöìœ “þöìî£z öŸ¡ì ö…ëûyîû þ™)’ÅyD þ™yàþ þ™vþüy ¢½þî £öìëû çöìàþÐ „þ!î“þyîû þ™)’ÅyD þ™yàþ
þ™yàþyhsþîû x˜%•Äy˜ Šéyvþüy „þ!î ç „þ!î“þyîû !¦þ“þîû ç îy!£öìîûîû xyßþºy”˜ ¢½þî £ëû ˜yÐ „þ!îîû£z
†y˜ îœöìŠé ôôôôé ò!îÙ»öì‹yvþüy š¤þy” öþ™öì“þŠé ö„þ›öì˜ !”£z š¤þy!„þ/xyöì•„þ •îûy þ™öìvþü!Šé ö†y–
xyöì•„þ xyöìŠé îy!„þóÐ xy›yöì”îû œÇþÄ •îûyéôéþ™vþüy xyöì•„þ ~î‚ îy!„þ òxyöì•Å„þöì„þ ~„þ£z
¢öìD •öìîû þþ™)’Å²Ìy’ œyî’Ä öþ™öìëû ëyçëûyéôôôôé „þ!î“þyîû ç „þ!îîûÐ
ö…ëûy „þyöìîÄîû ²Ìí› „þ!î“þy òöŸ¡ìöì…ëûyóÐ îû!î‹#î˜#îû îû‰þ!ëû“þyîû „þíyëû ~!Ýþ öœ…y
1éôé2 xy¡ìy‘þü 1312 “þy!îûöì…îû ›öì•ÄÐ 4 xy¡ìy‘þü 1312éôéîû îD”ŸÅöì˜ ~!Ýþ ²Ìí› Šéyþ™yîû
xÇþöìîû ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þÐ !î…Äy“þ ~£z „þ!î“þy ~î‚ ¢‚†#“þéôé!ŸÒ# þ™Bþ‹„%þ›yîû ›!ÍÔöì„þîû ö”çëûy
¢%öìîûîû þ™y…yëû ¦þîû „þöìîû îûî#w¢‚†#öì“þîû ›ëÅy”y öþ™öìëû ëyçëûy ~£z †yöì˜îû Öîû&Ýþy ò!”öì˜îû
öŸöì¡ì ‡%öì›îû ö”öìŸ ö‡y›Ýþyéôéþ™îûy ç£z ŠéyëûyóÐ
îûî#w¦þî˜ x!¦þöìœ…Äy†yöìîû S!îÙ»¦þyîû“þ#V ¢%îû!Çþ“þ ~îû þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™ þ™ëÅöìîÇþöì’
öîyGþy ëyëû ö¢…yöì˜ !Ÿöìîûy˜y›£#˜ ~£z „þ!î“þy „þ!î Öîû& „þöìîû!Šéöìœ˜ îD”ŸÅöì˜ ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ
*x!“þ!í x•Äyþ™„þ– îy‚œy !î¦þy†– xy!œëûy !îÙ»!î”ÄyœëûÐ

160 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ öŸ¡ì ö…ëûy - þ™)’ÅyD þ™yàþ!¦þ!_„þ !îöìî‰þ˜y
~î‚ îûî#w˜yöìíîû öë ö„þyöì˜y „þyîÄ@ùÌsþi „þyîÄ¢‚„þœ˜ @ùÌsþi îy îû‰þ˜yîœ#îû òöŸ¡ìö…ì ëûyó „þ!î“þyîû
2ëû hßþî„þ !”öìëûÐ “þöìî ýîý ~„þ “þyîû þ™yàþ ˜ëû– !¦þ§¬“þîû xí‰þ 2ëû hßþîöì„þîû ¢öìD !›œéôé›%…Ä
£öìëû çàþy þ™yàþÐ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ „þ!î ²Ìíöì› !œöì…!Šéöìœ˜éôôôôé
!”öì˜îû öîœy ¦¤þyÝþyîû ößþËyöì“þ çþ™yîû £öì“þ ~„þÝþy˜y
~„þ!Ýþéôé”%!Ýþ ëyëû öë “þîû# ö¦þöì¢æ
ö„þ›˜ „þöìîû !‰þ˜öì“þ þ™y!îû çöì”îû ›yöìGþ ö„þy˜ä…y˜y
xy›yîû ‡yöìÝþ !Šéœ xy›yîû ö”öìŸæ
îD”ŸÅöì˜ ~î‚ öëéôéö„þyöì˜y ¢‚„þœöì˜ Šéyþ™yöì˜y ~£z „þ!î“þyîû 2ëû hßþîöì„þîû öŸöì¡ì !Šéœ öë
”%!Ýþ Šée ~î‚ ²Ìyëûéôé•Êîþ™öì”îû ›öì“þy£z „þ!î“þyîû hßþî„þ öíöì„þ hßþîöì„þîû öŸöì¡ì ²Ìyëû ~„þ£z
þ™yàþ !˜öìëû î¤y•y þ™öìvþü!Šéœ– ö¢£z òxy›yëû !˜öìëû ëy!î ö„þ öîû/ !”˜öìŸöì¡ìîû öŸ¡ì ö…ëûyëûóéôôôôé
Šée ”%éôé!Ýþ Sþ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þV ²Ìí› öœ…yîû ¢›öìëû !Šéœ ˜yÐ îy˜y˜ þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ þ™!îû›y‹Å˜
„þîûöœì ç ~£z Šée ”%!Ýþöì„þ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ „þ!î !šþ!îûöëì û xyöì˜˜ !˜– ~öì˜öìŠé˜ îD”ŸÅö˜ì îû þ™yöìàþÐ
þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™îû þ™)öìîÅy_« þ™yöìàþ S9!Ýþ ŠéeV „þ!î Öîû& „þöìîûöìŠé˜ !”öì˜îû „þíyëûÐ 5›
Šéöìe îöìœöìŠé˜ !”öì˜îû x¤y•yîû ç ¢›ëû ²Ìîyöì£îû „þíy Sx¤y•yîû ˜yöì›éôéx‚Ÿ ¢›ëû ëyeyîû
þ™!îû‰þyëû„þVÐ „þyöìœy Šéyëûyîû î’Åy!œÁ™öì˜îû ßþº¦þyîéôé!e«ëûyëû ¦þöìîû çàþy ²Ì„,þ!“þþ™öìÝþ îû£¢Äöìœy„þ
†öìvþü ö“þyœyîû „þy‹ „þöìîû ëy˜ „þ!îéôé!ŸÒ#Ð !„þlsþ ”,ŸÄ›y˜ ö¢£z îû£¢Äöìœy„þ Šéy!þ™öìëû ~„þ
xhsþœÅ#˜ îû£¢Ä vþz¤!„þ !”öìëû ëyëû îöìvþüy £öìëû ˜yvþüy ö”ëû þ™yàþ„þöì„þ ~î‚ “þy £œéôôôôé ò!”öì˜îû
ë“þ x¤y•yîû ˜yöì›...óÐ
îD¦þD !îöìîûy•# xyöìÿœ˜ !˜öìëû „þ!î›öì˜îû þ™#vþüy öîy•– îÄ!_«†“þ ‹#îöì˜îû
”#‡Å!”˜ •öìîû ~„þy!•„þ xyþ™˜‹öì˜îû x„þyœ !îöìëûy†öìî”˜yÐ xyd”#öìþ™îû ²ÌIµœ˜éôé¢y•˜yîû
þ™öìíîû ˜y˜y˜ îy•yîû ›öì•Ä£z £ëûö“ì þy îy £!”Ÿ ö›œy ¢½þî þ™)öîì yÅ _« !”öì˜îû ë“þ x¤y•yîûóéôé~îûÐ
„þ!î ¢öìîû ö†öìŠé˜ „þ›Å›%…îû“þyîû ‹†“þ öíöì„þÐ
ö…ëûyîû þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ ›%!o“þ ö…ëûyîû 2ëû hßþîöì„þîû þ™öìîû „þ!î !œöì…öìŠé˜ Sîy îû‰þ˜y
„þöìîûöìŠé˜V 1› hßþî„þÐ šþöìœ òöìŸ¡ìöì…ëûyóîû ›öì“þy =îû&cþ™)’Å ~„þ!Ýþ „þ!î“þyþ™yàþ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™îû
þ™yàþ öíöì„þ Šéyþ™y @ùÌsþiþ™yöìàþ öë›˜¦þyöìî £ëû– ö¢¦þyöìî ö„þîœ Šéyþ™y @ùÌsþiþ™yàþ öíöì„þ £ëû˜y.
xí‰þ „þ!î“þyîû þ™)’ÅyD þ™yàþ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™ þ™yàþ öíöì„þ „þ!îîû ‹#!î“þyîßþiyëû ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ¢îÅ öŸ¡ì
Šéyþ™y þ™yàþÐ îûî#w‹#î˜#„þyöìîûîû ~£z „þíy ö›öì˜ öŸ¡ì ö…ëûyéôéîû þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ ²Ìí› öG¤þyöì„þ
îy ßþËÜTyîû ¢,!ÜTîû xyöìîöì†îû ²Ìí› ²Ì„þyöìŸ Šéyþ™yéôé„þ!î“þyîû 2ëû hßþî„þ£z £œ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™îû „þ!î“þyîû
2ëû hßþî„þÐ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ ²Ìíöì› ö¢!Ýþ !Šéœ þ™)öìîÅy_« hßþîöì„þîû S!”öì˜îû öîœy ¦¤þyÝþyîû
ößþËyöì“þ.... çöìîû xyëûæV
“þöìî þ™y[%þ!œ!œîû „þ!î“þyîû 3ëû hßþî„þ ~î‚ Šéyþ™y „þ!î“þyîû 3ëû hßþîöì„þîû öÇþöìe
~›˜Ýþy £ëû!˜Ð ”%!Ýþ öÇþöìe£z hßþî„þ!Ýþ ²Ìí›yî!• ~„þ£z¦þyöìî öíöì„þ ö†öìŠéÐ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ
²Ìí›îyöìîû öœ…y 2ëû hßþî„þ SŠéyþ™y þ™yàþ 1› hßþî„þV öœ…yîû þ™öìîû 3ëû hßþîöì„þ SŠéyþ™y þ™yàþ
öŸ¡ì ö…ëûy - þ™)’ÅyD þ™yàþ!¦þ!_„þ !îöìî‰þ˜y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 161
3ëû hßþî„þV „þ!î !œöì…öìŠé˜éôôôôé

‡öìîû ëyîûy ëyîyîû “þyîûy ‰þöìœ ö†öìŠé ‡îû þ™yöì˜–
þ™yîûy ëyîûy ëyîyîû ö†öìŠé þ™yöìîûæ...
‡öìîû ˜y öîû þ™yöìvþüç ˜y öîû xyöìŠé öë‹˜ ›yGþ…yöì˜
¢õþÄyöìîœy ö„þ övþöì„þ ö˜ëû “þyöìîûæ
„þ!î“þy !œ…öì“þ !Ÿ…öìî£z „þ!î £öìëû ëy˜ „þ!î“þyîû þ™yàþ„þéôôôôé ²Ìí› þ™yàþ„þ ~î‚ ~„þ£z ¢öìD
²Ìí› ¢›yöìœy‰þ„þ ç ¢‚ßþñyîû„þÐ ~£z þ²Ì!e«ëûy öëöì„þyöì˜y „þ!î“þy îû‰þ˜yîû ¢›öìëû£z ö”…y ëyëûÐ
“þy£z !œ…öì“þ !œ…öì“þ£z þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ£z S²Ìíöì› öœ…y 2ëû hßþî„þ 2ëû ŠéöìeV ò¦%þœyœ öîû
¦%þœyœ öîû– ö›yîû ²Ìy’ ¦%þœyœ öîûÐóéôéöì“þ !“þ˜éôé!“þ˜îyîû ò¦%þœyœ öîûó îÄî£yöìîû xyöìîöì†îû
›yey!“þ!îû_«yëû œ‡% ç !Ÿ!íœ £öìëû þ™vþüy ¦þyœîy¢yöì„þ vþzþ™ë%_« ¦þy¡ìyîû*þ™ !”öìëûöìŠé˜
„þ!îéôé¢‚ßþñyîû„þÐ ö„þöìÝþ !”öìëû î‹Å˜ „þöìîûöìŠé˜ öŸ¡ìîyöìîû öœ…y ò¦%þœyœ öîûó x‚Ÿ!ÝþÐ ~öì“þ
þ™yàþ ”¤y!vþüöìëûöìŠé ôôôôé ò¦%þœyœ öîû ¦%þœyœ öîû ö›yîû ²Ìy’Ðó
þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™îû ²Ìíöì›éôéöœ…y „þ!î“þyëû 1› hßþîöì„þ !”˜ ç !”˜ †!vþüöìëû– x¤y•yöìîûîû
xî“þîû’ ‰þöìœ— 2ëû hßþîöì„þ !”öì˜îû öŸöì¡ì ßþº’Å ö†y•%!œ 3ëû hßþîöì„þ - ò!”öì˜îû xyöìœy ö¢ç
š%þîûyœ– ¢¤yöì‹îû xyöìœy ‹µœœ ˜yóÐ 3› hßþîöì„þîû öŸ¡ìöìîœyîû ˜yëûó !„þ‚îy öîœyöìŸöì¡ìîû
öŸ¡ìöì…ëûyó îy çéôéîû„þ› !„þŠ%é ö˜£z— 2ëû hßþîöì„þ xyöìŠé òöŸ¡ìöìîœyîû ˜yëûó ~î‚ ò3ëû hßþîöì„þ
òöîœyöìŸöì¡ìîû öŸ¡ìöì…ëûyëûóÐ
2ëû hßþî„þ ßþiy˜y˜hsþöìîû þ™îû þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þéôôôôé 1› hßþîöì„þ !”öì˜îû öŸöì¡ì ßþº’Åöì†y•%!œ—
²Ìíöì› öœ…y 1› hßþî„þ 2ëû hßþî„þ £çëûyëû ò!”öì˜îû öîœyó ¦¤þyÝþyîû ößþËyöì“þéôéîû þ™!îûî“Åþ˜
~î‚ ò¢¤yöì‹îû öîœyóîû vþzþ™!ßþi!“þ– ò!”öì˜îû ›“þ x¤y•yîû ˜yöì›ó î‹Å˜ „þöìîû òxyhßþyîöìœîû “þ#öìîîû û
“þöìœîûó x¦þÄíÅ˜y— 3ëû hßþîöì„þ þ™yàþ !Šéœ xyöì†îû ›öì“þy£z ò!”öì˜îû xyöìœy ö¢ç š%þîûyœ–
¢¤yöì‹îû xyöìœy ‹µœœ ˜yóÐ
~£z öì²ÌÇþy !˜öìëû£z „þ!îéôéþ™yàþ„þ öíöì„þ „þ!îéôéîû!¢„þ þ™yàþ„þ ç „þ!î ¢›yöìœy‰þ„þ þ™yàþ„þ
¢_yîû x˜%î“þÅöì˜ þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ £öìëû ëyëû þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ öœ…y „þ!î“þyîû þ™yàþÐ ßþiy˜yhsþîûöì’îû
šþöìœ 2ëû hßþîöì„þîû 1› hßþî„þ £öìëû çàþyëû ò!”öì˜îû öŸöì¡ì ‡%öì›îû ö”öìŸóéôéîû ²Ìy’ ö¦þyœyöì˜y
x˜%¦þî =îû&“þîû £öìëû çöìàþ îöìœ£z ò¢õþÄy xyöì¢ !”˜ öë ‰þöìœ ëyëûóéôé x!¦þîÄ!_«îy£# „þ!îîû
SîÄ!_«¢yöìþ™Çþ ¢›y‹¢yöìþ™Çþ ö”Ÿ„þyœ¢yöìþ™Çþ ‹#î˜ ç ‹#î˜öìîy•¢yöìþ™Çþ ¢_yîû þ™îûßþ™îû
x!î!FŠé§¬ ¢_yîû*þ™ îyV îÄ!_«„þ „þ!î¢_yîû xy„%þœ“þy ç xhsþîûD „þy›˜yÐ Sxy›yëû !˜öìëû
ëy!î ö„þöìî/û öŸ¡ìöîì œyîû ˜yëûæV x˜%þ™yöì“þ 1› öíöì„þ 2ëû hßþî„þ £öìëû ëyçëûy þ™yöìàþîû þ™!îûî“Åþ˜
£ëûéôôôôé
S„þV!”öì˜îû „þyîÄ@ùÌsþi ¢¤yöì‹îû
…V !‰þ˜öì“þ þ™y!îû > !‰þ˜î çöìîû
†V !”öì˜îû ë“þ x¤y•yîû ˜yöì› > xhßþy‰þöìœ “¤þyöìîûîû “þöìœ
162 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ öŸ¡ì ö…ëûy - þ™)’ÅyD þ™yàþ!¦þ!_„þ !îöìî‰þ˜y
‡V „þyöìœy Šéyëûyëû !˜öì‹ ¦þöìî > Šéyëûyëû öë˜ Šéyëûyîû ›“þ

ˆV xy›yîû vþyöì„þ ¢yvþüy !”öìëû > vþy„þöìœ xy!› Çþöì’„þ íy!› ²Ìí› þ™yàþ ö„þöìÝþ
!”öìëû ˜“%þ˜ þ™yàþ !œöì…öìŠé˜ „þ!îÐ îD”ŸÅöì˜ ~î‚ „þyîÄ@ùÌöìsþi îy ¢‚„þœöì˜îû Šéyþ™yéôéþ™yöìàþç
~„þ£z þ™yàþ îû!Çþ“þ £öìëûöìŠéÐ ö„þîœ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™ öíöì„þ îD”ŸÅ˜éôéþ™yàþ öíöì„þ „þyîÄ@ùÌsþi þ™yöìàþ
öþ™¤ïŠéyöì“þ !†öìëû x˜Ä ”%!Ýþ hßþîöì„þîû öŸöì¡ì þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ öë›˜ •Ê&îþ™”éôé“þ% œÄ Šée=!œ îÄî£*“þ
£öìëûöìŠé– ö“þ›!˜ ~…yöì˜ç îÄî£yîû „þöìîûöìŠé˜Ð öíöì„þ ö†öìŠé ôôôôé òòçöìîû xyëûóóÐ þ™!îû“þÄ_«
£öìëûöìŠé ¦þyîë!“þ– þ™öìîû ~öì¢öìŠé ”%!Ýþ Šéeéôôôôé òxy›yëû !˜öìëû ëy!î ö„þ öîû/!”˜öìŸöì¡ì
öŸ¡ìöì…ëûyëûÐó
œÇþ’#ëû– „þ!î“þyîû ¦þyî†“þéôéö²Ì!Çþ“þ öíöì„þ£z „þéôé˜‚ þ™!îûî“Åþ˜Ð …éôé˜‚ þ™!îûî“Åþ˜
1› hßþîöì„þîû ò!”öì˜îû öŸöì¡ìóéôéîû ²Ì¢D!Ýþ ›öì˜ öîûöì…Ð Söšþöìœ xyŸy !”öì˜îû „þÒ˜y „þîûyîû
xî„þyöìŸ ›yey ö¢ï¡ì›Ä ¦þy¡ì›y•%ëÅ Šé¨éôéßþºyFŠé¨Ä ç ¦þyî!˜!îvþü“þyîû ²Ì“þ#!“þ ¢Mþéyîû „þîûyîû
‹˜Ä ¢y•yîû’ ¦þ!î¡ìÄöì“þîû ¢öìD ÷˜„þÝþÄ¢)‰þ„þ þ™”îõþ S!‰þ˜î çöìîVû îÄî£yîûÐ †éôé˜‚ þ™!îûî“Åþöì˜
!‰þe ç ²Ì¢öìD þ™!îûî“Åþ˜¢)öìe öë›˜ !”öì˜îû öŸöì¡ìîû ö…ëûyöì„þ ›%…Ä „þöìîû ö“þyœy– ö“þ›!˜
‡éôé˜‚ þ™!îûî“Åþöì˜ !”˜öìŸöì¡ìîû xyöìî”˜öì„þ ö…ëûyîû ¢öìD ‹%öìvþü !”öìëû !”˜öìŸ¡ì öíöì„þ
¢õþÄy„þyöìœîû Çþöì’ îy ‡%öì›îû ö”öìŸîû ë!“þîû ›öì•Ä xþ™¢,ëû›y˜ ¢›öìëûîû þ™!îû‰þëû “%þöìœ •îûy–
îû›’#¢%œ¦þ ²Ì“þ#!“þ ¢Mþéy!îû“þ „þöìîû ö”çëûyÐ ˜£zöìœ òö‡y›Ýþy þ™îûy ç£z Šéyëûyëûó =îû&c £yîûyëû–
ö¢ï¨ëÅ ›y•%ëÅ !ßþ¬?þ“þy £yîûyëûÐ ˆéôé˜‚ þ™!îûî“Åþöì˜ òxy›yîû ‡yöìÝþó– òxy›yîû ö”öìŸó íy„þy
“þîû#îû ö›öìëûöì„þ ~þ™yöìîûîû !˜ƒ¢D ç !˜‹Å˜“þyëû !˜!‹Å“þ ›y˜%¡ì!Ýþ vþy„þöìœ Sîû›˜#¢%œ¦þ ¦þ!D
ç x¦þÄy¢ !˜öìëû ö‡y›Ýþy þ™îûy Šéyëûyëû ‘þy„þy ö¦þöì¢ xyŸy ö…ëûyîû ö›öìëûöì„þ òvþy„þöìœ xy!›
Çþöì’„þ íy!› ö£íyëû þ™y!vþü •îûöìî ö¢Ð Çþöì’„þ íy›yîû ›öì•Äç îûöìëû ö†öìŠé þ™)öìîÅy_« òë!“þóîû
xyöìëûy‹˜Ð xîŸÄ òxyhßþyîöìœó ç òvþy„þöìœóéôéîû ›öì•Ä/‰þœ/•¹!˜†“þ !›œ †öìvþü ö“þyœyîû
¢öì‰þ“þ˜ ²Ìöì‰þÜTy öíöì„þ£z ëyëû ~îû ›öì•ÄÐ
þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ 2ëû hßþî„þ öíöì„þ 1› hßþî„þ £öìëû vþzöìàþ „þ!î“þy Svþz_îûþ™öìîÅ
„þyîÄ¢‚†#“þV îû*öìþ™ !î…Äy“þ £öìëû çöìàþ „þ!î“þy Svþz_îûþ™öìîÅ „þyîÄ¢‚†#“þVîû*öìþ™ !î…Äy“þ £öìëû
çàþy òöŸ¡ìöì…ëûyóîû 1› hßþîöì„þîû þ™yöìàþ ~„þy!•„þ þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ „þöìîûöìŠé˜ „þ!î ~î‚ ö¢¢î „þ!î
þ™yàþ„þ ¢›yöìœy‰þ„þ ç „þ!îþ™yàþ„þéôéîû!¢„þ ¢_yîû x˜%î“Åþ˜ ~î‚ îÄ!_«„þ „þ!î¢_yîû ¢!e«ëû“þy
öíöì„þ£z ¢½þy!î“þ £öìëû íyöì„þÐ ö¢£z¢î þ™yöìàþîû ¢)öeì ~î‚ xþ™!îûî!“Åþ“þ þ™yöìàþîû ¢öìD ö¢£z¢î
þ™yöìàþîû ¢Á™„Åþ !îöìî‰þ˜yîû ¢)öìe „þ!îîû ~î‚ „þ!î“þyîû xhsþöìœÅyöì„þîû vþzå‡yÝþ˜ ¢½þî £öìëû
çöìàþÐ ²Ìy¢!D„þ þ™!îûî“Åþ˜=!œéôôôôé
„þV ²Ì”#þ™…y!˜ ‹µyœyöìœy ö„þy˜ä ‡öìîûæ > ö†öìëû ö†œ „þy‹ ¦þyˆyöì˜y †y˜Ð
…V xî˜“þ îy„þÄ £“þ ëyîyîû ›%öì… ëyëû ëyîûy > ˜y!›öìëû ›%… ‰%þ!„þöìëû ¢%… ëyîyîû
›%öì… ëyëû ëyîûy
†V öšþîûyîû þ™öìí ‰þyëû ˜y ëyîûy !šþöìîû > öšþîûyîû þ™öìí !šþöìîûç ˜y!£ ‰þyëû–
öŸ¡ì ö…ëûy - þ™)’ÅyD þ™yàþ!¦þ!_„þ !îöìî‰þ˜y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 163
‡V öŸ¡ìöîì œyîû ˜ëûæ öîœy öŸöì¡îì û öŸ… ö…ëûyëûæ S> „þyîÄ@ùÌsþi þ™yöìàþ - !”˜ öŸöì¡îì û
öŸ¡ì ö…ëûyëûÐV
ö†y•)!œîû ö¢y˜y!œ ¢›öìëû Šéyëûyî,“þy ö…ëûy þ™yîûyþ™yöìîûîû Šé!î ~¤öì„þ „þ!îéôé!ŸÒ# „þ!îéôéßþËÜTyîû
!‰þhsþyöìŸyöì„þ îÄ!_«„þéôé„þ!î ¢_yîû xyd”#öìþ™îû xydyëû xyöìœy!„þ“þ „þöìîû !˜‹Å˜“þyëû ‰þöìœ
~öì¢ „þy˜éôé¦þyˆyöì˜y †y˜ Ööì˜öìŠé˜ „þ!îÐ
~îûþ™öìîû þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™îû ‰)þvþüyhsþ þ™yöìàþ ~î‚ îD”ŸÅ˜ ç „þyîÄ@ùÌsþiéôéþ™yöìàþ ‡îûŠéyvþüy „þ!î
„þíöì„þ ¦¤þyÝþyîû Ýþyöì˜ öëöì“þ ‰þyçëûy ~î‚ !”öì˜îû ëyçëûy ¢õþÄyîû xy¢yîû „þyœ²Ìîy£éôé!î‹!vþü“þ
xy„%þ!“þÐ ‡éôé˜‚ þ™!îûî“þÅöì˜ !”˜öìŸ¡ì îy xhßþy‰þœöì„þ öîyGþyöì“þéôé‰þyçëûy òöŸ¡ìöìîœyîûó ~î‚
xyöìdyþ™œ!¸þîû îû£¢Äöìœyöì„þ îy xyþ™˜öì”öìŸéôéxyþ™˜ ‡öìîû öëöì“þ ‰þyçëûy !˜ƒ¢D „þ!î „þíöì„þîû
ò‹yëûó þ™!îûî!“Åþ“þ £öìëûöìŠé xyöìî†# ›y•%ëÅ ç œ!œ“þ †¦þ#îû •¹!˜²Ìîy£ ~î‚ ¢%îû¢Mþéyöìîûîû
²Ìöëì yû ‹öì˜ ²Ìíöì› £öìëöû Šì é òöìîœy öŸöì¡îì û ö…ëûyëûóÐ “þy£z £öìëöû Šì éôôôô ò!”˜ öŸöì¡îì û öŸ¡ì ö…ëûyëûóÐ
þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ ßþiy˜yhsþîûöì’îû ›•Ä !”öìëû 2ëû hßþî„þ 1› hßþî„þ £öìëû çàþyîû þ™öìîû 1›
ç 2ëû hßþî„þy˜%¢yöìîû 3ëû hßþîöì„þîû þ™yàþþ™!îûî“Åþ˜ ~„þyhsþ£z xþ™!îû£yëÅ £öìëû çöìàþÐ
„þ!îéôéþ™yàþöì„þîû Sîû!¢„þ ç ¢›yöìœy‰þ„þ/!îöìÙÕ¡ì„þV ¢!e«ëû“þyîû îÄ!_«„þ „þ!î¢_yîû ²Ìöì’y”˜yëû
¢!e«ëû £öìëû çàþy „þ!îéôéßþËÜTy ç „þ!îéôé!ŸÒ#îû ¢y£yöìëÄ ö¢£z þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ ¢y!•“þ £ëûÐ !˜ƒ¢D
„þ!î„,þ“þ þ™!îûî“Åþ˜=!œéôôôôé
„þV ‡öìîû ëyîûy ëyîyîû “þyîûy S‰þöìœV ö†öìŠé ‡îû þ™yöì˜–
SîD”ŸÅ˜V ‡öìîû£z ëyîûy ëyîyîû “þyîûy !†öìëûöìŠé îöìœ ‡îû þ™yöì˜
/S„þyîÄ@ùÌsþiV ‡öìîû£z ëyîûy ëyîyîû “þyîûy „þ…˜ ö†öìŠé ‡îû þ™yöì˜/
…V ‡öìîû S˜y öîûV þ™yöìîûç ˜y öîû xyöìŠé öë ‹˜ ›yGþ…yöì˜ >
> SîD”ŸÅ˜V ‡öìîûç ˜ëû þ™yöìîûç ˜ëû– öë ‹˜ xyöìŠé ›yGþ…yöì˜ >
S„þyîÄ@ùÌsþiV ‡öìîû ˜öì£ þ™yöìîûç ˜öì£– öë ‹˜ xyöìŠé ›yGþ…yöì˜
~…yöì˜– „þéôé˜‚ ç …éôé˜‚ þ™!îûî“Åþ˜éôé¦þy¡ìyîû ¦þ!Dîû ç ¦þyöìîîû îû*þ™!Ýþöì„þ hßþöìîû hßþöìîû ¢Á™)’Å
‡’#¦)þ“þ „þöìîû ö“þyœyîû ‹˜Ä ~î‚ “þyîû þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™îû þ™!îûî“Åþöì˜— îD”ŸÅ˜ ç „þyîÄ@ùÌsþi þ™yöìàþ
~£z þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ þ™y[%þ!œ!þ™öì“þ „þ!î öŸ¡ì þ™!îûî“Åþ˜ „þöìîûöìŠé˜ ßþiy˜yhsþîû’ !‰þöì£«îû ¢y£yöìëÄÐ
~£z þ™!îûî“Åþöì˜ ‡îûŠéyvþüy „þ!îéôé„þíöì„þîû xîßþiy˜!Ýþ xyîyîû !‰þ!£«“þ „þîûy öë›˜ £öìëöû Šì é– ö“þ›!˜
“þyîû > ëyîû þ™!îûî“Åþöì˜îû “þyêþ™öìëÅ îÄ!_«†“þ ²Ì¢Döì„þ ¢!îûöìëû !˜!îÅöìŸ¡ì ²Ì¢Döì„þ ßþiy˜
„þöìîû !”öìëû !˜öì‹îû öíöì„þ !˜öì‹öì„þ ”)öìîû öîûöì… vþzþ™œ!¸þ ç î#Çþ’éôé”%£z xî„þyŸ£z ÷“þ!îû
„þöìîû ö˜çëûy £öìëûöìŠéÐ “þy£z ‡îû ç þ™yöìîûîû ›•Äî“Åþ# ßþiy˜– !”˜ ç îûy!eîû ›•Äî“Åþ# ¢›ëû–
÷î¡ì›Ä ç vþzþ™ë%_« ²Ìy!®£#˜“þyëû öî”˜y×&öì›y‰þöì˜ þ™!îûîöì“Åþ ›%!_«îû £y!¢ !˜öìëû e«›Ÿ
!î‹˜“þy !˜‹Å˜“þy ç xõþ„þyöìîû öþ™¤ïŠéyöì˜y òþ™yöìîç û ˜öì£óîöìœ£z ‡yöìÝþîû !„þ˜yîûyëû îöì¢ Šéyëûyîû
ö‡y›Ýþyî,“þ xyþ™˜ ö”öìŸîû xyþ™˜‡öìîûîû ˜yëû ç ö›öìëûöì„þ ¢‚†#“þ›ëû xy£ý˜
çöìîû xyëû / xy›yëû !˜öìëû ëy!î ö„þöìîû / öîœyöìŸöì¡ìîû öŸ¡ì ö…ëûyëûÐ
îy’# î¢%îû †öìÒ îyˆy!œ ”yÁ™öì“þÄîû îû*þ™

îû*þ™×# ö‡y¡ì*
îy’# î¢%îû öœ…yëû ~„þÝþy îvþü x‚Ÿ x!•„þyîû „þöìîû xyöìŠé †“þ Ÿ“þy·#îû öŸ¡ì¦þy†
öíöì„þ !îÙ»yëû˜éôéþ™îûî“Åþ# îyˆy!œ ›•Ä!î_‹#î˜Ð !îÙ»yëû˜éôéþ™îûî“Åþ# ¢›öìëû îyˆy!œ
›•Ä!îöì_îû ‹#î˜ ë…˜ xöì˜„þ þ™yöìÎÝþ ö†öìŠé– î”öìœ ö†öìŠé ¢y‹éôéöþ™yŸy„þ– ‰þyœ‰þœ˜Ð
ö†yÝþy !îÙ» ~öì¢ ö†öìŠé £yöì“þîû ›%öìàþyëûÐ ö¢£z ¢›ëû !“þ!˜ ú!“þ£y!¢„þ öîïkþë%öì†îû „þíyç
öë›˜ !œöì…öìŠé˜ ö“þ›˜ îy” ö”˜!˜ ¢›¢›öìëîû û ‹#î˜öì„þçÐ “¤þyîû öœ…yëû ~˜.xyîû.xy£zö”ì îû
„þíy öë›˜ ~öì¢öìŠé ö“þ›˜¦þyöìî£z ~öì¢öìŠé ¢”Ä ~„%þöìŸ þ™y ö”çëy ë%î„þéôéëî% “þ#îûyçÐ xyîyîû
xÜT›†öì¦þÅîû ›öì“þy þ™îû#Çþy›)œ„þ öœ…yîû „þíy ö“þy vþzöìÍÔ… „þîûöì“þ£z £ëûÐ
“¤þyîû öœ…yîû xöì˜„þÝþy x‚Ÿ ‹%öìvþü xyöìŠé ë%öì†îû ¢y!îÅ„þ vþz§ë¬ ûöì˜îû ˜y˜y˜ ²Ì!“þ›)!“ÅþÐ
öë›˜ ö†yÝþy Ÿ£îû ‹%öìvþü îÄyöìˆîû Šéy“þyîû ›öì“þy †!‹öìëû çàþy Ÿ!þ™‚ ›œ– !¦þ!vþç þ™yœÅyîû–
öšþîûéôéxy£z˜: ~îû ›öì“þy !¢öì˜›y £œ öíöì„þ Öîû& „þöìîû Ÿ£öìîû ‹yöìœîû ›öì“þy !î!Šéöìëû íy„þy
šÏþy£zç¦þyîû=öìœyçÐ ~„þ£z ¢öìD öîöìvþü ö†öìŠé xy‹öì„þîû ²Ì‹öì§Ãîû £z”¤ î% û ö”ïöìvþüîû ²Ì!“þöìëy!†“þyÐ
xyîû ¢hsþy˜öì”îû ö¢£z ²Ì!“þöìë!†“þyëû Ÿy!›œ „þîûyîû ‹˜Ä ²Ì„þÝþ îû*öìþ™ öîöìvþü ‰þöìœöìŠé þ™)îÅî“Åþ#
²Ì‹öì§Ãîû ²Ìy’yhsþ ²Ìëûy¢Ð ëyîû x!˜îyëÅ šþœ £öìëû ”¤y!vþüöìëûöìŠé xÒîëû¢#öì”îû çþ™îû ²Ìîœ
›y˜!¢„þ ‰þyþ™– Šéye îy „þ›Å‹#îöì˜ îÄíÅ“þy ›y˜öì“þ þ™yîûyîû xÇþ›“þy ~î‚ “þyöì„þ ö„þw „þöìîû
xyd£˜öì’îû ²Ìî’“þyÐ ~Šéyvþüyç ö”…y !”öìëûöìŠé ¢yšþœÄéôé¢)öìe xydöì„þ!w„þ“þy– !îöì”öìŸ
ëyçëûyîû ²Ìî’“þy ëyîû x!˜îyëÅ šþœ×&!“þ ›y îyîyîû ¢öìD îÄî•y˜– ›yéôéîyîyîû ~„þy £öìëû
ëyçëûyÐ ~£z¦þyöìî£z ¢yšþöìœÄîû ¢›y˜%þ™y!“þ„þ £yöìîû þ™)îÅî“Åþ# ²Ì‹öì§Ãîû ¢öìD þ™îûî“þÅ# ²Ì‹öì§Ãîû
›öì•Ä ¢,!ÜT £öìëûöìŠé ›y˜!¢„þ ”)îûcÐ îy£zöìîûîû ‰þy„þ!‰þöì„þÄîû ¢öìD£z þ™yÍÔy !”öìëû öîöìvþüöìŠé ¢Á™„Åþ
¦þyˆyîû ²Ìî’“þy– ëy ~„þÝþy îû#!“þöì“þ þ™!îû’“þ £öìëûöìŠéÐ ö¢£z ¢öìD xyöìŠé xy•%!˜„þ þ™!îûî!“Åþ“þ
›y˜!¢„þ“þyîû ”Á™!“þîû !Ÿ!íœ– x¢%…#– x…%!Ÿ ”yÁ™“þÄ ¢Á™„ÅþÐ
”yÁ™“þÄ ›yöì˜ vþz¦þöìëû vþz¦þöìëûîû ²Ì!“þ ~„þÝþy ”y!ëûc– ~„þÝþy xD#„þyîû– ~„þÝþy ‹#î˜
öëÝþy ˜“%þ˜ „þöìîû Öîû& „þîûy– ~„þÝþy x˜Äîû„þ› ¦þöìœyœy†yÐ x˜Ä!”öì„þ !îîy£ ›yöì˜ ö›öìëûöì”îû
¢y›y!‹„þ !˜îûyþ™_yÐ “þöìî ~£z !îîy£ ˜y›„þ ¢y›y!‹„þ“þyîû ›•Ä !”öìëû ”yÁ™“þÄéôé÷˜„þìÝþÄç
öë›˜ ¢,!ÜT £ëû ö“þ›!˜ ¢›£yöìîû£z ¢,!ÜT £ëû ”yÁ™“þÄ ‹#îöì˜îû ˜y˜y˜ ¢›¢Äy ç ‹!Ýþœ“þyÐ
xy‹ ›y˜%¡ì !îîy!£“þéôé‹#îöì˜îû îy ”yÁ™“þÄ‹#îöì˜îû ¢%…y˜%¦þ) !“þ „þ“þÝþy x˜%¦þî îy vþzþ™öì¦þy†
„þöìîû îy xyöì”ï þ™yëû !„þ˜y “þy ~„þÝþy ¢y›y!‹„þ ²ÌíyÐ îy’# î¢%îû †Ò ëy îyhßþöìîîû xyëû˜y
“þyöì“þ ö”…y ëyëû ö„þyíyç ßþºy›# ßþf#öì„þ ²ÌîMþé˜y „þöìîû x!šþ¢ „þ!œöì†îû ¢öìD ö£yöìÝþöìœ !”˜
*†öìî¡ì„þ– îD¦þy¡ìy ç ¢y!£“þÄ !î¦þy†– „þ!œ„þy“þy !îÙ»!î”ÄyœëûÐ
îy’# î¢%îû †öìÒ îyˆy!œ ”yÁ™öì“þÄîû îû*þ™ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 165
„þyÝþy˜Ð ëyîû ßþ™ÜT £z!D“þ þ™y£z òßþ¿yÝÅþ †y£zó †öìÒÐ †öìÒîû ˜yëû„þ ¢öì“þÄ˜ ‰þÄyÝþy!‹Å ßþf#
›!’›yœyöì„þ ²ÌîMþé˜y „þöìîû x!šþöì¢îû !îûöì¢þ™Ÿ!˜ÞÝþ !œ‹ ö@Õyîû ¢öìD ö²Ì› „þîû“þ ~î‚
“þyöì„þ !˜öìëû î•Å›y˜ öîvþüyöì“þ !†öìëû!ŠéœÐ ö¢…y˜ öíöì„þ öšþîûyîû ¢›ëû ¢öì“þÄ˜ !˜öì‹îû „þœBþ
ö†yþ™˜ „þîûöì“þ !œ‹ ö@Õyöì„þ vþzöìjŸÄ›)œ„þ¦þyöìî£z †y!vþü öíöì„þ öšþöìœ …%˜ „þöìîûÐ òòë!”
î!œ– çÝþy ~„þÝþy !˜Šé„þ ”%‡ÅÝþ˜y ˜ëû– ¢%þ™!îû„þ!Ò“þ ›yvÅþyîûæ xyþ™!˜ e«›Ÿ£z ö›öìëû!Ýþîû ¢öìD
‹!vþüöìëûþ ™vþü!Šéöìœ˜– Šéyvþüy öþ™öì“þ ‰þy£z!Šéöìœ˜– þ™y!îûîy!îû„þ Ÿy!hsþ ›y˜¢Á¿y˜ !îþ™§¬ £îyîû
¦þëû þ™y!FŠéöìœ˜– ¢%öìëy† …¤%‹!Šéöìœ˜– †¤yéôé†¤y „þöìîû œ!îûÝþyöì„þ Š%éöìÝþ xy¢öì“þ ö”öì… xyþ™!˜
çhßþy” vÈþy£z¦þyîû– !˜öì‹îû !”öì„þ ‹y˜œy …%öìœ œyšþ ›yöìîû˜Ð †y!vþüÝþy xyþ™˜yîû xßþº!hßþ–
xyþ™˜yîû œIy ¢öì›“þ =¤!vþüöìëû ëyëûæóó Sîy’#éôé3ëû– þ™,. 131VÐ ~„þ‹˜ þ™%îû&¡ì „þ#¦þyöìî
~„þ!Ýþ ö›öìëûîû ‹#î˜ ˜ÜT „þîûœÐ “þyîû þ™!îû‰þëû xyöìŠé †Ò!Ýþöì“þÐ ö›öìëû!Ýþîû ¢öìD ¢Á™„Åþ
†vþüöì“þ ö”y¡ì ö˜£z– !„þlsþ ¢›yöì‹îû ö‰þyöì… •îûy þ™vþüyëû ö”y¡ì xyöìŠéÐ Ö•% “þy£z ˜ëû !îîy!£“þy
ßþf#îû „þyöìŠéç !˜öì‹îû £zö›ì ‹Ýþy î‹yëû îûy…y ”îû„þyîûÐ ¢›y‹ îy þ™!îûîyöìîîû û „þyöìŠé “þyîû £zö›ì ‹Ýþy
“%þöìœ •îûyîû ›öì“þy ~„þ›ye ¢yÇþ#öì„þ “þy£z £“þÄy „þöìîû öœyþ™yÝþ „þöìîû !”öì“þç ö¢ çhßþy”Ð
!m‰þyîû# þ™%îû&öì¡ìîû ¢D !”öìëû£z ~„þ!Ýþ ö›öìëûîû !îîy!£“þ ‹#î˜ x!“þîy!£“þ £öìFŠé xyîû ö¢
‡%’yÇþöìîûç öÝþîû þ™yöìFŠé ˜yÐ ö›öìëûöì”îû ”yëû£z öë˜ ¢‚¢yîû xyîû ¢hsþy˜ ¢y›öìœyöì˜yÐ xyîû
ßþºy›#îûy ëy …%!Ÿ “þy£z „þöìîû öîvþüyöì˜yîû ßþºy•#˜“þyöì“þ£z x¦þÄhßþÐ xyîû ~„þ£z ‡Ýþ˜y ë!” ö„þy˜ç
˜yîû# „þöìîûÚ !îîy!£“þ £öìëû x˜Ä þ™%îû&öì¡ìîû ¢D ö˜ëûÐ “þy£öìœ ¢›y‹ “þyöì„þ „þ# !šþ!îûöìëû
ö”ëû ö¢ ö“þy „þyöìîûyîû£z x‹y˜y ˜ëûÐ ~„þ‹˜ !îîy!£“þ þ™%îû&¡ì x˜Ä ˜yîû#îû ¢‚¢†Å œy¦þ
„þîûöì“þ þ™yöìîû– ²Ìöìëûy‹öì˜ “þyöì„þ £“þÄy xî!• „þîûöì“þ þ™yöìîû !„þlsþ ~„þ‹˜ ˜yîû# „þ…˜ç ~£z
ßþºy•#˜“þy þ™yöìî ˜yÐ ~›˜!„þ ßþºy›#îû ¢öìD ßþf#îû ¢Á™„Åþ ë!” “,þ!®”yëû„þç ˜y £ëû “þ…˜ç
˜ëûÐ ”¤yöì“þ ”¤y“þ ö‰þöìþ™ “þyöì„þ “þyîû ßþºy›#îû x“þÄy‰þyîû£z ¢£Ä „þîûö“ì þ £öìîÐ xíîy x˜Ä þ™%î&û öì¡îì û
¢öìD ë!” ö„þyöì˜y !îîy!£“þyîû ¢Á™„Åþ £öìëûç ëyëû “þy£öìœ ö›öìëû!Ýþ “þyîû þ™!îûîyîû–
þ™yvþüyéôé²Ì!“þöìîŸ# öíöì„þ Öîû& „þöìîû þ™!îû!‰þ“þ ¢›y‹ „þyöìîûyîû£z †O˜yîû £y“þ öíöì„þ öîû£y£z
þ™yöìî ˜yÐ “þ…˜ “þyîû †yöìëû öœöìîœ !£öì¢öìî ¢¤yÝþy íy„þöìî ¢y›y!‹„þ „%þê¢y îy „þœBþÐ
~Ýþy£z ‰þîû› îyhßþîÐ þ™îûßþf#öì“þ xy¢_« xöì˜„þ þ™%îû&¡ì xy˜y‰þéôé„þy˜yöì‰þ íyöì„þ– xyîû þ™îûþ™%îû&öì¡ì
xy¢_« ˜yîû# £öìœ£z ö¢Ýþy …îîû £öìëû Šéyþ™y £öìëû ëyëûÐ
xyîyîû ö„þyíyç ßþºy›# ~î‚ ßþf# vþz¦þöìëû£z !˜öì‹öì”îûöì„þ ²ÌîMþé˜y „þöìîû „þy!Ýþöìëû ö”ëû
¢yîûyÝþy ‹#î˜Ð öë›˜!Ýþ ö”…y ëyëû òþ™¤!‰þŸ îŠéîóû †öìÒÐ ~£z †öìÒ ›’#Ÿ “þyîû !îîy£îy!¡ì„Å þ#îû
!”˜ îõ%þöì”îû x˜%öìîûyöì• !‰þ!àþ öœöì… “þyîû ßþf# £zwy’#öì„þÐ !œ…öì“þ !†öìëû ²Ìí› œy£z˜ Öîû&
„þöìîû ~£z¦þyöìîéôôôôé òò!vþëûyîû œyî!’– ö›!˜ ö›!˜ £y!þ™ !îûÝþy˜Å¢ xî ”Ä övþ šþîû £zvþz...£¤Äy
œyî!’– “%þ!›£z ~„þ›ye– ëyîû ‹˜Ä xy!› !”çëûy˜y !Šéœy›Ð ë!” “%þFŠé „þyîûöì’ îûy†yîûy!†
£zöì†y„ÏþÄyŸ xyîû “þyîûþ™îû „þíy ˜y îy“Åþy ˜y ¢%!›“þ‰þ¨îûöì„þ !îöìëû „þöìîû “%þ!› ö„þöìÝþ ˜y þ™vþüöì“þ
166 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ îy’# î¢%îû †öìÒ îyˆy!œ ”yÁ™öì“þÄîû îû*þ™
“þy£öìœ xyîû xy›yöì„þ £zwy’#îû …¯öìîû þ™vþüöì“þ £“þ ˜yÐ „þ# !”öìëûöìŠé xy›yöì„þ ¢yîûy‹#î˜Úóó
Sîy’#éôé3ëû– þ™,. 181V ”yÁ™“þÄ ¢Á™öì„þÅ îû ~£z xyîû ~„þ ˜›%˜yÐ þ™¤!‰þŸ îŠéîû ”%‹öì˜ ~„þ¢öìD
„þyÝþyöì˜yîû þ™îû ¢%öìëy† öþ™öìëû£z vþz¦þöìëû vþz¦þöìëûîû ›öì˜îû ö†yþ™˜ „þíyöì„þ ²Ì„þyŸ „þîûyîû ö‰þÜTy
„þîûöŠì éÐ xí‰þ ~“þ!”˜ ¢‚¢yîû „þîûöŠì é ”%‹˜ ”%‹˜öì„þ àþ!„þöìë£û Ðz ö„þvþz£z „þyvþzö„ì þ ›öì˜îû x“,þ!®
˜y ‹y!˜öìëÐû ”yÁ™öì“þÄîû ¢‚Kþy „þ# “þy£öìœ î”öìœ ö†œÚ ”yÁ™“þÄ ›yöì˜ „þ# “þy£öìœ ”%‹öì˜îû
›öì˜îû !˜!îvþü îõþ˜ ˜ëûÚ ”yÁ™“þÄ ›yöì˜ „þ# “þy£öìœ ~öì„þéôéxþ™öìîûîû ›öì˜îû „þíy ö‰þöìþ™
x!“þ„þöìÜT– ›y˜!¢„þ „þÜT– ësþf’y– x“,þ!® ¢£Ä „þöìîû „þöìëû„þÝþy îŠéîû „þy!Ýþöìëû ö”çëûyÚ £ëûöì“þy
“þy£zÐ !î!¦þ§¬ !”„þ öíöì„þ£z ö”…y ëyöìFŠé ²Ìöì“þÄ„þ!Ýþ ”yÁ™“þÄ£z ö„þy˜ç ˜y ö„þy˜ç !”„þ öíöì„þ
x…%!Ÿ– !Ÿ!íœÐ ›y˜!î„þ îõþ˜ ö¢…yöì˜ x˜%þ™!ßþi“þÐ †öìÒ Ÿyhsþy– ¢#“þy– !îû˜yîû öë þ™!îû’!“þ
îyhßþöìîîû Ÿyhsþy– ¢#“þy– !îû’yîû þ™!îû!ßþi!“þç “þy£zÐ
„þ…˜ç ö”…y ëyëû ”%ƒ… ”y!îûoÄöì„þ ¢D# „þöìîû– îyF‰þyîû ‹§Ã !”öì“þ !”öì“þ x!“þîy!£“þ
£ëû !îîy!£“þ ‹#î˜Ð òòþ™yMþé‹˜Äó †öìÒ ¢#“þyîû öë þ™!îû’!“þ “þy ö”öì… ö“þy ¢%!… ”yÁ™“þÄ
îœy ëyëû ˜yÐ ~£zîû„þ› ~„þÝþy ‹#î˜öì„þ ¢D# „þöìîû£z ¢#“þyîûy ‹#î˜ x!“þîy!£“þ „þîûöì“þ
x¦þÄhßþÐ òò¢#“þyîû ßþºy›#îû xy‹ ö”vþü îFŠéîû „þy‹ ö˜£z öî„þyîû– ¢y“þ!Ýþ ¢hsþyöì˜îû ‰þyîû!Ýþ
›yîûy ö†öìŠéÐ ~…˜ç ö„þyöìœ ë›‹Ð çîû ›%öì…îû !”öì„þ “þy!„þöìëû î%Gþöì“þ þ™yîû!Šé¢ ˜y ç
ö„þy˜ä …yöì”îû ›%öì… ~öì¢ ”¤y!vþüöìëûöìŠéÐóó Sîy’#– 1›– þ™,. 192VÐ !îÙ»yëû˜ ‡öìÝþ ö†öìœç
x¦þyî ö“þy ”)îû £ëû!˜Ð Ö•% “þy£z ˜ëû þ™!îûîyîû þ™!îû„þÒ˜y !˜öìëû öë…yöì˜ öëöì“þy !îKþyþ™˜
‰þyœ% £öìëû ö†öìŠé îy ¢îû„þyîû !˜öì‹ vþzö”ì Äy† !˜öìëû ‹§Ã !˜ëûsþf’ ¢‚e«yhsþ !Ýþþ™ä¢ !”öìFŠé ö¢…yöì˜
~…öì˜y ~„þ‹˜ ›!£œyöì„þ ¢y“þ öíöì„þ ˜ó!Ýþ ¢hsþyöì˜îû ›y £öì“þ £öìFŠéÐ ë“þ£z !ŸÇþyîû £yîû
îyvþü%„þ ˜y ö„þ˜ ~£z xKþ“þy öíöì„þ ö“þy ›y˜%¡ì öî!îûöìëû xy¢öì“þ þ™yöìîû!˜Ð
~›˜ …yöì”îû !„þ˜yîûy öíöì„þ “%þöìœ î¤y‰þyîû ‹˜Ä£z “þyîû x˜Ä îõ%þîûy “þyîû þ™yöìŸ ~öì¢
”¤y!vþüöìëûöìŠé– ëyîûy ~„þ£z¦þyöìî “þyöì”îû ßþºy›#öì”îû „þyöìŠé î!Mþé“þ îy xîöì£!œ“þÐ îy ~›˜ç
ö”…y ëyëû öë „þyöì‹ îÄhßþ ˜y öíöì„þç ßþºy›# ßþºy¦þy!î„þ ¢y!§¬•Ä îy ¢y£‰þëÅÝ%þ„%þ ö”ëû˜y ßþf#öì„þÐ
ò‰þyîûþ™îÅó †öìÒîû ˜y!ëû„þyîûç xyöìÇþþ™ òòxy›yîû îîû !„þîû„þ› xyöìvþüy xyöìvþüy– ŠéyöìvþüyéôéŠéyöìvþüyÐ
„þyöì‹îû „þíy Šéyvþüy „þíy ö˜£zÐ ›˜ îy £*”ëû öë çîû ö”öì£îû ö„þy˜ä…y˜Ýþyëû íyöì„þ xy!›
…¤%öì‹ þ™y£z!˜Ð xí‰þ ›y˜%¡ìÝþy ö”…öì“þ ¦þyœ– £yöì¢– £y¢yöì“þ þ™yöìîû– !›Ö„þÐ ¢î£zÐ “þî%
“þî% ö„þ›˜ öë˜Ðóó Sîy’#éôé1›– þ™,. 242VÐ ~£z ö›öìëû!Ýþ ö‰þöìëûöìŠé “þyîû îöìîûîû ¢y!§¬•ÄÐ
~„þ‹˜ ßþf#îû öÇþöìe ¢yîûy!”˜ ¢‚¢yîû ç ¢hsþy˜ ¢y›öìœ xî¢îû ¢›öìëû îöìîûîû ¢y£‰þëÅÝ%þ„%þ
ßþºy¦þy!î„þ¦þyöìî£z „þy›ÄÐ !„þlsþ ö¢Ýþyç ë!” ö¢ ˜y þ™yëû– “þy£öìœ ~îû ö‰þöìëû £“þyŸyîû xyîû
„þ#£zîy £öì“þ þ™yöìîûÐ xyîû ßþºy›#îû ¢y£‰þëÅ ‰þyçëûyÝþy ö„þy˜ç xþ™îûy• ˜ëûÐ ~Ýþy “þyîû þ™yç˜yÐ
ö¢Ýþy ßþºy›#öì„þ ›öì˜ „þ!îûöìëû ö”çëûyÝþy£z xþ™îûy•Ð ~„þ‹˜ ˜yîû#öì„þ ë!” ”y!ëûcéôéKþy˜£#˜
ßþºy›# !˜öìëû ¢‚¢yîû „þîûöì“þ £ëû “þyîû öíöì„þ „þöìÜTîû xyîû „þ# íy„þöì“þ þ™yöìîû ~›˜£z îy £öìî
ö„þ˜ öë– ~„þ‹˜ ßþf#öì„þ ßþºy›#îû ¢y£‰þëÅ !¦þÇþy „þîûöì“þ £öìFŠéÚ þ™%îû&¡ìöì”îû Ýþ˜„þ ö„þ˜ „þ…˜£z
˜vþüyöì˜y ëyëû ˜yÐ “þyîûy ö„þîœ !˜öì‹îû ¦þyöìœy›¨Ýþy£z öîyöìGþÐ !˜öì‹îû ßþf# ¢‚¢öì†Å “,þ!®
˜y öþ™öìœ “,þ!®îû x˜Ä þ™í …¤%‹öì“þ xy¢_« £ëû x˜Ä ˜yîû#öì“þ– !„þlsþ ßþf# ö„þyöì˜y x“,þ!®
ö¦þy† „þîûöŠì é !„þ˜y ö¢Ýþy ö¦þöìî ö”…yîû ›öì“þy ¢‚öìî”˜Ÿ#œ“þy “þyöì”îû íyöì„þ ˜yÐ îy îÄyþ™yîûÝþy
î%Gþöìœç “þy !˜öìëû ›yíy ‡y›yöì˜yîû ²Ìöìëûy‹˜ “þyîûy öîy• „þöìîû ˜yÐ ~Ýþy öë ~„þÝþy îvþü
îvþü ›y˜!¢„þ îÄyþ™yîû ö¢£z öìîy•£z “þyöì”îû ö˜£zÐ
£“þyŸy– ²ÌîMþé˜y– xyd²ÌîMþé˜y xy‹öì„þîû ”yÁ™“þÄ ‹#îöì˜îû þ™!îû!‰þ“þ ¢D#Ð
”yÁ™öì“þÄîû xyîû ~„þ!Ýþ ˜›%˜y £œ ßþf#îû x˜%þ™!ßþi!“þöì“þ îy!vþüöì“þ£z x˜Ä ö›öìëûöì“þ !œ®
íy„þyÐóó... ~£z ¢›öìëû ~!”öì„þ !„þ £öìFŠé ‹y˜îyîû ‹öì˜Ä ö›yÝþy †œyëû ö£¤öì„þ vþzàþöìœ˜
¦þoöìœy„þÐ !‰þeyç ›%… öšþîûyöìœyÐ ö”…œy› ö›öìëûÝþy !‰þey ˜ëûÐ !„þlsþ þ™%îû&¡ì!ÝþÚ !‰þeöìœ…yîû
!îöìëûöì“þ ~öì„þ xy!› ¦þyöìœy „þöìîû£z ö”öì…!ŠéÐ £öì“þ þ™yöìîû îëû¢ öîöìvþüöìŠé ¦¤%þ!vþü £öìëûöìŠé–
‰%þœ „þöì›öìŠé !„þlsþ ~ öë ö¢£z öÝþyþ™îûéôé›yœyéôé‰þ¨˜éôéþ™îûy ~„þ”y ö”y£yîûy Ööì¦þ¨%öìŸ…îû ëyîû
¢öìD !‰þeyîû ›yœy î”œ £öìëû!Šéœ “þyöì“þ ö„þy˜ç ¦%þœ ö˜£zÐ ”y¢#!Ýþ ”îû‹y ö¦þ‹yöì“þ
ö¦þ‹yöì“þ !˜‰%þ †œyëû îœœ òòö››¢yî ›y „þ# þ™y¢ ëyöì˜ ö¢ ‡îûöì›£z xyëû¢y ‰þœ“þyÐ
öîŸîû›óÐ ‡Ýþyîû !”öì„þ ¢‡,’yëû £z!D“þ „þîûöìœ ö¢Ðóó Sîy’#éôé1›– þ™,. 187VÐ ˜yîû# ¢›hßþ
!„þŠ%éöì„þ ›y!˜öìëû !˜öì“þ xy‹ x¦þÄhßþ– “þy£z !‰þvþü •öìîû!˜ ~„þ›˜ ”yÁ™öì“þÄçÐ !îÙ»yëûöì˜îû
šþöìœ ˜yîû#éôéþ™%îû&¡ì ¢Á™öì„Åþ vþz¦þöìëûîû ‰þy!£”y xöì˜„þ öîöìvþü ö†öìŠéÐ !„þlsþ öîöìvþü ëyçëûy ‰þy!£”y
þ™)îûöì’ vþz¦þöìëû£z xÇþ›– ~î‚ “þyîû šþöìœ£z ö”…y !”öìëûöìŠé þ™y!îûîy!îû„þ ¢Á™öì„Åþ !Ÿ!íœ“þyÐ
“þöìî ~£z •îûöì˜îû xydöì„þ!w„þ– !Ÿ!íœ ¢Á™öì„Åþîû ‹˜Ä †öìÒ îy ¢›yöì‹ þ™%îû&¡ìîûy ë“þÝþy
”yëû# ˜yîû#îûy “þ“þÝþy ˜ëûÐ “þy£z ˜yîû#îûy ”yÁ™“þÄ ¢%öì…îû xyŸyÝ%þ„%þ ¦%þöìœ– ¢y›y!‹„þ ¢›¢Äyöì„þ
þ™yŸ „þy!Ýþöìëû– !˜öì‹öì”îû ö†ïîûî î‹yëû öîûöì… öë ëyîû !˜öì‹îû ›öì“þy „þöìîû î¤y‰þyîû þ™í …¤%öì‹
!˜öìëöû Šì éÐ
òŸ“þy·# ~:öì²Ì¢ó †öìÒîû ö²ÌyÝþy†!˜ÞÝþ Ÿyç!˜ ç ßþºîû*þ™Ð “þyîûyç vþz¦þöìëû vþz¦þëûöì„þ
þ™Šé¨ „þöìîû!Šéœ !˜öì‹öì”îû ‹#î˜¢D# îû*öìþ™Ð ”%‹öì˜ ”%‹˜öì„þ ¢yîûy‹#î˜ ö²Ì› !”öìëû ëyöìî
~£z ²Ì!“þ×&!“þöì“þ “þyîûy †¤yÝþŠévþüyç öî¤öì•!ŠéœÐ Ÿyç!˜îû ›yóîû ßþºîû*þ™öì„þ “þ“þÝþy þ™Šé¨ ˜y
£çëûyëû Ÿyç!˜ “þyîû ›yöìëûîû vþzþ™îû ››Åy!hsþ„þ e%«kþç £öìëû!ŠéœÐ !„þlsþ xy‹ “þyöì”îû
¦þyöìœyîy¢yîû þ™!îû’!“þ ~›˜£z öë Ÿyç!˜ ßþ¿,!“þ‰þyîû’ „þöìîû ëyöìî– îyöìîûy îŠéîû xyöì† ë…˜
“þyîûy †¤yÝþŠévþüy öî¤öì•!Šéœ “þ…˜ òò„þ“þ ö„þy›œ !Šéœ “þyîû ‰þyvþz!˜Ð „þ“þ xy”îû !Šéœ ”% £yöì“þÐ
¢%!î‰þyîû !Šéœ îÄî£yöìîûÐ ßþºîû*þ™ “þ…˜ Ÿyç!˜öì„þ “þyîû !²Ìëû îõ%þ ¦þyî“þÐ ~…˜Ú ~…˜ ¦þyöìî
˜yÐ Ÿyç!˜îû ¢Á™öì„Åþ “þyîû ¦þyîîyîû ¢›ëû ö˜£zÐ ë!” îy ¦þyöìî “þy£öìœ Ÿyç!˜ ~…˜ “þyîû
ßþf#Ð ‡îû’#éôé†,!£’#Ðóó Sîy’#éôé2ëû– þ™,. 18VÐ Ÿyç!˜îû •yîû’y £ëûöì“þy ßþºîû*þ™ ~…˜ “þyöì„þ
¦þyöìî “þyîû ö›öìëû›y˜%¡ì !£öì¢öìîÐ !Ýþöì„þ íy„þy ”yÁ™“þÄ ›yöì˜ „þ# “þyîû þ™!îû’!“þ ~›˜£z £öì“þ
£ëûÚ !Ýþöì„þ íy„þy ›yöì˜ „þ# ˜y› „þy çëûyöìhßþ öî¤ö‰ì þ íy„þyÚ òòŸyç!˜ !”öìëöû Šì é þ™%!ÜT„þîû– îû&!‰þ„þîû–
!˜“þÄ ˜“%þ˜ …y”Ä– •î•öìî ‹y›y„þyþ™vþü £yöì“þîû „þyöìŠé– ›%ö…ì îû „þyöì‰þ ‰þy– „þ!šþ– ›Ÿœy– ‰þ„þ‰þöì„þ
‹%öì“þy– îõ%þéôéîyõþî xyd#ëûéôéßþº‹öì˜îû ‹˜Ä xyþ™Äyëû˜– £z”y˜#‚ !”öìFŠé !vÈþ‚„þ¢ ˜îû› ç „þvþüyÐ
!”öìFŠé ˜y Ö•% ëy!sþf„þ¦þyöìî !˜öì‹öì„þÐ ßþºîû*þ™ î%Gþöì“þ ‰þyëû ˜y ²Ìyöì’îû Ýþyöì˜– ö²Ìöì›îû Ýþyöì˜
öë ‰þyçëûy– ö¢ ‰þyçëûy ‰þy£zöì“þ þ™yîûöìœ£z Ÿyç!˜ xyöìŠéÐ xyöìŠé !˜!îvþü– ¦þîûyÝþ x÷ìí !”!‡îû
‹öìœîû ›öì“þy– xyöìŠé vþz›Å#îû ›,!_„þyîû öþ™œî x¦þÄhsþöìîûîû ›öì“þy– x˜hsþ „%þöìëûyîû ‹öìœ
þ™öìvþüéôéíy„þy ‰¤þyöì”îû ›öì“þyÐóó Sîy’#éôé 2ëû– þ™,. 18éôé19VÐ
~…˜ îûyöì“þ Ööì“þ ëyçëûyîû ¢›ëû £zöìFŠé „þöìîû ö”!îû „þöìîû Ÿyç!˜– þ™eþ™!e„þy þ™öìvþü–
vþyöìëû!îûîû þ™y“þyëû ”%éôé‰þyîû „þíy !œöì…Ð !„þlsþ xöì˜„þ îûyöì“þ ”%‹öì˜îû ~„þyhsþ öŸyîyîû ‡öìîû
ë…˜ ö¢ Ööì“þ ëyëû– !†öìëû ö”öì… òò¢î%‹ xyöìœyëû ›y…y›y!… ßþºî*û þ™ ‡%ö›ì yöìFŠéÐ ßþºÒ þ™!îû¢öìîîû û
›öì•Äç ~£z¦þyöìî£z ²Ìí› !îöìFŠé” ¢½þî „þîûœ Ÿyç!˜Ð Ööìëû Ööìëû ¦þyîöì“þ œy†œ
ö„þy!Ýþéôéö„ì þy!Ýþ ”Á™!“þ £ëûö“ì þy ~¦þyöìî£z íyöì„þ– ~¦þyöìî£z ¢½þî „þöìîû ~¢îÐ x˜hsþ ~öì“þy„þyœ
„þöìîûöìŠé ¦þyîûöì“þîû ›öì“þy ö”öìŸÐ ¢Á±!“þ xyîû „þîûöì“þ ‰þy£zöìŠé ˜yÐ vþzþ™yëû öî!îûöìëûöìŠé !„þŠ%éÐ
~„þ!î‚Ÿ!“þöì“þ £ëûöì“þy xyîû ö„þvþz£z ~¢î ¢£Ä „þîûöì“þ ‰þy£zöìî ˜yÐ !îöìŸ¡ì“þ ¢hsþyöì˜îû ”yëû
˜y íy„þöìœóóÐ Sîy’#éôé 2Ð– þ™,. 21VÐ
Ÿyç!˜ ¦þyîöì“þ íyöì„þ òòßþºîû*þ™ î”öìœ ö†öìŠéÐ …%î î”öìœ ö†öìŠéÐ xyöì†„þyîû ²Ì!“þKþy
¢‚„þÒ ~¢î xyîû “þyöì„þ ›öì˜ „þ!îûöìëû ö„þyöì˜y œy¦þ ö˜£zÐ ö¢¦þyöìî xyîû çîû ›öì˜ þ™vþüöìîç
˜yÐ „þ“þ„þ=öìœy „þíy ›öì˜ þ™vþüy£z öì“þy xyîû ›öì˜éôéþ™vþüy ˜ëûÐ “þyîû öþ™Šéöì˜ îy “þyîû ¢öìD
öë xyöìî† íyöì„þ– x˜%¦)þ!“þîû öë ‹!Ýþœ úÙ»ëÅ íyöì„þ ö¢=öìœyç ›öì˜ þ™vþüöì“þ £öìîÐ ˜£zöìœ
!˜“þyhsþ !˜Šé„þ „þ“þ„þ=öìœy „þíyîû ßþ¿,!“þöì“þ !îöìŸ¡ì !„þŠ%é ö˜£zÐóó Sîy’#éôé 2ëû– þ™,. 21VÐ
ßþºîû*þ™ “þyöì„þ xy”îû „þöìîû öë ˜y› •öìîû vþy„þ“þ– ö¢£z¦þöìî ë!” ~…˜ vþyöì„þ ö¢Ýþyöì„þ
“þyîû ˜Äy„þy ˜Äy„þy ›öì˜ £öìîÐ „þyîû’ xy‹„þyœ “þyöì„þ ç£z ˜yöì›£z …%î îû*‘þü¦þyöìî vþyöì„þÐ
¢Á™öì„þÅ îû ‹!Ýþœ“þy xy‹ ~›˜ ‹yëû†yëû ~öì¢ öàþ„þ ö…öìëöû Šì é öë “þyîû ‹˜Ä Ÿyç!˜ x!šþöì¢îû
î”!œÝþyöì„þç ö›öì˜ !˜œÐ ²Ìlßþ“þ £œ !”!ÍÔ ëyçëûyîû ‹˜ÄÐ ßþºîû*þ™öì„þ “þyîû î”!œîû „þíy
öŸy˜yœÐ Ÿyç!˜ ö¦þöìî!Šéœ ßþºîû*þ™ ~öì“þ £ëûöì“þy ~„þÝþy ö‹yîûyöìœy þ²Ì!“þîy” „þîûöìî– !„þlsþ
˜y ßþºîû*öìþ™îû !”„þ öíöì„þ ö“þ›˜ ö„þyöì˜y xy¦þy¢ ö¢ þ™yëû!˜Ð ßþºîû*þ™ £ëûöì“þy ö¦þöìî!Šéœ ~Ýþy
~„þÝþy ¢y›!ëû„þ îÄyþ™yîû “þy£z– òò‰%þþ™‰þyþ™ !Ýþ.!¦þ. ö”…yÐ ~.!Ýþ.~›Ð x!î×yhsþ vþz”îû# ˜y‰þ–
!˜“þÁº ˜y‰þ– x!î×yhsþ “þyœéôé£¤Äy‰þ„þy !…Š%é!vþü †y˜Ð ßþºîû*þ™ ö”…öìŠéÐóó Sîy’#éôé2ëû– þ™,. 24VÐ
~îûþ™îûç Ÿyç!˜ xyÙ»hßþ „þöìîû!Šéœ öë ßþºîû*þ™ xhsþ“þ ~„þîyîû îœ%„þ òòéôé!˜– !˜ “%þ!› ö„þ˜
ëyFŠéÚ ö„þ˜ îûy!‹ £öìœÚ ö„þ˜Ú !˜– “%þ!› £y!îûöìëû ëyFŠé– “%þ!› ëyöìî ˜y– öëöìëûy ˜y Ÿyç!˜–
öëöìëûy ˜y ˜yƒóó Sîy’#éôé2ëû– þ™,. 24VÐ ˜y ~¢î !„þFŠ%é £ëû!˜– ßþºîû*þ™ xöì‡yöìîû ‡%!›öìëû ö†öìŠé–
!îëûyîûéôé‡%› !„þ‚îy ý£z!ßþñ ‡%›Ð
ö²Ì›‹ !îöìëû £öìœç– !îîy£ þ™îûî“Åþ# ßþºy›#éôéßþf#îû ö²Ì› îyhßþöìîç xy‹ ”%œÅ¦þ
”yÁ™öì“þÄ vþz_îûîûy†– öîûy›y!rÝþ„þ“þy ~¢î „þíy=öìœy xy‹ ”Á™!“þîû !”öì„þ !“þëÅ„þ ”,!ÜTöì“þ
“þy!„þöìëû íyöì„þÐ Ÿ·=öìœyëû xy‹ x!hßþöìcîû ¢‚„þÝþÐ
xîy„þ ££z xy›îûy ò†,•Ê„)þÝþó †Ò þ™öìvþüçÐ ö¢…yöì˜ ö„þy˜ç þ™yíÅ„þÄ ö˜£z xyvþüy£z
£y‹yîû îŠéîû xyöì†îû ¦þoyéôé¢lsþöì„þîû ¢öìD xy‹öì„þîû î%œyéôé„þ% ›yöìîöû Ÿì îûÐ î%œyöì„þ ¦þoyîû ›öì“þy
Ÿy!hßþ öþ™öì“þ £ëû!˜ „þyîû’ ö¢ ¦þoyîû þ™!îû!ßþi!“þ xyöì† öíöì„þ£z ‹y˜“þ– “þy£z ö¢ …%î ¢“þ„Åþ
!ŠéœÐ „%þ›yöìîûŸ ö‰þöìëû!Šéœ †,•Ê„)þÝþ öíöì„þ î%œyöì„þ öšþöìœ !”öì“þÐ òò!˜‹Å˜ !†!îû²ÌyhsþÐ †yöìŠéîû
xyvþüyœÐ ö„þyíyç ö„þvþz ö˜£zÐ ö‰þyöì… ö›y£ !˜öìëû „%þ›yöìîûŸ vþyöì„þéôôôôé òò~öì¢y– ~öì¢y î%œyÐ
~öì¢yÐó î%œy G¤þy!þ™öìëû þ™vþüöì“þ ëyëû „%þ›yöìîûöìŸîû î%öì„þÐ þ™îûÇþöì’£z ~„þÝþy xy“Åþ !‰þê„þyîû !†öìœ
ö˜ëû †,•Ê„)þÝþÐ þ™yíöìîûîû •yEþy ö…öì“þ– ö…öì“þ– îy“þyöì¢ çœÝþ þ™yœÝþ £öì“þ £öì“þ !˜öì‰þ þ™vþüöì“þ
íyöì„þ „%þ›yöìîûÐ !˜öì‰þ þ™vþüöì“þ íyöì„þÐóó Sîy’#éôé1›– þ™,. 176VÐ !„þlsþ î%œy …%î ¢“þ„Åþ ö›öìëû
“þy£z öìî¤öì‰þ ö†öìŠéÐ òòî%œy “þyîû çvþü˜y ö„þy›öìîû =¤öì‹ ö˜ëûÐ ~„þîyîûç !þ™Šé˜ !šþöìîû “þy„þyëû
˜yÐ ç ö¦þöìî!Šéœ î%œy çîû î%öì„þ G¤þyþ™yöì“þ ö†öìœ£z ç ¢öìîû ëyöìîÐ ç ‹yöì˜ ˜y î%œy „þ“þ
¢“þ„Åþ ö…öìœyëûyvþüÐóó Sîy’#éôé1›– þ™,. 176VÐ î%œy ~…˜ vþzþ™œ!¸þ „þîûöì“þ þ™yöìîû vþz×#öì“þ
öë öîyÓþyîûÝþyîû !”öì„þ “þyöì„þ !˜öìëû ëyîyîû ö‰þÜTy „þîû!Šéœ “þyîû „þyîû’Ýþy „þ#Ú ç£z !þ™!FŠéœ
öîyÓþyîûÝþyëû ~„þîyîû þ™y !”öìœ xyîû öîû£y£z !Šéœ ˜yÐ î%œy ~…˜ ~Ýþyç î%Gþöì“þ þ™yöìîû öë
öÝþÆ˜ ë…˜ ý ý „þöìîû Š%éÝþ!Šéœ– “þ…˜ îyîûîyîû ö„þ˜ ö…yœy ”îû‹yîû ¢y›öì˜ !†öìëû ”¤yvþüy!FŠéœ
öœy„þÝþyÐ ößþËšþ “þyöì„þ öœy¦þ ö”…yîyîû ‹öì˜ÄÐ ëyöì“þ çîû ö”…yöì”!… ö¢éôéç !†öìëû ”¤yvþüyëû–
“þyîûþ™îû ö¢£z xy„þ!ßþ¿„þ ”%‡ÅÝþ˜y!Ýþ ‡öìÝþÐóó Sîy’#éôé1›– þ™,. 176Véôé òò‰þœhsþ öÝþÆ˜ öíöì„þ
”%ƒ¢y£!¢˜# ëy!e’#îû þ™“þ˜ ç ›,“%þÄóó Sîy’#éôé1›– þ™,. 176V
!îöì”!Ÿ £zöìœÝþÆ!˜: =vþ¢ ~îû öœy„þÄyœ ~öì‹rÝþ „%þ›yöìîûŸ !îöìëû „þöìîû!Šéœ …%î •˜#
þ™!îûîyöìîûîû ö›öìëû î%œyöì„þÐ ~öì“þyÝþy£z •˜# öë “þyîû !îöìëûîû îy‹yîû „þîûy £öìëû!Šéœ £‚„þ‚
îy‹yîûéôé˜†îû# öíöì„þÐ ç…y˜ öíöì„þ ö„þ˜y £öìëû!Šéœ îöìîûîû ‹˜Ä ˜y£z„þ˜ „þÄyöì›îûy– öœöìÝþÞÝþ
›öìvþöìœîû öîûyöìœ: ‡!vþü– xy›îûÞÝþyîûvþyöì›îû !£öìîîû û xy‚!Ýþ– ¢y!‹Åç ¦þÄyöìœ˜Ýþy£zö˜ì yîû öŸ!¦þ‚
!„þÝþ– ›Äy!˜!„þçîû ö¢Ýþ ²Ì¦,þ!“þÐ xyîû öëï“%þ„þ !£öì¢öìî ö”çëûy £öìëû!Šéœ œÄyªvþyvþzöì˜îû öŸy
îû&›Ð •˜#îû ”%œyœ#öì„þ !îöìëû „þöìîû ¢î £y!“þöìëû ö˜çëûyÝþy£z !Šéœ öœy„þÝþyîû vþzöìjŸÄÐ î%œyîû
›öì˜ £ëû ~ „þó›yöì¢ “þyîû îyîéôé›yóîû ößþ¬£ ¦þyœîy¢y ¦þyœ£z xy”îû „þöìîûöìŠé öœy„þÝþy òò˜y
£öìœ îyîy !îŸyœ …îû‰þ „þöìîû œÄyªvþyvþzöì˜îû öŸyéôéîû&›Ýþy ~“þ “þyvþüy“þy!vþü...óó Sîy’#éôé1›–
þ™,. 176VÐ Ö•% “þy£z ˜ëû “þyîû vþzöìjŸÄ ¢šþœ £öìî ö¦þöìî xyöì†éôé¦þyöì† ~„þÝþy ‰þyœç
ö…öìœ îûy…öì“þ ö‰þöìë!û Šéœ „%þ›yöìîŸû Ð ”y˜yþ™%îû ‹‚Ÿ˜ öíöì„þ Ÿy!hsþ!˜öì„þ“þöì˜ íy„þy îyîyéôé›yöì„þ
ë…˜ î%œy ~¢!Ýþ!vþ „þöìîû îöìœ!Šéœé-é òò‰þ›ê„þyîû xy!Šé ›yÐ ”yîû&’ ~˜‹ëû „þîû!ŠéÐ ~„þ”›
¦þyîöìî ˜yÐóó Sîy’#éôé1›– þ™,. 176VÐ “þ…˜ çîû £y“þ öíöì„þ !îû!¢¦þyîû ö„þöìvþü !˜öìëû „%þ›yöìîûŸ
îöìœ!Šéœéôôôôé òò‰þ›ê„þyîû !àþ„þ£zÐ “þöìî ö›öìëûöì„þ ¢y›œyîyîû ‹öì˜Ä xyþ™˜yöì”îû xy¢y vþz!‰þ“þ
!Šéœ ›yÐ öÝþÆöì˜îû ö…yœy ”îû‹yëû !†öìëû ”¤yvþüyöì˜y ‰þy£z– vþz×#îû ‹öìœ ö„þvþz ‰þy˜ „þöìîû ˜y–
çîû „þîûy ‰þy£zéôé£zÐóó Sîy’#éôé1›– þ™,. 176VÐ ~Ýþy£z “þyîû ‰þyœÐ
›†• îûyöì‹Äîû ö„þy¡ìy•ÄyöìÇþîû ~„þ›ye xy”%öìîûéôéxyî”yöìîû ¢%¨îû# ö›öìëû ¦þoyÐ ö¢ç
~„þ ¢%¨îû ö‰þyöìîûîû ö›yöì£ þ™öìvþü– îyîyéôé›yóîû ¢Á¿!“þ xy”yëû „þöìîû “þyöì„þ !îöìëû „þöìîû!ŠéœÐ
xyîû þ™y öíöì„þ ›yíy þ™ëÅhsþ xœ‚„þyîû ‘þy„þy ¦þoyîû xœ‚„þyîû=öìœy …%öìœ !˜öìëû “þyöì„þ †,•Ê„)þÝþ
öíöì„þ öšþöìœ £“þÄy „þîûöì“þ ö‰þöìëû!Šéœ ¢Áº%„þÐ !„þlsþ ¦þoy î%!kþîöìœ öŸ¡ìîyöìîûîû ›öì“þy
xy!œDöì˜îû x!Šéœyëû ”%îÅ,_ ßþºy›#öì„þ öàþöìœ öšþöìœ ²Ìyöì’ öî¤öì‰þ!ŠéœÐ
xyvþüy£z £y‹yîû îŠéöìîûîû xyöì†„þyîû ¢Áº%öì„þîû ¢öìD xy‹öì„þîû œÁ™Ýþ „%þ›yöìîûöìŸîû
ö„þy˜ç x‚öìŸ þ™yíÅ„þÄ ö˜£zÐ öœ!…„þy £z!“þ£yöì¢îû ¢öìD î“Åþ›yöì˜îû ö„þyíyç ~„þÝþy !›œ
…¤ö% ‹
ì öþ™öìëöû Šì é˜– “þy£z “¤þyîû ”,!ÜT¦þ!Döì“þ £z!“þ£y¢ ç î“Åþ›y˜ ~„þ £öìëû ö†öìŠéÐ ~£z ú!“þ£y!¢„þ
†Ò£z î%œyöì„þ î¤y!‰þöìëû !”öìëûöìŠéÐ xyvþüy£z £y‹yîû îŠéîûÐ xöì˜„þÝþy ¢›ëûÐ “þyîûþ™îû î”öìœ
ö†öìŠé xöì˜„þ !„þŠ%é£z– î”œyëû!˜ Ö•% öœy„þ!Ýþîû ßþº¦þyîÐ
öœ!…„þy ~ !î¡ìöìëû “¤þyîû ~„þÝþy x!¦þKþ“þyîû „þíy Ö!˜öìëûöìŠé˜Ð „þœ„þy“þyîû ~„þ
!î…Äy“þ „þöìœöì‹îû x•ÄÇþyîû ö›öìëîû û !îîy!£“þ ‹#îöì˜îû „þy!£!˜Ð ö›öìë!û Ýþ !˜öì‹ç x•Äy!þ™„þy
!Šéöìœ˜Ð ²Ìí›îyîû !îöìëûÝþy “¤þyîû !vþöì¦þy¢Å £öìëû ëyëûÐ !m“þ#ëûîyîû ~„þ‹˜ x•Äyþ™„þöì„þ !îöìëû
„þöìîû˜ ~î‚ “¤þyîû þ™îûy›öìŸÅ x¢%ßþi öîyöì˜îû †œyëû !î¡ì ö‘þöìœ £“þÄy „þöìîû˜– ¢îÝþy£z ¢Á™!_îû
‹˜ÄÐ “þyîû ‹˜Ä xîŸÄ ö›öìëû!Ýþ ö‹œ …yÝþöìŠé˜ ›%!_« þ™yöìî˜ ˜y ö„þyöì˜y !”˜– öŠéöìœ!Ýþ
›%!_« öþ™öìëû !”!îÄ ‡%öìîû öîvþüyöìFŠéÐ “þyîû ö“þy !„þŠ%é£z £œ ˜yÐ ö¢ ~…˜ ¢›hßþ ¢Á™!_
ö¦þy† „þîûöìŠéÐ ~£z £œ þ™%îû&¡ì ‰þ!îûeÐ SîÄ!_«†“þ ¢yÇþyê„þyîûVÐ
ò˜y!†˜yó †öìÒîû ˜y!†˜yç xöì˜„þ ö‰þÜTy „þöìîû î¤y!‰þöìëû îûy…öì“þþ ™yîûœ ˜y “þyöì”îû
”yÁ™“þÄ ¢Á™öì„Åþîû ‡!˜Ûþ“þyöì„þÐ ˜y!†˜y “þyîû ßþºy›# ¢˜y“þöì˜îû ”%ƒ…éôé”y!îûöìoÄîû ¢‚¢yîûöì„þ
¢%¨îû „þöìîû ¢y!‹öìëû “%þöìœ ö¢…yöì˜ ˜“%þ˜ ²Ìyöì’îû !£öìÍÔyœ ~öì˜!ŠéœÐ !„þlsþ þ™yvþüyéôé²Ì!“þöìîŸ#
ç “þyîû ßþºy›# ¢˜y“þöì˜îû îõ%þîûy ~£z ¢%… ¢£Ä „þîûöì“þ þ™yöìîû!˜Ð “þyîûy ¢˜y“þöì˜îû ›˜öì„þ
!î!¡ìöìëû ö”ëû “þyîû ßþf# ¢Á™öì„Åþ ˜y˜y˜ „%þ²Ì¢öìD Ö!˜öìëûÐ xyîû ¢˜y“þ˜ !˜öì‹îû ßþf#öì„þ !îÙ»y¢
˜y „þöìîû ö¢£z ²Ìöìîûy‰þ˜yëû þ™y !”œÐ ~î‚ !”öì˜îû þ™îû !”˜ ‰þyœyöìœy ßþf#îû vþzþ™îû x“þÄy‰þyîûÐ
ßþf# îý ¢£Ä „þîûyîû þ™îû xîöìŸöì¡ì ²Ì!“þîy”# £öìëû ¦þëûBþîû ˜y!†˜y îû*þ™ •yîû’ „þîûœÐ
˜y!†˜y ~„þ‹˜ !˜Á¬îöì’Åîû ›!£œyÐ “þyîû ¢öìD vþzF‰þîöì’Åîû ›!£œyîûy ö„þyöì˜y þ™yíÅ„þÄ
þ™yçëûy ö†œ ˜yÐ ~…yöì˜ç ö¢£z ö„þyöì˜y ˜y ö„þyöì˜y ¦þyöìî ÷“þ!îû £œ ”yÁ™“þÄ ”)îcû Ð ˜y!†˜y
öë vþzœ î%öì˜ ¢ê þ™öìí þ™ëû¢y vþzþ™y‹Å˜ „þîû“þ ö¢Ýþy “þyîû !˜¨%„þ ¢›y‹ ö›öì˜ !˜öì“þ þ™yîûœ
˜yÐ ~…yöì˜ ~„þÝþy xyd¢Á¿y˜ öîyöì•îû £y!˜îû „þíyç vþzöìÍÔ… „þöìîûöìŠé˜ öœ!…„þyÐ ~„þ‹˜
þ™%îû&¡ì „þ#¦þyöìî ¢£Ä „þîûöìî öë “þyîû ßþf# þ™ëû¢y öîûy‹†yîû „þöìîû ¢‚¢yöìîû vþz§¬!“þ „þîûöìŠéÚ
~£z xþ™›y˜ “þyöì”îû „þyöìŠé x¢£˜#ëûÐ þ™y!îûþ™y!Ù»Å„þ þ™!îû!ßþi!“þ ëy£z ö£y„þ ˜y ö„þ˜ xy¢öìœ
öëÝþy ‡Ýþœ ö¢Ýþy ö“þy ”yÁ™“þÄ ¢Á™öì„Åþîû ›öì•Ä šþyÝþœÐ ~…yöì˜ òŸ“þy·# ~:öì²Ì¢óéôé~îû
˜y!ëû„þyîû ¢öìD ˜y!†˜yîû ö„þyöì˜y “þšþyê£z ö˜£zÐ
xy›yöì”îû öîûy‹„þyîû ‹#îöì˜ ˜yîû#öì”îû xöì˜„þ „þy!£˜# öŸy˜y ëyëûÐ “þyîû ›öì•Ä íyöì„þ
“þyöì”îû x¢%…# ”yÁ™öì“þÄîû „þíyÐ …îöìîûîû „þy†öì‹ç ëy xy‹ x!“þ þ™!îû!‰þ“þ Šé!îÐ ~£z¢î
!„þŠ%éîû ¢öìD ¢y›O¢Ä öîûöì… îy’# î¢%ç “¤þyîû †öìÒîû ‰þ!îûöìeîû ›öì•Ä š%þ!Ýþöìëû “%þöìœöìŠé˜
˜y˜y˜îû„þ› x¢%…# ”yÁ™“þÄ– ëy ¢›¢y›!ëû„þ îyˆy!œ ¢›öì‹îû£z ²Ì!“þFŠé!îÐ
¢£yëû„þ @ùÌsþiyîœ# -
1. îD˜yîû#– xy•%!˜„þ“þyîû x!¦þ›%öì… îD˜yîû#– vþƒ ¢%˜#“þy îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû– ²Ìí› ²Ì„þyŸ
S²Ì„þyŸ˜ !î¦þy†V– xþ™’Åy î%„þ !vþ!ßþTÉ!îvþzÝþy¢Å– ‹%œy£z 2005Ð
2. 1› îy’#– †Ò ¢›@ùÌ– ²Ìí› …[þ– îy’# î¢%– !›e ç ö‡y¡ì þ™yî!œŸy¢Å ²Ìy. !œ.– !m“þ#ëû
›%o’ ‹y˜%ëûyîû# 2008Ð
3. 2ëû îy’#– †Ò ¢›@ùÌ– !m“þ#ëû …[þ– îy’# î¢%– !›e ç ö‡y¡ì þ™yî!œŸy¢Å ²Ìy. !œ.– ²Ìí›
²Ì„þyŸ– ~!²Ìœ 2005
4. 3ëû îy’#– †Ò ¢›@ùÌ– “,þ“þ#ëû …[þ– îy’# î¢%– !›e ç ö‡y¡ì þ™yî!œŸy¢Å ²Ìy. !œ.– ²Ìí›
²Ì„þyŸ– ‹y˜%ëûyîû# 2007
5. ë…˜éôé îy’#– îy’# î¢%– xy˜¨– “,þ“þ#ëû ›%o’ ‹y˜%ëûy!îû– ë…˜ ‰¤þy” ~î‚ 2008
6. ¦þyîû“þî¡ìÅ ßþºy•#˜“þyîû– xy!”“þÄ ›%…y!‹Å– xyŸ#¡ì– ›,”%œy ›%…y‹Å# Sx˜%.V– !îþ™y˜‰þw
œy!£vþü#– þ2000– þ™öìîû– 1947– ²Ìí› xy˜¨ ¢‚ßþñîû’ 2006
7. ¢y“þ ”Ÿ„þ– ¢›„þyœ ç xy˜¨îy‹yîû– xy˜¨îy‹yîû þ™!e„þy ¢‚„þœ˜Ð xy˜¨
þ™yî!œŸy¢Å ²Ìy. !œ.– „þœ„þy“þyéôé9– !m“þ#ëû ›%o’– ö¢öì²WzÁºîû 2005
8. ˜yîû#– ý›yëû˜% xy‹y”– xy†y›# ²Ì„þyŸ˜#– “,þ“þ#ëû ¢‚ßþñî’û ˜yîû#– þ™Mþé”Ÿ ›%o’ xy†ÞÝþ–
2008Ð
¢£yëû„þ þ™eþ™!e„þy -
1. 15/06/09 The Times: The Times of India, June 15, 2009. http://
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cities/shiney-Ahuja-detained-on-rape-
charges-/articleshow/4656185.com
2. xy˜¨ x˜%ƒ/06/16– 16 ‹%˜ 2009Ð xy˜¨îy‹yîû þ™!e„þyÐ ö”ŸÐ http://
www.anandabazar.com/archive/1090616/16desh5.htm
3. xy˜¨ x˜ƒ/11/3 3 ˜öì¦þÁºîû 2009Ð xy˜¨îy‹yîû þ™!e„þyÐ vþz_îûîDÐ http:/
/www.anandabazar.com/archive/1091103/3uttar2htm
4. xy˜¨ x˜ƒ/11/7 7 ˜öì¦þÁºîû 2009Ð xy˜¨îy‹yîû þ™!e„þyÐ „þœ„þy“þyÐ http:/
/www.anandabazar.com/archive/1091107/7cal3htm
5. 10 xy˜¨ x˜ƒ1/8 8 ‹y˜%ëyû îû# 2007Ð xy˜¨îy‹yîû þ™!e„þyÐ ”!Çþ’îDÐ http:/

/www.anandabazar.com/india/Dress-code-cannot-be-forced-upon-
women-teachers-HC/articleshow/
6. 7xy˜¨ x˜ƒ/1/9 9 ‹y˜%ëyû îû# 2007Ð xy˜¨îy‹yîû þ™!e„þyÐ ²Ìí› þ™y“þyÐ http:/
/www.anandabazar.com/archive/1070109/9raj.htm
7. 3 xy˜¨/3/22 öe«yvþüþ™eÐ öŸ¡ì ”Ÿ„þÐ xy˜¨îy‹yîû þ™!e„þyÐ 22 ›y‰Åþ 2003Ð
8. ~î‚ ›%Ÿyöìëûîûy- ¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ !î¡ìëû„þ ÷e›y!¢„þ þ™!e„þyÐ Ÿyîû”#ëû 1413Ð
†Ò ç †Ò„þyîû ¢‚…ÄyÐ ¢Á™y. ¢%îœ ¢y›hsþÐ
9. †¦Åþ•y!îû’#Ð ²Ì!“þ!”˜Ð öîûyîîyîû– 7 ›y‰Åþ 2010Ð
10. ‰þyœ‰þœöì˜îû þ™yœyî”œ - ö”ŸÐ 4 ö›éôé2001Ð
11. ‹yöì†y ›!£œy - ö¢ï!›e ‰þe«î“Åþ#– ‹yöì†y ›!£œyÐ îy’# öŠéyÝþ †öìÒ îy’# î¢%– îy’#
î¢% ¢‚…ÄyÐ !m“þ#ëû î¡ìÅÐ !m“þ#ëû ¢‚…Äy– Ÿyîû”#ëûy 1404– ¢Á™y. ë)!í„þy ‰þöìRyþ™y•Äyëû
12. ˜“%þ˜ îyˆy!œ– ~„%þŸ xy˜¨îy‹yîû þ™!e„þy– ‹y˜%ëûy!îû 2001
13. Ÿ“þöì„þîû îy‚œyîû ›%…– îyˆy!œîû ›˜ƒ ˜“%þ˜ ¢£ßþËy·- îy!¡ìÅ„þ ¢‚…ÄyÐ ö”ŸÐ ò˜“%þ˜
¢£ßþËyöì· îyˆy!œîû ‹#î˜ëyey 18 !vþöì¢Áºîû 2002Ð
14. ¦þ@À›%… ¢›y‹– ö”Ÿ– 7 ›y‰Åþ 1998
15. öŸ„þvþüöŠì év¤ þüy ›˜ - ¢y˜ÿ - þ™yîÅ’# !îöìŸ¡ì îû‰þ˜y 4Ð †Ò öœ…yîû †ÒÐ ¢y˜ÿÐ
îy!¡ìÅ„þ ¢‚…ÄyÐ 2007Ð
îy‚œyîû ›%… ²Ì„þy!Ÿ“þ ¢,!‹T¢ˆ% ÖÏ Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛zÕ!‘ ¢ì˛ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏì˛ !ò°ÏyˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛
ê´ÔˆÏM˛ÈÓ˚ !ò£ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ÖÓˆÏÓ˚ xy!î }!°ÏÓ˚ fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì˛≈
≤ÃÑ˛yü ≤Ãyâ˛ƒ Óyí#õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ xyòú ≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚
xy¶˛y¢– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Îyey ˆÑ˛Óú£z ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛z_Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛– ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Óyí#¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Ó˚ ÓÓ˚õyúƒñ
¢õ,!k˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ myˆÏÓ˚– ˆÑ˛v˛z £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yúâ˛ˆÏe´Ó˚
!òˆÏâ˛ñ !Ófl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚– ì˛Ó% Îyey ÌyˆÏõ!ò– ˆ¢£z
Îyey ˛ôˆÏÌ xyõÓ˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ!˚ äÈ !õì˛y îy¢˛ô%ÓÑ˚ ˛yÎ˚fl˛iÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
~Ñ˛ !ò¶,˛ì˛ ¢yïòyÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏÑ˛– xyõÓ˚y õ@¿ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈ ì§˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚– ~Öò ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚ 24!›˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚
!õì˛y!ú ¢õ,k˛ Óy¢Ó˚ Ó%ˆòÏ !îˆÏúò î%ÛõúyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢ÓÑ˛!›˛
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ î˛ô≈ˆÏí xyÓ˚Á Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚Á !ò!Óv˛¸ ¶˛yˆÏÓ !â˛!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚
!õì˛y îy¢ ˛ô%Ó˚Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛i !õì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒˆÏúyÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛– xy˛ôyõÓ˚ Óyày!ú ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
¢¡ôyîòyÈ ÈÙÈ xy!ü¢ Ó˚yÎ˚ ~Á ~Ñ˛ òì%˛ò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y– ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xyúyî
õ)úƒ ≠ 200 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôÌ ïˆÏÓ˚ £§y›˛y ~£z @˘Ãs˛i–
Úì˛yúòÓõ#Û ≠ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫≤¿¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ xyÖƒyò

¢%üyhs˛ õ[˛ú*
ÚÚÓ˚&!›˛ ÎÖò xˆÏòÑ˛ î)Ó˚ñ ò#ú xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ â§˛yî

ˆ¢yòyñ ì%˛£z ãß√y!ú ~£z ˆîˆÏü–
ÁˆÏÓ˚ õy!òÑ˛ñ ˛ôÓ˚yò ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚&!›˛Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ§˛yî–ÛÛ
Ó#ˆÏÓ˚w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÓ˚&!›˛ ÎÖò xˆÏòÑ˛ î)Ó˚Û Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏì˛ ãòò#Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏt˛ Óƒ_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
~£z x◊&G˛Ó˚y v˛z!_´!›˛– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ £ì˛ î!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ !â˛e!›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ xyˆÏ¢ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
õyò¢˛ôˆÏ›˛– xy¢ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Óy¢# ~ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏúy î%£z !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ñ õß∫hs˛Ó˚ñ î%!¶˛≈«˛ Á ˆîü
!Ó¶˛yÜ– ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó_ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î!Ó˚oˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚£zú xòy£yÓ˚ñ fl˛∫≤¿¶˛D xyÓ˚
fl˛∫≤¿¶˛D ã!òì˛ x◊&ãú– ~£z ¢õhfl˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚=!ú ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚Á ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ òò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖyˆÏì˛ î!«˛í ÓyÇúyÓ˚
òî#õyì,˛Ñ˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ @˘Ãyõƒ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÜÓ˚#Ó õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú îy!Ó˚oƒ ˛ô#!v˛¸ì˛ ã#Óò ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ–
ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÚì˛yúòÓõ#ÛÛ ~õò£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü“– ˆÎÖyˆÏò @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyò%°Ï=!ú «%˛ïyÓ˚ Îs˛fíyÎ˚ Ú˛ô)!í≈õyÓ˚
â§˛yîÛ ÚG˛ú¢yˆÏòy Ó˚&!›˛Û ˆîˆÏÖ– xyÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏõˆÏÎ˚ =!ú fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîˆÏÖ ÈÙÈ xòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È
òÎ˚ñ ˆ˛ô›˛ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿– ~ˆÏì˛y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ î!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãµúhs˛ î,‹Tyhs˛–
~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yõy«˛# ≤Ã¢yî â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÈÙÈ
ÚÚxyüy¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ Ó˚à ¶˛yo ˆü°Ï ˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏü
¢Ó ü)òƒ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚–
Ó%k%˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ÷ï% ¶˛yˆÏ¢
òyòyò ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛–
ãú ¶˛Ó˚y ›˛ú›˛ˆÏú
˜ÓüyˆÏÖÓ˚ Ó%Ñ˛ Ö§y Ö§y–ÛÛ
ÈÙÈSÑ˛yõy«˛#≤Ã¢yî â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ / Úõ˝Î˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yì˛ÛV
!Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Úì˛yúòÓõ#Û Ü“!›˛ 1944 ¢yˆÏú !mì˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛
¢B˛›˛õÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛– Ü“!›˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y «%˛!îÓ˚yõ ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy£z– ì˛yÓ˚ î%£z
ˆäÈˆÏú ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆò˛ôyú Á îü ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜy˛ôyú ~ÓÇ fl˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ¢yõyòƒ ã!õãõy
xyÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈâ˛yÓ˚ áÓ˚ !üˆÏ°ÏƒÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ô%ˆÏãyÈÙÈxyFâ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yòÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏõ !îò Îy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
¶˛yo õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó°Ï≈yÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏòˆÏÓ˚y !îò ïˆÏÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚yõ Ó,!‹T £ˆÏFäÈ– ì˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚y xòy£yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy
*äÈyeñ ~õ. ~v˛.ñ Ó˚yõÑ,˛°å !õüí !ü«˛íõ!®Ó˚–

174 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Úì˛yúòÓõ#Û ≠ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫≤¿¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ xyÖƒyò
xyïˆÏ˛ô›˛y ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ !îòÑ˛y›˛yˆÏFäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîˆÏÖÈÙÈ

ÚÚ¶˛yˆÏoÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï xyv˛zü ïyò â˛y°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏú ì˛ˆÏÓ xyÓyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ïyò áˆÏÓ˚
xy¢ˆÏÓñ ˆäÈˆÏú˛ô%ˆÏúÓ˚y î%ˆÏÓúy ˆ˛ô›˛ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–1
!Ñ˛ls˛ ˆò˛ôyú ˆÜy˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ˛ô›˛ õyˆÏò òy ì˛yÓ˚y Úxß¨ â˛yÎ˚ ≤Ãyí â˛yÎ˚Û– ~Ñ˛ õ%ˆÏ‡˛y ¶˛yì˛ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚
Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– ì˛y£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ !äÈ˛ô â§˛yâ˛ˆÏì˛ â§˛yâ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÜy˛ôyú ˆò˛ôyúˆÏÑ˛ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÖyÓyÓ˚
â˛y£zˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏúñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆò˛ôyú Ó˚y!ã £Î˚ òy Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆ¢ ãyˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfl˛iy– ~õò ¢õÎ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÖy £Î˚ xÓfl˛iy˛ôß¨ !üÓ% Ó§yv˛YˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú â%˛!òÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y
ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÈ xy¢ß¨ õDúÓyÓ˚ ì˛yúòÓõ#Ó˚ Óì˛ v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ ì˛yÓ˚ õy ˆÜˆÏäÈ ã!›˛!˛ô!¢õyÓ˚
Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛– ~ ÖÓÓ˚ ÷ˆÏò ˆò˛ôyú ÈÙÈˆÜy˛ôyú Ö%Ó Ö%!ü £Î˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yÓ˚y ¶˛yˆÏÓ â%˛!òˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
ì˛yÓ˚yÁ !òõ!s˛fì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~£z !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ î%£z ¶˛y£z ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ òyòy ã“òy Ñ˛“òy â˛ˆÏú– î%£z
¶˛y£zˆÏÎ˚ Î%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã!›˛!˛ô!¢õyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yúî#!á ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yú ~ˆÏò ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛
ì˛yúòÓõ#ˆÏì˛ !òõ!s˛fì˛ £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜy˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyñ îyîy Î!î ã!›˛!˛ô!¢õyÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ îyõ ˆòÎ˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú ì˛yúòÓõ#ˆÏì˛ !òõ!s˛fì˛ òyÁ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z ì˛yúòÓõ#Ó˚
xyˆÏÜÓ˚ !îò ÈÙÈ ÚÚÖ%Ó ˆ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓúy v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˆÜy˛ôyú ˆîÖˆÏú Óyv˛¸#Ó˚ ¢Óy£z á%!õˆÏÎ˚– ˆÑ˛v˛z ì˛ÖˆÏòy
ÁˆÏ‡˛ !ò– Ó˚yˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!‹T ˆÌˆÏõ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏâ˛ñ ÈÙÈ ¢yõyòƒ ~Ñ˛›%˛ !›˛˛ô !›˛˛ô Ó,!‹T ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏâ˛– ˆÜy˛ôyú
~Ñ˛ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ â˛ˆÏú ˆÜú @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ˆ¢£z ì˛yúî#!áÓ˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚– õyˆÏ‡˛ ~Ñ˛ £y›%˛ ãú xyÓ˚ Ñ˛yîy–ÛÛ2
@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ â˛y!°Ï ÜˆÏíü Ñ˛yÁÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ ¢yÓïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãyòyÎ˚ !î!áÓ˚
˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy– ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ˆÜy˛ôyú î%!›˛ ì˛yú Ñ%˛!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛yú ¢Ñ˛yú £y!ãÓ˚ £Î˚
ã!›˛!˛ô!¢õyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛– ˆ¢ !Óòy ˛ôÎ˚¢yˆÏì˛ ì˛yú !îˆÏÎ˚ Óy!v˛¸ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ñ ì˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ îyîy
÷ˆÏò x¢ˆÏhs˛y°Ï £Î˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ôÎ˚¢y ˆ˛ôˆÏú î%ãˆÏò õ%!v˛¸ !Ñ˛ˆÏò ˆÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛y–
˛ôÓ˚!îò õDúÓyÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ_ãòyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ á%õ xyˆÏ¢ òy– ˆ¢ ãyòúy !îˆÏÎ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚
Óv˛¸ ÓÑ%˛ú ÜyäÈ›˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ !Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÈ ì˛yúòÓõ#Ó˚ !òõs˛fˆÏí ã!›˛!˛ô!¢õyÓ˚
Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ Ñ˛ì˛ !Ñ˛ ÖyˆÏFäÈ– Ñ§˛yÑ%˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ v˛yúòyñ õ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ v˛yúñ !ì˛ú !˛ô›%˛!ú ¶˛yãyñ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚¢ñ
xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ì˛yúÓv˛¸y xyÓ˚Á Ñ˛ì˛ Ñ˛#– ~÷ï% fl˛∫≤¿ òÎ˚ñ ≤Ãì˛#«˛yÁ– ì˛yÓ˚
≤Ãì˛#«˛yñ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zÍÑ˛t˛yñ ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%È äÈy!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Ü“!›˛ˆÏì˛ ¢yÓ˚y«˛í ˆÓˆÏã ÎyˆÏFäÈ Ó°Ï≈yÓ˚ !îˆÏòÓ˚
G˛õG˛õ ü∑– ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜy˛ôyú ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ã!›˛!˛ô!¢õy ¢Óy£zˆÏÑ˛
ÓˆÏú!òñ ˆÓˆÏäÈ ˆÓˆÏäÈ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ xÓfl˛iy˛ôß¨ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z ˆÜy˛ôyúˆÏîÓ˚ !òõs˛fí £Î˚
!ò– ˆÜy˛ôyú ì˛Öò G˛y˛ô¢y ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆîˆÏÖ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ £yÓ˚&ÈÙÈ!£ˆÏì˛òÈÙÈˆîˆÏÓò ã!›˛!˛ô!¢õyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸
â˛ˆÏú ˆÎˆÏì˛– ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏD ˆÜy˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿Á ˆÎò ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ó°Ï≈yÓ˚ ãˆÏú £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~£z
î%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ì%˛úòy xyˆÏäÈ⁄
~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ¢£z
!â˛e!›˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆÎÖyˆÏò xyãÁ Ó˝ õyò%°Ï Öy!ú ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛ ÷ï% fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîˆÏÖñ î%Ûõ%ˆÏ‡˛y ˆÖˆÏÎ˚
Úì˛yúòÓõ#Û ≠ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫≤¿¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ xyÖƒyò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 175
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚– ~£z fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîÖy !Ñ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xòƒyÎ˚⁄ ì˛yÓ˚y ÷ï% ÜÓ˚#Ó ÓˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ Ó%Ñ˛¶˛Ó˚y
¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yñ xyÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ fl˛∫≤¿ ¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ x◊&ãú– ì˛y£z ˆÜy˛ôyú xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z òÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚£z
áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏú–
~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ó#ˆÏÓ˚w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚxyõyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈Û Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚í#Î˚ÈÙÈ
ÚÚxyõyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈
˛ôM˛Èyü ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ò@¿ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
ÎyÓ˚y ¢yÓ˚y!îò ˆÓ˚ÔˆÏo ÖyˆÏ›˛ñ ¢yÓ˚yÓ˚yì˛ á%õ%ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy
«%˛ïyÓ˚ ãµyúyÎ˚ñ ü#ˆÏì˛–ÛÛ
ÈÙÈSÓ#ˆÏÓ˚w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ / ÚxyõyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈V
≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ !îÜhs˛ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜ“Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°ÏíÛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÈ
ÚÚxy!îõ ˜ãÓì˛yÓ˚ Ü“ ˆúˆÏÖò!ò !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí– ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ#í ã#Óò˛ôˆÏ›˛ xy˛ôyì˛
ì%˛ˆÏFäÈÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ã#Óò¢ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– î!Ó˚oñ î%ÉÖ Á ì%˛FäÈì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óò â˛y!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛£z ì%˛ˆÏú ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“–ÛÛ3
!Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ú≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ !ü“#Û ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y Óv˛¸ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ñ
î%!¶˛≈«˛ñ õß∫hs˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú @˘Ãyõ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ãy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ãµyúy
!Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°ÏíˆÏÑ˛ x!fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈú– ì˛y£z ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á îy!Ó˚oƒ Á fl˛∫≤¿ ¶˛D ì§˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛úˆÏõ â˛ˆÏú ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ á%ˆÏÓ˚!ö˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛yú#Û S1929V ˆì˛ !˛ôì˛y £!Ó˚£Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛
v˛zN˛Ó,!_ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˆî!Ö– x˛ô%ÈÙÈîÜ% y≈ Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõyòƒì˛õ xyÑ˛yA«˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)!ì˛≈ áˆÏ›˛!ò– ¢Ó≈ãÎ˚y
˛ô%e Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛∫≤¿Á ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò ~ÓÇ !Óòy !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÎ˚ î%Ü≈yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £Î˚– ~£z
ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y â˛ˆÏúÛ x˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛yÛ S1932V v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢Á– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏüÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ñ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛ô# õ®yñ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ xÓ«˛Î˚ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˝ ˆäÈy›˛
ÜˆÏ“ î!Ó˚o Á fl˛∫≤¿¶˛D Ó˚yõïò%Ó˚ ¢yì˛ Ó˚ˆÏàÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !õˆÏú!õˆÏü xyˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ ÚˆõÔ!Ó˚ö%˛úÛ !Ñ˛
Úüy!hs˛Ó˚yõÛ !Ñ˛ Ú˛ô%§£õz §yâ˛yÛ ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy v˛zîy£Ó˚í !£¢yˆÏÓ Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Úì˛yúòÓõ#Û
Á xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãµúhs˛ î,‹Tyhs˛Ó˚– ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ó®òy !õe ˆúˆÏÖòÈÙÈ
ÚÚì˛yÓ˚ Ü“ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ôÌâ˛!úì˛ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúñ Ü“=!úÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏì˛
x¢£yÎ˚ñ ¢yïyÓ˚íñ î%Ó≈ú õyòÓãy!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xÜyï ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y òƒhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– !ÓˆÏü°Ï
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚&í x¢£yÎ˚ ˆfl˛¨£ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ ˆÎ õõì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏDñ !Ñ˛ ˆÎ ¢Ç!«˛Æ Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓ˚Öy!â˛ˆÏeñ
!Ñ˛ ˆÎ Úõƒy›˛yÓ˚ xö˛ ö˛ƒyQÛ ˜òÓ≈ƒ!_´Ñ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ~£z Ü“=!ú ~Ñ˛yhs˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ
Óyày!úñ xyÓ£õyò ÓyÇúyÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ!â˛e–ÛÛ4
xy¢ˆÏú !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí @˘Ãyõ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢£ã ¢Ó˚ú ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ó˚à ì%˛!úÓ˚
¢y£yˆÏÎƒ– ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí õyò!ÓÑ˛ ¢ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏß√yâ˛ò áˆÏ›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ÜˆÏ“£z– ¢ˆÏÓ˚yã
176 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ Úì˛yúòÓõ#Û ≠ ~Ñ˛ fl˛∫≤¿¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ xyÖƒyò
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ÈÙÈ

ÚÚ!Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ≤Ãïyòì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ÚÜ“Û £Î˚ ˆ¢›˛y
x¶˛yÓò#Î˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú ÷ï% ˆÎ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ
ì˛yÓ˚y ã#Óò ¶˛yˆÏ°ÏƒÓ˚Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–....
!Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí ì§˛yÓ˚ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ @˘Ãyõ#í x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ~£z ¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÁ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò Ó˝ïy
˜Ó!â˛eƒ– xyõÓ˚y ¶%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚òy Úì˛yúòÓõ#ÛÈÙÈÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˆäÈˆÏú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ SˆÜy˛ôyúˆÏÑ˛V–ÛÛ5
ˆÜy˛ôyú fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ãyˆÏò– ˆ˛ô›˛ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÖyÁÎyÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿– fl˛∫≤¿ ¶˛ˆÏDÓ˚ ÓƒÌy ˛ôyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢
fl˛∫≤¿ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ ¶%˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ô›˛ !Ñ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶%˛úˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÓ⁄ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y õˆÏò £Î˚ òy–
ì˛Ìƒ¢)e ≠
1. !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’ îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû - !î¦)þ!“þ †Ò ¢›@ùÌ– S²Ìí› …[þVÐ ¢%¨îû ²Ì„þyŸ˜#– !m“þ#ëû
¢‚ßþñîû’– 1œy ÷îŸy…– 1421– þ™,. 497
2. “þöì”î– þ™,. 499
3. “þî% ~„þœîÄ þ™!e„þy– !”†hsþ ›!ÍÔ„þ– öŠéyöìÝþy†Ò„þyîû !î¦)þ!“þ¦)þ¡ì’ - ¢y›yöì˜Äîû ›öì•Ä£z
x¢y›yöì˜Äîû !‰þe„þîû– ¡ìÛþ î¡≈ì– !m“þ#ëû ¢‚…Äy– 1417– þ™,. 53
4. !”îyîûy!eîû „þyîÄ– my!î‚Ÿ î¡ì≈– “,þ“þ#ëû ç ‰þ“%þí≈ ¢ÇÖƒyñ 2014ñ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyñ Ó®òy !õe ≠ ÓyÇúy ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yÜˆÏ“ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ
˛ô,. 380–
5. !îÓyÓ˚y!eÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒñ my!ÓÇü Ó°Ï≈ñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Á â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢ÇÖƒyñ 2014ñ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïí
ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ¢ÇÖƒyñ ¢ˆÏÓ˚yã ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≠ Ü“Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Ó¶)˛!ì˛¶)˛°Ïíñ ˛ô,. 329–

òy ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y
¢%ãÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
xyîÓˆÏÖˆÏÑ˛y ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏúÓ˚ õì˛ ˆÎ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ãß√yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ÓU˛ ˆÓ!ü ˆÑ˛yúÑ˛yì%˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛yÑ˛
ˆ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ%˛Î˚yüyÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ãy ˆ≤Ãõ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÖ ›%˛˛ô›˛y˛ô G˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆÎ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚yñ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛yò!îò£z
xy=ò x«˛Ó˚ òÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Öv˛¸Ñ%˛ˆÏ›˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ !òãfl˛∫ Ó¢ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ˆÎ Úxy=ò
˛ôy!ÖÛ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ Úòy ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ !ÓŸªy¢£hs˛y ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˆâ˛yÖ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ˛ô¢Ó˚y
¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢%ãÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ≤ÃŸ¿ ≤Ã!ì˛≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ xòòƒ ¢,!‹T Úòy ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÛ–
õ)úƒ ≠ 40 ›˛yÑ˛y
æÏõò±òj ð±ú ÛõÑ üÅñÏÏf

fò±ï ðM ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ
ÜßÂÉ Ý ÆõÂóõþÏîÂÉ
üjÏÂóßÅÂ÷±õþ ÷GÂù*
‘üÅñÏfò±ï Õ±æßÂ±ù ßÂ¿õîÂ± Îùà± ÛßÂð÷ ÎåËhÂ ¿ðËûþËåò¼

Ûý× ßÂ¿õõþ Ã›¶¿îÂöÂ± ÛõÑ Õ±™LÃ¿õþßÂîÂ± ÛÒõþ ¿òËæõþ ¿æ¿òü¼...
¿îÂ¿ò Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ õ±Ñù±ßÂ±ËõÉõþ üõËäÂËûþ Îõ¿ú ¿òõþ±ú±ßÂËõþ±#;ù
ÎäÂîÂò±¼ ... Û üõ ßÂ¿õîÂ± •‘ëÂ×MõþôÂ±‰ÅòÏ’— ýêÂ±È ÂóhÂËù ÷Ëò
ýûþ õþõÏfò±Ëïõþ üõËäÂËûþ Õ™LÃûÇ±÷Ï ¿úËø¸Éõþ Îùà±, ¿ßÂcÃ
õþõÏfò±ïËßÂ Îæ±õþ ßÂËõþ Û¿hÂËûþ û±Ýûþ±õþ Îß±Ëò± îÂ±¿áð Îòý×
üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ• îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ¿õîÂ± ÛîÂ üýæöÂ±Ëõ õ±Ñù± ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ
Ü¿îÂýÉÂóËï äÂËùËå Îû, àÅõ ¦¤±öÂ±¿õßÂöÂ±Ëõý× îÂ± ßÂ¿õü±õÇËöÂÌË÷õþ
Âó¿õþ¿ñ Õ¿îÂS•÷ ßÂËõþ üÅñÏfÏûþ ßÂ±õÉ---ÆòõÇÉ¿M•ßÂ Ý
õÉ¿M•ËßÂ¿fßÂ¼’
----ëÂ×MõþÍõþ¿õß õ±Ñù± ßÂ±õÉ
ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂï±“æÏõò±òj ð±ú
üÅñÏfò±ï îÒÂ±õþ ‘¦¤áîÂ’ •1938— Ã›¶õgÂ áèËLšõþ öÓÂ¿÷ßÂ±ûþ õËù¿åËùò ‘îÂÈüËMWÝ

Õ±÷±õþ ßÂ±õÉ¿æ:±ü± Õ±Âó±îÂîÂ Îðý±Rõ±ðÏ• ÛõÑ Îü-Îðý±Rõ±Ëð ÕòÉ±ûþ Õ±¦£Â±ùò
Îòý× õËéÂ, ¿ßÂcÃ îÂ±õþ Âó•ÂÂó±îÂ Õ±÷±õþ ¿òËæõþ ßÂ±ËåÝ üÅÂó¿õþ¦£ÅÂéÂ¼ ÕïäÂ ÷îÂ Âó¿õþõîÇÂËò
ÕÂó±õþá¼ ßÂ±õþí ÷ò Õ±òÅ÷±¿òßÂ ü±÷áèÏ• îÂ±õþ ü¥óÓíÇ ëÂ×ËBåð Îû÷ò ðÅ©¨õþ, îÂ±õþ ÕîÂòÅ
üM±Ý ÎîÂ÷ò ßÂ©†ßÂŠò±• ÛõÑ ÷±òÅø¸÷±ËSý× û¿ðäÂ ßÂ±ËùöÂË^ ü‚ÂËŠõþ Õ±öÂ±ü Îðûþ,
îÂõÅ Îü ü‚ÂËŠõþ ÕòòÉ Ã›¶ßÂ±ú Õ/ ü=Á±ùËò¼’1 ü±¿ýîÂÉ ¿õäÂ±Ëõþ ¦ó©† ðÅ’¿éÂ Îû ñ±õþ±õþ
Âó¿õþäÂûþ ù±öÂßÂõþ± û±ûþ ¿òÐüËjËý Îðý±Rõ±ðÏ ü÷±Ëù±äÂò± (Objective Criticism) ñ±õþ±
îÂ±õþ ÕòÉîÂ÷– üÅñÏfò±ï ßÂ±õÉ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ Îüý× ñ±õþ±ËßÂ ÷±òÉ ßÂËõþò¼ ÕÂóõþ ñ±õþ±
öÂ±õ±R±õ±ðÏ (Subjective Criticism)¼ ðÅ’¿éÂ ñ±õþ±õþ ÷ËñÉ Ã›¶ßÂéÂ ÆõÂóõþÏîÂÉ ï±ßÂËùÝ
¿ò¿õhÂ ü¥óßÇÂÂÝ Õò¦¤ÏßÂ±ûÇ¼ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ð±¿õ ûîÂéÂ±ý× îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ËßÂ ‘Îðý±Rõ±ðÏ’
õËù Îâ±ø¸í± ßÂ•ß ò± ÎßÂò–¿îÂ¿òý× Â‘¦¤áîÂ’ áèËLšõþ öÓÂ¿÷ßÂ±ûþ Õ±õ±õþ Û ßÂï±Ý Îâ±ø¸í±
*!Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤Ãïyòñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ ˆ≤Ã!¢ˆÏv˛!™ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
178 ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ æÏõò±òj ð±ú ÛõÑ üÅñÏfò±ï ðM ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ...
ßÂËõþËåò
‘ßÂ±ËõÉ îÂï± ÆõðË*É, ëÂ×öÂûþý×, ßÂÏéÂüÄ Ã›¶úÑ¿üîÂ ¿òõþ±ü¿M• õ±
ÎòËá¿éÂöÂ ÎßÂËÂóõ¿ù¿éÂ ¿S•ûþ±úÏù• ÛõÑ Ûý× ÜßÂÉ üËMWÝ, ëÂ×M•
ú¿M• Îû ßÂ±Ëù ¿òËø¸ ñ ±RßÂ, îÂàò ý+ðûþ õ ±ò ßÂ¿õ
¦¤ßÂÏûþöÂ±õ¿õù±ü ý±¿õþËûþ ¦¤±öÂ±¿õß õd¿ò‡Â±ûþ ÎÂóÒÌå±ò, Õ±õþ
õÅ¿XÂ÷±ò ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂ ¿òËæõþ ¿õðÉ±¿öÂ÷±ò öÅÂËù üÑS•±÷ßÂ
¿äÂMÃ›¶ü±Ëð îÂù±ò¼’2
îÂàò õÅçÂËîÂ Âó±õþ± û±ûþ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ¿õø¸ûþ îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå Õò±ðÔîÂ ï±ËßÂ¿ò¼ Ûà±Ëò
ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò± îÂï± ßÂ±õÉ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ¦¤¿õËõþ±¿ñîÂ± ù•ÂíÏûþ ýËûþ ÝÎêÂ¼
Îðý±Rõ±ðÏ ñ±õþí±ûþ Õ±Ëù±¿hÂîÂ ï±ßÂËùÝ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±Ëå–ßÂ±õÉ ßÂ¿õõþ ÂóÓõÇÂóÅ•ø¸
ÛõÑ ßÂ¿õ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ æiœð±îÂ±Ý òûþ¼ ôÂùîÂ ¿îÂ¿ò Û÷ò ¿üXÂ±Ë™LÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÏîÂ ýò Îû,
‘Ã›¶ï÷ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ Õ±¿õÇöÂ±õ ýËûþ¿åù ÎßÂ±Ëò± õÉ¿M• ¿õËúËø¸õþ ÷Ëò òûþ, ÛßÂéÂ± ÷±òõ
Îá±‡ÂÏõþ ÷Ëò, Ã›¶ï÷ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ Ã›¶ü±õþ qñÅ ÛßÂ¿éÂ ÷±òÅËø¸õþ ëÂ×Âóõþ òûþ, ü÷áè æÏõËòõþ
ëÂ×ÂóËõþ• Ã›¶±ï¿÷ßÂ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ëÂ×ËVúÉ qñÅ ¿õßÂùò òûþ, ü‚Âùò¼’3 üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ Û÷ò
ñ±õþí± õ± ÷ËîÂõþ üË/ îÂï±ßÂ¿ïîÂ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ëÂ×ÈüáîÂ ñ±õþí±õþ ü/¿îÂ ügÂ±ò
Õ±Âó±îÂ ðÓ•ý üËjý Îòý×¼ û¿ðÝ üÅñÏfò±ï ¦¤ÏßÂ±õþ ßÂËõþò Îû Ûý× ñõþËòõþ ñ±õþí±ûþ
ÛßÂéÂ± ÂóÓíÇËBåð ÂóËhÂËå¼ üÅñÏfò±ï ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ‘¿õ•«¥¤õþ ÷Ó¿îÇÂ’õþ Ûý× Âó¿õþõîÇÂËò û±
‘ÕñÐÂóîÂËòõþ’ ¿ðËßÂ Õáèüõþ–Îüà±Ëò Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õËðõþ öÓÂ¿÷ßÂ±Ëß ¿îÂ¿òÂ ð±ûþÏ ßÂËõþò
ò±¼ õõþ=Á îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå |XÂ±ù±öÂ ßÂËõþËå Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õîÂ± Ý ßÂ¿õ¼ ü÷Ëûþõþ ü±Ëï
ü±Ëï üöÂÉîÂ±õþ Îû ÁS•Ë÷±i§¿îÂ âËéÂ äÂËùËå Îüà±ËòÝ îÒÂ±õþ ¿õ•«±ü–ÛßÂõþßÂ÷ ðÅÐü±ýËü
öÂõþ ßÂËõþ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õõþ± ‘ÎüÌjËûÇõþ ðõþæ± Õ±áËù’ Õ±Ëåò¼ Ûà±ò ÎïËßÂÝ ÷Ëò
ßÂõþ± ÎûËîÂ Âó±Ëõþ ¿îÂ¿ò ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå Õ±¿ðßÂ±ù ÎïËßÂ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ü÷ûþ ÂóûÇ™LÃ ÎüÌjûÇËßÂ
Ã›¶îÂÉ±ú± ßÂËõþËåò¼
üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ‘ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷Å¿M•’* •1930— Ã›¶õgÂ¿éÂ îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±õþ ¿õËúø¸
ßÂîÂßÂ&Ëù±¿ðßÂËßÂ üÅ¦ó©† ßÂËõþ¼ ßÂ¿õîÂ± üÔ¿©†ËîÂ ßÂŠò±ú¿M•õþ öÓÂ¿÷ßÂ± ßÂîÂéÂ± ¿ßÂÑõ±
ßÂŠò±ú¿M• ¿ßÂ Û ¿õø¸Ëûþ û¿ðÝ ü¿õ™¦¸±õþ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ ¿îÂ¿ò Ã›¶õÔM ýò¿ò ¿êÂßÂý× ¿ßÂcÃ
‘ßÂŠò±ú¿M•’ Îû ßÂ¿õîÂ± üÔ¿©†ËîÂ Ã›¶±ü¿/ßÂ îÂ± ¿îÂ¿ò ÷±òÉ ßÂËõþËåò¼ Ûý× Ã›¶õËgÂ ëÂ×¿{¡¿àîÂ
üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂîÂßÂ&¿ù ëÂ×¿M•ËîÂ îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±õþ õþ+ÂóËõþà± ù±öÂ ßÂõþ± û±Ëõ¼
1. ‘ÕõúÉ îÂ±õþ ÷±Ëò Û òûþ Îû üßÂù ßÂ¿õý× ÷ý±ßÂ±Ëùõþ
S•ÏîÂð±ü¼ ¿ßÂcÃ ÕîÂÐÂóõþ Û-ßÂï± ¿ò}Âûþý× õù± äÂËù Îû
æÏõò±òj ð±ú ÛõÑ üÅñÏfò±ï ðM ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ... ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛ 179
qñÅ ëÂ×iœÅù ßÂ¿õîÂ±ý× æ±á¿îÂßÂ Õ±ßÂø¸ÇËíõþ Õõ±ñÉ• ÛõÑ Îü-

õþßÂ÷ ßÂ±õÉ ýûþËîÂ± õ± ¿Âóõþ±¿÷ËëÂõþ Õ±Ýûþ±îÂ±ûþ ÷ÔîÅÂÉËßÂ ôÒÂ±¿ßÂ
Îðûþ, îÂ±õþ ü±ý±ËûÉ ÷±òÅËø¸õþ ÎßÂÌîÓÂýù û¿ðÝ õ± Î÷ËéÂ, îÂõÅ
Õ±R±õþ ÕõÉM• ¿æ:±ü± îÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå ÎßÂ±Ëò± üðÅMõþ Âó±ûþ ò±¼’
2. ‘ßÂ¿õõþ ßÂîÇÂõÉ îÂ±õþ Ã›¶¿îÂ¿ðËòõþ ¿õúÔºù Õ¿öÂ:îÂ±ûþ ÛßÂéÂ±
Âóõþ÷ ëÂ×Âóù¿tõþ ÷±ùÉõþäÂò±¼ ßÂ¿õõþ ëÂ×ËVúÉ îÂ±õþ äÂ±õþÂó±Ëúõþ
Õ¿õ¿Båi§ æÏõËòõþ üË/ Ã›¶õý÷±ò æÏõËòõþ ü÷ÏßÂõþí¼ ßÂ¿õõþ
õèîÂ îÂ±õþ ¦¤ßÂÏûþ ÆäÂîÂËòÉõþ õþü±ûþËò qXÂ ÆäÂîÂËòÉõþ ëÂ×¾±õò¼
Æõõþ±ËáÉõþ Z±õþ±, îÂÉ±Ëáõþ ü±ý±ËûÉ, Õ±¿öÂæ±¿îÂßÂ ÷ûÇ±ð±Ëõ±Ëñõþ
¿òËðÇËú Û ü±ñò±ûþ ¿ü¿XÂ Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ ò±–ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷Å¿M•
Âó¿õþáèýËí• ÛõÑ ßÂ¿õ û¿ð ÷ý±ßÂ±Ëùõþ Ã›¶ü±ð äÂ±ûþ, îÂËõ
úÓ¿äÂõ±ûþÓ îÂ±õþ ÕõúÉ õæÇòÏûþ, îÂËõ öÅÂM•±õ¿úË©†õþ ügÂ±Ëò
¿öÂ•Â±Âó±S ý±ËîÂ òáõþ Âó¿õþS•÷± ¿öÂi§ îÂ±õþ áîÂÉ™LÃõþ Îòý×¼’
3. ‘ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÂóËï ëÂ×{¡ãâò äÂËù ò± Îüà±òßÂ±õþ Ã›¶ËîÂÉßÂ¿éÂ
à±îÂ ÂóðõèËæ îÂõþòÏûþ, Ã›¶ËîÂÉßÂ¿éÂ ñÓ¿ùßÂí± ¿úËõþ±ñ±ûÇ, Ã›¶ËîÂÉßÂ¿éÂ
ßÂKéÂßÂ õþM•¿ÂóÂó±üÅ• Îüà±Ëò Âóù±ûþËòõþ ëÂ×Âó±ûþ Îòý×, ¿õõþ¿îÂõþ
Âó¿õþí±÷ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ, ¿õ÷Åà÷±ËSý× ÕòÅá±÷Ïõþ äÂõþí±ýîÂ¼’
4. ‘ü±¿ýËîÂÉ ÕßÔÂ¿S÷îÂ±õþ ÷±Ëò Ã›¶îÂÉ•Â ðúÇËòõþ üË/ Ã›¶Båi§
Õ¿öÂöÂ±Ëõõþ Âó¿õþíûþ¼ Ûý× ßÂï±ËßÂý× Õ±õþÝ üýËæ õù± ÎûËîÂ
Âó±Ëõþ Îû ßÂ¿õ ûàò ÎßÂ±òÝ ðÅ©†õd õ± ÕòÅöÓÂîÂ öÂ±Ëõõþ
÷ÅàÂó±S, îÂàò îÂ±õþ ßÂ¿õîÂ± qñÅ Îüý× õd õ± Îüý×
÷Ëò±öÂ±Ëõõþ Õ±ñ±Ëõþ Õ±õXÂ ï±ßÂËõ, Îù±ßÂ±äÂ±õþ ¿ýü±Ëõ
îÂ±Ëðõþ ð±÷ æ±òËîÂ äÂ±ý×Ëõ ò±¼...ßÂ±ËõÉ ÕßÂÂóéÂîÂ±õþ Ûý× õÉ±àÉ±
ûÒ±Ëðõþ ßÂ±Ëå Õ±ñÉ±¿RßÂ ÎêÂßÂËõ, îÒÂ±õþ± Îûò öÅÂËù ò± û±ò
Îû ÛßÂéÂ± Îù±ËßÂ±Mõþ ÂóéÂöÓÂ¿÷ ò± æÅéÂËù, ßÂ¿õ ÎîÂ± ßÂ¿õ,
àÅõ ¦š²ù ÕòÅöÓÂ¿îÂõþ ÷±òÅø¸Ý õÒ±ËäÂ ò±¼’
5. ‘ßÂ¿õ âéÂËßÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± Âó±SÏ-Âó±SÏõþ ¿÷ùËòý× îÂ±õþ
ëÂ×ÂóßÂ±¿õþîÂ±õþ Îúø¸• îÂ±õþ ÂóËõþ îÂ±õþ ò±÷ ßÂËõþÝ ¦œõþËí õþý×ù
õ± ò± õþý×ù, îÂ± ¿òËûþ ÷±ï± â±÷±Ëò± ý±üÉßÂõþ¼ ¿ßÂcÃ Û-
¿÷ùòü±ñËòõþ æËòÉ Õü±ñ±õþí õÅ¿XÂ-¿õËõäÂò± äÂ±ý×, Û÷ò ¿ßÂ
à±¿òßÂ Îõ±ñÝ ýûþËîÂ± Õò±õúÉßÂ òûþ¼’

6. ‘öÂ±ø¸±, öÂ±õ Õ±õþ åj, Ûý× ¿îÂËòõþ ü¿i§Âó±ËîÂ ßÂ±õÉ áËhÂ
ÝËêÂ¼ öÂ±ø¸± Ý öÂ±õ ü¥¤ËgÂ ÎßÂ±òÝ õþßÂ÷ ÂóÓõÇüÑ¦¨±õþ
ÎÂó±ø¸íÏûþ òûþ• ÛõÑ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ îÂ•íËðõþ ÷ËîÂ± îÂ±õþ±Ý ¿÷ùò
õÉ±Âó±Ëõþ ßÂîÇÂÔÂóË•Âõþ ¿ýËîÂ±ÂóËðú ÷±Ëò ò± õËù Õ±ËõáüÔ¿©†ý×
ûàò îÂ±Ëðõþ ñ÷Ç, îÂàò ¦¤ûÑþ õõþ Ã›¶ï±õþ ÂóÅòÐÃ›¶äÂùò ÕîÂÉ±õúÉßÂ¼’
7. ‘....åj Õ±õþ ¿÷ù ÛßÂ ¿æ¿òü òûþ• ¿÷ù ßÂ±ËõÉõþ
ÕËÂó•Â±ßÔÂîÂ òîÓÂò Õù‚Â±õþ, åj Õò±¿ð¼ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ æiœ
õÔM±Ë™LÃõþ îÂðË™LÃ ÎòË÷ Õ±÷õþ± õÅËçÂ¿åùÅ÷ Îû Õ±ËõËáõþ üË/
åËjõþ üÑ¿÷|Ëíý× ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ëÂ×ÈÂó¿M¼
8. ‘åj Õ±õþ Õ±Ëõá û÷æ, îÂ±Ëðõþ éÂ±ò ò±¿hÂõþ éÂ±ò• Õ±Ëõá
Õ±õþ Îõá ¿õø¸÷±ïÇõ±äÂßÂ, Õ±ËõËáõþ ÷ËñÉ ÎõËáõþ ÎäÂËûþ
¿õõþ±÷ý× Îõ¿ú¼... ñT¿ò Ý û¿îÂõþ Ûý× üÅõÉõ¿¦šîÂ òßÄÂü±ý×
Îõ±ñýûþ åj• ÛõÑ åËjõþ Ûý× üÑ:± ü÷ÏäÂÏò ýËù, áðÉ-
ÂóËðÉõþ üÏ÷±ü¿gÂ Õ¿ò¿}ÂîÂ¼’
9. ‘õdîÂ Õ±ù‚Â±¿õþßÂ û±ËßÂ åj õËù, Îü ÛßÂéÂ± û±¿LaßÂ
ÎßÂÌúù ÷±S• Îüý× ò±áõþËð±ù±ûþ âÓ¿íÇ ÎùËáý× Õ±÷±Ëðõþ ÷ò
ÕËòßÂ ü÷Ëûþ ßÂ¿õîÂ± ¿õËúËø¸õþ ÷ËñÉ öÂ±õ Ý Õ±ËõËáõþ
ÕöÂ±õ ÎðàËîÂ Âó±ûþ ò±¼’
10. ‘ßÂ±õÉ ÎßÂõù îÂàòý× Õ÷õþ-Âóðõ±äÂÉ, ûàò îÂ±õþ ügÂ±ò
Ã›¶îÂßÇÂ å±¿hÂËûþ ÎÂóÒÌå±ûþ Ã›¶¿÷¿îÂËîÂ¼’
üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±Ëå Õ±ËéÇÂ õÉ¿M•õ±ð ÕäÂù¼ ÎßÂòò±, ‘õÉ¿M• ûàò ¿õ•«-÷±òËõõþ ÷ËñÉ
¿òÐËúËø¸ ëÅÂËõ û±ûþ, îÂàòý× ¿Âó?¿õþîÂ õÉ¿M• ¦¤õþ+Âó Âó±ûþ ÷Å¿M•¼’5 ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò
Îû, ¿òõþ±üM•Õ±R¿õËù±Âóý×---Õ±ËéÇÂõþ ßÂ±¿ã•ÂîÂ, ßÂ¿õõþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ±¿ã•ÂîÂ¼ ûàò ¿îÂ¿ò
Îâ±ø¸í± ßÂËõþò ‘ßÂ±õÉ ü÷ÅË^õþ ÷ËîÂ±, ÛõÑ ßÂ¿õ òðÏ÷±S¼’ îÂàò õÅçÂËîÂ ÕüÅ¿õñ±
ýûþ ò± Îû, ßÂ¿õËßÂ ¿õËúø¸ ÛßÂ¿éÂ ¿ðËßÂ ÕáèõîÂÏÇ ýËîÂ ýûþ ÛõÑ ‘òðÏõþ ÷ËîÂ±
Õ±R¿ò÷#ò’ âéÂËù ßÂ±õÉ üÔ¿©† ýËîÂ Âó±Ëõþ¼ û¿ðÝ Ûý× Õ±R¿õËù±ËÂóõþ Ã›¶üË/
¿îÂ¿ò ÕîÂÉ™LÃ üËäÂîÂòöÂ±Ëõ ¦œõþí ßÂ¿õþËûþ Îðò Îû, Õ±÷±Ëðõþ ÷ý±ßÂ±ËõÉõþ Õ±õþyÂ
Îüý×à±Ëò Îûà±Ëò õÉ¿M•áîÂ üÅà-ðÅÐËàõþ Õõü±ò âËéÂ¼ ÛîîÂ üËMWÝ îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ¿õËßÂ
ßÂ¿õËîÂ Ã›¶ËöÂð Õ±Ëå¼
...2...
üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ öÂ±õò±ûþ áðÉ Ý ÂóËðÉõþ ¦¤±îÂLaÉ ¦¤ÏßÔÂîÂ¼ ¿îÂ¿ò áðÉ Ý ÂóËðÉõþ ü÷ÏßÂõþËí
Ýûþ±ëÇÂüÄÝûþ±ËïÇõþ Ã›¶ü/ ëÂ×O±Âóò ßÂËõþËåò¼ îÂ±Òõþ ßÂ±ËåÝ áËðÉõþ öÂ±ø¸± Ý ÂóËðÉõþ öÂ±ø¸±õþ
÷ËñÉ Âó±ïÇßÂÉ Õ±Ëå¼ Ûà±Ëò ù•ÂíÏûþ Îû ¿îÂ¿ò ÂóðÉ Ý ßÂ±õÉËß ¿öÂi§ ßÂËõþ ÎðËàËåò¼
áËðÉõþ Õõù¥¤ò ¿õ:±ò Õ±õþ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷ËñÉ Õ¿i¤‡Â Õ±Ëå Ã›¶:±ò¼ îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå, ‘áðÉ
äÂËù ûÅ¿M•õþ üË/ Âó± ¿÷¿ùËûþ, Õ±õþ ßÂ±õÉò±ËäÂ öÂ±Ëõõþ îÂ±Ëù îÂ±Ëù• áðÉ äÂ±ûþ Õ±÷±Ëðõþ
¦¤ÏßÔÂ¿îÂ, Õ±õþ ßÂ±õÉ ÎàÒ±Ëæ Õ±÷±Ëðõþ ¿ò‡Â±•’6 Û Õ±õþ ¿ßÂåÅ òûþ–ßÂ±ËõÉõþ öÂ±ø¸±õþ
÷ËñÉ ¿õ¿ú©† ÕïÇáîÂ õÉ?ò±-Õ¿öÂõÉ¿M•Â Õ±Ëå îÂ±ËßÂý× Îûò ¿îÂ¿ò ñT¿òîÂ ßÂõþËîÂ
äÂ±ò¼ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ öÂ±ø¸±õþ üË/ Æðò¿jò öÂ±ø¸±õþ Ã›¶ËöÂð Õ±Ëå üÅñÏfò±ï Îü ßÂï±ý× æ±ò±ËîÂ
äÂ±ý×Ëåò¼ Ã›¶±äÂÏò öÂ±õþîÂÏûþ ßÂ±õÉ-îÂ±¿MWßÂ îÂï± ñT¿òõ±ðÏ Ý õþüõ±ðÏËðõþ ßÂ±õÉ ü¥óßÂÏÇûþ
õÉ±àÉ±õþ Õ±öÂ±ü ÕŠ-¿õ™¦¸õþ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ ù¿•ÂîÂ ýûþ¼ ûàò ¿îÂ¿ò Û÷ò
ßÂï± Îâ±ø¸í± ßÂËõþò
‘ús÷±ËSõþý× ðÅËéÂ± ¿ðßÂ Õ±Ëå• ÛßÂéÂ± îÂ±õþ ÕËïÇõþ ¿ðßÂ, ÕòÉéÂ±
îÂ±õþ õþü¿ò©ó¿Mõþ ¿ðßÂ¼ áËðÉõþ üË/ úËsõþ ü¥óßÇÂ Ýý× Ã›¶ï÷
¿ðßÂéÂ±õþ à±¿îÂËõþ• áËðÉõþ ús&Ëù± ¿äÂ™LÃ±õþ Õ±ñ±õþ¼ ¿ßÂcÃ ßÂ±õÉ
úËsõþ úõþí Îðûþ Ýý× ¿ZîÂÏûþ&Ëíõþ Îù±ËöÂ• ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ús
Õ±Ëõáõ±ýÏ¼’
îÂàò õÅçÂËîÂ Âó±õþ± û±ûþ, ‘õþü¿ò©ó¿M’õþ ÷ËîÂ± Ã›¶ü/ËßÂ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷±Ëòò¼ ‘õþü¿ò©ó¿M’
õÉ±Âó±õþ¿éÂ ¿òÐüËjËý ¿õËúø¸ Ã›¶±äÂÏò öÂ±õþîÂÏûþ Õù‚Â±õþú±Ë¦aõþ ¿õËúø¸ Ã›¶¦š±Ëòõþ ßÂï±
Õ±÷±Ëðõþ ¦œõþËí Õ±Ëò¼ qñÅ îÂ±ý× òûþ, ßÂ±õÉ Îû Õ¿òõÇäÂòÏûþîÂ±õþ ßÂï± õËù Îü ßÂï±Ý
¿îÂ¿ò ÷±òÉ ßÂËõþò¼ ßÂ±õÉ Õ¿òõÇäÂòÏûþ ýËûþ ëÂ×êÂËù îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå úËsõþ ÎßÂ±Ëò± ÕïÇ
ï±ËßÂ ò±–ús îÂàò Õ™LÃÐúÏù Õ±Ëõá, ü÷±Ëõú Ý ñT¿ò Æõ¿äÂSÉ ÛõÑ åËjõþ
Îú±öÂòîÂ±õþ+ËÂó áè±ýÉ ýûþ¼
üÅñÏfò±ï ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò õþ+Âó Õ±õþ Ã›¶üË/õþ Âó¿õþÂóÓíÇ ü/Ë÷ý× ßÂ±ËõÉõþ æiœ ýûþ¼
ÕïÇ±È ¿ßÂò± õþ+Âó õ± Îðý ßÂ±ËõÉ ÕÂó¿õþý±ûÇ¼ üÅñÏfò±ï Ýûþ±ëÇÂüÝûþ±ËïÇõþ ‘õ±á±hÂ¥¤õþ’
Ã›¶ü/ËßÂ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ Î•ÂËS Ã›¶Ëûþ±æòÏûþ ÷Ëò ßÂËõþ¿åËùò¼ Ýûþ±ëÂÇüÄÝûþ±ïÄÇ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ßÔÂ¿S÷îÂ±
Îâ±äÂ±ËîÂ ‘õ±á±hÂ¥¤õþ’ å±hÂ±õþ ßÂï± õËù¿åËùò¼ öÂ±ø¸± ýù üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±Ëå õþ+ËÂóõþ
ëÂ×ÂóßÂõþí÷±S– ôÂùîÂ öÂ±ø¸±õþ õ±á±hÂ±¥¤õþ îÒÂ±õþ ÷Ëò ýËûþËå öÂ±ø¸±õþ ëÂ×ÂóßÂõþí¼ öÂ±ø¸±õþ
ëÂ×ÂóßÂõþí ßÂ±ËõÉõþ üË/ ÕËBåðÉ ü¥óËßÇÂ ü¥ó¿ßÇÂîÂ õËù îÒÂ±õþ ¿õ•«±ü¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õËðõþ
ßÂ±Ëå, ‘¿ò©¨ùÅø¸ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ õþ+Âó õþ+Âó±æÏÇõ± òûþ, õþ+ËÂóõþ üË/ Ã›¶üË/õþ ü¥óßÇÂ Æõñ Ý
¦š±ûþÏ’7 õËùÝ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò¼ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷ËñÉ õÉõý+îÂ ús Îû Õ¿öÂñ±Ëòõþ

÷Åà±ËÂó•ÂÏ òûþ Û÷ò ßÂï±Ý Îâ±¿ø¸îÂ ýËîÂ Îðà± û±ûþ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ, Û÷ò¿ßÂ
¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò ò± Îû– ‘Îùàß Ý Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ÕòÅßÂ¥ó±õþ ÎüîÅÂõgÂý× ýËõ
ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ëÂ×ËVúÉ¼’
ßÂ±ËõÉ õÉõý+îÂ ‘ús’ ¿òËûþ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ áöÂÏõþîÂõþ öÂ±õò±ûþ öÂ±¿õîÂ ýËîÂ Îðà±
û±ûþ¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò, õU õÉõý±Ëõþ úËsõþ •Âûþ ÕïÇ±È ÕïÇáîÂ üÏ÷±õXÂîÂ± ÛËü
û±ûþ, Õ±õ±õþ ÕÃ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ús Õõ¦š± ¿õËúø¸ áèýíÏûþ ÝËêÂ¼ ûï±ïÇ ¿úŠÏ õ± õþ+ÂóðË•Âõþ
ßÂ±Ëå ÂóÅõþËò± ús ßÂ±ËõÉ ÎßÂ±Ëò± õ±ñ ü±Ëñ ò±¼ ôÂùîÂ, üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ÷ËîÂ, ‘¿õ¿ú©†
öÂ±õ±òÅø¸Ë/õþ à±¿îÂËõþ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õ ü±ñÅ Õü±ñÅ, òõÏò-Ã›¶õÏò, Îð¿ú-¿õËð¿ú, üßÂù
úsËßÂ ü÷±ò Ã›¶|ûþ Îðò¼’ 8 ßÂ¿õîÂ±ûþ ÎßÂ±ò ús õÉõý+îÂ ýËõ îÂ± Ã›¶±ü¿/ßÂîÂ± ¿òöÇÂõþ–
îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå¼ ÎßÂòò±, öÂ±ø¸± îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå õþ+ËÂóõþ ëÂ×Âó±ð±ò¼ Õ±õþ Û-ßÂ±õþËíý× ¿îÂ¿ò öÂ±ø¸±
ü¥¤ËgÂ Ýûþ±ëÇÂüÄÝûþ±ËïÇõþ ¿õ›-õõ±ðËßÂ ëÂ×ËÂó•Â± å±hÂ± áîÂÉ™LÃõþ Îòý× õËù ÷±òËîÂò¼
ßÂ±ËõÉõþ åj üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±Ëå ¿õËúø¸ &•Qù±öÂ ßÂËõþËå¼ ÛßÂ-ü÷ûþ åjËßÂ
ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÕÂó¿õþý±ûÇ ëÂ×Âó±ð±ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËùÝ ¿îÂ¿ò Îúø¸ ÂóûÇ™LÃ ÎßÂ±Ëò± åjËßÂ ÎæÉË‡Âõþ
Õ±üò ¿ðËîÂ äÂ±ò¿ò¼ åËjõþ Ã›¶±ü¿/ßÂîÂ± ¦¤ÏßÂ±õþ ßÂõþËùÝ ¿îÂ¿ò åjËßÂ ‘û±¿LaßÂ
ÎßÂÌúù÷±S’ ÷Ëò ßÂËõþ¿åËùò¼ îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå, ‘ßÂ±ËõÉõþ öÂ±ø¸± Îû÷ò ÕßÔÂ¿S÷îÂ±õþ ßÂF¦¤õþ,
ßÂ±ËõÉõþ åj ÎîÂ÷òý× ÕßÔÂ¿S÷îÂ±õþ ÂóðñT¿ò’ õËù ¿õËõ¿äÂîÂ¼ 9 Õ±õþ ÷Ëò ýÝûþ± Õü/
îÂ ýËõ ò± Îû, üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ Ûý× ‘û±¿LaßÂ ÎßÂÌúù’áîÂ åjËäÂîÂò± S•÷ú
ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÎÃ›¶¿•ÂËîÂ ¿ôÂËßÂ ýËûþ ÎáËå¼ ßÂ±õÉ ûàò ÷ýËQ ëÂ×MÏíÇ ýûþ îÂàò üÑàÉ±õþ
üË/ îÂ±õþ ÎßÂ±Ëò± ü¥óßÇÂ ï±ËßÂ ò± Õ±õ±õþ îÂàò îÂ±õþ ¿öÂîÂËõþ Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ üÅñÏfò±ï
ßÂ¿ïîÂ ‘ÛßÂéÂ± ¿õõþ±éÂ üýæîÂ±’¼ öÂ±ø¸±õþ ÷ËîÂ±ý× îÂ±ý× åj îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå ‘ÕßÔÂ¿S÷’ ÂóðñT¿ò
ýËûþ ÝËêÂ¼ üÅñÏfò±ï ûàò õËùò, Õ±ËõËáõþ üË/ åËjõþ ü¥óßÇÂ ßÂ±Š¿òßÂ òûþ,
îÂàò ÷Ëò ýÝûþ± ¦¤±öÂ±¿õßÂ Îû, åj öÂ±ø¸±õþ ¦¤±öÂ±¿õßÂ ñ÷Ç¼ Õ±üËù Õ±ËõáËßÂ Õ±Âóò±õþ
åj àÒÅËæ ¿òËî ýûþ¼ ßÂ¿õîÂ±ûþ åËjõþ Ã›¶±ü¿/ßÂîÂ± Õ±Ëõá ü¥óÔM• ÎßÂõù òûþ–
ðÅÂ’Ëûþõþ üÑ¿÷|Ëí ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ëÂ×ÈÂó¿M Îâ±ø¸í± ÷ËñÉ ù•ÂíÏûþ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ åjËäîÂò± îÂï±
ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±¼ üÅñÏfò±ï Îúø¸ ÂóûÇ™LÃ îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ ¿õ¿õñ Ã›¶ßÂ±õþ åjõþÏ¿îÂ õ±
ÎßÂÌúËùõþ ßÂï± ëÂ×Ë{¡à ò± ßÂõþËùÝ åjËßÂ ¦¤îÂÐ¦£ÓÂîÇÂ ¿õø¸ûþ ¿ýü±Ëõ ¿õËõäÂò± ßÂõþ±õþ
Âó•ÂÂó±îÂÏ¼
...3...
üÅñÏfò±ï ÷Ëò ßÂõþËî ò, Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õõþ± ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí±’ (Inspiration) ús¿éÂËßÂ ÷±Ëòò
¿ßÂcÃ îÒÂ±Ëðõþ ßÂ±Ëå ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí±’ ús¿éÂõþ ÕïÇ õdáîÂ¼ ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí± õùËî Îü Îõ±ËçÂ Âó¿õþ|Ë÷õþ
ÂóÅõþ¦¨±õþ¼’10 ¿îÂ¿ò ¿òËæý× Âó±á±ñÅ¿òßÂßÂ±Ëùõþ ÎÃ›¶¿•ÂîÂ Ý ñ±õþí±õþ ëÂ×Ë{¡à ßÂËõþ Û-
Ã›¶üË/ Ã›¶•Ÿ ëÂ×O±Âóò ßÂËõþËåò¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ßÂ±õÉËßÂ ‘¦¤ûþyÓÂ’ ÎÃ›¶õþí±õþ ¿õø¸ûþ ÷Ëò ßÂõþËùÝ
îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ±õÉ–‘Îüý× ÕËïÇ ¦¤ûþyÅÂ Îû ÕËïÇ ¦¤ûþyÓÂá±å¼ ÛßÂ¿ðò ýûþËîÂ± Îü õ±hÂ±õþ
Õ±òËjý× Õ±ßÂ±Ëú ý±îÂ õ±hÂ¿îÂ¼ ¿ßÂcÃ ¿õË•« Îüý× Õ±¿ð÷ ëÂ×õÇõþîÂ± Õ±æ Õ±õþ Îòý×¼’11
ÕïÇ±È ¿ßÂò±, üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±Ëå ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí±’ ÕùÏßÂ ÎßÂ±Ëò± ¿õø¸ûþ òûþ¼ ü±õþ±¿õ•« æÅËhÂ
ßÂ¿õ ‘õÏæüÑáèý’ õþ+Âó ßÂ±ËõÉõþ õdáîÂ ëÂ×ÂóßÂõþí üÑáèý ßÂËõþò ÛõÑ îÂ± ÎïËßÂ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ
ßÂŠîÂ•õþ æiœ Îðò¼ qñÅ îÂ±ý× õU Âó¿õþäÂûÇ±õþ ™¦¸õþ Õ¿îÂS•÷ ßÂËõþ ßÂ±õÉ Ã›¶ûþ±Ëü ÕáèõîÂÏÇ
ýò¼ îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ±õÉ ÎßÂ±Ëò± ‘Æðõõ±íÏ’ òûþ, ‘Õ¿òßÂ±÷ õÔ¿XÂ õþ•Âí±Ëõ•Âí îÂ±õþ ÕõúÉ
ßÂîÇÂõÉ’¼ Õ±ù‚Â±¿õþßÂ ëÂ×Âó¦š±Âóò±ûþ ¿îÂ¿ò õËùËåò ‘Õ±üËù îÂ±õþ Ã›¶á¿îÂ ý×Ë<ùÏûþËðõþ
÷ËîÂ±ý× ÂóîÂò Ý ÕöÅÂÉðËûþ õgÅÂõþ¼ îÂ±õþ Ã›¶¿îÂ|nîÂ òjËòõþ ÂóïÂ õ±õþÑõ±õþ ÷•õþ Ã›¶±™LÃËõþ
¿ðú± ý±¿õþËûþËå, æòÂóËðõþ ßÅÂýËßÂ á™LÃõÉ öÅÂËùËå, ÎðõîÂ±ËßÂ ÎåËhÂ ÕòÅüõþí ßÂËõþËå
ÕÂóËðõîÂ±õþ¼’ 12 Û-›¶üË/ æÏõò±òËjõþ ‘ßÂ±õÉ-ÎÃ›¶õþí±’õþ ßÂï± ¦œõþí ßÂõþ± ÎûËîÂ
Âó±Ëõþ¼ æÏõò±òj ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí±’ õùËîÂ ‘Õ™LÃÐÎÃ›¶õþí±’õþ ßÂï± õËùËåò¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ‘Õ™LÃÐÎÃ›¶õþí±’ËßÂ
¦¤ÏßÂ±õþ ßÂËõþò¼ ßÂ¿õîÂ± üÔ¿©†ËîÂ ¿îÂ¿ò ý×÷±¿æËòúòÄ Ý ÕòÅúÏùò Ýý× ðÅ’¿éÂ ¿õø¸Ëûþõþ
ëÂ×Âóõþ ¿õËúø¸ Îæ±õþ Îðò¼13 æÏõò±òj ÕîÂÉ™LÃ üËäÂîÂòöÂ±Ëõ ý×÷±¿æËòúòËßÂ ‘ßÂŠò±
Ã›¶¿îÂöÂ±’õþ+ËÂó ¿äÂ¿ý•îÂ ßÂËõþËåò¼ ÛßÂý× öÂ±Ëõ õÅXÂËðõ õüÅÝ ‘ÕòÅúÏùËò’õþ ëÂ×Âóõþ &•Q
Õ±Ëõþ±Âó ßÂËõþ¿åËùò¼ ‘ÕòÅúÏùò’ Ý ‘Âó¿õþäÂûÇ±’ ús ðÅ’¿éÂõþ ÷ËñÉ Õ±¿öÂñ±¿òßÂ Âó±ïÇËßÂÉõþ
÷ËîÂ± õÉ?ò±áî ¿öÂi§îÂ± ï±ßÂËùÝ Ã›¶Ëûþ±áæ¿òîÂ Õ¿öÂÃ›¶±ûþ ßÂ±å±ßÂ±¿å¼ÂÃÂó¿õþ|Ë÷õþ
÷±ñÉË÷ ßÂ±õÉüÔ¿©† ýûþ Îü-ßÂï±ý× Îûò Îâ±¿ø¸îÂ ýËîÂ Îðà± û±ËBåÂ üÅñÏfò±ï Ý
æÏõò±òËjõþ ÷ËñÉ Ûà±Ëò ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±áîÂ ÜßÂÉ ù•ÂíÏûþ¼ üÅñÏfò±ï Îûà±Ëò õd¿õ•«
ÎïËßÂ ëÂ×Âó±ð±ò üÑáèý ßÂËõþ ‘Âó¿õþäÂûÇ±’õþ14 ÷±ñÉË÷ ßÂ±õÉ üÔ¿©†õþ ßÂï± õËùò, Îüà±Ëò
æÏõò±òËjõþ Îâ±ø¸í± ¿åù ‘ÕòÅúÏùò’¼ Õ±õ±õþ ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí±’õþ Ã›¶Ë•Ÿ ðÅ’æËòý× Æðõ õ± Ö•«õþ
Ã›¶ü/ËßÂ &•Q Îðò¿ò¼ ðÅ’æËòõþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ¿õîÂ± üÔ¿©† ¿òÐüËjËý Âó¿õþ|÷ ü±ËÂó•Â
õÉ±Âó±õþ¼ û¿ðÝ æÏõò±òj Îúø¸ ÂóûÇ™LÃ ‘öÂ±õò± Ã›¶¿îÂöÂ±æ±îÂ’ Ûý× ‘Õ™LÃÐËÃ›¶õþí±’ËßÂ äÓÂhÂ±™LÃ
õËù ÷Ëò ßÂËõþò¿ò¼ ÎÃ›¶õþí±ËßÂÝ ¿îÂ¿ò ‘üÑ¦¨±õþ÷ÅM• qXÂ îÂËßÂÇõþ ý×¿/îÂ’ 15 ý×¿îÂý±ü-
ÎäÂîÂò±ûþ üÅá¿êÂîÂ ýÝûþ±õþ ßÂï± õËùËåò¼ ßÂ¿õõþ Õü±÷±òÉ Õ±ËR±ÈüáÇ’16 üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ
öÂ±ø¸±ûþ Îû ëÂ×ËñTÇ ëÂ×MÏíÇ ýûþ æÏõò±òj Îüà±ò ÎïËßÂÝ ðÓõþõîÂÏÇ òò¼ æÏõò±òËjõþ
ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ¿õîÂ±üÔ¿©†ËîÂ ÎÃ›¶õþí± ýù
‘¿òåßÂõÅ¿XÂõþ Îæ±Ëõþ ßÂ¿õîÂ± Îùà± üyÂõ òûþ–-Õ±Ëõþ± ÕËòßÂ
¿ßÂåÅõþ Ã›¶Ëûþ±æò–-ÛõÑ Îü üËõõþ ü¿¥œ¿ùîÂ ü¥¤gÂ-úÔºËùõþ

ÎïËßÂý× ÎÃ›¶õþí±õþ æiœ ýûþ¼’17
ÎÃ›¶õþí± îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå ÕòÉîÂõþ Õ¿öÂõÉ¿M•ËîÂ Âó¿õþ¦£ÅÂéÂ¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷±òü Õ±Ëõá Ý Ã›¶:±õþ
¿÷ùËòõþ üË/ ÎÃ›¶õþí±ËßÂ üÅüÑÂóÔM• ßÂËõþËåò¼ Õ±õþ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ¿õîÂ±
Âó¿õþ|Ë÷õþ ôÂüù¼ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ¿öÂîÂõþ ‘Õ¿îÂ÷îÇÂÉîÂ±’õþ Õ±öÂ±ü Îòý× Îû÷ò îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå
ÎîÂ÷ò ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò, Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õõþ± ‘Ã›¶ï±¿üXÂ åÒ±äÂ’ËßÂ õÉõý±õþ ßÂõþËîÂ Õü¥œîÂ¼
Û-Ã›¶üË/ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ öÂ±õò±ûþ Ü¿îÂËýÉõþ ßÂï± ÛËü ÂóËhÂ¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂîÂ± Îû Ü¿îÂËýÉõþ
üË/ ü¥ó¿ßÇÂîÂ ýËûþ ¿öÂi§îÂõþ ¿õø¸ûþ üÅñÏfò±ï îÂ± ÷±òËîÂò---÷±òËîÂò æÏõò±òjÝ¼
îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí±’ËßÂ õ±õþõ±õþ ëÂ×Ë{¡¿àîÂ ýËîÂ Îðà± ÎáËùÝ ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí±’õþ
Ã›¶ßÔÂîÂ¦¤õþ+Âó ¦ó©† ýËûþËå Ýý× Âó¿õþ|Ë÷õþ ‘ÂóÅõþ©¨±õþ’ ¿ýü±Ëõ¼ ÎßÂòò± ¿îÂ¿ò ßÂ±õÉËßÂ
‘¦¤ûþyÓÂ’ ¿ýü±Ëõ ¿õËõäÂò±ý× ßÂËõþò¿ò¼
üÅñÏfò±ï ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò, Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õõþ± ÷ýÈ ßÂ¿õîÂ± ¿ùËàËåò¼ îÒÂ±Ëðõþ ßÂ±ËõÉ
ëÂ×ÈßÂø¸Ç Õ±Ëå Õ±õ±õþ æ±¿îÂáîÂ ¿öÂi§îÂ±Ý Õ±Ëå¼ ÕïÇ±È ¿ßÂò±, ¿îÂ¿ò ßÂ±õÉõþäÂò±ûþ
ëÂ×ÈßÂËø¸Çõþ Âó±ú±Âó±¿ú ëÂ×Âó¦š±ÂóòõþÏ¿îÂ ü¥óËßÇÂÝ üËäÂîÂò¼ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ßÂ±Ëå ¿îÂ¿ò Ã›¶îÂÉ±ú±
ßÂõþËî ò Îû ßÂ±õÉ ÕõúÉý× ‘Ã›¶¿÷¿îÂ’ËîÂ ÕõîÂÏíÇ ýËõ ÛõÑ îÂàòý× îÂ± ‘Õ÷õþ-Âóðõ±äÂÉ’
ýÝûþ±õþ ð±¿õ õþ±àËõ¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õËðõþ ßÂ±õÉ ðÅõþ+ý ‘ðÅËõÇ±ñÉ’ Û ßÂï± ¿îÂ¿ò
Õ±Ñ¿úßÂöÂ±Ëõ ÷±òÉ ßÂËõþÝ–‘ðÅËõÇ±ñÉ’ ýÝûþ±õþ ßÂ±õþí ÎßÂõù ßÂ¿õõþ ý±ËîÂ òÉ™¦¸ ßÂõþËîÂ
äÂ±ò¿ò ÛõÑ Û-Ã›¶üË/ ¿îÂ¿ò Âó±êÂßÂËðõþ Ý üÑûÅM• ßÂõþËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåò¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò
ßÂõþËîÂò
‘îÂËõ Õ±æßÂ±ùßÂ±õþ Î|‡ ßÂ¿õîÂ± ü¥¤ËgÂ ÛßÂéÂ± ð±•í
Õ¿öÂËû±á Õ±Ñ¿úßÂöÂ±Ëõ üîÂÉ ÛàòßÂ±õþ ßÂ¿õîÂ± ðÅËõÇ±ñÉ¼
¿ßÂcÃ ðÅõþ+ý îÂ±õþ ðÅ’ËéÂ± ¿ðßÂ Õ±Ëå, ÛßÂéÂ± Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ¿ðßÂ, ÕòÉéÂ±
ÎùàËßÂõþ¼’18
üÅñÏfò±ï Îû ðÅõþ+ýîÂ±õþ æòÉ Âó±êÂßÂËßÂ ð±ûþÏ ßÂËõþò Ã›¶ñ±òîÂ îÂ± îÒÂ±õþ Õ±ùËüÉ
ßÂ±õþËí, Õ±õþ Îü æòÉ ßÂ¿õËßÂ Îð±ø¸±Ëõþ±Âó ßÂõþ± îÒÂ±õþ ÷ËîÂ ÕòÉ±ûþ¼ Ã›¶ËîÂÉßÂ¿éÂ ßÂ¿õ
îÒÂ±õþ Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ßÂ±å ÎïËßÂ Õ¿öÂ¿òËõú Ý ÕòÅúÏùËòõþ ÕËÂó•Â± ßÂËõþò Îû÷ò ¿êÂßÂ
ÎîÂ÷òý× |XÂ± Ý ÛßÂ±áèîÂ± Ã›¶îÂÉ±ú± ßÂËõþò¼ Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ßÂ±Ëå Û ð±¿õËßÂ ¿îÂ¿ò ü/
îÂ õËù ÷±Ëòò¼ îÂõÅÝ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ðÅõþ+ýîÂ±õþ Ã›¶Ë•Ÿ ßÂ¿õõþ ð±ûþËßÂÝ ¿îÂ¿ò Õ¦¤ÏßÂ±õþ ßÂËõþò
ò±¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂËõþËåò ‘¿ßÂcÃ Îû ðÅõþ+ýîÂ±õþ ëÂ×ÈÂó¿M ÕòÅßÂ¥ó±õþ ÕöÂ±Ëõ, û±õþ
÷ÓËù ßÂ¿õõþ ¿Zñ± ¿ò¿ýîÂ, îÂ±õþ ßÂîÂßéÂ± ûÅáü¿gÂÂõþ ôÂù±ôÂù õËéÂ, îÂõÅÝ Õ¿ñßÂ±ÑËúõþ
æËòÉ ßÂ¿õý× ð±ûþÏ¼’19
æÏõò±òj ð±Ëúõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ Âó±êÂßÂ-ü÷±Ëù±äÂß Ý ßÂ¿õõþ ü¥óßÇÂ ¿òËûþ ÛßÂ±¿ñßÂ

Ã›¶ü/ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂï±’ •1345—, Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õîÂ±’•1357—, ‘ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±’•1356—
, ‘•¿äÂ, ¿õäÂ±õþ Ý ÕòÉ±òÉ ßÂï±’ •1356— ò±÷ßÂ Ã›¶õËgÂ ëÂ×O±¿ÂóîÂ ýËûþËå¼ ¿îÂ¿ò
Îû Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ÕñÉûþò õ± ‘äÂäÇÂ±õþ ÕöÂ±õ’ ù•ÂÉ ßÂËõþ¿åËùò ¿êÂßÂ îÂ± òûþ–‘ñÉ±ò-
áöÂÏõþ’ Îõ±ñ Ã›¶îÂÉ±ú± ßÂËõþ¿åËùò¼ û¿ðÝ Û-ßï±Â üîÂÉ, ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ öÂ±Ëù± ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂ
¿ýü±Ëõ ¿îÂ¿ò ßÂ¿õËßÂý× Îõ¿ú &•Q ¿ðËûþËåò¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò, û±Ëðõþ ÷ò ßÂ¿õîÂ±
üÔ¿©†õþ æòÉ ÆîÂ¿õþ òûþ–îÂ±õþ± ßÂ±õÉ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ ‘Âó¿õþBåi§îÂ±’, ‘Âó±¿GÂîÂÉ’ Ã›¶öÔÂ¿îÂ Îðà±ËîÂ
ü÷ïÇ ýËùÝ Îúø¸ ÂóûÇ™LÃ áöÂÏõþîÂÂ±ù±ËöÂ õÉïÇ ýËûþ ¿õúÔºù ýËûþ ÂóËhÂ¼ 20 üÅñÏfò±ï
îÒÂ±õþ ‘ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷Å¿M•’ •1930— Ã›¶õËgÂ ßÂ¿õõþ ò±ò± æ±¿îÂõþ ßÂï± ûàò õËùò îÂàò
¦ó©†îÂý× Îõ±çÂ± û±ûþ, ßÂ¿õ ÎöÂËð îÒÂ±Ëðõþ ¦¤±îÂËLaÉõþ ßÂï± ¿îÂ¿ò õùËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåò¼
æÏõò±òj ð±úÝ ßÂ¿õËðõþ ‘õÉ¿M•ËQõþ ™¦¸õþËöÂð’ ¦¤ÏßÂ±õþ ßÂËõþËåò¼ ‘ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±’
•1356— Ã›¶õËgÂ Û ¿õø¸Ëûþ ¿îÂ¿ò ¿õ™¦¸±¿õþîÂ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ßÂËõþËåò¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò
‘ßÂ¿õËðõþ ¿öÂîÂËõþ Âó±ïÇßÂÉ õþËûþ ÎáËå• ÛõÑ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ Âó±êÂßÂ Ý ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂËðõþ ¿öÂîÂËõþ¼
ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂ ¿ýü±Ëõ ÎßÂ±ù¿õþæ Ý Û¿ùûþé–ý×ËûþéÂüÄ Ý Âó±ëÂ×GÂ-Ûõþ ëÂ×Âóù¿t Ý
ÕòÅ¿÷¿îÂõþ ÛîÂ Îõ¿ú Ã›¶ËöÂð îÂ±ý×¼Â’’ 21 ÕïÇ±È ¿ßÂò±, æÏõò±òj ßÂ±õÉ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ Âó±êÂßÂ-
ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂ ¿ßÂÑõ± ßÂ¿õ-ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂ Ã›¶ËîÂÉËßÂõþ ßÂ±Ëå áöÂÏõþ ßÂ±õÉËõ±ñ ð±¿õ ßÂõþËîÂò¼
¿ßÂcÃ îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ¿õ Ý ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂËðõþ Ûý× ™¦¸õþËöÂð----öÂ±Ëù±-÷Ëjõþ ÎöÂð ûîÂéÂ±
òûþ, îÂ±õþ ÎäÂËûþ Îõ¿ú ëÂ×Âóù¿t Ý ÕòÅ¿÷¿îÂõþ Ã›¶ËöÂð¼ îÂÒ±õþ Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ßÂ±Ëå Ã›¶îÂÉ±ú±
Îû, ÛßÂæò üËäÂîÂò Âó±êÂßÂËßÂ S•÷±áîÂ ûÅËáõþ ¿öÂîÂõþ ðÏ¿•ÂîÂ ýËîÂ ýËõ òîÅÂõ±
ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ú±•«îÂ Ã›¶±í Ý Õ¿öÂ:±ò Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ÂóË•Â áèýí ßÂõþ± ÎßÂõù ßÂ¿êÂòý× ýËõ
ò±–ÛßÂý× üË/ ÕüyÂõ ýËõ¼22 ýûþËîÂ± Ã›¶±ûþ ÛßÂý× ßÂï± õù± û±ûþ, üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ
ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ü¥óËßÇ–ÕòÉñT¿òËîÂ¼ ûÅËáõþ ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ õþü±¦¤±ðò ßÂõþËîÂ ýËù Âó±êÂËßÂÝ
Ã›¶d¿îÂ ¿òËîÂ ýûþ¼ Âó±êÂßÂ û¿ð îÒÂ±õþ ‘Õ±ùËüÉ’õþ ßÂ±õþËí ‘ûÅËáõþ ¿öÂîÂõþ ðÏ¿•ÂîÂ’ ò±
ýò îÂËõ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ‘Ã›¶±í’ ëÂ×Âóù¿tËîÂ ¿îÂ¿ò õ¿=Áî ýËõò¼ ‘ßÂ±õÉ ü¥¤ËgÂ ÎßÂ±Ëò± ñõþ±-
õÒ±ñ± üÑ¦¨±õþ’ ¿òËûþ ßÂ±õÉ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ ÕáèõîÂÏÇ ýÝûþ±ËîÂ æÏõò±òËjõþ Îû÷ò áöÂÏõþ
Õ±Âó¿Mõþ ßÂï± ‘ÎðúßÂ±ù Ý ßÂ¿õîÂ±’ •1356— Ã›¶õgÂ Âó±ËêÂ æ±òËîÂ Âó±¿õþ ÎîÂ÷òý×
ñ±õþí±õþ ßÂï±Ý ¦ó©† ýËûþ ÝËêÂ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ¼ üÅñÏfò±ï ¿õ•«±ü ßÂõþËîÂò
‘æÏõËòõþ üýæüÓS ÂóÒ±äÂ ý±æ±õþ õåËõþ Îû æ¿éÂù Ý ßÅÂ¿éÂù
Õ±ßÂ±õþ ñËõþËå, îÂ±ËîÂ Ã›¶±ï¿÷ßÂ ÙæÅîÂ± ¦¤îÂý× ÕòÅÂó¿¦šîÂ• ÛõÑ
Õ±÷±Ëðõþ :±ò ÎûËýîÅÂ ßÂ÷Ëå ò±, Ã›¶îÂÉý ÎõËhÂý× äÂËùËå,
îÂ±ý× Ã›¶±M•ò ¿õ•«õÏ•Â±õþ ÕÍõßÂùÉ Õ±æ ÕöÂ±õòÏûþ¼’23

ü÷Ëûþõþ Âó¿õþõîÇÂËòõþ ßÂï± ðÅ’æËòý× ÷±Ëòò ÛõÑ ÷±Ëòò õËùý× ðÅ’æËòý×
ßÂ±õÉ±¿õäÂ±Ëõþ ü÷ûþ ü÷ßÂ±ùËß &•QÂóÓíÇ ÷Ëò ßÂËõþò¼ û¿ðÝ üÅñÏfò±ï îÂï±ßÂ¿ïîÂ
üò±îÂò üîÂÉ ü÷ÓËý ûîÂéÂ± õÏîÂ|XÂ æÏõò±òj îÂ± ÎïËßÂ ÛßÂéÅÂ ¦¤îÂLa Õ¿öÂ÷îÂý× Ã›¶ßÂ±ú
ßÂËõþò¼ æÏõò±òj ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò ‘¿òËæõþ ûÅËá õ±ü ßÂËõþÝ Õ±Ëõþ± ÕËòßÂ ûÅËá
õ±ü ßÂõþõ±õþ à±¿òßÂéÂ± ¦¤öÂ±õ •Â÷îÂ±, ¿òËæõþ ü÷±Ëæõþ ÂóÅËõþ±ÂóÅ¿õþ æÏõ ýËûþÝ ÕòÉ
ÕËòßÂ ü÷±Ëæ ¿òËæËßÂ ûï±üyÂõ ¦¤BåËj ¿¦šîÂ Ý ¿÷¿ùîÂ ßÂËõþ Îòõ±õþ ÷ËîÂ± ÕòÅöÓÂ¿îÂ
Ý ¿õäÂ±Ëõþõþ ¦ó©†îÂ± ò± ï±ßÂËù ò±ò± Îðú Ý ü÷Ëûþõþ ßÂ¿õîÂ± Âó±ËêÂ ¿õËúø¸ ôÂù
ýûþ ò±...¼’ Û-ßÂ±õþËíý× ¿îÂ¿ò ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂËðõþ ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ ¿õàÉ±îÂ üõ ü÷Ëûþõþ ßÂ¿õîÂ±
üõþü Ý ûÅ¿M•¦¤BåöÂ±Ëõ ÂóhÂõ±õþ ßÂï± õËù¿åËùò¼ îÂï±ßÂ¿ïîÂ üò±îÂò üËîÂÉ õÏîÂ|XÂ
ýÝûþ±õþ Õ±Ëá æÏõò±òËjõþ ÷îÂ ýù, ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ Ã›¶ßÂ±ú Âó¿õþõ¿îÇÂîÂ ýÝûþ±õþ Âó±ú±Âó±¿ú
ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂËßÂ ‘Îüý× Îüý× ûÅËáõþ ü÷±æ Ý ßÂ±õÉ ü¥¤ËgÂ ¿ò÷Çù, ü÷ÏäÂÏò Îùà±’24
ÕõúÉý× Âó±êÂ ßÂõþ± ›¶Ëûþ±æò¼ û¿ðÝ æÏõò±òj ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò, ÛîÂüõ ÂóËhÂ ü÷Ëùý×
öÂ±Ëù± ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂ ýûþ ò±, ðÅ’ÛßÂæò ýûþ¼ ü÷±Ëù±äÂò±õþ Î•ÂËS ¿îÂ¿ò Õ¿ú¿•ÂîÂ ÂóéÅÂQËßÂ
¿òj± ßÂËõþ õËùËåò, :±Ëòõþý× ðõþßÂ±õþ Îõ¿ú, Îüý× æòÉý× ÕñÉûþËòõþ ðõþßÂ±õþ¼
æÏõò±òËjõþ ßÂ±Ëå ÕõúÉý× ú±•«îÂ-üò±îÂò úËsõþ ÎßÂ±Ëò± ÷±Ëò ýûþ ò±–-ÎßÂòò±
ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ ÎßÂ±Ëò± áèLš ú±•«îÂ òûþ¼
üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ¿õ Ý Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ü÷üÉ± üò±îÂò õËù ¿õËõ¿äÂîÂ¼ ‘ñènÂóð Îàûþ±ù’
25 •1932— Ã›¶õËgÂ, ¿îÂ¿ò Ã›¶•Ÿ ëÂ×O±Âóò ßÂËõþËåò, Âó±êÂß ò± ÎùàßÂ Îß ¦š±òäÅÂÉîÂ
ýËûþ ÛËßÂ ÕËòÉõþ ßÂ±Ëå ÎòË÷ Õ±üËõ· ÕïÇ±È ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ÷÷Ç áèýËí Âó±êÂßÂ ò±
ÎùàßÂ üõÇ±¿ñßÂ Ã›¶±ñ±òÉ Âó±Ëõò¼ Ûõþ ÎßÂ±Ëò± üõþù Æõþ¿àßÂ ¿òËðÇú üÅñÏfò±ï Îðò¿ò¼
îÒÂ±õþ ÷ËîÂ±, ‘îÂõÅ ¿öÂi§ ûÅËáõþ ëÂ×Mõþ ¿öÂi§•¿äÂõþ Âó¿õþäÂ±ûþßÂ• ÛõÑ Ûý× Æõ¿äÂSÉ ¦¤±öÂ±¿õßÂ¼
ßÂ±õþí ü±÷±¿æßÂ æÏõËòõþ Ã›¶¿îÂ¿ò¿ñ ¿ýü±Ëõý× Âó±êÂßÂ ßÂ¿õõþ ßÂ±Ëå ÷ûÇ±ð± Âó±ûþ• ÛõÑ
æÏõò ÎûËýîÅÂ Âó¿õþõîÇÂòúÏù, îÂ±ý× ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ Õõ¦š±™LÃõþ ÕõúÉyÂ±õÏ¼’26 æÏõËòõþ
Ã›¶±ü¿/ßÂîÂ± ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ÎÃ›¶¿•ÂËîÂ ëÂ×Ë{¡¿àîÂ ýËù üÅñÏfò±ï ÕîÂÉ™LÃ üËäÂîÂòöÂ±Ëõ ‘üÈ-
ü±¿ýîÂÉ’ËßÂ æÏõò üÑÂóÔM ßÂõþËîÂ Õò±áèýÏ¼ ôÂùîÂ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò ‘¿ßÂcÃ üÈ-
ü±¿ýîÂÉ÷±ËSý× ûàò üÅ¿õñ± ÷ËîÂ± æÏõ™LÃ Õ±àÉ± ÎäÂËûþ õËü, îÂàò ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ü¥óÓíÇ
æÏõiœÅ¿M• ¿òîÂ±™LÃ ÕüyÂõ¼’27
üÅñÏfò±ï îÂÈßÂ±ùÏò ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ÷ËñÉ ðÅõþ+ýîÂ±õþ Ã›¶ü/ ‘ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷Å¿M•’ Ã›¶õËgÂ
ëÂ×O±Âóò ßÂõþËùÝ ¿ßÂ ßÂ±õþËí Û÷ò ‘ðÅõþ+ýîÂ±’ ßÂ±ËõÉ æ±ûþá± ÎÂóù îÂ±õþ ÎßÂ±Ëò± õÉ±àÉ±
ëÂ×ÂóO±¿ÂóîÂ ßÂËõþò¿ò¼ ¿ßÂcÃ ‘ñè+ÂóðÏ Îàûþ±ù’ Ã›¶õËgÂ îÂ±õþ ÛßÂéÂ± ý×¿/îÂ ¿ðËûþ¿åËùò¼
üÑË•ÂËÂó Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ðÅõþ+ýîÂ± ýù
1. ßÂ¿õîÂ±ËîÂ åËj±÷Å¿M• âéÂ±Ëò±
2. õÉ±ßÂõþíq¿XÂ ýÏòîÂ±
3. ¿õò± Ã›¶Ëûþ±æËò ¿õËð¿ú úsËßÂ±Ëø¸õþ Ùí ¦¤ÏßÂ±õþ
4. Îåð û¿î õæÇò
5. Õ:±îÂßÅÂùúÏùËðõþ •ÂóÓõÇõîÂÏÇ— õþäÂò± ëÂ×XÂ±õþ
6. Ü¿îÂýÉËßÂ ëÂ×Âóý±üÉ ßÂõþ± ý×îÂÉ±¿ð¼
Â Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ßÂ¿õËðõþ ¿õ•ËXÂ îÒÂ±õþ Ûý× Õ¿öÂËû±á ÎïËßÂ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ
ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±õþ ý×¿/îÂ ù±öÂ ßÂõþ± ÎûËîÂ Âó±Ëõþ¼ ¦¤ßÂÏûþîÂ±ËßÂ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂõþ± ûàò &•QÂóÓíÇ
÷Ëò ßÂËõþËåò îÂàò üÅñÏfò±ï ¦ó©†îÂ õùËùò Îû, Ûý× ¦¤ßÂÏûþîÂ±ý× Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂËðõþ
ÕòËïÇõþ ÷Óù¼ üÅñÏfò±ï ¦¤ßÂÏûþîÂ±ËßÂ ÷±òÉ ßÂõþËùÝ îÒÂ±õþ ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ÛßÂ÷±S ù•ÂÉ,
ÎùàËßÂõþ Õ¿öÂ:îÂ± ü¥¤ËgÂ ‘Âó±êÂß-ÂÍäÂîÂËòÉõþ ëÂ×ËXÂ±ñò’ âéÂ±Ëò±¼ æÏõò±òj ÕõúÉ
ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ õÉ±àÉ±ûþ Âó±êÂËßÂõþ äÂ±ý×ËîÂ ßÂ¿õËßÂý× Ã›¶±ñ±òÉ ¿ðËûþ¿åËùò, û¿ðÝ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ëÂ×ËVúÉ
ü¥óËßÇÂ ¿îÂ¿òÝ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ üË/ ÛßÂý× ÷îÂ ÎÂó±ø¸í ßÂõþËîÂò¼ ¿îÂ¿òÝ ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò
1. ßÂ¿õõþ ¿ü¿XÂÝ îÂ±õþ ¿òËæõþ æáËîÂ• ßÂ±õÉ üÔ¿©†õþ ¿öÂîÂõþ¼
2. Î|‡Â ßÂ¿õîÂ±–ÕòÉ Îû ÎßÂ±Ëò± Î|‡Â ¿úËŠõþ ÷ËîÂ± ßÂ¿õ-
÷±òËüõþ Õ±Âóò Õ¿öÂ:îÂ±ËßÂ ûîÂðÓõþ üyÂõ ÕàÅi§ ÎõþËà–
¿òÐ¦¤±ïÇ ¿æ¿òü¼ ù•ÂíÏûþ, ðÅ’æËòý× Õ±Âóò ‘Õ¿öÂ:îÂ±’
›¶ßÂ±Ëúõþ ßÂï± õËùËåò¼
üÅñÏfò±ï Îû ‘Âó±êÂßÂ ÆäÂîÂËòÉõþ ëÂ×ËZÂ±ñò’ âéÂ±Ëò±õþ ßÂï± õËùò–Ã›¶ßÂ±õþ±™LÃËõþ
îÂ±ËßÂý× ¿îÂ¿ò ‘ßÂ¿õÃ›¶¿îÂöÂ±’ ¿ýü±Ëõ ¿äÂ¿ý•î ßÂËõþËåò¼ ‘Ü¿îÂýÉ Ý ¿éÂ . Ûü. Û¿ùûþéÂ’
•1934— Ã›¶õËgÂ üÅñÏfò±ï ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí±’ ò±÷ß ÛßÂ ÕËùÌ¿ßÂßÂú¿M•’õþ Ã›¶¿îÂ ¿õ¦œûþ Ã›¶ßÂ±ú
ßÂËõþ ûàò õËùò ‘õÉ¿M•÷±òõ ßÂÏ ëÂ×Âó±Ëûþ ¿õ•«÷±òËõõþ üË/ ¿÷úËõ, îÂ±õþ ügÂ±Ëòý×
ßÂ¿õ Ã›¶¿îÂöÂ±õþ ü±ïÇßÂîÂ±’, îÂàò õÅçÂËîÂ ÕüÅ¿õñ± ýûþ ò± Îû îÒÂ±õþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò± ¿õËúø¸
ëÂ×ËVúÉ÷ÅàÏ¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò Îû, qñÅ ßÂ¿õ òûþ, öÂ±õÅßÂ÷±ËSý× Îû õþýËüÉõþ ëÂ×ðâ±éÂËò
õXÂÂó¿õþßÂõþ îÂ± ýËBå---õÉ¿M• Ý ü÷±Ëæõþ, õÉ¿©† Ý ü÷¿©†õþ, ¿õËúø¸ Ý ü±ñ±õþËíõþ
ü¥óßÇÂ ¿òíÇËûþ¼ îÂ±ý× îÂÒ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ÷Óù ü÷üÉ± Ý üò±îÂò ðúÇËòõþ üË/
Âó±ïÇßÂÉ ÎßÂõù öÂ±ø¸±ûþ– öÂ±Ëõ òûþ¼ Õ±õ±õþ ¿îÂ¿ò ÛÝ ÷Ëò ßÂõþËîÂò ‘¿ßÂcÃ Ü¿îÂýÉ
õÉ±¿îÂËõþËß– ÂéÂª±¿ëÂúò õÉ±îÂÏîÂ– ¿úŠ üÔ¿©† ÛËßÂõ±Ëõþý× ÕüyÂõ, qñÅ îÂ±õþ ÕòÅõÔ¿M
Ã›¶±íýÏò òûþ, üÑßÂËŠõþ üÑ¦óËúÇ ü?Ï¿õîÂ, îÂ±õþ ÕòÅßÂõþËíõþ ëÂ×ËVúÉ ëÂ×¾±õò¼’ 28

üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ ‘ÎÃ›¶õþí±’õþ Îû÷ò õd÷ÅàÏ ¿ðßÂ Õ±Ëå ÎîÂ÷¿ò ¿îÂ¿ò öÂ±ø¸±ûþ
¿ßÂÑõ± õM•õÉ ëÂ×Âó¦š±ÂóËò ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ üË/ ðúÇËòõþ ¿öÂi§îÂ± ù•ÂÉ ßÂõþËùÝ Õ±¦¤±ðò
îÂï± öÂ±õáèýËí Õ¿öÂi§îÂ±ËßÂý× Ã›¶îÂÉ•Â ßÂËõþ¿åËùò¼
Û Ã›¶üË/ ¿îÂ¿ò ¿éÂ. Ûü. Û¿ùûþËéÂõþ Ã›¶ü/ Õ±Ëòò¼ îÒÂ±õþ ÷ËîÂ, Û¿ùûþéÂ ýËùò
Îüý× ñõþËòõþ ßÂ¿õ ¿û¿ò ð±úÇ¿òßÂîÂ±ËßÂ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ëÂ×ÂóßÂõþí ¿ýü±Ëõ õÉõý±õþ ò± ßÂËõþ
ßÂ¿õÃ-›¶¿îÂöÂ±õþ ÕÑú ßÂËõþ ¿òËûþ¿åËùò¼ ÛöÂ±Ëõ üÅñÏfò±ï ßÂ±ËõÉõþ üË/ ðúÇòËßÂ
üÑÂóÔM• ßÂõþËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåò¼ û¿ðÝ Ûý× ÛßÂý× Ã›¶õËgÂ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ÕòÉîÂõþ öÂ±õò±õþ
üË/ Âó¿õþ¿äÂî ýÝûþ± û±ûþ, û± îÒÂ±õþ ÂóÓËõÇ±¿{¡¿àîÂ ÷™LÃËõÉõþ üË/ ÕËòßÂéÂ±ý× ü±÷?üÉýÏò¼
¿îÂ¿ò õËùåò
‘ðúÇò õùËîÂ Õ±¿÷ ÷¢Ÿ ÆäÂîÂËòÉõþ Îüý× ¿ðõÉðÔ¿©†ËßÂ õÅ¿çÂ ò±,
û±õþ Õ±úÏÇõ±Ëð ¿õ¿•-©† õd¿õ•« ü¥¤gÂ úÔºù Âó’Ëõþ Õ±÷±Ëðõþ
õËü Õ±Ëü, õÅ¿çÂ ÷±òõ÷¿™¦¸ËßÂõþ Îüý× ¿äÂ™LÃ±ú¿M•ËßÂ, û±õþ ÎäÂ©†±
¿õüÂÑõ±ð Îâ±äÂ±ûþ, û±õþ ÕñÉ±õü±ûþ õäÂò ¿õËõþ±Ëñõþ ÷ËñÉ
òÉ±ûþü/¿îÂ Õ±Ëò¼ Ûý× ÕËïÇõþ ðúÇò Õ±õþ ûÅ¿M• ÕËöÂð±R±•
ÛõÑ ðúÇËòõþ üË/ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ü¥óßÇÂ ¿ú¿ïù¼’29
üÅîÂõþ±Ñ ðúÇò Ý ü±¿ýîÂÉ ü¥ó¿ßÂÇîÂ öÂ±õò±ûþ üÅñÏfò±ï ÎßÂ±Ëò± ÛßÂßÂ ¿üXÂ±Ë™LÃ
ëÂ×ÂóòÏîÂ ýò ò± ¿êÂßÂý× îÂõÅ ¿îÂ¿ò ßÂ¿õËßÂ ü÷±Ëæõþ ÷ËñÉ Õ¿i¤îÂ ßÂËõþ ðúÇËòõþ ¿öÂ¿MËîÂ
÷ÓùÉ±ûþò ßÂõþËîÂ Ã›¶ûþ±üÏ õËù ÷Ëò ýûþ¼ ÎßÂòò±, üÅñÏfò±ï ðúÇòËß ¿õ™¦¸±¿õþîÂ ÕËïÇ
÷Ëò ßÂËõþÂ¿åËùò---qñÅ ßÂ±õÉ ÎßÂò, ÷±òÅËø¸õþ üßÂù Ã›¶¿S•ûþ±ËîÂý× Ûõþ Ã›¶ü±õþ Õ±Ëå¼
û¿ðÝ ¿îÂ¿ò üîÂßÇÂ ßÂËõþ ¿ðËûþ æ±¿òËûþËå, ‘ßÂ¿õõþ ðúÇ¿òßÂ ÷Ëò±öÂ±õ Õ±õþ ßÂ¿õîÂ±ûþ
îÂMW¿õäÂ±õþ ÛßÂ ¿æ¿òü òûþ¼’30
ù• íÏûþ Îû, æÏõò±òËjõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ õÉ¿M•÷±òõ Ý ¿õ•«÷±òËõõþ ü¥óßÇÂ, ü±¿ýîÂÉ
Ý ðúÇËòõþ ÷ËñÉ ü¥¤gÂ, ü±¿ýËîÂÉ Ü¿îÂýÉ, ßÂ¿õ-Ã›¶¿îÂöÂ± Ý ÎÃ›¶õþí± Ã›¶ü/ ò±ò±öÂ±Ëõ
ëÂ×O±¿ÂóîÂ ýËå¼ æÏõò±òËjõþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ¿õîÂ± Ý æÏõò ÛßÂý× ¿æ¿òËüõþ–ðÅý× õþßÂ÷
ëÂ×Èü±õþí õþ+ËÂó ¿õËõ¿äÂîÂ ýËûþËå¼ æÏõò õùËîÂ ÛË•ÂËS ¿îÂ¿ò Îõ±çÂ±ËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåò
ÛßÂ ñõþËòõþ ÕüÑù¢Ÿ õ±™¦¸õ û± üäÂõþ±äÂõþ âËéÂ¼ ÕòÉ¿ðËßÂ ßÂ¿õîÂ± ýù, ßÂ¿õõþ ‘ßÂŠò±-
Ã›¶¿îÂöÂ±’-õþ ¿õøûþ û± üÔ¿©† ßÂËõþ ßÂ¿õõþ ¿õËõßÂ qñÅ ‘ü±bLò±’ Âó±ûþ ò±–Â ó±êÂËßÂõþ
ý×÷±¿æËòúòÝ îÔÂ¿l Âó±ûþ¼ üÅñÏfò±ï Îûà±Ëò ‘Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ÆäÂîÂËòÉõþ ëÂ×ËZ±ñËò’õþ Ã›¶¿îÂ
&•Q Õ±Ëõþ±Âó ßÂËõþò Îüà±Ëò æÏõò±òj Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ‘ý×÷±¿æËòúËò’õþ Ã›¶¿îÂ ÷Ëò±Ëû±á
Õ±ßÂø¸Çí ßÂËõþò¼ Õ±Âó±îÂöÂ±Ëõ ðÅ’æËòõþ öÂ±õò±õþ ÷ËñÉ ¿öÂi§îÂ± ï±ßÂËùÝ áöÂÏõþîÂõþ

õÉ?ò±ûþ Õ¿öÂi§ õËù ÷Ëò ýûþ¼ ¿ßÂcÃ Ûý× õÉ¿M•÷±òõ Ý ¿õ•«÷±òõ Ã›¶ü/ ÛßÂéÅÂ
ÕòÉõþßÂ÷¼ æÏõò±òËjõþ ßÂ±Ëå ßÂ¿õîÂ± õÉ¿M• Ý ëÂ×MõþõÉ¿M• üM±ËßÂ Ã›¶ßÂ±ú ßÂõþõ±õþ
÷ýÈ ¿ðßÂ¼ ôÂùîÂ ¿îÂ¿ò ú±¿™LÃõþ æòÉ ‘÷±S±ËäÂîÂò±’ûþ ÎÂóÌÒåËò±õþ ßÂï± õËùò–æÏõËò
Ý ßÂ¿õîÂ±ûþ¼ üÅñÏfò±ï õÉ¿M• ÷±òõËßÂ ¿õ•«÷±òËõ ëÂ×MÏíÇ ßÂõþõ±õþ æòÉ ûàò ßÂ¿õ-
Ã›¶¿îÂöÂ±õþ ëÂ×Ë{¡à ßÂËõþò îÂàò ‘üîÂÉ ¿õ•«±ü Ý ßÂ¿õîÂ±’ •1356— Ã›¶õËg æÏõò±òj
ëÂ×BäÂ±õþí ßÂËõþò Îû, üÈ ü÷±Ëæõþ öÂ±¿õîÂ ÷/ù å±hÂ± õÉ¿M•õþ ¿òËæõþ ÷±ï±ûþ ÎßÂ±Ëò±
÷/ù Îòý×–Ûý× õþßÂ÷ ûÒ±õþ± ÷Ëò ßÂËõþò ¿îÂ¿ò îÒÂ±Ëðõþ ÷ËîÂõþ Õ¿öÂ÷ÅËà ÷îÂ Îðò¿ò¼
¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂËõþËåò, Îü õþßÂ÷ ÎßÂ±Ëò± ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± Îòý× õÉ¿M•õþ¼ Õ±õ±õþ ðúÇò Ý ü±¿ýîÂÉ
Ã›¶üË/ îÒÂ±õþ ÷îÂ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ Õ¿öÂ÷ÅàÏ ýËùÝ ¿îÂ¿ò ü±¿ýËîÂÉ ‘ðúÇËò’õþ öÓÂ¿÷ßÂ±ËßÂ
Ã›¶±ûþ áè±ýÉ ßÂËõþò¿ò¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷Ëò ßÂËõþËåò ¿äÂ™LÃ±, ñ±õþí±, ÷îÂõ±ð, ÷Ï÷±Ñü± ßÂ¿õõþ ÷Ëò
‘Ã›¶±ßÂ-ßÂ¿ŠîÂ’ ýËûþ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ õþ+Âó ¿òËîÂ äÂ±ý×ËùÝ îÂ± Îúø¸ ÂóûÇ™LÃ ßÂ¿õîÂ± òûþ–ÂóðÉ
ýûþ¼ ÕïÇ±È ¿ßÂò± ÂóËðÉõþ Õ±ßÂ±Ëõþ ¿üXÂ±™LÃ, ÷îÂõ±ð, ¿äÂ™LÃ±õþ Ã›¶¿S•ûþ± Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ–
û±ËßÂ ßÂ¿õîÂ± õù± û±ûþ ò±¼ æÏõò±òËjõþ ÷îÂ ýù, Û üßÂù ¿õø¸Ëûþ ¿æ:±ü± ï±ßÂËù
Îüý× üõ ¿õø¸ûþ ûÒ±õþ± æ±ò±ËîÂ ü•Â÷ îÒÂ±Ëðõþ ßÂ±Ëå ÎûËîÂ ýËõ¼ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂ±Ëå òûþ¼
ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂ±æ Îù±ßÂ¿ú•Â± ÎðÝûþ± òûþ, ¿ßÂÑõ± ðúÇËòõþ ëÂ×ðâ±éÂò ßÂõþ± òûþ–ßÂ¿õîÂ±
¿õËúø¸ ÛßÂ ñõþËòõþ õþü üÔ¿©† ßÂËõþ, ¿õËúø¸ ÛßÂ ñõþËòõþ Ã›¶îÂÏ¿îÂ üËîÂÉõþ æ±ò±ò Îðûþ
û± ðúÇò õ± ¿õ:±ò ÎïËßÂ ù±öÂ ßÂõþ± üyÂõ òûþ¼
Ûàò üÑË•ÂËÂó, üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±õþ ßÂËûþßÂ¿éÂ ¿õËúø¸¿ðßÂ ¿òË¥§±¿{¡¿àî ëÂ×¿M•õþ
÷±ñÉË÷ õÅËçÂ ¿òËîÂ üËäÂ©† ýõ¼ ßÂ¿õ Ý ßÂ¿õ-ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂ ¿ýËüËõ üÅñÏfò±ï ðM Ý
æÏõò±òj ÛßÂý× Îðú-ßÂ±ù-ü÷±Ëæõþ Õ™LÃáÇîÂ ýËùÝ ðÅ’æËòõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ ÜßÂÉ
Îû÷ò Õ±Ëå ÎîÂ÷òý× ÆõÂóõþÏîÂÉÝ Õ±Ëå¼
1. ‘õþËüõþ ¿ò÷LaËí æ±¿îÂËöÂð Îòý×---Îüà±Ëòý× áðÉ-ÂóðÉ ëÂ×öÂËûþõþý×
ü÷±ò Õ¿ñßÂ±õþ¼’
2. ‘¿úŠ-Ã›¶¿îÂöÂ± Îù±ËßÂ±Mõþ ÎÃ›¶õþí±õþ ÷ÅàÂó±S¼’
3. ‘ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ÛßÂ÷±S ù•ÂÉ ÎùàËßÂõþ Õ¿öÂ:îÂ± ü¥¤ËgÂ Âó±êÂß-
ÆäÂîÂËòÉõþ ëÂ×ËZ±ñò¼’
4. ßÂ±õÉ ‘ÍäÂîÂËòÉ-ëÂ×ËZ±ñßÂ’¼
5. ‘÷ýÈ ßÂ±õÉ ðÐËà±¾ÓîÂ, ücÃ¿©† ßÂ¿õ-Ã›¶¿îÂöÂ±õþ ¿äÂõþúSn¸¼’
6. ‘öÂ±Ëõõþ õþ±ËæÉ ÂóðÉý× ÂóÅËõþ±ñ±’
7. ‘Íðò¿jò öÂ±ø¸± Õ±õþ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ öÂ±ø¸± õdîÂý× ¿õ¿öÂi§, Æõñ ÷ËîÂý×

¿õ¿öÂi§...¼’
8. ‘ßÂ¿õîÂ± Î|‡Â úËsõþ üËõÇ±ÈßÔÂ©† ¿õòÉ±ü¼’
9. ‘Ã›¶ßÔÂîÂ ðÅËõÇ±ñÉ ýù Îüý× ßÂ¿õîÂ± ‘û±õþ ÷ÓËù ßÂ¿õõþ ¿òËæõþ ¿Zñ±
¿ò¿ýîÂ¼’
10. ¦¤ßÂÏûþîÂ±ý× Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ ÕòËïÇõþ ÷Óù• ÛõÑ ëÂ×M• ÷±ûþ±÷ÔËáõþ ÕòÅñ±õò-
ßÂ±Ëù Õ±÷õþ± ÎßÂõùý× öÅÂËù û±ý× Îû ü±¿ýËîÂÉõþ ÛßÂ÷±S ù•ÂÉ ÎùàËßÂõþ
Õ¿ö:îÂ±-ü¥¤ËgÂ Âó±êÂßÂÍäÂîÂËòÉõþ ëÂ×ËZ±ñò¼’
11. ‘ÎùàßÂ Ý Âó±êÂËßÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ÕòÅßÂ¥ó±õþ ÎüîÅÂõgÂý× û¿ð ßÂ±ËõÉõþ
ëÂ×ËVúÉ ýûþ, îÂËõ ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ús ¿äÂõþ¿ðòý× Õ¿öÂñ±Ëòõþ ÷Åà±ËÂó•Ï ï±ßÂËõ¼’
12.‘öÂ±ø¸±õþ ¿õø¸Ëûþ îÂ±õþ ÛßÂ÷±S ÷±òðGÂ Ã›¶±ü¿/ßÂîÂ±•ÎßÂòò± öÂ±ø¸±õþ+ËÂóõþý×
ëÂ×Âó±ð±ò¼’ 13. ÕîÂÛõ ßÂ±õÉõþäÂò± Ý ßÂ±õÉ¿õËõäÂò± ÛßÂý× õÉ±Âó±Ëõþõþ
Ã›¶ßÂ±õþ±™LÃõþ• ¿ßÂËú±Ëõþõþ ÕõÉM• ßÂ¿õîÂ± ÎÂóÌËìÂÿõþ õ±äÂ±ù Æõð*É õðù±ßÂ
õ± ò± õðù±ßÂ, Âó¿õþíîÂ ßÂ±õÉ Îû Õ±Íúúõ ¿õîÂßÇÂ-¿õäÂ±Ëõþõþ ÷Åà±ËÂó•ÂÏ,
îÂ±ËîÂ Õ±÷±õþ ¿îÂù±ñÇ üËjý Îòý×¼’
14. ‘õÉ¿M•áîÂ ÷òÏø¸±ûþ æ±îÂÏûþ ÷±òü ôÅÂ¿éÂËûþ ÎîÂ±ù±ý× ßÂ¿õ-æÏõËòõþ
Âóõþ÷ ü±ïÇßÂîÂ±¼’
15. ‘ßÂ±õÉ æÏõËòõþ ü÷±Ëù±äÂò±¼’
ÂóÓËõÇý× õËù¿å, æÏõò±òj Ý üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ ÷ËñÉ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ ÜßÂÉ Õ±Ëå
Îû÷ò, ÎîÂ÷òý× ÆõÂóõþÏîÂÉ Õ±Ëå¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂ õ±Ñù± ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ¿õßÂ±Ëú ðÅ’æËòõþ ßÔÂ¿îÂQ
ÕÂó¿õþüÏ÷¼ ÛÒËðõþ ßÂ±õÉöÂ±õò±ûþ ÂÃ›¶¿îÂöÂ±-ßÂŠò±-ÎÃ›¶õþí±, ó±êÂßÂ-ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÂ, ßÂ±ËõÉõþ
¿õø¸ûþ-õþÏ¿îÂ, ðÅõþ+ý Ý ðÅËõÇ±ñÉîÂ±, Ü¿îÂýÉ Ý Õ±ñÅ¿òßÂîÂ± Ã›¶öÔÂ¿îÂ ¿õø¸ûþ Ã›¶ñ±òÉ ÎÂóËùÝ-
--üÅñÏfò±ï Îûà±Ëò ßÂ¿õîÂ±ËßÂ æÏõò ÎïËßÂ ¿öÂi§îÂõþ ðÔ¿©†ËîÂ ÎðËàËåò, Îüà±Ëò
æÏõò±òj ßÂ¿õîÂ± Ý æÏõòËßÂ ÛßÂý× ÷±S±ËäÂîÂò±ûþ Îðà±õþ Âó•ÂÂó±îÂÏ¼ Õ±õ±õþ,
ßÂ±õÉ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ üÅñÏfò±ï ßÂù±ÍßÂõùÉõ±ðÏ ýËùÝ æÏõò±òËjõþ Û-õþßÂ÷ ÎßÂ±Ëò± ñ±õþí±ûþ
¿õËúø¸ ¿õ•«±ü ¿åù ò±¼ û¿ðÝ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷±òËîÂò, ßÂ¿õîÂ±‘¦¤îÂLa õþü±¦¤±ð’¼
üÓS Ý é ÏßÂ±
1. üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ Ã›¶õgÂ üÑáèý “ Îð’æ Âó±õ¿ù¿úÑ, 1407, ßÂùßÂ±îÂ±, ÂóÔ 6
2. Ü, ÂóÔ 10
3. Ü, ÂóÔ 13
5. Ü, ÂóÔ 20
6. Ü, ÂóÔ 22
7. Ü, Â24
8. Ü, ÂóÔ 24
9. Ü, ÂóÔ 27
10. Ü, óÔ 30
11. Ü
12. Ü
13. ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂï± ßÂ¿õîÂ± Ã›¶üË/ “ ¿üáËòéÂ ÎÃ›¶ü, ßÂùßÂ±îÂ±, 1405, ÂóÔ 42
14. ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷Å¿M• “ Ü, ÂóÔ 30
15. ÃßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂï± ßÂ¿õîÂ± Ã›¶üË/ “ ¿üáËòéÂ ÎÃ›¶ü, ßÂùßÂ±îÂ±, 1405, ÂóÔ 42
16. ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷Å¿M•“ ÂóÔ 30
17. ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ Õ±R Ý úõþÏõþ ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂï±, ¿üáËòéÂ ÎÃ›¶ü, ßÂùßÂ±îÂ±, 1405,
óÔ 45
18. Ü, ÂóÔ 33
19. Ü, ÂóÔ 33
20. ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂï±, Ü, ÂóÔ 104
21. Ü, ÂóÔ 120
22. Ü, ÂóÔ 66
23. ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷Å¿M• “ Ü, ÂóÔ 33
21. ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂï± “ Ü, ÂóÔ 120
22. Ü, ÂóÔ 66
23. ßÂ±ËõÉõþ ÷Å¿M• “ Ü, ÂóÔ 33Â
24. ßÂ¿õîÂ±õþ ßÂï±“ Ü, ÂóÔ 77
25. ¦¤áîÂ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ Ã›¶õgÂ üÑáèý–Îð’æ, 1407 ÂóÔ 37
2Â6. ñènÂóðÏ Îàûþ±ù“ Ü, ÂóÔ 37
27. Ü ÂóÔ 37
28. Ü¿îÂýÉ Ý ¿éÂ. Ûü. Û¿ùûþé “ üÅñÏfò±Ëïõþ Ã›¶õgÂ üÑáèýÂ, 1407, óÔ 140
2Â9. Ü, ÂóÔ 146
30. Ü, ÂóÔ 146

Issue 4th Vol 11th Ebong Prantik

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Issue 4th Vol 11th Ebong Prantik

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

~ÓÇ ˛≤Ãy!

Issue : 4th Vol. 11th January, 2017

ISSN No. : 2348-487X

≤ÃÑ˛yü ≠ 15 ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 2017

≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ ≠ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˛Ñ˛

≤Ãy!Æﬂ˛iyò ≠ ˆîÛãñ ˆî Ó%Ñ˛ ˆﬁ›˛yÓ˚ Sî#˛ô%Vñ ˛ôy!ì˛Ó˚yõñ

!Ó!òõÎ˚ õ)úƒ ≠ 135 ›˛yÑ˛y

† ˆúÖyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òãﬂ˛∫– ¢¡ôyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ú!Öì˛ xò%õ!ì˛ äÈyv˛¸y ~£z

Ñ˛õúÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õã%õîyÓ˚ ≠ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢

˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆ¢ò¢y¢ Ñ˛!õüòyÓ˚ xˆÏüyÑ˛ !õe ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏÑ˛

*x!ì˛!Ì xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛yã# òãÓ˚&ú !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

preparation of a good bibliography of articles, memories and book, published

ì˛y¡À!úÆˆÏì˛ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í xïƒÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò 5 üì˛y∑# 7 üì˛y∑# ˝ˆÏÎ˚ò ˆ˛ôÔu»˛

¢Çﬂ˛,Òì˛ / ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í

≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ˛ ôy‡˛

¢Çﬂ˛,Òì˛ / ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í ¢y§Áì˛y!ú üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÓyÇúy

ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒÈÙÈ¢Çﬂ˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ˛ôy‡˛

Ü£òy !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢yˆÏ¶˛≈ Ó§yˆÏüÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚&!ò ≠ v˛z!v˛¸°Ïƒy

ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T Ñ˛yv˛≈ Ñ§˛yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ˆfl˛Òâ˛

˛ôy‡˛ƒ Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚ì˛ ã#ÓˆÏò ˛ô%Ó˚yí

ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˛ôy‡˛ ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD

ãòÜíòy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD

¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ÿ’#úì˛yÈÙÈxŸ’#úì˛y ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛Ìy

!ü“È Ù È ¢ y!£ˆÏ ì ˛ƒ Ÿ’#úÈ Ù È x Ÿ’#ˆÏ ú Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ñ ì˛Í¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ˛ ì˛ !ãK˛y¢y ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ !Ó°Ï ˆ Ï Î ˚

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÈÙÈ¶˛yﬂ˛ÒˆÏÎ≈ xy!îÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚õ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈õÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü xyãÁ Ó˚¢!˛ô˛ôy¢%ˆÏîÓ˚

≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíyõ)úÑ˛ Ó˚â˛òy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü xyõÓ˚y îyÎ˚Ók˛–

ö›öìëöû ”ì îû „þ!î“þy S1950éôé2000V -

¢›ëûÝþy “þ“þ!”öì˜ xöì˜„þÝþy£z î”öìœ ö†öìŠéÐ ”hßþëû¦þ!ßþñîû ö¢y!˜ëûy îy ˜yhßþy!¢ëûy– þ™%Ÿ!„þöì˜îû

*x•Äy!þ™„þy– îy‚œy !î¦þy†– !îÙ»¦þyîû“þ#– Ÿy!hsþ!˜öì„þ“þ˜Ð

/›yöì†y– Ÿîy¢˜y ¦þyîû“þ ‹˜˜#æóó

òöŠéöìœöì„þ !£!ßþTÉ þ™vþüyöì“þ !†öìëûó œÇþ „þöìîû˜ !“þ!˜–

þ™yöìëûîû þ™y“þyëû– î%öì„þ !î¥öì• ö˜î „þ¤yÝþy ç þ™%îû&¡ì

ú “þyîû ö”ïvþü ö”…y ëyëû...

„þíyîû „þíy ¢î£zæ ²Ì›yöì’ ö†yœöì›öìœ...

~î‚ ²Ìy!hsþöì„þîû î£zéôé

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ÈÙÈv˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ÈÙÈˆ¶˛ˆÏî ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ¢,!‹T õ)úì˛ !m!Óï ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢,!‹T Á xò%¢,ãò–

*xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ Á !Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤Ãïyòñ ÓD¶˛y°Ïy Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ñ˛!úÑ˛yì˛y !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ñ Signifier £ú ö˛õ≈ñ signified £ú !õ!òÇ ~ÓÇ sign £ú !¢Ü!ò!ö˛ˆÏÑ˛üò–

˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ~ ÓˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ Ó,®yÓò–

Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôy!°Ïì˛ ≤ÃÎ%!_´!Óî‰ !ÓK˛yò#Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ÌyÑ˛yÁ x¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚–

!úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò Úî,!‹TˆÏÑ˛yíÛñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ô!íÑ˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛¢¡ôyˆÏì˛ ﬂ˛ô‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ Ñ˛“ÈÙÈÑ˛y!£!òÓ˚

Óòö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Úì˛yãõ£úÛ ≠ ˜üú#Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛

*xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ î#òÓı%˛ õ£y!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

ÚÚ!Ñ˛ £ˆÏFäÈ ~ÖyˆÏò !õÎ˚y ¢yˆÏ£Ó ÈÙÙÙÈÛÛ

¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ ≠ 1947 ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚

1947ÈÙÈ~ ˆîü!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ xÓƒÓ£!ì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ˛ô)Ó≈ ˛ôy!Ñ˛hﬂ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ˛ôy!Ñhﬂ˛yˆÏòÓ˚

v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ È≠ ÚÚˆäÈ!Ó˚›˛y Ó˚*˛ô¢# ÓúˆÏì˛ ££zÓÛÛ–8

xyÓyÓ˚ ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÚõyîyÓ˚v˛yàyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ v˛z_Ó˚yM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ú«˛í#Î˚–

xyhs˛É¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyã Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ

*xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛yñ ¢õyã!Óîƒy !Ó¶˛yÜñ ãÜß¨yÌ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ ë˛yÑ˛yñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü–

‘‘The developing complex of society. in its struggle with the environment,

Ñ˛. ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ â˛!v˛¸Î˚y õj≈ £§y!›˛Î˚y â˛!úú–

7. ~. ˆÑ˛. òyãõ)ú Ñ˛!Ó˚õñ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈y_´ñ ˛ôyî›˛#Ñ˛y 3ñ ˛ô,. 26.

ÓyÇúyÎ˚ õ%¢úõyòˆÏîÓ˚ xyÜõˆÏíÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏe

Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú Ó˚Ó#wÑ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏâ˛ì˛òyñ

ÚˆÑ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÛ ≠ ˛ôyúyˆÏõÔÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ

Ó%k˛ˆÏîÓ =£ xyã ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ ÓyÇúy Ñ˛Ìy¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛– ÓyÇúy v˛z˛ôòƒy¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ

*¢£Ñ˛yÓ˚# xïƒy˛ôÑ˛ñ ÓyÇúy !Ó¶˛yÜñ £z®y¢ õ£y!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–

õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óv˛¸ !Ñ˛ä%È òy£zÈÙÈòˆÏ£ !Ñ˛ä%È õ£#Î˚yòÈ ≠ òãÓ˚&ú

~ÓyÓ˚ ~!›˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛yÎ˚!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛e=!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xy¢y ÎyÑ‰˛–

˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈ ˆ£õúì˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yí#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y

˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ !äÈˆÏúò ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ_´y– ˆ°Ïyv˛¸ü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚

*xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛yñ ˛ô§yüÑ%˛v˛¸y Óòõyú# Ñ˛ˆÏúãñ !Ó.~v˛ !Ó¶˛yÜñ ˛ô)Ó≈ˆÏõ!îò#˛ô%Ó˚–

õy£ö%˛ãyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ õ%£)ì≈˛