Q.

Implementation any one of the frequency test for the random number generated from the
function Rand(),conclude whether the generated random number are acceptable or not.

Conditions:

K-S test: Generate 20 random numbers and consider the significance value =0.5

Chi-square test: Generate 20 random numbers and consider the significance value =0.5

Solution:

K-S test

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <math.h>

#include<time.h>

float dplus(float num[], int n);

float dminus(float num[], int n);

float larges(float data[], int n);

int main()

time_t t;

srand((unsigned) time(&t));

printf("Kolmogorov Test\n");

int n;
float dvalue1;

n=20;

float num[n];

float dp, dn;

for(int i=0; i<n; i++)

num[i]=(rand() %50);

//sorting in ascending order

for(int i=0; i<n; i++)

for(int j=i+1; j<n; j++)

if(num[i]>num[j])

float temp = num[i];

num[i] = num[j];

num[j] = temp;

printf("\nNumbers in ascending order is: \t");

for(int i=0; i<n; i++)

printf("%0.2f\n",num[i]);

dp = dplus(num, n);

dn = dminus(num, n);

printf("\ndp = %f",dp);

printf("\ndp = %f",dn);

if(dp>dn)

dvalue1 = dp;

else

dvalue1 = dn;

float dvalue = 0.565; //for alpha = 0.05

printf("\nCalculated D = %0.2f",dvalue1);

if(dvalue1 < dvalue)

printf("\n Since D is less tha Dalpha so the data is uniformily distributed.");

}
else

printf("\nSince D is greater than Dalpha so the data is not uniformily distributed.");

return 0;

float dplus(float num[], int n)

float data[n];

int count=1;

for(int i=0; i<n; i++)

while(count<=n)

data[i] = ((count/n)-num[i]);

count++;

float lar = larges(data, n);

return lar;

float dminus(float num[], int n)

{

float data[n];

int count=1;

for(int i=0; i<n; i++)

while(count<=n)

data[i] = (num[i]-((count-1)/n));

count++;

float lar = larges(data, n);

return lar;

float larges(float data[], int n)

for(int i=1; i<n; i++)

if(data[0]<data[i])
 data[0] = data[i];

float lar = data[0];

return lar;

Output:

Kolmogorov Test

Numbers in ascending order is:

14.00

16.00

17.00

23.00

30.00

30.00

31.00

31.00

32.00

34.00

36.00

39.00

39.00
41.00

43.00

44.00

44.00

47.00

47.00

49.00

dp = 0.000000

dp = 14.000000

Calculated D = 14.00

Since D is greater than Dalpha so the data is not uniformily distributed.

Chi-Square Test

#include
<stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>

// maximum size for file name

#define LEN 100
double chiSquare(long long int dim, double expected[], double observed[]);
double distChiSquare(long long int k, double array[]);
double average(long long int N, double array[]);
double sigma(long long int N, double average, double array[]);
int fileLines(char file[]);

int main(){
long long int i, dim;
char expected[LEN], observed[LEN];
FILE *input;

printf("\nEnter the file name (or path) with the expected data: ");
fgets(expected,sizeof(expected),stdin);
expected[strlen(expected)-1] = 0;

printf("\nEnter the file name (or path) with the observed data: ");
fgets(observed,sizeof(expected),stdin);
observed[strlen(observed)-1] = 0;

// file lines expected == file line observed

dim = fileLines(expected);
if(dim <= 5){
printf("\nUnreliable test. Insufficient variables number.\n");
}

// arrays for expected data

double *vect1x = calloc(dim,sizeof(double));
double *vect1y = calloc(dim,sizeof(double));
 // arrays for observed data
double *vect2x = calloc(dim,sizeof(double));
double *vect2y = calloc(dim,sizeof(double));
if(vect1x == NULL || vect1y == NULL || vect2x == NULL || vect2y ==
NULL){
perror("\nError");
exit(1);
}

// take the expected data

input = fopen(expected,"r");
if(input == NULL){
perror("\nError");
exit(1);
}

for(i=0; i<dim; i++){

fscanf(input,"%lf %lf",&vect1x[i],&vect1y[i]);
}

fclose(input);

// take the observed data

input = fopen(observed,"r");
if(input == NULL){
perror("\nError");
exit(1);
}

for(i=0; i<dim; i++){

fscanf(input,"%lf %lf",&vect2x[i],&vect2y[i]);
 }

fclose(input);

printf("Computing...\n");

// observed data average

double x = average(dim,vect2y);
// computing chi square
double chi = chiSquare(dim,vect1y,vect2y);
// calculate the density of probability

double freeDegree = dim;

double probab = (1 / (pow(2,(int)freeDegree/2) * tgamma(freeDegree))) *
pow(x,(int)(freeDegree/2)-1) * exp(-(x/2));

//printf("Have a probability of %lf%% to have a chi square of

%lf\n",probab*100,chi);
printf("Chi square: %lf\n",chi);

free(vect1x);
free(vect1y);
free(vect2x);
free(vect2y);

return 0;
}

double chiSquare(long long int dim, double expected[], double observed[]){

long long int i, freeDegree=dim-1;
 double sum=0;

for(i=0; i<dim; i++){

sum += (pow((expected[i] - observed[i]),2))/expected[i];
}

return sum;
}

double distChiSquare(long long int k, double array[]){

long long int i;
double sumSquare=0;

for(i=0; i<k; i++){

sumSquare += pow(array[i],2);
}

return sumSquare;
}

double average(long long int N, double array[]){

long long int i;
double sum = 0;

for(i=0; i<N; i++){

sum += array[i];
}
 sum = (double)sum/N;

return sum;
}

double sigma(long long int N, double average, double array[]){

long long int i;
double sigma, sum = 0;

for(i=0; i<N; i++){

sum += pow((array[i] - average),2);
}

sigma = sqrt(sum/(N-1));

return sigma;
}

int fileLines(char file[]){

int lines=0;
char c;

FILE *input = fopen(file,"r");

if(input == NULL){
perror("\nError");
exit(1);
}
 while((c = getc(input)) != EOF){
if(c == '\n'){
lines++;
}
}

fclose(input);

return lines;
}

Output:

Number of Observations = 100

Sample Standard Deviation = 0.00628

Expected True Standard Deviation = 0.10000

Test Statistic = 0.39030

CDF of test statistic: = 1.438e-099

Upper Critical Value at alpha: = 1.232e+002

Upper Critical Value at alpha/2: = 1.284e+002

Lower Critical Value at alpha: = 7.705e+001

Lower Critical Value at alpha/2: = 7.336e+001

Results for Alternative Hypothesis and alpha = 0.0500

Alternative Hypothesis Conclusion

Standard Deviation != 0.100 NOT REJECTED

Standard Deviation < 0.100 NOT REJECTED

Standard Deviation > 0.100 REJECTED