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1.0 TITLE
2.0 INTRODUCTION
The deflection of a beam or bars necessity stay often be restricted so as to deliver integrity and
constancy of construction or machine. Plus, code limits typically need these members not vibrate or
deflect severely so as to securely support their meant loading.
This experiment helps U.S. to indicate some reasonably deflection and the way to calculate the
deflection price by mistreatmentCastigliano’s Theorem and build a comparison between results
of the experiment and therefore the theory.
3.0 OBJECTIVE
4.0 APPARATUS
5.0 THEORY
When a force is exerted on associate degree elastic object, work is finished on that can
deform. The work energy that is keep within the elastic object is named strain energy. The
elastic object can come to its original form once the force is free. Strain energy is caused by
pressure, tension, bending, torsion, shear force, etc.
Castigliano’s theorem states that the deflection caused by any external load is adequate to the
partial differential of the strain energy with relevancy that external load. At each purpose of
action of those forces there area unit deflections.
Figure one shows associate degree elastic object that is acted upon by forces W1, W2, W3,
….,
Wn. At each purpose of action of those forces there area unit deflections. in line with
Castigliano’s Theorem, the deflections at these points are:
∂U = X1 ; ∂U = X 2; ∂U = X 3; ……..; ∂U = Xn
∂W1 ∂W2 ∂W3 ∂W n
The deflection of point A in the direction of the force is equal to the partial differential of the total
strain energy U for the system with respect to W 1 (force acting at point A).
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W3
W2
B C
W4
x3
x2
x4 D
A x1
x5
W1
W5
For conservation of energy, the entire strain energy that is caused by bending
moment M is,
U = ∫ M2/2EI ds
(1)
M = PvRsinθ
(2)
U = πPv2R3/8EI
(3)
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δv = dU/dPV = πPR3/4EI
(4)
δH = dU/dPH = PR3/2EI
(5)
B. Circular Bar
U PR³ 2
V = = -
Pv EI 4
PR³
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= 0.149
EI
with the values of R, E and I the as above. The cross section of the bar is 25 x 3 mm.
6.0 PROCEDURE
B. Circular Bar
(i) The higher than methodology followed however with a load increment of zero.5
kilo till a most load of four kilo.
(ii) The vertical displacements for every loading recorded.
RESULTS
Specimen = Steel
E = 205kN/mm4
I= = = 56.25 mm4
R = 150 mm
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From Figure 4, the m calculated would be 0.0404 because the negative sign could be neglected
since it is deflect in an opposite direction.
When the m = 0.0404 mm N-1
Hence for a load of 10N, its deflection will be 0.404 mm
δv= = 0.424mm
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δh= = 0.411mm
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δv= = 3.597mm
δh= = 4.754mm
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δv= = 2.13mm
7.0 DISCUSSION
Graph is straight lines with a positive slope. So, its is also same that load is linearly dependent
with vertical deflection for quarter circle bar. the vertical deflection will increase once the load
can increase. From the graph planned, the result from the experiment is match or same with the
results that calculated victimization theorem castigliano's.
on paper the straight lines obtained unit of measurement through the origin purpose. Slope for
every of the lines unit of measurement just about identical value. This shows that the error occur
among the experiment unit of measurement really very little and conjointly the results is also
accepted.
Graph obtained is line with a positive gradient. although the graph is line, but there is a
distinction between the experiment results and theoretical results.
Besides that, theoretical result's larger compare than experiment results. There unit of
measurement variations among the every results as a results of there unit of measurement some
errors occurred throughout the experiment. The errors is additionally caused by the Castigliano’s
Theorem formula that may not prompt to use within the calculation for horizontal deflection for
quarter circle bar. this could be as a results of the forces applied unit of measurement entirely
assumptions values and not the $64000 values. But, it still can use for compare with theory and
experiment.
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Graph throughout a line type obtained for load (N) versus vertical deflection v (mm) for
circular bar. The gradient for every of the lines unit of measurement positive. The lines unit of
measurement through the origin purpose.
There variations between the experiment results and theoretical results unit of
measurement really very little compare to graph of load (N) versus horizontal deflection H
(mm) for quarter circle bar. This shows that the experiment results and calculation results unit of
measurement just about identical. although the errors unit of measurement really very little, but it
could not be neglected and have to be compelled to be taken in believe.
Fro the graphs planned, we'll conclude that deflection is linearly smitten by applied load.
Deflection area unit increase, once the applied load can increase.
From the information that has been recorded, there unit of measurement a lot of errors occurred
causes the variations between the experiment results and theoretical results. The factors that cause
the errors are:
i. This theorem can measured deflection of the bar that bend but 1st Baron Macaulay
methods can entirely measured deflection of vertical and horizontal.
ii. the value of young Modulus E is mounted keep with the material been used.
iii. Calculation that is to get the value of beam deflection is further easy if the variations
between load is solve first before we've got a bent to integrate or different answer.
iv. this system is practice the ’dummy’ where it operate is to want the aim that is not
mentioned the actual load.
(c) Besides Castigliano’s Theorem, different ways which will be accustomed live the beam
deflection are:-
i. Macaulay technique – would like Associate in Nursing equation for all beams. This technique is
mistreatment all 3 basics equations to seek out the worth of deflection and beam slope.
ii. Double integration technique – This technique has three equations to seek out the worth
of deflection that's overall beam moment equation, deflection equation and slope equation. If the
load state of affairs is modified on the beam, the instant equation is additionally modified.
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8.0 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, this experiment has achieved its main objective to validate the formula
of deflection of arced bars supported Castigliano’s Theorem. The formulas are:
Even though the formula for horizontal deflection for quarter circle bar is given as
H = PR3/4EI, however the results obtained from experiment is way larger compare to the
calculation done mistreatment that formula. in keeping with reference work Mechanics of
Engineering Materials, the formula for horizontal deflection for quarter circle bar is
H = PR3/2EI. This formula is nearly matching with results obtained from the experiment.
therefore the additional actual formula to calculate the horizontal deflection for quarter circle bar
is H = PR3/2EI.
There area unit some variations of results obtained from the experiment and therefore the
theorem. this can be due to the errors occurred throughout the experiment. but the general
conclusion is, deflection is linearly addicted to the applied weight.
9.0 REFERENCES
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Books:
a) Benham, P.P. and Crawford, R. J., Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 1994, Longman
Scientific & Technical, England.
b) Beer & E.Russell Johnston, Jr.(1992). "Mechanics of Materials, Metrics Editions, McGraw-
Hill Book Company
c) 1. Clive L. Dyme (1997), Structural Modelling & Analysis
Cambridge University Press, UK. Page: 261
Internet:
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~fanous/ce332/virtualwork/homepage.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaulay%27s_method
http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/materials/curved_beams.php#sec8
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