BRAC University

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Energy Conversion I (EEE221)
Marks: 135 Time: 3hr

Section-A

Answer any 3 questions of the following. All the questions carry 20 marks each.

1.
a) A simple three-phase stator is shown in the figure. Currents in this stator are assumed positive
if they flow into the unprimed end and out the primed end of the coils. The currents in the coil
are expressed as:

𝑖𝑎𝑎′ (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑖𝑏𝑏′ (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑀 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 120°)

𝑖𝑐𝑐 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑀 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 120°)

Find the expression of the resultant magnetic field, Bnet (t) [8]

b) What is synchronous speed? Why an induction motor cannot operate at synchronous speed? [2]

c) A 60 Hz, 30 hp, 575 V, three-phase, six-pole, Y-connected induction motor is operating at

reduced load and driving a centrifugal pump at 1180 rpm. The combined friction, windage,
and stray power losses are 450W, and the motor parameters referred to the stator are:

R1 = 0.2 Ω R2 = 0.25 Ω Xm = 40 Ω
X1 = 1.2 Ω X2 = 1.3 Ω

Determine: [10]
(i) synchronous speed and slip (vi) rotor copper loss
(ii) input impedance (vii) input power
(iii) current through stator resistance (viii) output power
(iv) stator copper loss (ix) efficiency in %
(v) current through rotor resistance (x) shaft torque in N-m [1 lb-ft=1.3558 N-m]

2.
a) Derive the expression of induced torque in a three phase induction motor. Hence, prove
that, induced torque becomes maximum when [5+5]

𝑅2
𝑠=
√𝑅1 2 + (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 )2
 b) The per-phase equivalent circuit of a 460-V. 50-hp. 60-Hz. four-pole. Y-connected wound-
rotor induction motor has the following parameters in per-unit values
r1 = 0.02 pu r2 = 0.03 pu
x1 = 0.1 pu x2 = 0.01 pu
Determine the following: [1+2+2+2]
(i) base impedance of the motor
(ii) slip at which the breakdown torque occurs
(iii) breakdown torque
(iv) starting torque
c) What are the techniques used for controlling speed of a single phase induction motor? [3]
3.
a) What is the purpose of using starter circuit in a 3-phase induction motors? With a neat
diagram briefly explain the operation of a wye-delta starter. Write down the name(s) of
other starting methods used in 3-phase iduction motor. [1+4+2]
b) A three-phase, 7.5 hp, four pole, 208 V, 60 Hz, design A, ∆-connected induction motor
operating at rated conditions, draws a line current of 30 A. Data from a blocked rotor test
(performed at 15 Hz), a no-load test (performed at 60 Hz), and a DC test are:
Blocked Rotor Test No-Load Test DC Test
(15 Hz) (60 Hz)
Vline = 21.65 V Vline = 208 V VDC = 15 V
Iline = 30 A Iline = 8.15 A IDC = 30 A
P3-phase = 900 W P3-phase = 420 W

Determine R1, R2, X1, and Xm and combined rotational loss.

Note that for Design-A motors, X1= X2 [10]
c) Draw the equivalent circuit of a single phase IM based on double-revolving field theory [3]
4.
a) With necessary diagram(s) briefly explain the significance of phase splitting in single phase
induction motors? How the direction of rotation of a single phase induction motorcan be
reversed? [6+1]
b) Draw the typical torque-speed curve for a capacitor-start motor for starting and running
condition. Rank the single phase induction motors based on their starting and running
characteristics. [3+2.5]
c) An experimental 120-V, 60Hz, split phase motor has the following parameters in ohms:
Rmw=3.94, Raw=8.42
Xmw=4.20, Xaw=6.28

Determine [7.5]
(i) The amount of external capacitance required in series with the auxiliary winding
to obtain a 80° phase displacement between Iaw & Imw
(ii) Locked rotor torque with the external capacitor installed
(iii) Locked rotor torque without the external capacitor

Note that, 𝑇𝑙𝑟 = 𝑘𝑠𝑝 𝐼𝑚𝑤 𝐼𝑎𝑤 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 where 𝛼 = |𝜃𝑖,𝑚𝑤 − 𝜃𝑖,𝑎𝑤 |
 Section-B

Answer any 3 questions of the following. All the questions carry 25 marks each.

5.
a) What is the basic operating principle of a transformer? Prove that, 𝐸𝑝 = 4.44𝑁𝑝 𝑓Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥
where the symbols carry usual meaning. [2+4]
b) Write down the differences between a short circuit test and an open circuit test. [3]
c) The following test data are obtained from short-circuit and open-circuit tests of a 20
kVA,8000-240V, 60Hz transformer:

Open circuit Test (High side) Short Circuit Test (High side)
Voc = 8000 V Vsc = 489 V
Ioc = 0.214 A Isc = 2.5 A
Poc = 400 W Psc = 240 W
Determine [6+3+3]

(i) all the transformer model parameters (Req, Xeq, Rfe, Xm) referred to high side.
(ii) regulation if the transformer operates at rated load and 0.8 power factor lagging
(iii) efficiency if it operates at one-half rated load and 0.8 power factor leading
d) What is voltage regulation? Explain with necessary phasor diagram, why voltage regulation
is negative for capacitive loads. [1+3]

6.
a) Prove that, if a two-winding transformer is re-connected as an autotransformer, its
𝑺𝒂𝒕
apparent power rating advantage, = (𝒂 + 𝟏) ; where symbols have their usual
𝑺𝟐𝒘
meaning. [Draw necessary figure] [5]
b) Show that, when a ∆ − ∆ bank is operated as V − V bank, apparent power of the bank
must be rerated by √3 to prevent overheating. [Draw necessary figure] [10]
c) A 100 kVA, 7200-600V, 60 Hz, single phase transformer operating at rated conditions has a
hysteresis loss of 527 W, an eddy current loss of 373W, and a conductor loss of 2000W.
The transformer is to be used on a 50 Hz system, with the restriction that it must maintain
the same maximum core flux and the same total losses. Determine [10]
(i) new voltage rating (iv) new copper loss
(ii) new eddy current loss (v) new kVA rating
(iii) new hysteresis loss
𝑉 1.6
Note that, 𝑃𝑒 ∝ 𝑉𝑇 2 and 𝑃ℎ ∝ 𝑓 ( 𝑓𝑇 )
7.
a) What are the advantages of parallel operation of transformers? What are the conditions
need to be met for optimum parallel operation? [2+3]
b) What is meant by utilization voltage? What is the purpose of using buck-boost
transformers? What are the applications of instrument transformers? [1+1+2]
 c) Two 2400-480V transformers are operated in parallel. Their KVA ratings and equivalent
impedances are as follows:

Transformer kVA Nameplate Impedance

A 96 3.7%
B 120 4.1%
Determine [2+5+4]
(i) rated high side currents for transformer A and B
(ii) percent of bank current carried by each transformer
(iii) maximum apparent power the bank can supply without overloading any of the
transformers
d) Two 100 kVA, single phase, 60 Hz transformers are to be operated in parallel. Determine
the circulating current in the paralleled secondaries when rated voltage is applied across
the paralleled primaries. [5]

Transformer Voltage Ratio Req Xeq

A 2300-460 0.0288 Ω 0.07 Ω
B 2300-450 0.0284 Ω 0.06 Ω

8.
a) What is in-rush current? On which factors the magnitude of in-rush current depends?
Explain the problem of high in-rush current in transformers with necessary figures and
equations. Discuss some probable solutions to this problem. [10]
b) How eddy current loss and hysteresis loss are generated in a ferromagnetic core? What
measures are taken during transformer construction to minimize these losses? [4+2]
c) A two-legged magnetic core with an air gap and the magnetization curve of the core
material are shown in the figure. The depth of the core is 10 cm. Considering a 6 percent
increase in effective air-gap area for fringing and an air-gap flux density of 0.33 T,
determine [2+2+3+2]
(i) magnetic flux present in the air gap
(ii) flux density in the core
(iii) total magnetomotive force in core and air gap [𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇𝑚/𝐴]
(iv) current in the winding