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Kig170734 Deflection KIG1008

1.0 TITLE

Deflection of Curved Bars

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The deflection of a beam or bars necessity stay often be restricted so as to deliver integrity and
constancy of construction or machine. Plus, code limits typically need these members not vibrate or
deflect severely so as to securely support their meant loading.
This experiment helps U.S. to indicate some reasonably deflection and the way to calculate the
deflection price by mistreatmentCastigliano’s Theorem and build a comparison between results
of the experiment and therefore the theory.
3.0 OBJECTIVE

To validate the formula of deflection of wiggly bars supported Castigliano’s Theorem.

4.0 APPARATUS

TECQUIPMENT arced bar equipment, quarter circle and circle bars.

5.0 THEORY

When a force is exerted on associate degree elastic object, work is finished on that can
deform. The work energy that is keep within the elastic object is named strain energy. The
elastic object can come to its original form once the force is free. Strain energy is caused by
pressure, tension, bending, torsion, shear force, etc.

Castigliano’s theorem states that the deflection caused by any external load is adequate to the
partial differential of the strain energy with relevancy that external load. At each purpose of
action of those forces there area unit deflections.

Figure one shows associate degree elastic object that is acted upon by forces W1, W2, W3,
….,
Wn. At each purpose of action of those forces there area unit deflections. in line with
Castigliano’s Theorem, the deflections at these points are:

∂U = X1 ; ∂U = X 2; ∂U = X 3; ……..; ∂U = Xn
∂W1 ∂W2 ∂W3 ∂W n

With U = total strain energy

W = force at point
X = deflection at respective W

The deflection of point A in the direction of the force is equal to the partial differential of the total
strain energy U for the system with respect to W 1 (force acting at point A).

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Kig170734 Deflection KIG1008

W3
W2

B C
W4
x3
x2
x4 D
A x1

x5
W1

W5

A. Quarter Circle Bar

For conservation of energy, the entire strain energy that is caused by bending
moment M is,
U = ∫ M2/2EI ds
(1)

The bending moment for 1 / 4 circle bar, at any section d is,

M = PvRsinθ
(2)

So, the strain energy hold on thanks to a load Pv is,

U = πPv2R3/8EI
(3)

The vertical deflection is then,

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Kig170734 Deflection KIG1008

δv = dU/dPV = πPR3/4EI
(4)

The horizontal deflection is calculated by applying Associate in Nursing unreal

force pH within the
horizontal direction. From Castigliano’s Theorem, the horizontal is given by,

δH = dU/dPH = PR3/2EI
(5)

With R = radius of quarter circle bar = 150mm

E = coefficient of elasticity of bar material = 200GN/m2
I = moment of space of the cross section I = bh3 / twelve

b = breadth of the cross section = 25mm

d = thickness of the cross section = 3mm

Figure 2(a) Quarter Circle Bar Figure 2(b) Circular Bar

B. Circular Bar

The deflection which is caused by force PV is,

U PR³  2
V =  =   - 
Pv EI 4 

PR³

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= 0.149 
EI

with the values of R, E and I the as above. The cross section of the bar is 25 x 3 mm.

6.0 PROCEDURE

A. Quarter Circle Bar

(i) A hanger connected to the free finish of the bar.
(ii) Two dial gauges clamped at their allotted points.
(iii) 0.2 kilo load applied and also the vertical and horizontal deflections area unit
recorded.
(iv) Loads further in increment of zero.2 kilo till a most load of one.6 kg.
(v) The deflections recorded for every loading.

B. Circular Bar
(i) The higher than methodology followed however with a load increment of zero.5
kilo till a most load of four kilo.
(ii) The vertical displacements for every loading recorded.

RESULTS

Specimen = Steel
E = 205kN/mm4

I= = = 56.25 mm4
R = 150 mm

4.1 Ring Deflection

Table 1: Ring deflection result
Load (N) Vertical Horizontal
Dial reading Deflection Dial reading Dial reading Deflection
(.01mm) (mm) (.01mm) (.01mm) (mm)
5 82 -0.20 73 48 0.17
10 155 -0.42 166 80 0.38
15 233 -0.62 178 89 0.58
20 312 -0.79 197 90 0.76
25 390 -0.98 213 94.5 1.01
30 469 -1.20 231 96.5 1.21
35 548 -1.41 253 102.5 1.42
40 627 -1.59 271 106.5 1.62

Figure 4: Graph of deflection (vertical) versus load for ring

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From Figure 4, the m calculated would be 0.0404 because the negative sign could be neglected
since it is deflect in an opposite direction.
When the m = 0.0404 mm N-1
Hence for a load of 10N, its deflection will be 0.404 mm

The theoretical value of δ v at 10 N

δv= = 0.424mm

Figure 5: Graph of deflection (horizontal) versus load for ring

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Kig170734 Deflection KIG1008

From Figure 5, the m calculated would be 0.0424.

When the m = 0.0424 mm N-1
Hence for a load of 10N, its deflection will be 4.24mm

The theoretical value of δ h at 10 N

δh= = 0.411mm

4.2 Semicircle Deflection

Table 2: Semicircle deflection result

Load (N) Vertical Horizontal
Dial reading Deflection (mm) Dial reading Deflection (mm)
(.01mm) (.01mm)
2 39 0.58 24 0.24
4 90 1.28 94 0.94
6 74 1.89 195 1.95
8 65 2.42 256 2.56
10 91 2.77 290 2.90
12 8 2.49 368 3.68

Figure 6: Graph of deflection (vertical) versus load for semicircle

From Figure 6, the m calculated would be 0.280.

When the m = 0.0.280 mm N-1
Hence for a load of 10N, its deflection will be 3.903mm

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Kig170734 Deflection KIG1008

The theoretical value of δ v at 10 N

δv= = 3.597mm

Figure 7: Graph of deflection (horizontal) versus load for semicircle

From Figure 7, the m calculated would be 0.327.

When the m = 0.327 mm N-1
Hence for a load of 10N, its deflection will be 3.27mm

The theoretical value of δ h at 10 N

δh= = 4.754mm

4.3 Quadrant Deflection

Table 3: Quadrant deflection result

Load (N) Vertical
Dial reading (.01mm) Deflection (mm)
2 14 0.14
4 56 0.70
6 54 1.24
8 54 1.78
10 54 2.32
12 52 2.84

Figure 8: Graph of deflection (vertical) versus load for quadrant

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Kig170734 Deflection KIG1008

From this Figure, the m calculated would be 0.254.

When the m = 0.254 mm N-1
Hence for a load of 10N, its deflection will be 2.54mm

The theoretical value of δ v at 10 N

δv= = 2.13mm

7.0 DISCUSSION

Graph is straight lines with a positive slope. So, its is also same that load is linearly dependent
with vertical deflection for quarter circle bar. the vertical deflection will increase once the load
can increase. From the graph planned, the result from the experiment is match or same with the
results that calculated victimization theorem castigliano's.

on paper the straight lines obtained unit of measurement through the origin purpose. Slope for
every of the lines unit of measurement just about identical value. This shows that the error occur
among the experiment unit of measurement really very little and conjointly the results is also
accepted.

Graph obtained is line with a positive gradient. although the graph is line, but there is a
distinction between the experiment results and theoretical results.

Besides that, theoretical result's larger compare than experiment results. There unit of
measurement variations among the every results as a results of there unit of measurement some
errors occurred throughout the experiment. The errors is additionally caused by the Castigliano’s
Theorem formula that may not prompt to use within the calculation for horizontal deflection for
quarter circle bar. this could be as a results of the forces applied unit of measurement entirely
assumptions values and not the $64000 values. But, it still can use for compare with theory and
experiment.

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Graph throughout a line type obtained for load (N) versus vertical deflection v (mm) for
circular bar. The gradient for every of the lines unit of measurement positive. The lines unit of
measurement through the origin purpose.

There variations between the experiment results and theoretical results unit of
measurement really very little compare to graph of load (N) versus horizontal deflection H
(mm) for quarter circle bar. This shows that the experiment results and calculation results unit of
measurement just about identical. although the errors unit of measurement really very little, but it
could not be neglected and have to be compelled to be taken in believe.

Fro the graphs planned, we'll conclude that deflection is linearly smitten by applied load.
Deflection area unit increase, once the applied load can increase.

From the information that has been recorded, there unit of measurement a lot of errors occurred
causes the variations between the experiment results and theoretical results. The factors that cause
the errors are:

• Applied load is not a daily value

• The bar is already in deformed condition before the experiment begin
• The mistakes done by the one that recording the readings
• Random errors caused by the equipments
• Dial gauge is not placed at the precise place and frequently separated

(b) The blessings of mistreatment Castigliano’s Theorem

Castigliano’s theorem is also accustomed live deflection of snakelike beams, but different
theorems like 1st Baron Macaulay theorem is also used entirely to measure vertical or sports
equipment. This ar the advantages of practice Castigliano’s theorem compared to different
theories.

i. This theorem can measured deflection of the bar that bend but 1st Baron Macaulay
methods can entirely measured deflection of vertical and horizontal.
ii. the value of young Modulus E is mounted keep with the material been used.
iii. Calculation that is to get the value of beam deflection is further easy if the variations
between load is solve first before we've got a bent to integrate or different answer.
iv. this system is practice the ’dummy’ where it operate is to want the aim that is not
mentioned the actual load.
(c) Besides Castigliano’s Theorem, different ways which will be accustomed live the beam
deflection are:-

i. Macaulay technique – would like Associate in Nursing equation for all beams. This technique is
mistreatment all 3 basics equations to seek out the worth of deflection and beam slope.

ii. Double integration technique – This technique has three equations to seek out the worth
of deflection that's overall beam moment equation, deflection equation and slope equation. If the
load state of affairs is modified on the beam, the instant equation is additionally modified.

Besides Castigliano’s technique, different ways like Macaulay technique, Superposition

technique, and Moment space technique will be accustomed calculate beam deflection.

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Kig170734 Deflection KIG1008

8.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, this experiment has achieved its main objective to validate the formula
of deflection of arced bars supported Castigliano’s Theorem. The formulas are:

 Vertical deflection (quarter circle bar) = PR3/4EI

 Deflection (circular bar) = zero.149PR3/EI

Even though the formula for horizontal deflection for quarter circle bar is given as
H = PR3/4EI, however the results obtained from experiment is way larger compare to the
calculation done mistreatment that formula. in keeping with reference work Mechanics of
Engineering Materials, the formula for horizontal deflection for quarter circle bar is
H = PR3/2EI. This formula is nearly matching with results obtained from the experiment.
therefore the additional actual formula to calculate the horizontal deflection for quarter circle bar
is H = PR3/2EI.

The conclusion are:

i. with mistreatment the Castigliano’s Theorem technique in calculate the bar deflection, it
additional easier if compared with different technique.
ii. the results of deflection worth isn't so much between experimental and theoretical.
iii. this experiment is succesful that's the deflection bar formula in keeping with the
Castigliano’s Theorem will be approved it promptness for obtaining the beam deflection.

There area unit some variations of results obtained from the experiment and therefore the
theorem. this can be due to the errors occurred throughout the experiment. but the general
conclusion is, deflection is linearly addicted to the applied weight.

9.0 REFERENCES

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Kig170734 Deflection KIG1008

Books:
a) Benham, P.P. and Crawford, R. J., Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 1994, Longman
Scientific & Technical, England.
b) Beer & E.Russell Johnston, Jr.(1992). "Mechanics of Materials, Metrics Editions, McGraw-
Hill Book Company
c) 1. Clive L. Dyme (1997), Structural Modelling & Analysis
Cambridge University Press, UK. Page: 261

d) 2. R.C Hibbeler (2011), Mechanics of Materials Eighth Edition in S.I Units

Prentice Hall Inc, Page: 569 & 619.

e) 3. William A. Nash (1998), Schaum’s of Theory & Problems of Strength of Materials

McGraw Hill, Page : 474

Internet:

http://www.public.iastate.edu/~fanous/ce332/virtualwork/homepage.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaulay%27s_method

http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/materials/curved_beams.php#sec8

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