SET-I

PART - A

1. a) Define frequency modulated signal in time domain. Using the definition write the time 2M
domain expression for single tone Frequency Modulated signal
b) Draw the power spectral density of white Gaussian noise with zero mean and find the in 2M
-phase component noise power within 2w bandwidth with centre frequency fc.
c) What is the Frequency Ranges for Frequency Modulated and Amplitude modulated broad 2M
casting?

PART – B (Answer a & b, or c & d from each question)

2. a) Explain generation of Frequency Modulated signal using direct method with neat circuit 4M
diagram.
b) A Carrier signal c(t)= 10 cos2π10 8t is modulated by a signal m (t)=2cos1042πt. Draw 4M
the spectrum of the FM signal. Assume Kf=15x103Hz/volt. Also find modulation index

c) Explain the operation of phase discrimination method with phasor diagrams to 4M

demodulate frequency modulated signal.
d) A 10 MHz carrier is frequency modulated with a sinusoidal signal at 500Hz, the 4M
maximum frequency deviation being 50 KHz. Find the bandwidth required by using
Carson’s rule.
3. a) What is the need for pre-emphasis and De-emphasis. Explain the improvement in signal 4M
to noise ratio in frequency modulation system by using pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.

b) The average noise power per unit band width measured at the front end of an AM 4M
receiver is 10-3 watts per hertz. The modulating wave is sinusoidal, with a carrier power
of 80 kilo-watts, and a side band power of 10 kilo watts per sideband. The message band
width is 4Khz. Assuming the use of an envelope detector in the receiver, determine the
output signal to noise ratio of the system.
c) Explain generation and detection of pulse width modulated signal with circuit diagrams 4M
and waveforms.
d) An un modulated carrier of amplitude Ac and frequency fc and band limited white noise 4M
are summed and then passed through an ideal envelope detector. Assume the noise
spectral density to be of height No/2 and band width 2W, centered about the carrier
frequency fc. Determine the output signal to noise ratio for the case when the carrier to
noise ratio is high.
4. a) Draw the block diagram and explain Armstrong Frequency modulated transmitter. 4M
b) Find the value of padder capacitor and oscillator inductor to give padder tracking for the 4M
receiver having tuning range of signals from 400kHz to 1650KHz and uses an IF of
455KHZ. Assume that the value of Csmax is equal to 300pf. Also find the error in
oscillator tracking frequency for a signal frequency of 1MHz.
c) With the aid of a circuit diagram, explain the operation of a practical diode detector 4M
circuit, indicating what changes have been made from the basic circuit. Explain how
AGC is obtained from this detector.
 d) In a broadcast, super heterodyne receiver having no RF amplifier, the loaded Q of the 4M
antenna coupling circuit is100.If the intermediate frequency is455 kHz, calculate
a) The image frequency and its rejection ratio at 1000 kHz and
b) The image frequency and its rejection ratio at25 Mhz.

SET-II
PART-A
1. a) Draw the block diagram to generate Phase Modulated signal from Frequency Modulator 2M
and explain.
b) Explain the reason for threshold effect in Amplitude modulation system with envelope 2M
detector.
c) Draw the block diagram of TRF receiver and explain the disadvantages of TRF receiver. 2M

PART-B
2. a) Explain wide band frequency modulation and draw the spectrum of single tone frequency 4M
modulated signal.
b) A single tone modulating signal Cos(5000πt) frequency modulates a carrier of 5MHz 4M
and produces a frequency deviation of 50kHz. Find the modulation index. If another
modulating signal produces a modulation index of 100 while maintaining the same
deviation, find the frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal, assume Kf =15kHz
per volt.
c) Explain the operation of the Balanced slope detector to demodulate FM signal, using a 4M
circuit diagram and response characteristic. Discuss, in particular, the method of
combining the outputs of the individual diodes.
d) An FM radio link has a frequency deviation of 30 kHz. The modulating frequency is 3 4M
kHz. Calculate the bandwidth needed for the link. What will be the bandwidth if the
deviation is reduced to 15 kHz?
3. a) Derive the expression for the figure of merit for DSB-SC with coherent detector by 4M
considering the noise power spectral density to be of height No/2 and band width 2W,
centered about the carrier frequency fc noise power spectral density as N0/2?
b) Let a message signal m(t) be transmitted using single side band modulation. The power 4M
spectral density of m(t) is
SM (f) = a IfI/w IfI≤w
=0 otherwise
Where a and w are constants. White Gaussian noise of zero mean and power spectral
density No/2 is added to the SSB modulated wave at the receiver input. Find an
expression for the output signal to Noise ratio of the receiver.
c) Define Pulse position modulation? Explain with a neat diagram Pulse Position 4M
Modulation generation and Demodulation?
d) An SSB modulated wave is transmitted over a noisy channel, with the Power Spectral 4M
Density(PSD) of the noise N0/2. The message Band width is 4 KHz and the carrier
frequency is 200KHz. Assuming that only upper side band is transmitted, and that the
average power of the modulated wave is 10 watts, determine the output signal to noise
ratio of the receiver with coherent detection.
4. a) Explain the effect of feedback on performance of Amplitude modulated transmitter. 4M
 b) It is required to provide a maximum deviation of 75 kHz for the 88Mhz carrier frequency 4M
of a VHF FM transmitter. A FET is used as a capacitive reactance modulator, and the
linear portion of its gm-Vgs curve lies from 320µs (at which Vgs=-0.5v). assuming that
Rgs is one tenth of Xcgd, calculate The rms value of the required modulating voltage.
The value of the fixed capacitance and inductance of the oscillator tuned circuit across
which the reactance modulator is connected.
c) Draw the block diagram of super heterodyne receiver. Explain the working of super 4M
heterodyne receiver with its parameters
d) In a super heterodyne receiver having no RF amplifier the loaded quality factor of an 4M
antenna is 60. If IF is 455KHz, calculate Image frequency rejection ratio at signal
frequency of 1500KHz.
SET-III
PART-A
1. a) An FM signal with a deviation ∂ is passed through a mixer, and has its frequency 2M
reduced five fold. Find the deviation at the output of the mixer.
b) Find quadrature component noise power for white Gaussian noise by considering 2M
noise power spectral density as N0 /2 with centre frequency fc and bandwidth 2w.
c) Draw the block diagram of TRF receiver and explain the disadvantages of TRF 2M
receiver.

2. a) Explain the Generation of Frequency Modulated signal using indirect method. 4M

b) The NBFM signal is 𝑆(𝑡) = 10 cos[2𝜋 ∗ 106 𝑡 + 0.4 sin(2𝜋 ∗ 103 ) 𝑡]. 4M
The S(t) Signal is passed through, two multipliers with multiplication factors of
n1=2 and n2=5. Determine the carrier frequency, modulation index and bandwidth
at output of first & second multipliers.
c) Explain demodulation of FM signal with the help of phase locked loop 5M
d) The FM wave is applied to the system shown in figure below consisting of a high 3M
pass RC filter and an envelope detector. Assume that the resistance R is small
compared with the reactance of the capacitor C for all significant frequency
components of s(t) and the envelope detector does not load the filter. Determine
the resulting signal at the envelope detector output, assuming that Kf mod(m(t))<fc
for all t.

3. a) Explain the noise performance of SSB-SC receiver with coherent detector and prove its 4M
figure of merit as unity by considering white Gaussian noise with power spectral
density as N0/2.

b) The average noise power per unit band width measured at the front end of an AM receiver 4M
is 10-3 watts per hertz. The modulating wave is sinusoidal, with a carrier power of 70
kilowatts, and a side band power of10 kilo watts per sideband .The message band width
is 4Khz. Assuming the use of an envelope detector in the receiver, determine the output
signal to noise ratio of the system.
c) Define Pulse Amplitude modulation? Explain with a neat diagram PAM generation 4M
and Demodulation?
 d) An AM modulated wave is transmitted over a noisy channel, with the Power 4M
Spectral Density(PSD) of the noise N0/2. Determine the Figure of merit of the
AM receiver with synchronous detection.
4. a) With neat block Diagram explain the operation of FM transmitter with Automatic 4M
Frequency Control.

b) Find the value of padder capacitor and oscillator inductor to give padder tracking 4M
for the receiver having tuning range of signals from 400kHz to 1650KHz and uses
an IF of 455KHZ.Assume that the value of Csmax is equal to 300pf. Also find the
error in oscillator tracking frequency for a signal frequency of 1MHz.
c) With the aid of a circuit diagram, explain the operation of a practical diode detector 4M
circuit, indicating what changes have been made from the basic circuit. Explain
how AGC is obtained from this detector .
d) In a super heterodyne receiver having an RF amplifier ,the loaded quality factor of 4M
an antenna is 10.If IF is 455KHz, calculate
i) Image frequency rejection ratio at signal frequency of 100KHz
ii) Image frequency rejection ratio at signal frequency of 2MHz.

SET-IV
PART - A

1. a) Write the time domain equation of single tone frequency modulation and define 2M
modulation index, frequency deviation.
b) Explain the reason for threshold effect in Frequency modulation system. 2M
c) What is image frequency and write the expression for image frequency rejection 2M
ratio.

PART – B

2. a) Explain Narrow band frequency modulation. Draw the phasor diagrams and 4M
spectrums for Narrow band frequency modulation and single tone amplitude
modulation.
b) The equation of an angle modulated voltage v (t) = 10sin (2π108t + 3 sin2π 104t) 4M
. what form of angle modulation is this? Calculate the carrier and modulating
frequencies, the modulation index and deviation and power dissipated in a 100
ohm resistor.
c) Explain zero cross detector to demodulate frequency modulated signal. 5M
d) Carrier is frequency modulated with a sinusoidal signal of 2 KHz resulting in a 3M
maximum frequency deviation of 5khz. Find the bandwidth of the modulated
signal The amplitude of the modulating sinusoid is increased by a factor of 3, and
its frequency is lowered to 1 kHz. Find the maximum frequency deviation and the
bandwidth of the new modulated signal.
3 a) Define Figure Of Merit (FOM) and Prove that Figure of merit of Frequency 4M
Modulation is 1.5β2 by considering white gaussian noise with noise power
spectral density as N0/2.
 b) The average noise power per unit band width measured at the front end of an AM 4M
receiver is 10-5 watts per hertz. The modulating wave is sinusoidal, with a carrier
power of 100 kilowatts, and a side band power of20 kilo watts per sideband. The
message band width is 5Khz. Assuming the use of an envelope detector in the
receiver, determine the output signal to noise ratio of the system
c) Explain generation and detection of pulse width modulated signal with a neat 4M
sketch.
d) Let a message signal m(t) be transmitted using double side band suppressd carrier 4M
modulation .The power spectral density of m(t) is
SM (f) = a IfI/W IfI≤W
=0 otherwise
Where a and W are constants.
White Gaussian noise of zero mean and power spectral density No/2 is added to
the DSBSC modulated wave at the receiver input. Find an expression for the
output signal to Noise ratio of the receiver.
4. a) Explain padder, trimmer and three point tracking with circuit diagrams. 4M
b) Calculate the value of padder capacitor and oscillator inductor to give two point 4M
tracking for a super heterodyne receiver working in medium wave band from
500khz to 1600 khz; with intermediate frequency of 465khz.Assume maximum
gang capacitor of 350pf.
c) Explain the choice of intermediate frequency in super heterodyne receiver. 4M
d) In a super heterodyne receiver having no RF amplifier, the loaded quality factor 4M
of an antenna is 150.If IF is 455KHz, calculate a)Image frequency rejection ratio
at signal frequency of 2000KHz b) Image frequency rejection ratio at signal
frequency of 250MHz.

SET-V
PART-A
1. a) Define Phase modulated signal in time domain. Using the definition write the 2M
time domain equation of single tone Phase Modulated signal
b) Find inphase component noise power of white Gaussian noise by considering 2M
noise power spectral density as N0 /2 with centre frequency fc and bandwidth 2w.
c) Define selectivity ,sensitivity, fidelity and double spotting of a radio receiver. 2M

PART – B

2. a) Explain in detail Carson’s rule with spectrums and show that bandwidth of FM 4M
signal depends on message signal frequency and frequency deviation.
b) An angle modulated signal is described by 4M
6 3
s(t)= 10 cos(2∏10 t +0.1 sin 2∏10 t)
Considering s(t) as a PM signal with Kp=10, find m(t).
Considering s(t) as a FM signal with Kf=10∏, find m(t).
Find the modulation index and bandwidth
c) Explain multi tone frequency modulation and draw the spectrum by considering 5M
m(t)= Am1 cos2πfm1t+ Am2 cos2πfm2t
 d) A single tone modulating signal Cos(2π103t) frequency modulates a carrier of 3M
10MHz and produces a frequency deviation of 75kHz.Find
i) The modulation index
ii) Bandwidth required for FM wave
3 a) Explain the noise performance of Amplitude modulated receiver with envelope 4M
detector and prove its figure of merit as (ka2p)/(1+ ka2p) where p is the message
signal power.(Assume carrier to noise ratio is high)
b) channel has a uniform noise power density spectrum Sn (w)=0.8x10-3 watts/Hz. An 4M
SSB-SC signal with carrier frequency of 250 kHz is transmitted over this channel.
The modulating signal is band limited to 20kHz and the power of the sideband
signal is 5kW.The incoming signal at the receiver is filtered through an ideal band
pass filter (upper side bands) before it is fed to the demodulator. Find the S/N
ratio of demodulator output.
c) Draw the block diagram of Time division multiplexing and explain the working 4M
principle with wave forms
d) Let a message signal m(t) be transmitted using double side band suppressd carrier 4M
modulation .The power spectral density of m(t) is
SM (f) = a IfI/W IfI≤W
=0 otherwise
Where a and W are constants.
White Gaussian noise of zero mean and power spectral density No/2 is added to
the DSBSC modulated wave at the receiver input. Find an expression for the
output signal to Noise ratio of the receiver.
4. a) Explain the low level modulation and high level modulation in AM Transmitter. 4M
b) Find the value of trimmer capacitor and oscillator inductor to give trimmer 4M
tracking for the receiver having tuning range of signals from 450kHz to 1600KHz
and uses an IF of 455KHZ.Assume that the value of Csmax is equal to 300pf. Also
find the error in oscillator tracking frequency for a signal frequency of 1MHz.
c) Explain the choice of local oscillator frequency in super heterodyne receiver. 4M
d) A super heterodyne receiver having an RF amplifier and an IF of 450khz is tuned 4M
to 15Mhz. Calculate the Qs of the RF and mixer input tuned circuits, both being
the same, if the receivers image rejection is to be 120.