English Basics1387205228

LEVEL 1
A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. Singular means one. Singular nouns refer
to one person, one place, one thing, or one idea. Plural means more than one. Plural
nouns refer to more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
Singular Nouns
 Apple
 Book
 Car
 Dog
 Hat
 Pencil
 Towel
 Window
Plural Nouns - For the plural form of most nouns, add "-s" to the end of the word.
 Apples
 Books
 Cars
 Dogs
 Hats
 Pencils
 Towels
 Windows
For some plural nouns, there are different endings to the word.
Nouns that end in "-ch", "-x", or "-s", add "-es" to make the word plural.
 watch - watches
 box - boxes
 dress - dresses
 bus - buses
Nouns ending in "-f" or "-fe", change "f" to "v" and add "-es" to make the word plural.
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 shelf - shelves
 wife - wives
 leaf - leaves
 life - lives
Some nouns have different plural forms.
 child - children
 woman - women
 man - men
 mouse - mice
 goose - geese
Nouns ending in vowels like "-y" or "-o" do not have definite rules.
 baby - babies
 toy - toys
 kidney - kidneys
 potato - potatoes
 memo - memos
 stereo - stereos
A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.
 sheep - sheep
 deer - deer
 series - series
 species - species
Be Verb
"Be" verbs indicate a state of being. They must match the subjects. "Be" verbs are "am",
"is", and "are". "Am" is used with "I". "Is" is used with "he", "she", or "it". "Are" is used
with "we", "they", and "you".
"Be" verbs
 I am a student.
 I am strong.
 She is a teacher.
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 He is funny.
 It is hot.
 We are happy.
 They are sad.
 You are a clown.
"Be" verbs can be turned into negative sentences.
Negative sentences need "not" after the "be" verb.
 I am not a student.
 I am not strong.
 She is not a teacher.
 He is not funny.
 It is not hot.
 We are not happy.
 They are not sad.
 You are not a clown.
"Be" verbs can be turned into questions or interrogative sentences.
The "be" verb comes first in these sentences. They always end with a question mark
(?).
 Am I a student?
 Am I strong?
 Is she a teacher?
 Is he funny?
 Is it hot?
 Are we happy?
 Are they sad?
 Are you a clown?
Action verbs
Action verbs show an action. They are words that show the state of doing something.
These are the most common verb forms. Action verbs need "s" at the end of the word
when using with "he", "she", or it". "S" is not needed at the end of the action word with
"I", "you", "they", or "we".
Action verbs
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He, She, and It I, You, and They
He walks to school. I walk to school.
He lives in a house. I live in a house.
She writes stories. You write stories.
She drives to work. You drive to work.
It floats on water. They float on water.
It swims in the ocean. We swim in the ocean.
 He exercises every morning.

 He likes baseball.
 She plays the piano.
 He cooks every weekend.
 It works well.
 It swims in the ocean.
 I eat meat.
 I study at the library.
 You speak a different language.
 You drink milk.
 They sing at church.
 They sleep early.
 We work in an office.
 We play in the backyard.
Action verbs can be turned into negative sentences.
Negative sentences need "do not" or "does not" before the action verb. When using
"does not" or "do not", the action verb does not need "s" at the end of the word.
 He does not walk to school.

 He does not live in a house.
 She does not write stories.
 She does not drive to work.
 It does not float on water.
 It does not swim in the ocean.
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 I do not eat meat.
 I do not study at the library.
 You do not speak a different language.
 You do not drink milk.
 They do not sing at church.
 They do not sleep early.
 We do not work in an office.
 We do not play in the backyard.
Action verbs can be turned into questions or interrogative sentences.
Interrogative sentences begin with "do" or "does". They always end with a question
mark (?). Use "does" before "he", "she", and it". Use "do" before "I", "you", "they", and
"we".
He, She, and It I, You, and They
Does he walk to school? Do I need a map?

Does he live in a house? Do I hear a bird?
Does she writestories? Do you speak a different language?
Does she driveto work? Do you drink milk?

Does it float on water? Do they sleep early?
Does it swim in the ocean? Do we need to go home?
Period at the End of a Sentence
Punctuation is a mark that makes a meaning of a sentence clear. The most common
punctuation mark is the period. A period is used to indicate the end of a sentence. It is
used to make a statement.
Period at the End of a Sentence
A period is used at the end of a sentence. It is used to make a statement.
 My name is Bill.
 I am 24 years old.
 I live in Seattle.
 I am a teacher.
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Period after a Single Word
Sometimes a single word can be a complete sentence.
 Hello.
 Good-bye.
 Stop.
 Go.
Period in Abbreviated Words
A period is used in abbreviated words or shortened words. Many words can be

abbreviated. These are a few common examples.
Mister Mr.
Misses Mrs.
Doctor Dr.
Sergeant Sgt.
Street St.
Road Rd.
Avenue Ave.
Boulevard Blvd.
Monday Mon.
Tuesday Tues.
Wednesday Wed.
Thursday Thurs.
Friday Fri.
Saturday Sat.
Sunday Sun.
January Jan.
February Feb.
March Mar.
April Apr.
May May
June Jun.
July Jul.
August Aug.
September Sept.
October Oct.
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November Nov.
December Dec.
Period in Numbers
Periods used in numbers are called decimal points. Decimal points separate a whole
number and a fraction of a whole number. It is used when referring to temperature and
money.
The book is $10.99. ($10.99 = ten dollars and ninety-nine cents)

Normal body temperature is 98.6 Fahrenheit. (98.6 = ninety-eight point six)
Coordinating Conjunctions
A conjunction joins words or groups of words in a sentence.
Connects words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal using and/or/but.
Use "and" when you mean to say "in addition to". Use "or" to indicate a choice between
two things. Use "but" to connect two different things that are not in agreement.
 I bought apples and oranges at the store.

 We are going to the zoo and the aquarium today.
 I am not ready and I need more time.
 Would you like coffee or tea?
 Do you want a red one or a blue one?
 Do you want to stay at the party or go home?
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 I am a night owl, but she is an early bird.
 I want to see a movie, but I'm very tired.
 I was angry, but I did not show it.
Connects words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal using and/or/but.
Use "and" when you mean to say "in addition to". Use "or" to indicate a choice between
two things. Use "but" to connect two different things that are not in agreement.
 I bought apples and oranges at the store.

 We are going to the zoo and the aquarium today.
 I am not ready and I need more time.
 Would you like coffee or tea?
 Do you want a red one or a blue one?
 Do you want to stay at the party or go home?
 I am a night owl, but she is an early bird.
 I was angry, but I did not show it.
COMMA
Punctuation is a mark that makes a meaning of a sentence clear. One of the most
common punctuation marks is the comma. A comma (,) is used within a sentence. It is
used to separate parts of a sentence. It is also used when listing words.
Comma Used to Separate Clauses
A comma is used to separate clauses. Commas are often used in sentences that have
coordinating conjunctions.
 My friend is moving, so I'm going to help him pack.

 Unless you have a valid driver's license, you cannot rent a car.
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 After I leave the house, my dog jumps on the bed.
Comma Used to List Series of Words
A comma is used when listing a series of words adjectives, nouns, and verbs.
 He is young, smart, and handsome.

 I need to buy bread, potatoes, cheese, and carrots at the store.
 The ballerina leaped, twirled, and landed on the ground perfectly.
Comma Used to Separate Clauses
Commas are used to separate nonrestrictive appositive nouns. A nonrestrictive

appositive noun is separated by a comma or placed in between two commas.
 My mom, Linda, is a chef.

 I am meeting with the school principal, Mr. James.
 Buddy, the Scottish terrier, is scared of cats.
DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS
Determiners are used to modify nouns. They are used to identify nouns in more detail.
There are four demonstratives: this, these, that, those. Demonstratives are used to state
the distance of what the speaker is referring to.
"This", "That", "These", "Those" are used when referring to something specific.
Demonstrative determiners are always followed by a noun. "This" and "That" are
followed by a singular noun. "These" and "Those" are followed by plural nouns.
Demonstrative Determiners: This or These
"This" and "These" are used when referring to something close to the speaker. "This" is
followed by a singular noun. "These" is followed by a plural noun.
 This car is very expensive.

 This dress is too big for me.
 This book is very good.
 This house is old.
 These cars were stolen.
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 These shoes are very uncomfortable.
 These dogs are friendly.
 These apples are tasty.
Demonstrative Determiners: That or Those
"That" and "Those" are used when referring to something far from the speaker. "That" is
followed by a singular noun. "Those" is followed by a plural noun.
 That house was built forty years ago.

 That woman is my neighbor.
 That animal is dangerous.
 That jacket is not mine.
 Those people are blocking traffic.
 Those flowers are beautiful.
 Those parking spaces are reserved.
 Those stores are expensive.
INDEFINITE ARTICLES #1
The words "a", "an", and "the" are special adjectives called articles. Articles define
nouns as either specific or unspecific. "A" and "an" are indefinite articles. Indefinite
articles are used before singular nouns and countable nouns that are not specified. You
cannot use "a" or "an" before plural nouns or uncountable nouns.
"A" is used before nouns starting with consonants letters (letters other than a, e, i, o, u).
"A" is also used with words that sound like they start with a consonant even if they start
with a vowel (university, unit, one). "An" is used before nouns starting with vowels (a, e,
i, o, u) or with a silent h (hour, honor).
Indefinite Articles - singular nouns
Consonants letters (letters other than a,

Vowels (a, e, i, o, u)
e, i, o, u)
 A banana  An apple
 A car  An animal
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 A helicopter  An egg
 A lamp  An elephant
 A woman  An igloo
 A man  An ice cream cone
 A dog  An ostrich
 A tree  An onion
 A sandwich  An umbrella
 A robot  An ugly sweater
 A university  An hour
 A unit  An honor
DEFINITE ARTICLES #1
The words "a", "an", and "the" are special adjectives called articles. Articles define
nouns as either specific or unspecific. "The" is a definite article. Definite articles are
used to refer to a specific noun or a noun that has been previously specified. They can
be used before singular, plural, countable, and uncountable nouns. "The" is used before
words that start with consonants or vowels. It does not matter what letter the word starts
with.
Definite Articles - singular and plural nouns
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns
 Please close the door.  The apples are sweet.

 I am going to the storetoday.  The customersare getting impatient.
 The birdlanded on the roof.  Who ate all of the donuts?
 Dinner is on the table.  The flowers are beautiful.
Definite Articles - countable and uncountable nouns
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
 Who moved the chairs?  The water is cold.

 The computeris broken.  The meat is tough.
 The bottle is empty.  Smoke filled the air.
 The balloon is deflating.  The wood is burning.
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LEVEL 2
SIMPLE PRESENT
Simple present is used to express repeated or unchanging actions. The action can be a
habit, hobby, recurring event, emotion, or wish. Simple present is not used to express
actions that are happening right now.
Simple Present - Basic Form
For verbs ending in consonants or "-e", just add "-s" to the end of the verb.
I, You, We, They He, She, It
Verb Verb +s
 Walk  Walks
 Live  Lives
 See  Sees
 Speak  Speaks
 Play  Plays
 Read  Reads
 I walk to school.
 He walks to school.
 We live in a house.
 She lives in a house.
 They see a dog.
 The dog sees a bone.
 I speak Spanish.
 She speaks Spanish.
 The children play in the park.
 The child plays in the park.
Simple Present - Additional forms
For "He", "She" or "It" - If the verb ends in "-o", "-x", "-sh", "-ch", or "-ss", add "-es" to the
end of the verb.
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Verb Verb+ -es
 Go  Goes
 Watch  Watches
 Miss  Misses
 Fix  Fixes
 Wash  Washes
 He goes to school.
 She watches TV.
 Carol misses her mom.
 Bill fixes the stove.
 Joe washes his car.
Simple Present - Additional Forms
For "He", "She", or "It" - If the verb ends in a consonant + "-y" (i.e. study), change the "y"
to "i" and add "-es". If the verb ends in a vowel + "-y" (i.e. play), just add "-s".
Consonant + y --> Consonant + i + es Vowel + y --> Vowel + y + s
 Study --> Studies  Play --> Plays

 Try --> Tries  Stay --> Stays
 Dry-->Dries  Buy --> Buys
 He studies English.
 She plays soccer.
 The boy dries the dishes.
 She buys candy.
 He stays home.\
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SIMPLE PASTE
Simple past is used to express finished or completed actions.
Simple Past - Basic form
Add "-ed" to the verb.
Verb Add "-ed"
 Visit  Visited
 Walk  Walked
 Talk  Talked
For single-syllable verbs ending in a short vowel and a single consonant, double the
final consonant.
Verb Double ending consonant and add "-ed"
 Slip  Slipped
 Drop  Dropped
 Cross  Crossed
For verbs that end in "-e", only add "-d".
Verb Add "-d"
 Dance  Danced
 Live  Lived
 Race  Raced
 I visited my old school.

 I walked to work.
 He dropped his keys.
 They crossed the street.
 They lived in England before moving to America.
 He raced on the track.
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Simple Past - Additional forms
If the verb ends in a consonant + "y" (i.e. study), change the "y" to "i" and add "-ed". If
the verb ends in a vowel + "y" (i.e. play), just add "-ed".
Consonant + "y" --> Consonant + "i" + "-ed" Vowel + "y" --> Vowel + "y" + "ed"
 Study --> Studied  Play --> Played

 Try --> Tried  Stay --> Stayed
 Dry --> Dried  Pray --> Prayed
 He studied English.
 She dried her clothes.
 They tried dancing.
 She played soccer.
 We stayed home.
 He prayed before eating.
BE VERBS – PAST
"Be" verbs indicate a state of being. "Be" verbs in the past tense indicate that a state of
being that has happened. They must match the subjects. "Be" verbs are "was" and
"were". "Was" is used with "I", "he", "she", or "it". "Were" is used with "we", "they", and
"you".
"Be" verbs - Past Tense
 I was a student.
 I was strong.
 She was a teacher.
 He was funny.
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 It was hot.
 We were happy.
 They were sad.
 You were alone.
"Be" verbs in the past tense can be turned into negative sentences.
 I was not a student.

 I was not strong.
 She was not a teacher.
 He was not funny.
 It was not hot.
 We were not happy.
 They were not sad.
 You were not a clown.
"Be" verbs in the past tense can be turned into questions.
(?).
 Was I wrong?
 Was I strong?
 Was she a teacher?
 Was he funny?
 Was it hot?
 Were we happy?
 Were they sad?
 Were you a clown?
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS
"Regular verbs" are verbs that change very little from their base form when turned into
past tense or past participle form.
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Past tense verbs and past participles indicate that an action has been completed. While
verbs in past tense can stand on their own, verbs in past participle form cannot stand
alone as a verb.
For "regular verbs", we only have to add "-d" or "-ed" to the end of the verb to turn it into
past tense or past participle form. For "irregular verbs", there is no set pattern to turn it
into past tense or past participle form. An "irregular verb" can look like an entirely
different word.
Regular verbs add "-d" or "-ed" to the end of the verb to turn it into past tense or
past participle form
Base Verb Past Tense Past Participle
Learn Learned Learned
Cook Cooked Cooked
Solve Solved Solved
Ask Asked Asked
Watch Watched Watched
Listen Listened Listened
Wash Washed Washed
Bake Baked Baked
Laugh Laughed Laughed
Plant Planted Planted
Irregular verbs - No pattern when turning the verb into past tense or past
participle form
Base Verb Past Tense Past Participle
Grow Grew Grown
Know Knew Known
Begin Began Begun
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Draw Drew Drawn
Drive Drove Driven
Fly Flew Flown
Give Gave Given
Speak Spoke Spoken
Freeze Froze Frozen
See Saw Seen
SIMPLE FURURE
Simple future is used to refer to a later time. Simple future has two forms: "will + verb"
and "be verb + going to + verb". They both refer to a specific time in the future.
Simple Future - Will
"Will" usually expresses a promise to do something or a voluntary action. Sentences are

formed with "will + verb". You can turn the sentences into negative sentences by placing
"not" between "will" and the verb.
 Audrey will play softball next season.

 Sophie will take Choir at school next year.
 I will help him tomorrow.
 They will build the shed this weekend.
 We will join them on Saturday.
 Audrey will not play softball next season.
 Sophie will not take Choir at school next year.
 I will not help him tomorrow.
 They will not build the shed this weekend.
 We will not join them on Saturday.
Simple Future - Yes/No Questions with Will
"Will" can also be used in questions.

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 Will Audrey play softball next season?
 Will Sophie take Choir at school next year?
 Will you help him tomorrow?
 Will they build the shed this weekend?
 Will we join them on Saturday?
Simple Future - Be Verbs + going to
"Be verb + going to" usually expresses a plan to do something. Sentences are formed
with "be verb + going to + verb". You can turn sentences into negative sentences by
placing "not" between the "be" verb and "going to".
 Audrey is going to play softball next season.

 Sophie is going to take Choir at school next year.
 I am going to help him tomorrow.
 They are going to build the shed this weekend.
 We are going to join them on Saturday.
 Audrey is not going to play softball next season.
 Sophie is not going to take Choir at school next year.
 I am not going to help him tomorrow.
 They are not going to build the shed this weekend.
 We are not going to join them on Saturday.
Simple Future - Yes/No questions with Be verbs + going to
"Be verb + going to + verb" can also be used in questions.
 Is Audrey going to play softball next season?

 Is Sophie going to take Choir at school next year?
 Are you going to help him tomorrow?
 Are they going to build the shed this weekend?
 Are we going to join them on Saturday?
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Simple Future - Predictions
Both forms of the simple future tenses can express a prediction about the future.
 Audrey's softball team will win the game.

 Audrey's softball team is going to winthe game.
 She will be the chess champion.

 She is going to be the chess champion.
 He will win a Grammy for this song.

 He is going to win a Grammy for this song.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADVRBS
"Here" or "there" are often used in addition to "this", "that", "these", or "those". "This"
and "these" are used with "here" to indicate that something is close to the speaker.
"That" and "those" are used with "there" to indicate that something is away from the
speaker. Oftentimes "there" is used as "over there" to further explain that the object they
are referring to is far away from the speaker.
Demonstrative Adverbs: Here or There
 This cup here is mine.

 I designed this building here.
 These kids here are in a lot of trouble.
 Please clean up these toys here.
 That car over there has not been moved in over a month.
 Could you bring me that book over there?
 Those people over there are having a party.
 I wish those people over there would calm down.
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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONAUNS
Here are four demonstratives: this, these, that, those. Demonstratives are used to state
the distance of what the speaker is referring to.
"This", "that", "these", "those" are used when representing something specific. They are
not followed by a noun. "This" and "that" represent a singular noun. "These" and "those"
represent plural nouns.
Demonstrative Pronouns: This or These
"This" and "these" are used when referring to something close to the speaker. "This"
represents a singular noun. "These" represents a plural noun.
 This is my car.
 This is a good book.
 Is this too big for me?
 Is this ok with you?
 These are delicious.
 These are very uncomfortable.
 Are these mine?
 Can these come apart?
Demonstrative Pronouns: That or Those
"That" and "those" are used when referring to something far from the speaker. "That"
represents a singular noun. "Those" represents a plural noun.
 That was built forty years ago.

 That is my neighbor.
 Is that dangerous?
 Is that mine?
 Those people are blocking traffic.
 Those flowers are beautiful.
 Are those reserved?
 Are those expensive?
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INTERJECTIONS
Interjections are words that express some kind of emotion. They can be used as fillers.
Interjections do not have a grammatical function in the sentence and are not related to
the other parts of the sentence. If an interjection is omitted, the sentence still makes
sense. It can stand alone.
When you are expressing a strong emotion, use an exclamation point (!). A comma (,)
can be used for a weaker emotion.
Express a Feeling - Wow, Gee, Oops, Darn, Geez, Oh:
 Ouch! That hurts.

 Geez, I need a break.
 Wow! What a beautiful dress!
Call Attention - Yo, Hey:
 Yo, give me the ball.

 Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous incident.
Say Yes or No - Yes, No, Nope:
 Yes, I will do it.

 No, I am not going to go there.
 Nope. That's not what I want.
Indicate a Pause - Well, Um, Hmm:
 Well, what I meant was nothing like that.

 Um, here is our proposal.
 Hmm. You really need to be on a diet.
EXCLAMATION POINT (!)
Punctuation is a mark that makes a meaning of a sentence clear. Another common

punctuation mark is the exclamation point. An exclamation point is most often used at
the end of a sentence. It used to indicate a strong emotion or feeling.
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Exclamation Point at the End of a Sentence
Most exclamation points are used at the end of a sentence. They are used to indicate a
strong emotion or feeling.
 I am so happy!
 You make me so mad!
 Get away from me!
 Help me!
Exclamation Point after a Single Word
Sometimes a single word can express a strong emotion and be a complete thought.
 Stop!
 Go!
 Run!
Exclamation Point within a Sentence
Sometimes exclamation points can appear in the middle of a sentence. When quoting a
strong statement (direct speech), exclamation points can be placed within the sentence.
Exclamation points are not used with indirect speech.
 "I hate you!" she yelled.

 "I am so excited!" he exclaimed.
 "Run!" he shouted.
 The coach yelled "Go!"
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PLEASE AND THANK YOU
"Please" and "thank you" are polite ways of greeting and responding. "Please" is used
to make a request, ask a question, or respond to a question in a more polite manner. It
is also used to beg or plea for something. "Thank you" is used to respond to something
in a more polite manner.
Please - Requests and Questions
"Please" is used to make a request or ask a question in a more polite manner. "Please"
is usually placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence. If "please" is placed at the
end of the end of a sentence, put a comma before the word "please".When using the
verbs can/could/would, "please" can be placed in the middle of a sentence. This makes
the tone of the request stronger.
 Please call your parents right away.

 Call you parents right away, please.
 Could you please call your parents right away?
 Please hold the door.
 Hold the door, please.
 Could you please hold the door?
 Please pass the salt and pepper.
 Can you pass the salt and pepper,please?
 Can you please pass the salt and pepper?
 Please repeat that.
 Repeat that, please.
 Could you please repeat that?
Please - Responding to Questions
"Please" is used to answer a question or respond to an action in a more polite manner.

When answering with "please", it is placed at the end of the response. A comma is
placed before the word "please".
 Would you like something to drink?

Yes, please.
 What would you like to drink?
Water, please.
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 Would you like to watch some TV?
Yes, please.
 What would you like to watch?
The football game, please.
Please - Encouraging or Begging
"Please" is used to strongly state or ask for something. "Please" is also used to beg for
something. "Please" is usually placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence. If
"please" is placed at the end of the end of a sentence, put a comma before the word
"please".
 Please help me!

 Help me, please!
 Please stop!
 Stop, please!
 Please don't do that.
 Don't do that, please.
 Please do.
 Please believe me.
Thank you - Different Degrees
"Thank you" is used to respond to something in a more polite manner. There are
different degrees of "thank you". "Thanks" is an informal form of "thank you". Words can
also be added to "thank you" to make the response stronger such as "Thank you very
much."
Informal
Person A: I like your dress.
Person B: Thanks.
Formal
Person A: I bought the tickets for you.
Person B: Thank you.
Stronger
Person A: Your soup is delicious.
Person B: Thank you very much.
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Thank you - Responding to Questions
"Thank you" is used to respond to a question in a polite manner. Yes and No questions
can be answered with "Yes, thank you". "No, thank you". If you respond with just "thank
you", you are accepting the offer.
Yes
Person A: Would you like a glass of water?
Person B: Yes, thank you.
Yes
Person A: Would you like a ride?
No
Person A: Do you want another slice of cake?
Person B: No, thank you.
Thank you - Showing Gratitude or Appreciation
"Thank you" is used to show gratitude or appreciation.
Person A: I will call you a cab.

Thank you with "-ing" Verbs or Nouns
"Thank you" can be used with "-ing" verbs or nouns. The word "for" is used after "thank
you" and before the "-ing" verb or noun. "Thank you + for + gerund/noun".
 Thank you for helping me with my homework.

 Thanks for your help.
 Thanks for taking me home.
 Thank you for the ride.
 Thank you for listening to my story.
 Thank you for your time today.
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LEVEL 3
Indefinite Articles - one single object
Indefinite articles (a, an) can also be used to describe one single object or a unit of
measurement or time. "A" or "an" can be used in place of the number one.
Indefinite Articles - one single object
 She is buying an orange and two plums.

 I saw a bear and two lions at the zoo.
 Would you like a lump of sugar or two?
 I have a sister and three brothers.
 John is eating a hamburger and French fries for lunch.
 Sally is making cookies and an apple pie for dessert.
Indefinite Articles - unit of measurement or time
 He drinks a gallon of milk every day.

 I run a mile every morning.
 It will only take a minute.
 The farmer is carrying a basket of apples.
 Can I borrow a cup of sugar?
 I will be there in an hour.
Definite Articles - specific person
Definite articles can also be used to identify a specific person or before adjectives that
define a group of people as a whole.
Definite Articles - specific person
 She is the woman from my church group.

 He is the doctor that saved my life.
 She is the President of South Korea.
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 She is the neighbor that causes trouble.
 He is the thief that robbed our house.
Definite Articles - group of people as a whole
 The young need special guidance.

 The old require extra care.
 People think the rich have it easy.
 Our charity helps the poor.
 The French enjoy wine and cheese.
Connects words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal using so/for/yet.
Use "so" to illustrate a result of the first part of the sentence. "For" can be used in place
of the word "because". Use "yet" to indicate a contrast with something.
 This song has been very popular, so I downloaded it.

 My friend is moving, so I'm going to help him pack.
 My co-worker was not doing her job, so she was fired.
 I want to go there again, for it was a wonderful trip.
 He wants to buy the item, for it is not easy to find in stores.
 She took the bus, for it is cheaper than taking a taxi.
 He performed very well, yet he didn't make the final cut.
 He worked hard on his project, yet he still came in second place.
 He is eighty years old, yet he exercises regularly.
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Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted as one or more. An "s" is usually
added to make the word plural. Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted.
They usually express a group or a type.
Countable Nouns
Singular form
 Computer
 Bottle
 Spoon
 Desk
 Cup
 Shoe
 Chair
 Finger
 Flower
 Stick
 Balloon
 Book
 Table
 Camera
Plural form
 Computers
 Bottles
 Spoons
 Desks
 Cups
 Shoes
 Chairs
 Fingers
 Flowers
 Sticks
 Balloons
 Books
 Tables
 Cameras
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Countable nouns work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each,
these, and the number of).
 A few computers
 Many bottles
 Some spoons
 Every desk
 Each cup
 Many shoes
 The number of chairs
 Some fingers
 Many flowers
 A few sticks
 Each balloon
 These books
 The number of tables
 Each camera
Countable nouns work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the).
 The computer
 A bottle
 The spoon
 A desk
 The cup
 A shoe
 The chair
 A finger
 The flower
 A stick
 The balloon
 A book
 The table
 The camera
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Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns usually express a group or a type such as liquids. Uncountable

nouns are also used for things that are too numerous to count such as sand and rice.
 Water
 Wood
 Ice
 Air
 Oxygen
 Traffic
 Furniture
 Milk
 Wine
 Sugar
 Rice
 Meat
 Flour
 Sunshine
Uncountable nouns work both with and without definite articles (the) depending on the
context of the sentence.
 Sugar is sweet.
 The sunshine is beautiful.
 I drink milk.
 He eats rice.
 We need oxygen.
 The wood is burning.
Uncountable nouns work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and
much).
 We ate some rice and milk.

 I hope to see some sunshine today.
 This meat is good.
 He does not have much furniture.
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 Do you see any traffic on the road?
 That wine is very old.
Common Linking Verbs
Linking verbs are verbs that connect the subject of the sentence to adjectives or nouns
that describe it. They are words that show the state of being. The most common linking
verbs are the "be" verbs. Please refer to "be" verbs to learn how to use "am", "is", "are".
Linking verbs are not action verbs. They are used to link the subject of the sentence to
the word that is describing it. However, some linking verbs look like action words.
Examples of linking verbs and action verbs are in the table below.
Common Linking Verbs
 Am/is/are
 Seem
 Look
 Feel
 Sound
 Taste
 Smell
 Appear
Example sentences using linking verbs
 I am Korean.
 Samuel is tall.
 We are students.
 Paul seems angry.
 Anna looks upset.
 The blanket feels soft.
 The choir students sound ready.
 The soup tastes good.
 The laundry smells bad.
 The dog appears happy to be home.
Linking Verbs Action Verbs
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Anna lookshappy. Anna looks through a telescope.
The bed feelssoft. Tom feels the fabric.
The music sounds good. The security guard sounds the alarm.
The cookie tastes delicious. The chef tastes the soup.
The trash smells bad. I smell chocolate chip cookies.
The dog appears sad. The dog appears in the window.
Personal Pronouns
A pronoun takes the place of a noun. There are many different types of pronouns. The
most common are personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and possessive
pronouns.
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to a person. The word "it" refers to an object. Personal
pronouns are referred to in the first, second or third person.
 I go to school.
 You are a student.
 They are Korean.
 He works here.
 She is alone.
 We gave her food.
 I drank it.
 It looks scary.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are used to show the relative distance between the speaker
and the noun.
"This" is used when a single person or thing is very close to the speaker.
"That" is used when a single person or thing is not close to the speaker.
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"These" is the plural form of "this" - "These" is used when multiple people or things are
very close to the speaker.
"Those" is the plural form of "that" - "Those" is used when multiple people or things are
not close to the speaker.
This is a pen.
This is a computer.
This
This is a book.
This is a stapler.
That is a pen.
That is a computer.
That
That is a book.
That is a stapler.
These are pens.

These are computers.
These
These are books.
These are staplers.
Those are pens.

Those are computers.
This
Those are books.
Those are staplers.
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns indicate ownership of something. The word after the possessive
pronoun is always a noun (person, place, or thing). Possessive is having, owning, or
belonging to; therefore, the possessive pronoun indicates who the noun belongs to. "I",
"you", "he", and "she" are singular personal pronouns. "My", "your", "his", and "her" are
singular possessive pronouns. "They" and "we" are plural personal pronouns. "Their"
and "our" are plural possessive pronouns.
 I am doing my homework. ("My" is indicating whose homework it is.)

 You are doing your homework. ("Your" is indicating whose homework it is.)
 He is doing his homework. ("His" is indicating whose homework it is.)
 She is doing her homework. ("Her" is indicating whose homework it is.)
 They are doing their homework. ("Their" is indicating whose homework it is.)
 We are doing our homework. ("Our" is indicating whose homework it is.)
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It is also common to start sentences with a possessive pronoun.
 My homework is not easy.

 Our homework is difficult.
 Her friend is nice.
 His friend is not nice.
 My bed is comfortable.
 His hat is big.
 Her nails are pretty.
 My sandwich is good.
 My brothers are tall.
 Our baby is cute.
 Their parents are not home.
 Your brother is going to college.
 Their baby is sleeping.
 Our parents are not going to be home.
Sentences can have a mix of personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns.
 This is her stapler.

 That is his computer.
 These are her books.
 Those are his pens.
 This is his book.
 Those are their books.
 These are her pens.
 She is using his pencil.
 He is wearing my hat.
 I am sleeping on her bed.
 They are riding in my car.
 We are taking her car.
Question Words #1
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Interrogative adverbs come at the beginning of a question. "What", "where", "when",
"why" and "who" are all interrogative adverbs.
What - used when asking to know more about someone or something

When - used when asking about a certain time
Where - used when asking about a certain place
Who - used when asking about a particular person; used when referring to a particular
person
Why - used when asking about a reason for something
 What is your name?

 What do you want?
 When are they coming?
 When is your birthday?
 Where are you going?
 Where are my keys?
 Who is your teacher?
 Who are you?
 Why are you crying?
 Why is she angry?
Question Words #2
Interrogative adverbs come at the beginning of a question. "How" is another

interrogative adverb. "How" can be used in a few different ways.
How - used when asking in which way something happens or in which manner it
happens
 How are you?

 How did the accident happen?
 How do you know my brother?
 How did you make the frosting?
How - used when asking the quantity of something
 How many people are attending the wedding?
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 How many cars do you own?
 How many potatoes are in the basket?
 How much rice do you eat a week?
 How much is this dress?
 How much money do you have?
How - used when asking the degree of a characteristic
 How tall are you?

 How old is your sister?
 How upset are you?
 How much do you know?
How - used when asking about time or duration
 How often do you come here?

 How quickly can you type this letter?
 How long is your meeting?
 How soon can you be here?
How much?
Quantifiers are words that are used before nouns that indicate the amount or quantity of
something. The question "how much?" or "how many?" is used to ask for the amount or
quantity of something. Which question to use depends on the type of noun in the
question. "How much" is used with uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are nouns
that cannot be counted. Some examples of uncountable nouns are water, air, milk,
sugar, and meat. "How many" is used with countable nouns. Countable nouns are
nouns that can be counted as one or more. Some examples of countable nouns are
bottle, cup, desk, chair, book, and table.
How much?
"How much" is used with uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot
37
be counted. Some examples of uncountable nouns are water, air, milk, sugar, and
meat.
 How much sugar does the recipe call for?

 How much milk is left?
 How much meat do you eat a week?
How many?
"How many" is used with countable nouns. The countable nouns must be in plural form.
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted as one or more. Some examples of
countable nouns are bottle, cup, desk, chair, book, and table.
 How many cups do we have?

 How many chairs are needed for the party?
 How many books are in your library?
Question Mark

punctuation mark is the question mark. A question mark (?) is most often used at the
end of a sentence. It is used when the statement is asking for an answer or reply.
Question Mark
Most question marks come at the end of a sentence. They are used when the statement
is asking a question.
 What is your name?

 How old are you?
 Where do you live?
 Do you have a job?
Question Mark within a Sentence
Sometimes question marks can appear in the middle of a sentence. When quoting a
38
question (direct speech), question marks can be placed within the sentence. Question
marks are not used with indirect speech.
 Correct: "Who are you talking to?" she asked.

 Incorrect: She asked who I was talking to?
 Correct: "How are you doing?" Jane asked.

 Incorrect: Jane asked how I was doing?
 Correct: "What is your name?" asked the teacher.

 Incorrect: The teacher asked for my name?
Adjectives - regular
Adjectives describe or modify nouns. They generally appear immediately before the
noun.
Adjectives - regular
 A pretty girl
 Red flowers
 Blue jacket
 A long stick
 A short man
 Heavy boxes
 Warm weather
 Cold drink
 A big dog
 A small cat
 A hot day
 An old woman
 A sleepy child
 Dirty shoes
 A good grade
 Happy children
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Adjectives of opposite meaning
Sometimes adjectives of opposite meaning are formed by adding a prefix such as "un-",
"in-", or "dis-".
 clear - unclear
 predictable - unpredictable
 believable - unbelievable
 common - uncommon
 aware - unaware
 conventional - unconventional
 certain - uncertain
 definite - indefinite
 correct - incorrect
 complete - incomplete
 expensive - inexpensive
 able - disable
 assemble - disassemble
 content - discontent
 similar - dissimilar
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LEVEL 4
Present Continuous - Basic Form
Present Continuous is used to express a continuing action. This verb form is used to
show that something is happening or will be happening very soon. They are used with
active action words in the form of present participles ending in "-ing". They are used
with "be" verbs. To form the present continuous, use the "be verb + verb + -ing".
Present Continuous - Basic Form
For verbs ending in a consonant, just add "-ing" to the end of the verb.
 I am walking to school.
 He is walking to school.
 She is speaking Spanish.
 They are speaking Spanish.
 The children are playing in the park.
 The child is playing in the park.
Present Continuous for Verbs Ending in Vowels
Some verbs require modification before "-ing" can be added.
Verb ending in consonant + "e", delete the "e" then add "-ing".
 bake --> baking

 write --> writing
Verb ending in "-ee" or "-o", add "-ing". No modification.
 see --> seeing

 go --> going
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Verb ending in "-ie", "-ie" changes to "y", then add "-ing".
 tie --> tying

 lie --> lying
 I am baking a cake.
 He is writing an essay.
 I am seeing double.
 We are going to the movies.
 She is tying her shoelaces.
 He is lying to us.
Present Continuous for Verbs Ending in Short Vowel + Consonant
Single syllable: double the last consonant, then add "-ing".
 sit --> sitting

 shop --> shopping
Two syllables, first syllable stressed: add "-ing". No modification.
 visit --> visiting

 happen --> happening
Two syllables, second syllable stressed: double the last consonant, then add "-ing".
 begin --> beginning
 He is sitting alone.
 She is shopping for clothes.
 They are visiting from Seattle.
 It is happening right now.
 It is beginning to rain.
Negative Present Continuous
The negative present continuous tells about things that are not currently happening or
will not happen in the near future. To make the negative present continuous, use "be
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verb + not + present participle".
 I am not eating pizza for dinner.

 We are not playing soccer today.
 He is not studying.
 She is not going to school.
 They are not walking to school today.
Present participles
Present participles are verb forms that are happening right now. They are active action
words and always end in "-ing". They are used with "be" verbs.
Base Verb Present Participle
Help Helping
Jump Jumping
Bring Bringing
Swim Swimming
Fly Flying
Break Breaking
Write Writing
Dance Dancing
 I am helping my mother.
 He is jumping on the trampoline.
 She is bringing a blanket.
 It is swimming in the ocean.
 We are flying a kite.
 They are breaking the law.
 You are writing a book.
 I am dancing alone.
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Past Continuous
The past continuous is used to indicate that something happened over a period of time.
This verb form is used to show that happened before now and can still be going on at
this time. They are used with active action words in the form of past participles ending in
"-ing". They are used with "be" verbs. To form the past continuous, use the past tense of
the "be verb (was/were) + verb + -ing".
Past Continuous
To discuss things that happened in the past.
 They were studying all night.

 He was sleeping during class.
 I was waiting for a long time.
Past Continuous
To discuss something that happened in the middle of something else.
 The children were sleeping when we got home.

 I was watching a movie when you called.
 People were sleeping when the smoke detector went off.
Past Continuous
To discuss something that continued to happen for a longer period of time.
 My head was hurting.

 Everyone was screaming.
 The holiday shoppers were rushing.
Negative Past Continuous
The negative past continuous tells about things that did not happen. To make the
negative present continuous, use "be verb + not + present participle".
 We were not playing soccer today.

 He was not studying last night.
 They were not walking to school yesterday.
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Preposition - On
Prepositions are words that link a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of
the sentence. Prepositions can be tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or
formula for choosing a preposition.
Preposition - On
Example Sentences How to use the preposition
 The keys were onthe table.

 The paper is on my desk. Used to express a surface of something
 Her birthday is on July 19.

 The paper is on my desk. Used to specify days and dates
 He is onthe phone right now. Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone
 The paper is on my desk.
or computer
 He kissed her onthe forehead.
 The paper is on my desk. Used to indicate a part of the body
 The building is on fire.

 The shirts are on sale. Used to indicate the state of something
Preposition - At
 The meeting is at11:00 am.

 The bus will come at 5:30 pm. Used to point out a specific time
 There is a concert at the park.

 We saw a baseball game atthe stadium. Used to indicate a place
 I am very bad atdancing.

 He laughed at my acting. Used to indicate an activity
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Preposition - In
 We will visit them in the summer.

Used for unspecific times during a day, month,
 The new semester starts inMarch.
season, year
 I bought these shoes inItaly.
 I am staying in a hotel. Used to indicate a location or place
 I bought a sweater inred.

 The students sat in a circle. Used to indicate a shape, color, or size
 I believe inGod.
Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or
 I am not interested in cooking.
feeling
Preposition – Of
Preposition - Of
Example
How to use the preposition
Sentences
 The
highlight ofthe
show is at the
end.
 The first Used for belonging to, relating to, or connected with
page of the
book is
missing.
 This is a
picture ofmy Used to indicate reference
family.
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 I got married
in the
spring of 2000
.
 I drank three
cups of milk.
 I got 8
Used to indicate an amount or number
hours ofsleep
last night.
Preposition -To
Example
Sentences
 She was
sent to the
principal's
office.
 I emailed the
document to Used to indicate the place, person, or thing that someone or something
my boss. moves toward, or the direction of something
 She was
sent to the
principal's
office.
 Gas prices
rose up to $5.
 The snow was
Used to indicate a limit or an ending point
piled up to the
roof.
 The
answers tothe
test are on the
next page.
 My Used to indicate relationship
answer toyour
question is in
this envelope.
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 I work
nine to six,
Monday to
Friday.
Used to indicate a time or a period
 It is now
10 to five or
4:50.
Preposition - For
Example
Sentences
 These gifts
are for your
children.
 This room Used to indicate the use of something
is forconference
s and meetings.
 I am so
happy foryou.
 He is
Used to mean because of
retiring formedic
al reasons.
 I've lived in this

house for 12
years.
Used to indicate time or duration
 I have enough
food for a week.
Preposition - With
Preposition - With
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 I ordered a sandwich witha drink. Used to indicate being together or being

 I am working with a lawyer.
involved
 Are you the one with the sports car?
 I met a guy with green eyes. Used to indicate "having"
 He cut my hair with his scissors.

 She took pictures with a digital camera. Used to indicate "using"
 I am emailing you with my sincere apology.

 He came to the front stage withconfidence. Used to indicate feeling
 Do you agree with me? Used to indicate agreement or

 Are you withme on this?
understanding
Preposition - Over
 They sent over the wrong item. Used to indicate movement from one place to
 Please come over to my house.
another
 He was pushed overthe edge.
 The car fell over the cliff. Used to indicate movement downward
 The phone rang for over a minute.

 The actual charge was over the Used to indicate more than an expected
estimated cost. number or amount
 I've lived here over ten years

 It takes overan hour to drive there. Used to indicate a period of time
Preposition - By
 He was standing byme.

 The post office is by the bank. Used to indicate proximity or location
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 The refrigerator was fixed by a repairman. Used to indicate the person that does
 Donuts were brought in byour boss.
something
 She passed the test bystudying all night.
 I explained my reasons bywriting her a Used to indicate an action with a particular
letter. purpose
 Please respond byemail.

 They came byboat. Used to indicate a mean or method
"Also" with "Be" Verbs
"Also" is an adverb that has two meanings. Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb by telling more about a verb, adjective, or another adverb in a sentence.
"Also" is used to indicate "in addition to" or "to be in the same manner".
"Also" with "Be" Verbs
In sentences with "be" verbs (is, am, are), "also" comes after the "be" verb.
 Steve is Korean. I am also Korean.

 Julia is mad. Her sister is also mad.
 I am late. The other guests are alsolate.
 Jason was afraid. I was also afraid.
 Nathan is 21 years old. Chris is also21 years old.
"Also" with Regular Verbs
With regular verbs, "also" comes before the verb.
 I sing. I also dance.

 She cooks. He also cooks.
 They know your secret. We also knowyour secret.
 I like pizza. I also like spaghetti.
 Jane speaks Spanish. Jane also speaks Japanese.
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"Also" with Other Types of Verbs
"Also" can be used with other types of verbs such as present participles. Present
participles are verb forms that are happening right now. They are active action words
and always end in "-ing". They are used with "be" verbs.
 My brother is helping our mother. I am also helping our mother

 Nick is jumping on the trampoline. Henry is also jumping on the trampoline.
 Audrey is bring a pillow. She is also bringing a blanket.
 The neighbors are flying a kite. We are also flying a kite.
 My husband is writing a book. I am also writing a book.
 They are protesting. They are also breaking the law.
"Also" with Other Types of Verbs
When using "also" with other types of verbs such as modal verbs, "also" comes after the
modal verb. Some examples of modal verbs are can, could, must, may, might, should,
and would.
 Jill can speak French. She can alsospeak Chinese.

 We could hear the loud music. Our neighbors could also hear the music.
 I must attend the conference. Joe must also attend the conference.
 Christine may join us for dinner. Sam may also join us for dinner.
 It will be cloudy this weekend. It might also rain this weekend.
 If I have to be there. They should alsobe there.
 We would like some coffee. We would also like some tea.
Adverb - "Too" as "in addition to" or "to be in the same manner"
"Too" is an adverb that has two different meanings. "Too" is similar to "also". They are
both used to indicate in "addition to" or "to be in the same manner". However, their
placements in sentences are different. "Too" is also used before an adjective to give the
word a more extreme meaning.
Adverb - "Too" as "in addition to" or "to be in the same manner"
"Too" is similar to "also". It is used to indicate the meaning of "in addition to" or "to be in
the same manner". "Too" usually comes at the end of the sentence or clause.
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 Noah is hungry. I am hungry too.
 Do you agree too? Yes, I agree.
 I am angry about the situation. We are angry about the situation too.
 They are going to Disneyland. I want to go too.
 They saw a shooting star. I saw it too.
 I like country music. I like jazz too.
 I ate a sandwich for lunch. I was very hungry. I ate a pizza too.
 I play baseball. I play soccer too.
Adverb - "Too" as a "more extreme meaning"
"Too" before an adjective gives the word a more extreme meaning. "Too" is used to
describe the word as being more than necessary or more than enough.
 The car is too expensive.

 The dog is getting too fat.
 It is too cold outside.
 The wall is too high to climb.
 She is too short to be a flight attendant.
 This shirt is too small.
 I ate too much.
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LEVEL 5
Possessive nouns #1
Possessive nouns are used to show ownership or possession. Ownership is the act of
owning or having something. Possession is something that is owned.
Singular Possessive Nouns - add an apostrophe and "s" ('s)
 John's book
 Kerry's car
 Grandmother's mirror
 Audrey's hat
 Sophie's dog
 Bob's shoe
 Linda's house
 William's hammer
 Katie's
 Andrew's nose
 Monica's room
 Joe's boss
 My friend's party
 The student's homework
Plural Possessive Nouns that end in "s" - add just an apostrophe (')
 The kids' toys

 My parents' house
 The teachers' lounge
 The students' cafeteria
 My brothers' room
 The birds' nest
 The cats' litter box
 My sisters' clothes
Possessive nouns #2
owning or having something.
If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe (') and "s" to the second person
only.
 John and Mary's house
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 David and Sue's wedding
 Tom and Doug's car
 Linda and David's boat
 Sam and Ben's tools
 Sophie and Audrey's dog
 Bob and Lilly's cat
 Emma and Julie's fish
 Cole and Jay's computer
 Joe and Phil's hometown
If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe (') and s for each person.
 Susan's and Beth's books

 Jean's and Dan's pants
 Ben's and Jim's offices
 Dan's and Phil's apartments
 Joey's and Monica's cars
 Victor's and Jeff's shoes
 Walter's and Brenda's rings
 Crystal's and Paul's pets
 Alan's and Kevin's video games
 Catherine's and Holly's bikes
If a plural noun does not end in "s", add an apostrophe (') and "s".
 Children's toys
 Women's restroom
 Men's fitting room
 Mice's hole
 Geese's formation
 Fish's tank
 People's ideas
 Deer's antlers
If a singular noun ends in "-s", add an apostrophe (') and "s".
 Bus's seats
 Dress's hem
 James's keys
 Thomas's house
 Charles's car
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Apostrophe in Possession

punctuation mark is the apostrophe. An apostrophe is used to indicate possession or
used with contractions.
Apostrophe in Possession
owning or having something. For singular nouns, add an apostrophe and "s" ('s).
 John's book
 Kerry's car
 Grandmother's mirror
 Audrey's hat
 Sophie's dog
 Bob's shoe
 Linda's house
 William's hammer
For plural nouns, just add an apostrophe (').
 The kids' toys

 My parents' house
 The teachers' lounge
 The students' cafeteria
 My brothers' room
 The birds' nest
 The cats' litter box
 My sisters' clothes
Apostrophe in Contractions
A common use of apostrophes is for contractions. A contraction is the combination of

two words using an apostrophe. One of the words is shortened and the apostrophe
takes the place of the omitted letter(s). The combination can be pronoun and verb or
negative verb forms.
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Pronoun + Be verb Contraction
 I am  I'm
 You are  You're
 He is  He's
 She is  She's
 They are  They're
 We are  We're
 It is  It's
Pronoun + will Contraction
 I will  I'll
 You will  You'll
 He will  He'll
 She will  She'll
 They will  They'll
 We will  We'll
 It will  It'll
Pronoun + would Contraction
 I would  I'd
 You would  You'd
 He would  He'd
 She would  She'd
 They would  They'd
 We would  We'd
 It would  ----------
Pronoun + have Contraction
 I have  I've
 You have  You've
 ----------  ----------
 ----------  ----------
 They have  They've
 We have  We've
 ----------  ----------
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Verb + not Contraction
 Is not  Isn't
 Are not  Aren't
 Has not  Hasn't
 Had not  Hadn't
 Did not  Didn't
 Do not  Don't
Verb + not Contraction
 Would not  Wouldn't

 Will not  Won't
 Cannot  Can't
 Could not  Couldn't
 Should not  Shouldn't
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives and pronouns are used to indicate possession or belonging.
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are also known as possessive determiners. They always come
before a noun. The noun is the thing that is being possessed. Possessive adjectives are
"my", "your", "his", "her", "its", "our", or "their".
Belonging to Example sentences
 That is mydesk.
Belongs to me  You are wearing myhat.
 Is this yourhouse?
Belongs to you  Your dog is cute.
 I like his hair.

Belongs to Steve (male)  His toy is broken.
Belongs to Jane (female)  Her bike is new.
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 Her face is swollen.
 Its tail is long.

Belongs to non-human creatures or things We don't know itscondition.
 This is ourhome.
Belongs to you and me  Our cars are parked in the garage.
 Their parents live in England.

Belongs to others  We like theirideas.
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns do not come before a noun. They replace nouns. They are used
alone. Possessive pronouns are "mine", "yours", "his", "hers", "its", "ours", or "theirs".
Do not use ('s) with possessive pronouns. "Its" as a possessive pronoun is rarely used.
Belonging to Example sentences
 That desk is mine.

Belongs to me  They are mine.
 Is this dog yours?

Belongs to you  Yours is better than mine.
 That bike is his.

Belongs to Steve (male)  Take his to work.
 This ring is hers.

Belongs to Jane (female)  Take hersto school.
 Its was greater than yours.

Belongs to non-human creatures or things Its is no longer here.
 Ours is blue.
Belongs to you and me  That is not ours.
 It is theirs.
Belongs to others  Theirs is red.
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Much and Little
"Many", "much", "few", and "little" are quantifiers that indicate the amount or quantity of
something. The use of "many", "much", "few", and "little" depends on the type of noun
being used with it. "Much" and "little" are used with uncountable nouns. Uncountable
nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. Some examples of uncountable nouns are
water, air, milk, sugar, and meat. "Many" and "few" are used with countable nouns.
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted as one or more. Some examples of
countable nouns are bottle, cup, desk, chair, book, and table.
Much and Little
"Much" indicates a large amount of something. "Much" is typically used in negative

sentences or questions. "Little" indicates a small amount of something. "Much" and
"little" are used with uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be
counted. Some examples of uncountable nouns are water, air, milk, sugar, and meat.
Do not confuse little as a quantifier and little as an adjective.
 That plant does not need much water.

 We don't have much milk left in the refrigerator.
 It has been very cloudy these days. There has been little sunshine.
 The recipe calls for little sugar.
Many and Few
"Many" indicates a large amount of something. "Few" indicates a small amount of

something. "Many" and "few" are used with countable nouns. The countable nouns must
be in plural form. Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted as one or more.
Some examples of countable nouns are bottle, cup, desk, chair, book, and table.
 This library has many books.

 There are many tables in the dining hall.
 There are few politicians I trust.
 The few flowers that are in the garden are dying.
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Determiners – Some
"Some" and "any" are quantifiers. They are used when the exact number, amount, or
quantity is not known or stated.
Determiners - Some
"Some" is generally used in positive sentences or questions.
 I have some money in the bank.

 They know some great doctors.
 I have some good friends.
 Do you have some money?
 Can I have some coffee?
Determiners - Any
"Any" is generally used in negative sentences or questions.
 I don't have any money.

 They don't have any children.
 There aren't any books left.
 Do you have any idea what happened?
 Do the police have any clue who committed the crime?
Interrogative determiners are also known as interrogative adjectives or question words.

They are used in question form. They are used with nouns to ask a question. "What",
"which", "whose" are interrogative determiners or adjectives.
Interrogative Determiners
What, which, and whose are interrogative determiners.
What- used when asking for specific information from a broad group.
Which- used when asking for specific information from a specific group of people or set.
Whose- used when asking to which person something belongs to.
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 What color is your house?
 What movie should we watch tonight?
 Which college are you attending in the fall?
 Which dress are you wearing tonight?
 Whose car are you driving?
 Whose house are we going to today?
Distributives – All
"All", "both", "half" are distributive determiners. They can be used with countable nouns
and uncountable nouns. Sometimes, they are used before articles (a, an, the) or the
word "of". "Of" is always used when preceding plural pronouns.
Distributives - All
"All" is used when referring to the whole group. It is used before uncountable nouns and
plural countable nouns.
 All employees were given raises.

 All of my friends are invited to the party.
 All of us are going.
Distributives - Both
"Both" is used when referring to a pair or only two people or items of a group. It is used
before plural nouns.
 Both sisters were accepted to college.

 Both of the cars were stolen.
 Both of them were fired.
Distributives - Half
"Half" is used when referring to just half of a group. It can be used before singular or
plural nouns.
 Half of the cake was eaten.

 I need half a cup of flour.
 Half of us are staying behind.
The determiners "another" and "other" are used to refer to something that is different or
in addition to. They are used before a noun.
Determiner - Another
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"Another" is used before a singular countable noun. It means one more, an extra, or an
additional something. It also means a different or alternative something.
 May I have another slice of pie?

 I would love another cup of coffee.
 Do you have another fork?
 I'm going to have another serving.
 We are getting another dog.
 He has another car.
 I want to pick another color.
 I have another question.
 Can I try another flavor?
 Let's go another day.
Determiner - Other
"Other" is used before a plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
 Please try our other pies.

 Have you read her other books?
 I have other customers to help.
 There are other stores to visit.
 Are other people coming to the party?
 Let's look for other furniture.
 Are there other opportunities?
 Do you have other shoes?
Some
"Some" and "any" are quantifiers that indicate an unknown amount or quantity of
something. They are used when the exact number, amount, or quantity is not known or
stated. "Some" and "any" can be used with countable and uncountable nouns.
"Some" indicates an unknown or unspecified amount. It is generally used in positive

sentences and questions.
 I have some money in the bank.

 They know some great doctors.
 I have some good friends.
 Do you have some money?
 Can I have some coffee?
Any
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"Any" indicates one or more of something without any specification. It is generally used
in negative sentences or questions.
 I don't have any money.

 They don't have any children.
 There aren't any books left.
 Do you have any idea what happened?
 Do the police have any clue who committed the crime?
A Little
"A few" and "a little" are quantifiers that indicate the amount or quantity of something.
The use of "a few" and "a little" depends on the type of noun being used with it. "A little"
is used with uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted.
Some examples of uncountable nouns are water, air, milk, sugar, and meat. "A few" is
used with countable nouns. Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted as one or
more. Some examples of countable nouns are bottle, cup, desk, chair, book, and table.
A Little
"A little" means some; not a lot, but some amount. "A little" is used with uncountable
nouns.
 That plant needs a little water.

 We have a little milk left in the refrigerator.
 There is a little sunshine peeking through the clouds.
 The recipe calls for a little sugar.
A Few
"A few" means some; not a lot, but some amount. "A few" is used with countable nouns.
 I checked out a few books from the library.

 There are a few empty tables left in the dining hall.
 There are a few politicians I still trust.
 There are a few flowers dying in the garden.
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LEVEL 6
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives #1
Comparative adjectives compare two things. Superlative adjectives compare more than
two things.
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives - Examples
Comparative adjectives compare two things. Adjectives that contain only one syllable or
end in "-y" use "-er" to form comparatives. For adjectives ending in "-y", change the "y"
to "i" before adding the "-er".
Superlative adjectives compare more than two things. Adjectives that contain only one
syllable or end in "-y" use "-est" to form superlatives. For adjectives ending in "-y",
change the "y" to "i" before adding "-est".
Regular Adjective Comparative Adjective Superlative Adjective
 Old  Older  Oldest

 Young  Younger  Youngest
 Pretty  Prettier  Prettiest
 Long  Longer  Longest
 Short  Shorter  Shortest
 Bright  Brighter  Brightest
 Close  Closer  Closest
 Happy  Happier  Happiest
 Tall  Taller  Tallest
 Small  Smaller  Smallest
 Warm  Warmer  Warmest
 Easy  Easier  Easiest
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives - How to use
The word "than" is used after comparatives.
 Lisa is taller than Jane.

 Joe is smaller than Dan.
 California is typically warmer thanAlaska.
 His costume is scarier than mine.
 John is happier than David.
 Julie is prettier than Karen.
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Superlatives are typically accompanied by the word "the".
 Daniel is the tallest boy on the basketball team.

 Lucy is the smallest girl in her class.
 Thursday was the warmest day of the week.
 That was the scariest movie I have ever seen.
 Sally is the happiest girl in the world.
 I think roses are the prettiest flower.
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives #2
Adjectives with two or more syllables do not change but instead add "more" to form
comparatives and "most" to form superlatives.
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives - Examples
 Enjoyable  More enjoyable  Most enjoyable

 Honest  More honest  Most honest
 Organized  More organized  Most organized
 This book is more enjoyable than the others.

 He is more honest than his brother.
 Her room is more organized than her sister's room.
 This is the most enjoyable book I have ever read.

 He is the most honest person I know.
 He has the most organized office in the company.
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Irregular comparatives and superlatives adjectives
Some adjectives have different forms of comparatives and superlatives. They do not
follow the "-er" and "-est" rule.
Adjectives - irregular comparatives and superlatives - Examples
 Good  Better  Best

 Bad  Worse  Worst
 Little  Less  Least
 Many  More  Most
 Much  More  Most
 Lisa is a better dancer than Cathy.

 Cathy's dancing is worse than her singing.
 She has less experience than the other dancers.
 John is the best dancer in the class.

 Ben is the worst dancer in the competition.
 He has the least amount of training.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. An adverb tells more about a verb
in the sentence. An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence. An
adverb modifies another adverb in the sentence.
Adverbs - Modifying Verbs
An adverb tells more about a verb in the sentence.
 The fire engine runs fast.

 Listen to his speech carefully.
 I browse the web frequently.
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Adverbs - Modifying Adjectives
An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence.
 The news is very surprising!

 The coffee is extremely hot, so be careful.
 Nature is really amazing!
Adverbs - Modifying Other Adverbs
An adverb modifies another adverb in the sentence.
 The meteorologist is almost alwaysright in predicting the weather.

 My computer is running very fastafter updating the system.
 She works extremely well with younger children.
"Either" as an adverb
"Either" is used in negative sentences. It is used to indicate agreement. "Either" usually

comes at the end of the sentence or clause.
 My brother does not speak Spanish. I don't speak Spanish either.

 I don't like milk. I don't like cheese either.
 My friends cannot attend the wedding. I cannot attend the wedding either.
 I don't eat meat. My husband does not eat meat either.
 My mother does not like carrots. I don't like carrots either.
 My dad does not want a dog. My mom does not want one either.
 He won't be late. I won't be late either.
 My roommate does not have a computer. I don't have a computer either.
"So" as an adverb
"So" has two different uses. "So" can be an adverb or a coordinating conjunction. "So"
can be used the same way as "too". They are both used to give an adjective or adverb a
more extreme meaning. However, "so" is used to describe the word as stronger in
intensity. "Too" is used to describe the word as being more than necessary or enough.
"So" before an adjective or adverb gives the word a more extreme meaning. "So" is
used to describe the word as stronger in intensity.
 The food was so spicy.

 He was so angry with her.
 I am so happy to hear good news.
 She was moving so quickly. I couldn't keep up.
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 He is doing so well since his promotion.
 Our dog is getting so old.
 He drives so fast.
 You are so mean.
Comparative and Superlative Adverbs#1
Comparative adverbs compare two things. Superlative adjectives compare more than
two things.
Comparative adverbs compare two things. Adverbs that contain only one syllable or do
not end in "-ly" (in adverb form) use "-er" to form comparatives.
Superlative adverbs compare more than two things. Adverbs that contain only one
syllable or do not end in "-ly" (in adverb form) use "-est" to form superlatives. Just like
superlative adjectives, adverbs ending in "y", change the "y" to "i" before adding "-est" to
form superlative adverbs.
Regular Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverb
 Quick  Quicker  Quickest

 Fast  Faster  Fastest
 Hard  Harder  Hardest
 High  Higher  Highest
 Late  Later  Latest
 Loud  Louder  Loudest
 Near  Nearer  Nearest
 Early  Earlier  Earliest
Comparative Adverbs - How to use
The word "than" is often used after comparatives.
 He has a faster car than you.

 The squirrel moves quicker than the raccoon.
 Sally works hard, but Linda works harder.
 The hiker climbed high, but his partner climbed higher.
Superlative Adverbs - How to use
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The word "the" is often used before superlatives.
 Daniel jumped the highest.

 Lucy sang the loudest in the choir.
 Louis ran the fastest.
 Sam arrived the earliest.
Compound nouns#1
Compound nouns are nouns made up of two or more words. The words that make up a
compound noun are words that can stand alone. Compound nouns can be combined in
three different ways: One single word, two separate words, or hyphenated words.
Single Word Compound Nouns - two words that make up a single word
 Toothpaste  Lipstick  Fingerprint
 Shoebox  Airplane  Fingernail
 Trashcan  Armchair  Earphone
 Ashtray  Background  Ladybug
 Bedroom  Baseball  Mailbox
 Newspaper  Bathroom  Pancake
 Football  Chopstick  Tablespoon
 Haircut  Goldfish
 Keyboard  Fishbowl
Two Word Compound Nouns - two words that are generally used together
 Full moon  Life jacket  Post office

 Rain forest  Apple pie  Real estate
 Cell phone  High school  Video game
 French fries  Hot dog  Door knob
 Light bulb  Vacuum cleaner
Hyphenated Compound Nouns - two or more words that are separated by a

hyphen
 Self-esteem  Editor-in-chief
 One-year-old  Self-service
 Merry-go-round  Runner-up
 Get-together  Warm-up
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compound noun are words that can stand alone. Compound nouns can be combined in
three different ways: One single word, two separate words, or hyphenated words.
Compound Nouns [verb + noun]

 Waiting room  Jumping bean
 Washing machine  Running back
 Swimming pool  Hummingbird
 Standing ovation  Bowling ball
Compound Nouns [noun + verb]

 Sunrise  Waterfall
 Sunset  Haircut
 Rainfall
Compound Nouns [verb + preposition]

 Follow-up  Check-out
 Follow-through  Drive-through
 Check-up
Compound Nouns [noun + prepositional phrase]

 Mother-in-law  Sister-in-law
 Father-in-law  Son-in-law
 Brother-in-law  Daughter-in-law
Compound nouns #2
compound noun are words that can stand alone. Compound nouns with "some", "any",
"no" are most often used with "thing", "body", "one", and "where".
Some
A compound noun with "some" indicates that a person, place, or thing is not known or
stated. It is often used with "thing", "body", "one", and "where". It is generally used in
positive sentences and questions.
 There is something under the bed.  Do you want to eat something?

 Somebody is knocking on the door.  Is somebody at the door?
 Someone is waiting to see you.  Is someone at the door?
 I put my keys somewhere and now I
can't find them.
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Any
A compound noun with "any" indicates that a person, place, or thing is not known or
stated. It is often used with "thing", "body", "one", and "where". It is generally used in
negative sentences and questions.
 He doesn't know anything about the  He didn't go anywhere all weekend.

incident.  Did anyone turn in the wallet?
 He doesn't know anybody at the party.  Is there anything to eat?
 He doesn't know anyone at the party.  Did you go anywhere this weekend?
No
A compound noun with "no" indicates that there is no person, place, or thing. It is often
used with "thing", "body", "one", and "where".
 They did nothing about the problem.

 Nobody cared about what happened.
 They are going nowhere.
 No one cares about me.
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LEVEL 7
Subordinating Conjunctions
Connects words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal using "after",
"before", "since", "once", or "until".
After - later than the time that Since - from the time when
Before - earlier than the time that Until - up to the time that
Once - at the moment when
 I will pick you up after the concert.

 I will have dessert after dinner.
 I need to finish the dishes before my wife gets home.
 I have to clean the house before my parents arrive.
 Call me once you arrive.
 We can start eating once our guests arrive.
 I have not seen her since the party.
 Since he graduated, he has been doing nothing.
 We cannot eat until everyone gets here.
 Don't go anywhere until I come back.
Connects words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal using "although",
"because", "if", "unless", or "whether".
Although - in spite of the fact that Unless - except; on the condition that
Because - for the reason that Whether - if it is true or not
If - in the event that
 She showed up, although she felt sick.

 Although my mom told me to come home early, I stayed out late.
 Because he was smart and worked hard, he was able to make a lot of money.
 They stopped building the house because it was pouring.
 If it is sunny tomorrow, we can go to the beach.
 If I receive a promotion, you will be the first to know.
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 You will not pass the exam unlessyou get a score of 80 or higher.
 Unless you ask her, you will never know.
 We will have a picnic whether it rains or not.
 It is time to decide whether we should take action.
Infinitives are verbs combined with the word "to": to see, to run, to start, etc. You can
follow verbs with infinitives. Sometimes the verb has to be in past tense for the sentence
to make sense.
Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Verb Infinitive Verb Followed by Infinitive Sentence
Agree To babysit Lou agrees to babysit his cousin.
Arrange To stay My parents arranged to stay at a hotel.
Ask To go Ro asked to go home.
Care To attend Josie doesn't care to attend the party.
Choose To wear Maria chooses to wear makeup.
Continue To watch The kids continued to watch the movie.
Decide To help Larry decided to help his friend.
Deserve To know I deserve to know the truth.
Fail To get They failed to get enough donations.
Forget To bring I forgot to bring my wallet.
Hate To clean I hate to clean the bathroom.
Hope To see I hope to see her again.
Learn To speak Jane learned to speak another language.
Like To read I like to read in bed.
Love To play The kids love to play in the water.
Need To study I need to study for a test.
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Plan To travel We plan to travel in the summer.
Promise To pay I promise to call my mom.
Refuse To leave Joe refuses to leave.
Remember To bring I remembered to bring my wallet.
Seem To be She seems to be bored.
Start To tell She started to tell a story.
Try To change My mom tried to change the tire.
"Go" is most often used with an activity that is in gerund form. "Go" is in the present
tense. The past tense for "go" is "went".
Go + Gerunds - Present Tense
 I like to go swimming.
 I want to go camping.
 I have to go shopping.
 I prefer to go hiking.
 I asked to go fishing.
 Let's go skiing.
Go + Gerunds - Past Tense
Go in the present tense Go in the past tense
I go swimmingevery morning. I went swimmingthis morning.
I go jogging in the afternoon. I went jogging this afternoon.
I go camping with my family. I went camping last weekend.
I go shoppingevery Saturday. I went shoppingyesterday.
I go hiking alone. I went hiking alone.
I go fishing at the lake. I went fishing at the lake.
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Present real conditionals are also known as zero conditionals. The present real
conditional expresses a cause or condition and effect or result type relationship. Present
real conditionals indicate if or when this happens, that occurs.
Present Real Conditionals
Present real conditionals make conditional statements then show the result of such
statements. Sentences use "if" or "when" to make a statement then express an end
result. "If" or "when" can be used to start off a sentence or be used to join two clauses.
If/when + simple present clause (condition) Simple present clause (effect or result)
Simple present clause (effect or result) If/when + simple present clause (condition)
 If you mix blue and yellow, you get  Plants die if you don't water them.
green.  When I go to parties, I bring a dessert.
 You get green if you mix blue and  I bring a dessert when I go to parties.
yellow.  When it rains, I take the bus to work.
 If you don't water plants, they die.  I take the bus to work when it rains.
Continuous conditionals are used in hypothetical or imaginary situations. They express

what would have happened or would be happening if something were happening in the
present, past, or future.
Continuous Conditionals - Present Unreal Conditionals + Continuous
Present unreal conditionals + continuous make hypothetical statements about what

could be happening right now and what you would be doing about it.
If + were + present participle Would be + verb
Would be + verb If + were + present participle
Would be + present participle If + were + verb
If + were + verb Would be + present participle
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 If I were waiting at the doctor's office,  If I were in New York, I would be
I would be late for work. visiting Time Square.
 If it were raining, I would take the bus  If my grandmother were still alive,
to work. she would be knitting in that chair.
 I would not go to the party if  Sharon would be watching TV if
Grace were joining. she were home alone.
Continuous conditionals are used in hypothetical or imaginary situations. They express
Continuous Conditionals - Past Unreal Conditionals + Continuous
Past unreal conditionals + continuous make hypothetical statements about what was
happening at a specific time in the past and what you would have done about it.
If + had been + present participle Would have + past tense
If + had + past tense Would have been + present participle
 If I had been taking notes in class this whole time, I would have passed the test.
 If she had been sitting in that chair this morning, she would have gotten hurt.
 If he had been playing in the game last night, we would not have lost.
 If she had missed her curfew, her parents would have been lecturing her for hours.
 If he had finished his project, he would have been celebrating with the rest of his co-
workers.
 If I had told him about the accident last night, he would have been worrying all night.
Continuous Conditionals are used in hypothetical or imaginary situations. They express

Continuous Conditionals - Future Unreal Conditionals + Continuous
Future unreal conditionals + continuous make hypothetical statements if something

were to happen in the future, what would or may happen because of that.
If + were + present participle Would + be
If + past tense Would + be + present participle
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 If I were taking that class next year, I would be very busy with homework.
 If she were giving a presentation next week, she would be very nervous.
 If he were taking his ex-girlfriend to the dance, he would be so unhappy.
 If I were able to go to the airport this evening, I would be waiting at the luggage area.
 If she were able her parents in Italy this summer, they would be planningmany
sightseeing trips.
 If he joined us for dinner after work, he would probably be looking at his phone.
Connects words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal using "how",
"when", "where", or "while".
How - the way in which Where - in the place

When - at that time While - during the time
 I don't know how to use this machine.  He didn't tell anyone where he was
 Can you show me how you fixed the going.
computer?  Please tell me where you are going.
 The baby started crying when the movie  She left while I was on the phone.
started.  Someone called you while you were at
 When I came in the room, everyone the meeting.
looked at me.
"Used to" indicates that something was repeatedly done in the past, but is not done
anymore. The sentence pattern for "used to" is "subject + used to + simple present". Do
not add "-s" to the end of the simple present verb tense even if the subject is in singular
form.
Used To - Past Habits
"Used to" indicates that something was repeatedly done in the past, but is not done
anymore.
 Sophie used to bite her nails.

 I used to play softball, but I got injured.
 He used to gamble, but now he's careful with his money.
 They used to eat lunch with us, but now they think they're too cool.
 We used to take the bus to work. Now we carpool.
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Used To - Past Facts and Generalizations
"Used to" indicates that something was once a fact, but is no longer a true statement.
 I used to be overweight, but now I am skinny.

 Shannon used to live in Hawaii.
 Dave used to be the smartest kid in school.
 Coffee used to be bad for you, but now it has some health benefits.
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LEVEL 8
Adverbs - Changing adjectives to adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. An adverb tells more about a verb
in the sentence. An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence. An
adverb modifies another adverb in the sentence. Most adverbs are formed by
adjectives.
Adjectives can be changed to adverbs by adding "-ly" to the end of the word. If the
adjective ends in "-y", change the "y" to "i" and add "-ly".
 Slow - slowly  Loud - loudly  Happy - happily
 Quick - quickly  Clear - clearly  Easy - easily
Adverbs - Changing adjectives to adverbs
If the adjective ends in "-le", "-able", or "-ible", replace the "e" with "y". If the adjective
ends in "-ic", add "-ally" to the end of the word.
 Gentle - gently  Possible - possible
 Idle - idly  Horrible - horribly
 Reasonable - reasonably  Enthusiastic - enthusiastically
 Probable - probably  Realistic - realistically
"Be" Verbs + Adjective Combinations indicate a state of being with an adjective. An

infinitive is a verb combined with the word "to": to see, to run, to start, etc. An infinitive
after a "be" verb and adjective combination indicates what the adjective is referring to:
was ("be" verb) + happy (adjective) + to see (infinitive).
"Be" Verbs + Adjective Combinations Followed by Infinitives
"Be" Verb Adjective Infinitive Complete Sentence
Am Scared To talk I am scared to talk to my boss.
Is Eager To start Julie is eager to start her new job.
Is Anxious To buy Bill is anxious to buy a new car.
Was Happy To see Jane was happy to see her friend.
Was Glad To help Bob was glad to help.
Were Sad To hear They were sad to hear the news.
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Were Ashamed To tell We were ashamed to tell the truth.
"Be" Verbs + Adjective Combinations Followed by Infinitives can be turned

into negative sentences.

 I am not scared to talk to my boss  Bob was not glad to help.
 She is not eager to start her new job.  They were not sad to hear the news.
 Bill is not anxious to buy a new car.  We were not ashamed to tell the truth.
 Jane was not happy to see her friend.
"Be" Verbs + Adjective Combinations followed by Infinitives can be turned into

questions or interrogative sentences.
(?).
 Is Julie eager to start her new job?  Was Bob glad to help?
 Is Bill anxious to buy a new car?  Were they sad to hear the news?
 Was Jane happy to see her friend?
"Such" is a determiner. Determiners are words that come before a noun or noun phrase
to express a specific thing in more detail.
"Such" before an "adjective + noun" gives the word a more extreme meaning.
Determiner - Such
 She is such a fine artist.  He has such awful taste in clothes.

 These are such fancy dresses.  They are such movie fanatics.
 You are such a mean person.
"Each", "every", "either", "neither" are distributive determiners. These distributive

determiners refer to the individuals or items within a particular group and not as a whole
group. They are normally used with singular nouns.
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Distributives - Each or Every
"Each" and "every" have similar meanings. They are seen as single individuals or items
within a group setting. "Each" refers to members of a group as individuals. "Every"
refers to the group as a collection of members. These distributives can only be used
with countable nouns.
 Each parent was given a school packet.  Every car in the parking lot was
 Each ticket holder was allowed vandalized.
backstage.  Every house on this street was affected
 He gave each child a toy. by the fire.
 I have every book in this list.
Distributives - Either or Neither
"Either" is used to indicate one or the other of two people or things. "Neither" is used to
indicate not either one of two people or things.
 Either teacher will be chaperoning the field trip.

 Please put the trash cans on either side of the house.
 Neither parent showed up to the recital.
 Neither child admitted to the prank.
Correlative Conjunctions
Used in pairs to indicate a relationship between two elements in a sentence: both/and,

either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also.
 She is both happy and excited about her new job.

 She won gold medals from both the single and group races.
 Both TV and television are correct words.
 You can have either coffee or tea with your breakfast.
 I am fine with either Monday orWednesday.
 You can have either apples or pears.
 She likes neither soccer nor baseball.
 He enjoys neither drinking norgambling.
 Neither you nor I will get off early today.
 I am not only hungry, but also very thirsty.
 Not only red but also green looks good on you.
 She got the perfect score in not onlyEnglish but also math.
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Adverbs of time indicate when something happened, will happen, how long it happened
or how often it happens. They are usually placed at the end of the sentence with the
exception of several time adverbs. Make sure to use the correct verb tense for each
adverb of time.
Adverbs of Time - When something happened or will happen

 I bought a car yesterday.  I will see them later.
 I had lunch with Susan today.  I have to leave now.
 I will call Sandy tomorrow.
Adverbs of Time - How long something happened
 I stayed at work all night.

 She worked on the science project for hours.
 I slept all day.
 The foreign exchange student stayed with us for a year.
Adverbs of Time - How often something happens (definitely)
These adverbs of time are used when an action happens at the same time of a certain
period. They are used at the end of the sentence.
 He works out daily.  We pay our bills monthly.

 I call my grandmother weekly.  We get check-ups annually.
Adverbs of Time - How often something happens (indefinitely)
These adverbs of time are used when an action does not happen at the same time of a
certain period. They are not placed at the end of the sentence. They are placed after the
main verb. If the sentence uses an auxiliary verb, the adverb of time is placed in
between the auxiliary verb and the verb. If the sentence uses a "be" verb, the adverb of
time is placed after the "be" verb.
 I often see them at the library.  We can usually find a parking spot
 She never helps anyone. here.
 She is occasionally late for school.  He is rarely happy.
 We normally eat dinner at home.  They are never on time
 You should always brush your teeth in
the morning.
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Adverbs of Place – Directional
Adverbs of place indicate where something happened or happens. They are usually
placed after the main verb. Although adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs,
adverbs of place do not modify adjectives or other adverbs. They describe the location
of where the action word is taking place.
 The elevator is going up.  We are heading north.
 Please sit down.  They are heading south.
 I'll be right over.  Go east.
 The swimmer went under.  Head west.
Adverbs of Place - Distance
 They traveled far to get here.  My apartment is nearby.

 The airport is near.  They live far away from us.
Adverbs of Place - Position
 The music is from above  Let's go inside.

 The other runners are way behind.  They are playing outside.
 The noise is coming from below.  Please bring it here.
 I looked around but I couldn't find my  Put the table there.
keys.  I'm going back to the store.
Adverbs of Place - No specific location or direction
These adverbs of time indicate no specific location or direction. The word ends in
"where".
 I want to go somewhere warm.  I'm not picky. I can go anywhere for

 They have nowhere to go. dinner.
 I see these ribbons everywhere.
Adverbs of manner indicate how something happens or happened. They are usually
placed after the main verb or the object. They cannot be placed between the verb and
the object. The placement of the adverb can change the meaning of the sentence.
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Adverbs of Manner
They are usually placed after the main verb or the object. They cannot be placed
between the verb and the object.
 We walked quickly.  Please drive carefully.
 She talked softly in my ear.  I need you to speak clearly.
 The baseball team  He passed the test easily.
performed badlytonight.  He drives fast.
 She sings beautifully.  She hit the ball powerfully with the bat.
 He waited calmly for the news.
Adverbs of Manner
Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before the main verb. This is done to
emphasize the manner of the how something happened.
 He kindly asked for a napkin.  She loudly called for her son.
 She gently touched the baby's cheek.  She silently cried during the wedding
 They quickly found their seats. ceremony.
Adverbs of Manner
The placement of the adverb can change the meaning of the sentence.
Adverbs of Manner Placement Meaning of the Sentence
 She quietly told me to sit down.  Spoke to her quietly

 She told me to sit down quietly.  Sit down quietly
 He quickly told us to find our seats.  Spoke to them quickly

 He told us to find our seats quickly.  Find seats quickly
 They immediatelyasked the protestors to leave.  Spoke to them immediately

 They asked the protestors to leave immediately.  Asked them to leave immediately
Adverbs of degree indicate the degree or intensity of an action, adjective, or another

verb. They are used to show the strength of the word they are modifying. They are
usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb they are modifying.
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Adverbs of Degree - Used with Adjectives
 The coffee is extremely hot.  She is very beautiful.
 The book is quite interesting.  He is incredibly strong.
Adverbs of Degree - Used with Adverbs
 The cars are moving very slowly.  He types fairly quickly.

 You are walking too fast.  She is working quite diligently.
Adverbs of Degree - Used with Verbs
 I was just leaving.  I barely knew the answers on the test.

 We have almost finished the project.  They hardly noticed anything different.
Adverbs of Degree - "Enough" as an Adverb
"Enough" as an adverb indicates that the word it is modifying is to the necessary degree
or intensity. It always goes after the adjective or adverb it is modifying.
 This room is not large enough  The math homework is not

 Did we get here early enough? challenging enough.
 Is the water warm enough?
Adverbs of certainty indicate how certain or sure we feel about an action. They are
usually placed before the main verb unless it is a "be" verb (is/am/are). Adverbs of
certainty go after "be" verbs.
Adverbs of Certainty - Examples
 Probably - to be most likely; almost  Certainly - to be sure of something

certain  Surely - to say with confidence
 Definitely - in a definite manner  Undoubtedly - to say without doubt
 Clearly - to be clear about something
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Adverbs of Certainty with "Be" Verbs
In sentences with "be" verbs (is, am, are), adverbs of certainty are placed after the "be"
verb.
 She is definitely unhappy at her job.

 He is undoubtedly a hard worker.
 The singers are certainly talented.
Adverbs of Certainty with Regular Verbs
With regular verbs, adverbs of certainty are placed before the verb.
 She surely looks like her mother.

 He probably passed the test.
 They clearly do not enjoy this class.
Adverbs of Certainty with Auxiliary Verbs
Adverbs of certainty can be used with other types of verbs such as auxiliary verbs or
helping verbs. Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs. Most common auxiliary verbs
are "be, do, have" verbs.
 She is definitely going to college.

 He has certainly given much of his time.
 We will probably eat at home.
Adverbs of Certainty at the Beginning of the Sentence
Sometimes adverbs of certainty can be placed at the beginning of a sentence.
 Certainly, you know what is going on.

 Probably, she has gotten lost.
 Undoubtedly, Michael Jordan was one of the greatest basketball players of all time.
 Surely, someone is home with the child.
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LEVEL 9
Enough
"Enough" is a quantifier that indicates the amount or quantity of something. "Enough"

means as much as needed or wanted. "Enough" can be used with countable and
uncountable nouns.
"Enough" indicates as much as needed or wanted. "Enough" can be used with

countable and uncountable nouns.
 I have enough sugar for the recipe.

 I didn't bring enough food for the camping trip.
 Do we have enough wood for the camp fire?
 The teacher has enough books for the class.
 I don't have enough money to buy candy.
Cardinal Numbers
Cardinal numbers refer to the number of or quantity of something. Ordinal numbers

refer to the numeral positions of something.
Cardinal numbers refer to the number of or quantity of something.

 One  Eight
 Two  Nine
 Three  Ten
 Four  Twenty-one
 Five  Thirty-five
 Six  Sixty-eight
 Seven  Etc.
 I have one dog.  I have one hundred pennies in my
 I need two pencils. piggy bank.
 We have three cars.  We drove one thousand miles across
 I leave in four days. the country.
 There are thirty students in this class.  I wish I had one million dollars.
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Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers refer to the numeral positions of something.
 First  Eighth
 Second  Ninth
 Third  Tenth
 Fourth  Twenty-first
 Fifth  Thirty-fifth
 Sixth  Sixty-eighth
 Seventh  Etc
 She came in first place in the  For the tenth time, please turn off the
competition. lights.
 This is my third time in Hawaii.  My grandparents are celebrating
 He is the seventh grandchild. their fiftieth wedding anniversary.
Present perfect tense is used to express that an action happened in the past, has
recently been completed, or is continuing into the present. It implies an unspecified
time. You cannot use the present perfect with a specific time expression or time frame.
You can use the present perfect with unspecific time adverbs such as "ever", "never",
"already", and "yet".
Present Perfect Tense with Ever
"Ever" means at any time. It is often used in interrogative sentences. It can also be used
in negative sentences with "nobody has ever". It is always placed before the main verb
or past participle.
 Have you ever eaten a bug?  Nobody has ever asked me that
 Have you ever been to Disneyland? question.
 Have you ever failed a test?  Nobody has ever called me that.
 Nobody has ever passed his test.
Present Perfect Tense with Never
"Never" means at no time in the past or future, not ever. It is always placed before the
main verb or past participle.
 I have never eaten a bug.  I have never failed a test.
 I have never been to Disneyland.
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Present Perfect Tense with Already
"Already" means sooner than a specified or planned time. It can be used in statements
or interrogative sentences. It can be placed before the main verb or past participle or at
the end of a sentence.
 I have already read the newspaper  Have you already read the newspaper
article. article?
 I have already seen the movie.  Have you already seen the movie?
 He has finished his homework already.  Has he finished his homework already?
Present Perfect Tense with Yet
"Yet" means up to the present time. It is used to suggest that something has not
happened by a specific time. It can be used in interrogative or negative sentences. It is
usually placed at the end of a sentence.
 I haven't finished my homework yet.  Have you finished your homework yet?
 He hasn't visited his parents yet.  Has he visited his parents yet?
 The guests haven't arrived yet.  Have the guests arrived yet?
Present perfect tense is used to express that an action happened in the past, has
recently been completed, or is continuing into the present. You can use the present
perfect with a specific time expression or time frame. Use "for" to express a specific
period of time. Use "since" to indicate a starting point in time.
Present Perfect Tense with For
"For + a time period or time frame"

 I have known Billy for 20 years.  I have not been there for weeks.
 She has been my friend for many years.  She has not lived there for six months.
 I have worked there for 3 years.
Present Perfect Tense with Since
"Since + a starting point in time"
 I have known Billy since 1996.  I have not been there since last
 She has been my friend since the Saturday.
1980's.  She has not lived there since July.
 I have worked there since May 1, 2013.
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Direct Speech
Direct speech and indirect speech are ways people express how something was said.
Direct speech also called quoted speech is said exactly how the speaker initially spoke
the words. Indirect speech also called reported speech is reported back not using the
exact words as the original speaker.
the words. It is written with quotation marks to indicate the exact words that were used
by the original speaker. A comma is used to separate the quoted speech and the
speaker.
 He said, "I am not finished with the assignment."

 "I want to break up with you," she told me.
Indirect Speech
Indirect speech also called reported speech is reported back not using the exact words
as the original speaker. It is written without quotation marks because it is not directly
quoting word for word. When using indirect speech the verb tense changes because we
are reporting things that have happened in the past. A comma is not used.
 He said he was not finished with the assignment.

 She told me that she wanted to break up with me.
Tense Changes When Reporting Speech
The verb tense changes when reporting speech (indirect speech) from a quoted speech
(direct speech). When using indirect speech the verb tense changes because we are
reporting things that have happened in the past. You do not have to use "that" when
reporting speech. It is optional.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
She said, "I likecandy." She said she likedcandy.
"I am playingbaseball," John said. John said he was playing baseball.
Carol said, "I livedin England." Carol said that she had lived in England.
She said that she would help them

"I will help them tomorrow," she said.
tomorrow.
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Mark said that they had been studyingall
Mark said, "We were studying all night."
night."
"It has been raining all day," he said. He said that it had been raining all day.
Bill told me, "I had been waiting for three Bill told me that he had been waiting for
hours." three hours.
Joe told me, "We will be joining you on Joe told me that they would be joining us
Saturday." on Saturday.
Changing Time and Place References
Time and place can often change when going from direct to indirect speech. When
reporting something at a different time, the time word needs to be changed. When
reporting something from a different location, the place word needs to be changed.
"I went to the park today," he said. He said that he had gone to the park that day.
She said that she had seen her the day

She said, "I saw her yesterday."
before.
Kevin said, "I have a doctor's Kevin said that he had a doctor's
appointment next week." appointment the following week."
"I was in Hawaii last month," Jane told Jane told me she had been in Hawaii the
me. previous month.
"We had lunch a week ago," she said. She said they had lunch a week before.
John said, "I live in this house." John said that he lived in that house.
Stacy said, "I work here." Stacy said she worked there.
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Reporting Speech Questions
Direct speech questions asking "who", "what", "when", "where", "why", and "how" can
be rephrased in indirect speech format. Question marks are not used in indirect speech
formats.
"Who are you talking to?" she asked. She asked me who I was talking to.
My mom asked me, "What are you doing?" My mom asked me what I was doing.
Craig asked, "Whenare we leaving?" Craig asked whenwe were leaving.
My dad asked, "Where are you meeting?" My dad asked where we were meeting.
My sister asked me, "Why are you so sad?" My sister asked me why I was so sad.
"How are you doing?" Jane asked. Jane asked how I was doing.
Reporting Speech Yes/No Questions
Direct speech questions asking for "yes" or "no" answers can be rephrased in indirect
speech format. "Yes or no" questions are reformatted by using "if". The format for
indirect speech is "ask + if + clause".
He asked, "Do you speak English?" He asked if I spoke English.
My mom asked me, "Are you hungry?" My mom asked me if I was hungry.
My mom asked, "Have you eaten?" My mom asked if I had eaten.
Sally asked, "Canyou ride a bike?" Sally asked if I could I ride a bike.
John asked, "Is it raining?" John asked if it was raining.
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Reporting Speech Questions
Direct speech questions asking "who", "what", "when", "where", "why", and "how" can
be rephrased in indirect speech format. Question marks are not used in indirect speech
formats.
"Who are you talking to?" she asked. She asked me who I was talking to.
My mom asked me, "What are you doing?" My mom asked me what I was doing.
Craig asked, "Whenare we leaving?" Craig asked whenwe were leaving.
My dad asked, "Where are you meeting?" My dad asked where we were meeting.
My sister asked me, "Why are you so sad?" My sister asked me why I was so sad.
"How are you doing?" Jane asked. Jane asked how I was doing.
Reporting Speech Yes/No Questions
Direct speech questions asking for "yes" or "no" answers can be rephrased in indirect
speech format. "Yes or no" questions are reformatted by using "if". The format for
indirect speech is "ask + if + clause".
He asked, "Do you speak English?" He asked if I spoke English.
My mom asked me, "Are you hungry?" My mom asked me if I was hungry.
My mom asked, "Have you eaten?" My mom asked if I had eaten.
Sally asked, "Canyou ride a bike?" Sally asked if I could I ride a bike.
John asked, "Is it raining?" John asked if it was raining.
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Reporting Verbs
Along with "say (said)", "tell (told)", and "ask (asked)", there are many other verbs that
can be used to report what someone said. These are some of the most commonly used
reporting verbs.
The format for these commonly-used reporting verbs is "reporting verb + infinitive (to +
verb)".
 Advise (advised) - to suggest what should be done in a certain situation

 Beg (begged) - to ask or state in a serious or desperate way for something needed or
wanted
 Demand (demanded) - to say or ask in a strong way
 Hope (hoped) - to want or desire something to happen
 Offer (offered) - to say you are willing to do something
 Order (ordered) - to tell someone what to do in a commanding way
 Promise (promised) - to make a strong statement saying that you will or will not do
something
 Swear (swore) - to make a strong promise to do or not do something
The format for these commonly used reporting verbs is "reporting verb + that + clause".
 Answer (answered) - to give a reaction to a question

 Claim (claimed) - to say that something is true
 Command (commanded) - to give an order or show control over people
 Comment (commented) - to give an opinion or explanation about something
 Complain (complained) - to say that you are not happy about something
 Consider (considered) - to think about
 Declare (declared) - to say something in a strong and confident manner
 Explain (explained) - to make something more clear or understandable
 Guarantee (guaranteed) - to promise something or to make sure something happens
 Propose (proposed) - to suggest an idea or plan
 Repeat (repeated) - to say or do again
 Reply (replied) - to answer a question or statement
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 Report (reported) - to tell about something you have seen or done
 State (stated) - to express something with words
 Suggest (suggested) - to give an idea or advice for people to think about
 Threaten (threatened) - to say that you will harm or do something bad to someone
 Warn (warned) - to tell someone about a danger or a bad thing that might happen
 Wish (wished) - to want something or to want something to happen
Reporting Orders
can be used to report what someone said. When you want to report an order, request,
or suggestion, there are specific verbs that are used.
When you want to report an order (a demand or strong request), there are specific
verbs that are used. The format for these commonly-used reporting verbs is "reporting
verb + person spoken to + infinitive (to + verb)".
 Command (commanded) - to give an order or show control over people

 Order (ordered) - to tell someone what to do in a commanding way
 Warn (warned) - to tell someone about a danger or a bad thing that might happen
Reporting Requests
When you want to report a request (something asked for), there are specific verbs that
are used. The format for these commonly-used reporting verbs is "reporting verb +
person spoken to + for + object".
 Ask (asked) - to say in a form of a question; to request something

 Beg (begged) - to ask or state in a serious or desperate way for something needed or
wanted
Reporting Suggestions
When you want to report a suggestion (an idea or plan to think about), there are specific
verbs that are used. The format for these commonly-used reporting verbs is "reporting
verb + person spoken to + to/that + clause".
 Advise (advised) - to suggest what should be done in a certain situation

 Propose (proposed) - to suggest an idea or plan
 Suggest (suggested) - to give an idea or advice for people to think about
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can be used to report what someone said. When you want to report an intention, hope,
or promise, there are specific verbs that are used.
Reporting Intentions
When you want to report an intention (something that you have planned to do), there
are specific verbs that are used. The format for these commonly-used reporting verbs is
"reporting verb + infinitive (to + verb)" or "reporting verb + that + clause".
 Intend (intended) - to plan to do something

 Threaten (threatened) - to say that you will harm or do something bad to someone
Reporting Hopes
When you want to report a hope (something wished for), there are specific verbs that
are used. The format for these commonly-used reporting verbs is "reporting verb +
infinitive" or "reporting verb + that + clause".
 Hope (hoped) - to want or desire something to happen

 Wish (wished) - to want something or to want something to happen
Reporting Promises
When you want to report a promise (a strong statement saying that you will or will not
do something), there are specific verbs that are used. The format for these commonly-
used reporting verbs is "reporting verb + infinitive (to + verb)" or "reporting verb + that +
clause".
 Promise (promised) - to make a strong statement saying that you will or will not do
something
 Swear (swore) - to make a strong promise to do or not do something
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LEVEL 10
Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases consist of two basic parts: the preposition and the object. The
object can be a noun, pronoun, or gerund. In prepositional phrases, prepositions are
almost always followed by an object.
Preposition Object Prepositional Phrase
On The desk On the desk
On The phone On the phone
At The park At the park
At The stadium At the stadium
In The morning In the morning
In The car In the car
Of The book Of the book
Of My family Of my family
To The theater To the theater
To The roof To the roof
For Your birthday For your birthday
For Many years For many years
With French fries With French fries
With An accent With an accent
Over The moon Over the moon
Over An hour Over an hour
By The bank By the bank
By The mailman By the mailman
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Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives
almost always followed by an object. Sometimes prepositional phrases will function as
adjectives.
Like basic adjectives, adjective prepositional phrases modify or describe a noun. They
answer the questions like "which one?" and "what kind?"; however, unlike basic
adjectives which go before the noun, adjective prepositional phrases come after the
noun.
Noun Adjective Prepositional Phrase
Snow On the mountains
Girl At the water fountain
Man In the tuxedo
Lead singer Of the band
Dress With blue polka dots
Field Over the hill
House By the beach
 The snow on the mountains is a beautiful sight.

 The girl at the water fountain is taking too long.
 The man in the tuxedo is very handsome.
 The lead singer of the band writes all of the songs.
 The dress with blue polka dots is my favorite.
 The field over the hill is empty.
 The house by the beach belongs to my grandparents.
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Prepositional Phrases as Adverbs
almost always followed by an object. Sometimes prepositional phrases will function as
adjectives.
Adverb prepositional phrases modify or describe an adverb, adjective, or verb. They

answer questions like "why?", "when?", "where?", and "how?". Adverb prepositional
phrases come after the adverb, adjective or verb.
Adverb, Adjective, or Verb Adverb Prepositional Phrase
simmering On the stovetop
left At the park
run quickly In high heels
drove With her new car
flew Over the neighborhood
located By the freeway exit
 The soup is simmering on the stovetop.

 The bikes were left at the park.
 She can't run quickly in high heels.
 She drove to school with her new car.
 The plane flew over the neighborhood.
 His stolen car was located by the freeway exit.
Quotation Marks
Quotation marks are used when quoting someone's exact words. They are used in
sentences with direct speech.
his words. It is written with quotation marks to indicate the exact words that were used
by the original speaker. Punctuation marks that come at the end of the quote always go
inside the quotation marks.
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 He said, "I am not finished with the assignment."
 "I want to break up with you," she told me.
 She said, "I like candy."
 "I am playing baseball," John said.
 "Who are you talking to?" she asked.
 My mom asked me, "What are you doing?"
 My mom asked, "Have you eaten?"
 Sally asked, "Can you ride a bike?"
 John asked, "Is it raining?"
 She screamed, "I hate you!"
 "Surprise!" they shouted.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs are words that join independent clauses into one sentence. A
conjunctive adverb helps you create a shorter sentence. When you use a conjunctive
adverb, put a semicolon (;) before it and a comma (,) after it.
Some examples of conjunctive adverbs are: finally, however, otherwise, still, then, or
therefore.
Finally - at the end; at last; after a long time

However - but; used when connecting two contrasting sentences
Otherwise - to indicate that if something doesn't happen, there may be a different
situation
Then - at that time; in that case; used to indicate what will or should happen next
Therefore - because of that
 I waited all week for this moment; finally, it's here.

 I saved money all year; finally, I can buy a car.
 The toy store had many stuffed animals; however, it did not have the one my daughter
wanted.
 There are many history books; however, none of them may be accurate.
 We have to advertise our store; otherwise, some people may not know we're open
now.
 The law does not permit drinking and driving anytime; otherwise, there would be many
more accidents.
 I was having a good time; then, it was time to leave.
 The baby fell asleep; then, the doorbell rang.
 I didn't study for the test; therefore, I failed it.
 The due date for the final paper has passed; therefore, I could not submit mine on time.
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Pre-determiners - Such or What
Pre-determiners are normally used before an indefinite article. Typical sentence is
composed of "pre-determiner + indefinite article + adjective + noun". They are used to
express emotions.
"Such" and "what" are used to express surprise or extreme emotions.
 She is such a wonderful woman.

 I had such a great time with you.
 He is such a disappointment.
 What a beautiful day!
 What a fabulous show!
 What a strange person.
Pre-determiners - Rather or Quite
"Rather" and "quite" are used to express a certain degree of quality or other emotions to
a certain degree. "Rather" and "quite" are used when expressing not very extreme
emotions.
 This is rather a small house.

 She is rather a nice woman.
 It is rather a warm day.
 I've had quite a bad evening.
 It was quite a nice surprise.
 She had quite an interesting experience.
Definite Articles - time period
Definite articles can also be used to identify a time period, a unique place (famous
buildings or monuments), geographical areas (mountains, parts of land, or bodies of
water) or some places that have plural names. Countries that include the words
"kingdom", "republic", or "states" also use "the" before their names.
 My parents were born in the 1950s.

 It happened in the past.
 What will happen in the future?
 They found fossils from the Ice Age.
 We watched a documentary about the Stone Age.
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Definite Articles - unique place (famous buildings or monuments)
 We are visiting the Grand Canyon this weekend.

 We need to clean up the Earth.
 Cheesecake is my favorite dessert in the world.
 Have you visited the Eiffel Tower?
 I want to visit the White House.
Definite Articles - geographical areas (mountains, parts of land, bodies of water)
 Florida borders the Gulf of Mexico.

 She tried to swim across the English Channel.
 He flew over the Pacific Ocean.
 Santa Claus lives in the North Pole.
Definite Articles - places that have plural names
 She is from the Philippines.

 We are going to the Bahamas in June.
 My parents live in the Netherlands.
Definite Articles - places that have "kingdom", "republic", or "states" in their

names
 My ancestors are from the United Kingdom.

 She is from the People's Republic of China.
 He was born in the United States.
Comparative and Superlative Adverbs - Examples
Adverbs ending in "-ly" or have three or more syllables do not change but instead add
"more" to form comparatives and "most" to form superlatives.
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Gladly More gladly Most gladly
Loudly More loudly Most loudly
Sweetly More sweetly Most sweetly
Terribly More terribly Most terribly
Quietly More quietly Most quietly
Comparative Adverbs - How to use
For adverbs ending in "-ly", add "more" before the adverb.
 He was welcomed more gladly thananyone else.

 She speaks more loudly than her classmates.
 The little girl was treated more sweetly than the others.
 We were treated more terribly during our second visit.
Superlative Adjectives - How to use
For adverbs ending in "-ly", add "most" before the adverb.
 They most gladly accepted our offer.

 She sings most loudly in the shower.
 This is the most terribly organized event I have ever attended.
 That is the most sweetly written letter I have ever received.
Countable Noun Comparison
There are different ways to compare quantities. When you are comparing quantities that
are different, the quantity adjective depends on the type of noun that is being compared.
The types of nouns are countable and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted as one or more. To compare countable
nouns, use "more + countable noun or noun phrase + than" to indicate that there is
more of something or "fewer + countable noun or noun phrase + than" to indicate that
there is fewer of something.
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 I have more toys than Isabel.
 Sam ate more apples than oranges.
 Jessica has more shoes than her husband.
 William has more books than Peter.
 This store has fewer customers thanthat store.
 There are fewer houses in your neighborhood than mine.
 There are fewer students in this class than the other class.
 The animal shelter has fewer cats than dogs.
Uncountable Noun Comparison
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. To compare uncountable nouns,
use "more + uncountable noun or noun phrase + than" to indicate that there is more of
something or "less + uncountable noun or noun phrase + than" to indicate that there is
fewer of something.
 I drink more coffee than Julie.

 California has more sunshine thanWashington.
 The recipe calls for more flour thansugar.
 They have more furniture than we do.
 The restaurant serves less milk thancoffee.
 The sequel has less special effects than the original movie.
 There is less traffic in the evening than in the morning.
 Rachel has less patience than Ross.
Countable Noun Comparison
There are different ways to compare quantities. When you are comparing quantities that
are the same, the quantity adjective depends on the type of noun that is being
compared. The types of nouns are countable and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted as one or more. To compare countable
nouns, use "as many + countable noun or noun phrase + as" or "as few + countable
noun or noun phrase + as" to indicate same quantities.
 I have as many toys as Isabel.

 Sam ate as many apples as oranges.
 Jessica has as many shoes as her husband.
 William has as many books as Peter.
 This store has as few customers asthat store.
 There are as few houses in your neighborhood as mine.
 There are as few students in this class as the other class.
 The animal shelter has as few cats asdogs.
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Uncountable Noun Comparison
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. To compare uncountable nouns,
use "as much + uncountable noun or noun phrase + as" or "as little + uncountable noun
or noun phrase + as" to indicate same quantities.
 The restaurant serves as much milk as coffee.

 The sequel has as much special effects as the original movie.
 There is as much traffic in the evening as in the morning.
 California has as much sunshine asHawaii.
 I drink as little coffee as Julie.
 The recipe calls for as little sugar asvanilla extract.
 They have as little furniture as we do.
 Rachel has as little patience as Ross.
Comparisons Using ‘As’ or As not’
There are different ways to compare quality, features, or attributes. When comparing
equal quality, features, or attributes, you use "as + adjective + as" for the sentence
pattern. When comparing unequal quality, features, or attributes, you use "not as +
adjective + as" for the sentence pattern.
 I am as tall as my mother.
 He is as mean as his brother.
 Her ring is as big as mine.
 I am as hungry as a dog.
 Your car is not as dirty as mine.
 Your child is not as smart as you.
 She is not as pretty as her sister.
 This movie is not as funny as the first one.
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LEVEL 11
Past Perfect
The past perfect is used to indicate that something happened before another event in
the past. To form the past perfect, use the past tense of the verb "to have (had) + the
past participle". The event that happened first is the verb form of "had + past participle".
 He had finished his homework before his mom told him to do it.
 She had learned about the city before she visited it.
 They had read the book before they saw the movie.
 It started to rain after we had arrivedat the park.
 We drove by our house where we had lived as children.
 By the time we arrived at the party, everyone had left.
Future Perfect- Will have
The future perfect is used to indicate that something will occur before another action in
the future. It can also show that something will happen before or by a specific time in
the future. To form the future perfect, use will have + past participle.
"Will have + past participle". You can turn the sentences into negative sentences by
placing "not" between "will" and "have". "Will + not + have + past participle".
 Audrey will have played softball for four seasons in 2017.

 Sophie will have taken Spanish class for three years this fall.
 They will have built the shed by the time Sam arrives.
 I will have completed my college education by the time I turn 21.
 Audrey will not have played softball for four seasons in 2017.
 Sophie will not have taken Spanish class for three years this fall.
 They will not have built the shed by the time Sam arrives.
 I will not have completed my college education by the time I turn 21.
Future Continuous - Yes/No questions with Will have
"Will have" can also be used in questions.
 Will Audrey have played softball for four seasons in 2017?

 Will Sophie have taken Spanish class for three years this fall?
 Will they have built the shed by the time Sam arrives?
 Will I have completed my college education by the time I turn 21?
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Active and Passive Voice
Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb
relationship is straightforward: the subject is doing the action and the object is receiving
the action. In the passive voice, the action is doing or is being done to the subject.
Passive voice is used when the action is the focus, not the subject. It is not important (or
not known) who does the action.
Most sentences are spoken and written in the active voice.
Active voice shows the subject doing the action and the object receiving the action:
"subject + verb + object". Passive voice shows the action being done to the subject.
Sometimes it is not important or stated who does the action.
Active Voice Passive Voice
Sam wrote a letter to Jamie. A letter was written to Jamie by Sam.
The city built a new bridge. A new bridge was built by the city.
This doctor was recommended by

Karen recommended this doctor.
Karen.
Sally made dinner tonight. Dinner was made by Sally.
The event planners will close the doors at 5:00

The doors will be closed at 5:00 pm.
pm.
Percentages in Written Form
Percentages refer to a portion or a fraction of a whole. A percentage is an amount that

is expressed as a certain portion of 100 parts. The symbol for percent is %.
Percentages in written form use cardinal numbers. Percentages in numerical form use
the number and the % symbol.
 10% = ten percent

 25% = twenty-five percent
 75% = seventy-five percent
 100% = one hundred percent
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Percentage as a Collective Noun
The word "percentage" is a collective noun. A collective noun indicates a group of

people. Depending on the noun used with "percentage", it will determine if you use a
singular or plural verb form.
Correct: What percentage of students are going to college?

Incorrect: What percentage of students is going to college?
Correct: Fifty percent of marriages end in divorce these days.

Incorrect: Fifty percent of marriages ends in divorce these days.
Correct: Eighty percent of the house was damaged by the fire.

Incorrect: Eighty percent of the house were damaged by the fire.
Percentage Used Later in a Sentence
If "percentage" comes later in the sentence, the verb will depend on the noun it is
referring to.
 John is donating one hundred percent of his profits to charity.

 Susan is only working fifty percent of the time.
Nouns Followed by Infinitives
Nouns Infinitives
Attempt To hide
Chance To improve
Decision To go
Desire To control
Dream To start
Opportunity To live
Permission To enter
Plan To graduate
Reminder To lock
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Wish To have
Way To control
 His attempt to hide the evidence failed.

 This is your last chance to improveyour grades.
 It was her decision to go to the party.
 His desire to control everything is scary.
 It is his dream to start a business.
 The opportunity to live overseas is exciting.
 You need permission to enter this area.
 His plan to graduate in three years is impressive.
 She needs a reminder to lock the door.
 There is no reason to be late.
Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Gerunds are verbs that end in "-ing". They should not be confused with present
participles. Although present participles are verb forms that end in "-ing", they are active
action words that are happening right now. Gerunds are verb forms that act as nouns in
a sentence with no reference to time.
When a gerund follows a verb, it is acting as a noun form.
Verbs Gerunds
Enjoy Swimming
Practice Golfing
Hates Exercising
Likes Skiing
Need Cleaning
Miss Traveling
Love Dancing
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 I enjoy swimming.  The bathroom needs cleaning.
 I practice golfing every morning.  We miss traveling around the world.
 She hates exercising after work.  They love dancing together.
 He likes skiing with his friends.
Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Gerunds are verbs that end in "-ing". They should not be confused with present
participles. Although present participles are verb forms that end in "-ing", they are active
action words that are happening right now. Gerunds are verb forms that act as nouns in
a sentence with no reference to time. Infinitives are verbs combined with the word "to":
to see, to run, to start, etc.
When a gerund follows a verb, it is acting as a noun form.
Verbs Gerunds
Allow Swimming
Encourage Exercising
Need Cleaning
Prefer Staying
Require Passing
 The beach allows swimming at night.

 My doctor encourages exercising a few times a week.
 The bathroom needs cleaning.
 We prefer staying in a hotel.
 This school requires passing an ESL test.
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Verbs Followed by Noun + Infinitives
Verbs Nouns + Infinitives
Allow People to swim
Encourage Our family to exercise
Need Someone to clean
Prefer Our friends to stay
Require Students to pass
 The beach allows people to swim at night.

 My doctor encourages our family to exercise a few times a week.
 The bathroom needs someone to clean it.
 We prefer our friends to stay in a hotel.
 This school requires students to passan ESL test.
Verbs Gerunds Nouns + Infinitives
Allow Swimming People to swim
Encourage Exercising Our family to exercise
Need Cleaning Someone to clean
Prefer Staying Our friends to stay
Require Passing Students to pass
Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives
Some verbs take on a different meaning when they are followed by a gerund or an
infinitive.
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Notice the difference in meanings.
Verb: Forget
Gerund: He'll never forget getting sick on the plane. (To look back into the past and
think of a memory)
Infinitive: Don't forget to get medicine for your motion sickness. (To not forget to do
something)
Verb: Remember
Gerund: Sean remembered bringing his wallet to the store. (To look back into the past
and think of a memory)
Infinitive: Sean remembered to bring his wallet to the store. (To remember to do
something)
Verb: Regret
Gerund: I regret telling you the truth. (To look back into the past and is not happy about
the situation)
Infinitive: We regret to tell you that your job has been eliminated. (To not be happy to
give bad news)
Verb: Stop
Gerund: I stopped watching TV. (To stop doing something)
Infinitive: I stopped to watch the sunset. (To stop doing something in order to do
something else)
Verb: Try
Gerund: They tried moving to Canada. (To attempt something as an experiment)
Infinitive: They tried to move to Canada. (To attempt something, but was not
successful at it)
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Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive and have little or no difference
in their meanings. The sentences can have similar meanings.
Notice that they have the same meaning.
Verb: Continue
Gerund: They continued talking after the meeting.
Infinitive: They continued to talk after the meeting.
Verb: Hate
Gerund: I hate driving during rush hour.
Infinitive: I hate to drive during rush hour.
Verb: Love
Gerund: My dog loves meeting new people.
Infinitive: My dog loves to meet new people.
Verb: Prefer
Gerund: Do you prefer eating at home?
Infinitive: Do you prefer to eat at home?
Verb: Start
Gerund: The architect started designing a new kitchen.
Infinitive: The architect started to design a new kitchen.
Common Expressions
Expressions are a group of words that have a particular meaning or convey a particular
situation. When you add a verb ending in "-ing" after an expression, the sentence
provides details about what is happening, happened, or will happen.
 To have a difficult time  To have fun
 To have a hard time  To waste time
 To have a problem  To spend time
 To have a good time
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Expressions Followed by Verb + ing
Expressions Verb
To have a difficult time Understanding
To have a hard time Communicating
To have a problem Negotiating
To have a good time Swimming
To have fun Playing
To waste time Looking
To spend time Working
 She had a difficult time understanding the math problem. (Past)

 He is having a hard time communicating with the foreign exchange student. (Now)
 They will have problems negotiatingthe deal. (Future)
 The kids had a good time swimmingin the pool. (Past)
 We are having fun playing softball. (Now)
 He wasted time looking for a good deal. (Past)
 He will spend time working on his cars this weekend. (Future)
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LEVEL 12
Past Real Conditionals
Past real conditionals describe what used to happen, but does not usually occur
anymore. Past real conditionals indicate that if or when this happened, that occurred.
Past real conditionals make conditional statements then show the result of such
statements. Sentences use "if" or "when" to make a statement then express an end
result. "If" or "when" can be used to start off a sentence or be used to join two clauses.
If/when + simple past clause (condition) Simple past clause (effect or result)
Simple past clause (effect or result) If/when + simple past clause (condition)
 If it rained, I took the bus to work. I have a car now.

 I took the bus to work if it rained. I have a car now.
 If I studied hard, I passed all of my tests. I am done with school now.
 I passed all of my tests if I studied hard. I am done with school now.
 When I went to parties, I usually brought a dessert. I bring a bottle of wine now.
 I usually brought a dessert when I went to parties. I bring a bottle of wine now.
 When I drank milk, my stomach used to hurt. I don't drink milk anymore.
 My stomach used to hurt when I drank milk. I don't drink milk anymore.
Future Real Conditionals
Future real conditionals are also known as first conditionals. The future real conditional
expresses a cause or condition and the possible effect. Future real conditionals indicate
if or when this happens, that will or could possibly occur. Unlike other real conditionals,
future conditionals express what may happen. You do not know what will happen in the
future, but you are guessing what could happen or most likely will happen.
Future real conditionals make conditional statements then show what could happen.
Sentences use "if" to make a statement then expresses a possible result. Sentences
use "when" to make a statement then express a result that is likely to happen. "If" or
"when" can be used to start off a sentence or be used to join two clauses.
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Simple future clause (possible effect or
If/when + simple present clause (condition)
result)
Simple future clause (possible effect or

If/when + simple present clause (condition)
result)
 If you drink milk, you will have stronger bones.

 You will have stronger bones if you drink milk.
 If you study hard, you will pass the test.
 You will pass the test if you study hard.
 When I go the party, I may bring a dessert.
 I may bring a dessert when I go to the party.
 When it rains, I am going to take the bus to work.
 I am going to take the bus to work when it rains.
Indicative Mood
A mood shows the writer's attitude toward what he or she is saying.
"Indicative mood" states an actuality or fact. Any verb form or tense can be used in
indicative mood sentences.
 We will see a movie this Sunday.

 I will follow you.
 It will rain today.
 She is studying for a test.
 We are watching TV.
Imperative Mood
"Imperative mood" makes a request or gives a command.
 Let's see a movie this weekend.

 Please stop bothering me!
 Please leave now!
 Close the door.
 Don't touch that!
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Subjunctive Mood - Common verbs
A mood shows the writer's attitude toward what he or she is saying. "Subjunctive mood"
expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact) and is sometimes used with the "if"
clause. It can express wishes, doubts, suggestions, conditions, possibilities, etc. A verb
in the subjunctive mood may have a different form.
The following verbs often attract the subjunctive mood: ask, doubt, recommend,
suggest, wish, insist, order, commend, request, and demand.
 I suggest that you hire a lawyer.

 I doubt we will see her at the party.
Subjunctive Mood - Verb form using "Were"
Also in subjunctive mood sentences, the "be" verb in past tense "were" is used instead
of "was" even with "I", "he", "she", or "it". It is grammatically incorrect to use "was" in
these sentences
Incorrect: If I was you, I would take any offer.

Correct: If I were you, I would take any offer.
Incorrect: I wish I was able to speak English fluently.

Correct: I wish I were able to speak English fluently.
Subjunctive Mood - Other verb forms
The subjunctive for the present tense third-person singular drops the "-s" or "-es" so that
it looks and sounds like the present tense for everything else.
Incorrect: Our suggestion is that everyone on the team does the survey.
Correct: Our suggestion is that everyone on the team do the survey.
Incorrect: She recommended that each student takes a note.

Correct: She recommended that each student take a note.
Independent Clauses
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. A clause can be a
complete or incomplete thought. A complete thought is called an "independent clause".
Independent clauses are complete sentences. An incomplete thought is called a
"dependent clause". Dependent clauses are not complete sentences.
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An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete
thought. It is independent and can stand alone as a complete sentence.
 The kids walk to school.

 Sean lives in a house.
 The dog sees a bone.
 Maria speaks Spanish.
 The children play in the park.
Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb but it does not express a complete
thought. It is dependent on a main clause and cannot stand alone as a complete
sentence. Dependent clauses start with a subordinate conjunction.
 When kids walk to school

 Where Sean lives
 Because the dog sees a bone
 But Maria speaks Spanish
 As the children play in the park
Adjective Clauses
Adjective, adverb, and noun clauses contain a subject and a verb. They function as
adjectives, adverbs, and nouns using pronouns or subordinating conjunctions.
An adjective clause is also known as a relative clause. It contains a subject and a verb
but it does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a complete
sentence. This clause provides a description and functions as an adjective. Adjective
clauses are placed after the noun it is modifying. Adjective clauses start with a pronoun.
 The kids who live in this neighborhood take the bus to school. (Modifies kids)
 Sean who is my best friend lives in that house. (Modifies Sean)
 The dog that ate my garden vegetables lives next door. (Modifies dog)
 Maria whose father is a Spanish professor is my Spanish tutor. (Modifies Maria)
 The bike that I won at the raffle got a flat tire. (Modifies bike)
Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause provides a description and functions as an adverb. It contains a

subject and a verb but it does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone
as a complete sentence. Adverb clauses answer questions of how, when, where, and
why. Adverb clauses start with a subordinating conjunction.
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 Call me when you get home. (Answers when)
 I cooked dinner while the kids were playing outside. (Answers when)
 This is the store where the robbery took place. (Answers where)
 Bring extra clothes since we might get wet at the beach. (Answers why)
 You can have another cookie if you tell me your secret. (Answers how)
Noun Clauses
A noun clause plays the role of a noun. It contains a subject and a verb but it does not
express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Noun
clauses start with a pronoun or subordinating conjunction.
 That store is where I bought your favorite shoes.

 You get to choose which restaurant we go to tonight.
 The reason we were late is because my car ran out of gas.
 Jane is the only one who knows my secret.
 My dog will sleep wherever he wants.
Restrictive Clauses
A restrictive clause functions like an adjective. It is used to further identify the noun it is
modifying. It provides additional information for the noun it is describing. Without a
restrictive clause, the sentence will appear to be missing important information.
Commas are not necessary when using a restrictive clause.
 The boy who broke the vase was very apologetic.

 The dog that ate my garden vegetables lives next door.
 The bike that I won at the raffle got a flat tire.
 I am going to the movies with the boy who is in my math class.
 The essay which you worked on yesterday was accidentally deleted.
Nonrestrictive Clauses
A nonrestrictive clause functions like an adjective. It is used to further identify the noun it
is modifying. It provides additional information for the noun it is describing. However, it
is not necessary for the sentence to be clear. A nonrestrictive clause is separated by a
comma or placed in between two commas.
 Sean, who is my best friend, lives in that house.

 Pablo Picasso, who is a famous painter, is my favorite artist.
 My daughter, who is in 4th grade, loves drawing.
 I finished reading Harry Potter, which is my favorite book series.
 We take the bus to school, which is located just a few blocks away.
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Future in the Past - Using "Would"
Future in the past uses two verb forms: "would" and "was/were going to". The future in
the past expresses a past idea of something you thought would happen in the future.
You can use both verb forms to make statements of what you thought would or
was/were going to happen in the future. Both forms are used to make predictions about
the future. However, the event or action may or may not actually happen. The two verb
forms will give the sentence different meanings.
"Would" is used to indicate talking in the past about what someone promised or offered
to do.
Simple past clause Would + verb
 I knew Sean would buy everyone dinner.

 Peter said he would be late.
 Paul said he would sign the contract and he did.
 She promised she would call last night.
Future in the Past - Using "was/were going to"
"Was/were going to" is used to indicate talking in the past about what someone planned
to do.
Simple past clause Was/were going to + verb
 Sean said he was going to buy us dinner.

 I told you Peter was going to be late.
 Paul said he was going to sign the contract, but he changed his mind.
 She promised she was going to call last night and she did.
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Mixed Conditionals - Present Unreal and Past Unreal
Sometimes conditional sentences can be a combination of two clauses each referring to
different times. These are called mixed conditionals. The "if" clause is not the same time
as the result clause.
If + simple past clause Would have + verb
 If I were prepared, I would have giventhe presentation.

 If I understood Spanish, I would have watched the movie without subtitles.
 If I read the book, I would have participated in the discussion.
Mixed Conditionals - Present Unreal and Future Unreal
If + simple past Would have + verb (hypothetical

Would + verb
clause result)
If + simple past Would + be + present

clause participle
 If I were happy at work, I would not be quitting so soon.

 If I made more money, I would buy a house.
 If he didn't have enough money, I would be paying his share.
Mixed Conditionals - Past Unreal and Present Unreal
If + past perfect clause Would + verb
If + past perfect clause Would + be
 If I had eaten breakfast, I wouldn't beso hungry right now.

 If she had won this tournament, she would be the champion.
 If he had worn a jacket, he would not be so cold.
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Mixed Conditionals - Past Unreal and Future Unreal
If + past perfect clause Would + verb
If + past perfect clause Would + be + present participle
 If I had gotten the promotion, I would be celebrating with my wife tonight.

 If she had called us earlier, she would not be looking for a ride to the party.
 If he had purchased the tickets earlier, he would take more time off.
Mixed Conditionals - Future Unreal and Present Unreal
If + simple past clause Would + verb Would + verb
If + simple past clause Would + be Would + be + present participle
 If I were going to the reunion next month, my parents would be so happy.

 If she were having a baby next year, her husband would be happy.
 If he wasn't going on the camping trip, he would stay home.
Mixed Conditionals - Future Unreal and Past Unreal
If + simple past clause or Would have + verb Would have + verb (hypothetical result)
If + were + present participle Would have + verb
 If I weren't meeting Joe tonight, I would have ordered pizza and stayed home.
 If she were traveling alone, she would have stayed in a better hotel.
 If he won the lottery, he would have donated money to his favorite charity.
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Were to – Present
"Were to" is used to describe that the conditional "if" clause is very unlikely to happen.
Only "if" is used with "were to" conditionals because it is describing a hypothetical or
imaginary situation. You cannot use "when" in these sentences.
If + were to + simple present Would + be
 If I were to call my ex-boyfriend, I would regret it.

 If she were to keep the money she found on the sidewalk, she would feelguilty.
 If he were to be dishonest, I would bevery shocked. He always tells the truth.
Were to - Past
If + were to have + past participle Would + have
 If I were to have told everyone her secret, she would have ended our friendship.
 If she were to have caused the accident, she would have neverforgiven herself.
 If he were to have ruined the wedding, the bride's father would have kickedhim out.
Were to - Future
If + were to + simple present Would + verb
 If I were to lose my job in the next couple of years, I would have to sellmy house.
 If she were to fail the class this semester, she would have to take it again next year.
 If he were to die tomorrow, he would have no regrets.
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LEVEL 13
Restrictive Appositive Nouns
Appositives are nouns or phrases that further describe the noun right next to it.
Appositive nouns can be either restrictive or nonrestrictive.
A restrictive appositive noun provides additional information for the noun it is describing.
Without a restrictive appositive noun, the sentence will appear to be missing important
information.
Commas are not necessary when adding a restrictive appositive noun.
 My friend's dog Charlie bites people.

 The store clerk Sally is nice to customers.
 My friend Joe is graduating from college.
 My brother Jeff is not married.
 Our co-worker Janet works very hard.
 The famous painter Pablo Picasso is my favorite artist.
Nonrestrictive Appositive Nouns
A nonrestrictive appositive noun gives additional information for the noun it is referring
to. However, it is not necessary for the sentence to be clear. A nonrestrictive appositive
noun is separated by a comma or placed in between two commas.
 My mom, Linda, is a chef.

 I am meeting with the school principal, Mr. James.
 Buddy, the Scottish terrier, is scared of cats.
 Dr. Wells, a Harvard graduate, is my daughter's pediatrician.
 The Labrador Retriever, my favorite dog, is a great family pet.
 She is having lunch with her mother-in-law, Terri.
Viewpoint Adverbs
There are some adverbs which tell us about the speaker's viewpoint or opinion about an
action. These adverbs are different from regular adverbs because they do not tell us
how an action occurred. Viewpoint and commenting adverbs modify entire clauses
instead of single verbs, adverbs, or adjectives. There is no real difference between
viewpoint adverbs and commenting adverbs except where they are placed in a
sentence.
Viewpoint adverbs indicate the speaker's viewpoint or opinion about something. They
are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence.
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 Honestly, I don't know how it happened.
 Seriously, we need to make a change.
 Personally, I don't think he's the right person for the job.
 Surprisingly, the house still in good condition.
 Obviously, you don't know what you're doing.
 Clearly, we have a problem.
 Surely, you've seen this before.
 Undoubtedly, he was the best president of the company.
Commenting Adverbs
Commenting adverbs indicate the speaker's comment about something. They are very
similar to viewpoint adverbs and are often the same words. However, they are usually
placed after a "be" verb or before a main verb.
 He is definitely a smart guy.

 She certainly knows what she wants.
 This was obviously painted by a professional.
 You are simply the best person for the job.
 I honestly don't like her.
 He seriously has a problem.
 I personally don't want her to get the job.
 He clearly has no clue.
Relative Adverbs
Relative adverbs are used to indicate where something happened, whensomething

happened, how something happened, or why something happened. The words
"where", "when", "how", and "why" act as adverbs when they connect sentences or
clauses.
When joining two sentences or clauses.
Sentence or clause Sentence or clause Sentence using relative adverb
I used to play at this

This is the park. This is the park where I used to play.
park.
This is the We met for the first This is the restaurant wherewe met for the
restaurant. time. first time.
I remember the day. We first met. I remember the day when we first met.
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It was a snowy It was a very cold winter the year when our
Our baby was born.
night. son was born.
Give me a good Why do you want to Give me a good reason why you want to
reason. quit? quit.
Do you know the

Why is Sally upset? Do you know the reason why Sally is upset?
reason?
Please tell me How do you do this? Please tell me how you do this.
How does that

Did you figure it out? Did you figure out how that works?
work?
Relative Adverbs
Relative adverbs can replace the formal form of "preposition + which". They have the
same meanings, but sentences with relative adverbs are more commonly used.
Formal form Relative adverb form
In which Where
At which Where
In which When
On which When
For which Why
The way in which How
 This is the park at which I used to play. This is the park where I used to play.
 This is the restaurant in which we met for the first time. This is the restaurant where we
met for the first time.
 I remember the day on which we first met. I remember the day when we first met.
 It was a very cold winter the year in which our son was born. It was a very cold winter
the year when our son was born.
 Give me a good reason for which you want to quit. Give me a good reason why you
want to quit.
 Please tell me the way in which you do this. Please tell me how to you do this.
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Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns. Prepositions are words that link a
noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the sentence. Prepositions can be
tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula for choosing a
preposition. "To", "of", "about", "with", "for", and "from" are most commonly used
between adjectives and gerunds.
Adjective Preposition Gerund
Committed To Marrying
Scared Of Flying
Excited About Camping
Satisfied With Coming
Responsible For Planning
Tired From Working
 Mike is committed to marrying his girlfriend.

 Jessica is scared of flying.
 My children are excited about camping.
 I am satisfied with coming in second place.
 Mary is responsible for planning the party.
 We are tired from working all day.
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Noun + Preposition + Gerund
Nouns name a person, place, thing, or idea. Prepositions are words that link a noun,
pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the sentence. Prepositions can be tricky
for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula for choosing a preposition.
"About", "of", "in", "on", "to" and "for" are most commonly used between nouns and
gerunds.
Noun Preposition Gerund
Dedication To Volunteering
Benefits Of Exercising
Story About Climbing
Delay In Processing
Reputation For Drinking
Report On Smuggling
 Her dedication to volunteering is unmatchable.

 The benefits of exercising is high.
 His story about climbing Mount Everest is unbelievable.
 The delay in processing her application caused her to worry.
 His reputation for drinking caused many problems.
 The report on smuggling was very interesting.
--
Location verbs are verb expressions that give the location of the action.
Location Verbs
Location Verbs Location Verbs Followed by Verb + ing
Sit on a chair My wife sat on a chair reading a book.
Lie in bed I lie in bed thinking of the things I need to do tomorrow.
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Hang on a branch The monkey hung on a branch eating a banana.
Lean against a wall Mark leaned against a wall catching his breath.
Stand in the doorway Jack stood in the doorway waiting for his mom.
Crouched under a table The homeowner crouched under a table hiding from the robber.
Present Unreal Conditionals
Present unreal conditionals are also known as second conditionals. The present unreal
conditional expresses a hypothetical situation. Hypothetical means not real or being in
an imagined situation. Present unreal conditionals indicate if this happened, that would
occur. But in reality, the event or action did not occur.
Present unreal conditionals make hypothetical statements then show what would
happen in such situations. Sentences use "if" to make a hypothetical statement then
expresses a hypothetical end result. "If" can be used to start off a sentence or be used
to join two clauses. Only "if" is used with present unreal conditionals because it is
describing a hypothetical or imaginary situation. You cannot use "when" in these
sentences.
Also in present unreal conditionals, the "be" verb in past tense "were" is used instead of
"was" even with "I", "he", "she", or "it". It is grammatically incorrect to use "was" in these
sentences.
If + simple past clause (hypothetical

Would + verb (hypothetical result)
condition)

condition)
 If I had a lot of money, I would buy a mansion.

 I would buy a mansion if I had a lot of money.
 If I were a millionaire, I would donate to many charities.
 I would donate to many charities if I were a millionaire.
 If I were married, I would live in the suburbs.
 I would live in the suburbs if I were married.
 If I owned a car, I would drive to work.
 I would drive to work if I owned a car.
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Past Unreal Conditionals
Past unreal conditionals are also known as third conditionals. The past unreal
conditional expresses a hypothetical situation in the past. Hypothetical means not real
or being in an imagined situation. Past unreal conditionals indicate if this had happened,
that would have occurred. But in reality, the event or action did not occur.
Past unreal conditionals make hypothetical statements then show what would have
happened in such situations. Sentences use "if" to make a hypothetical statement then
to join two clauses. Only "if" is used with past unreal conditionals because it is
sentences.
If + past perfect clause (hypothetical
Would have + verb (hypothetical result)
condition)
If + past perfect clause (hypothetical

Would have + verb (hypothetical result)
condition)
 If I had made a lot of money, I would have traveled the world.

 I would have traveled the world if I had made a lot of money.
 If I had gotten married, I would havelived in the suburbs.
 I would have lived in the suburbs if I had gotten married.
 If we had reserved a table, we would have eaten by now.
 We would have eaten by now if we had reserved a table.
 If you had studied harder, you would have passed the test.
 You would have passed the test if you had studied harder.
Future Unreal Conditionals - Using Simple Past
Future unreal conditionals express a hypothetical situation in the future. Hypothetical

means not real or being in an imagined situation. Future unreal conditionals indicate if
this were going to happen, that would be occurring. But in reality, the event or action will
not be occurring.
Future unreal conditionals make hypothetical statements then show what would happen
in such situations. Sentences use "if" to make a hypothetical statement then expresses
a hypothetical end result. "If" can be used to start off a sentence or be used to join two
clauses. Only "if" is used with future unreal conditionals because it is describing a
hypothetical or imaginary situation. You cannot use "when" in these sentences. Future
unreal conditionals look like present unreal conditionals.
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condition)

condition)
 If I had time, I would take up a hobby.

 I would take up a hobby if I had time.
 If I had a week off from work, I wouldgo to Hawaii.
 I would go to Hawaii if I had a week off from work.
 If Sam helped, we would finish earlier.
 We would finish earlier if Sam helped.
Future Unreal Conditionals - Using Present Participle
Future unreal conditionals make hypothetical statements then show what would be
happening in such situations. Sentences use "if" to make a hypothetical statement then
to join two clauses. Only "if" is used with future unreal conditionals because it is
sentences.
If + were + present participle (hypothetical Would be + present participle (hypothetical

condition) result)
Would be + present participle (hypothetical If + were + present participle (hypothetical

result) condition)
 If I were traveling with them, I would be having a great time right now.
 I would be having a great time right now if I were traveling with them.
 If I were attending medical school, I would not be working.
 I would not be working if I were attending medical school.
 If Sam were helping, we would befinishing earlier.
 We would be finishing earlier if Sam were helping.
Future Unreal Conditionals - Using Present Participle
Future unreal conditionals make hypothetical statements in the future then show what
would be happening in such situations. Sentences use "if" to make a hypothetical
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statement then expresses a hypothetical end result. "If" can be used to start off a
sentence or be used to join two clauses. Only "if" is used with future unreal conditionals
because it is describing a hypothetical or imaginary situation. You cannot use "when" in
these sentences.
If + were going to + verb (hypothetical Would be + present participle (hypothetical

condition) result)
Would be + present participle (hypothetical If + were going to + verb (hypothetical

result) condition)
 If I were going to go to college, I would be majoring in Economics.

 I would be majoring in Economics if I were going to go to college.
 If I were going to travel, I would betaking my dog with me.
 I would be taking my dog with me if I were going to travel.
 If Sam were going to help, he would be arriving late.
 Sam would be arriving late if he were going to help.
132
LEVEL 14
Present Perfect Continuous - Basic Form
The present perfect continuous refers to actions that started in the past and continues
into the present time. To form the present perfect continuous, use "has/have + been +
present participle".
For verbs ending in a consonant, just add "-ing" to the end of the verb.
 It has been raining all day.

 I have been running for several miles.
 She has been sleeping since noon.
 They have been waiting for a long time.
 She has been gaining weight recently.
Present Perfect Continuous for Verbs Ending in Vowels
Verb ending in consonant + "-e", delete the e then add "-ing".
 bake --> baking

 write --> writing
Verb ending in "-ee" or "-o", add "-ing". No modification.
 see --> seeing

 go --> going
Verb ending in "-ie", "-ie" changes to "y", then add "-ing".
 tie --> tying

 lie --> lying
Present Perfect Continuous for Verbs Ending in Short Vowel + Consonant

Single syllable: double the last consonant, then add "-ing".
 sit --> sitting

 shop --> shopping
133
Two syllables, first syllable stressed: add "-ing". No modification.
 visit --> visiting

 happen --> happening
Two syllables, second syllable stressed: double the last consonant, then add "-ing".
 begin --> beginning
Negative Present Perfect Continuous
The negative present continuous tells about things that did not happen in the past or will
not be happening in the near future. To make the negative present perfect continuous,
use "has/have + not + been + present participle".
 It has not been raining all day.

 She has not been sleeping well lately.
 They have not been waiting a long time.
 He has not been feeling well lately.
 She has not been growing recently.
Past Perfect Continuous
The past perfect continuous refers to actions that started in the past and completed
before another past action. To form the past perfect continuous, use "had + been +
present participle".
To discuss things that happened in the past and continued up until another past action.
They had been studying for several hours before the library closed.
 He had been sleeping until his alarm woke him up.

 I had been waiting at the bus stop for an hour when the bus finally arrived.
Past Perfect Continuous
To discuss that something happened because of what happened in the past.
 The children were tired because they had been playing all day.
 I was angry because I had been waiting all day for my friend to arrive. He never
showed up.
 He caught a cold because he had been walking in the rain.
Negative Past Perfect Continuous
134
 Use the negative past perfect continuous to tell about things that did not happen. To
make the negative present continuous, use "had + not + been + present participle".
 Jason failed the class because he had not been doing his homework.
 I was so tired because I had not been sleeping well.
 I gained weight because I had not been exercising.
Future Continuous - Will be
The future continuous is used to indicate that something will be in progress at a later
time. They are used with active action words in the form of past participles ending in "-
ing". Future Continuous has two forms: "will be + present participle" and "be verb +
going to be + present participle". They both refer to a time in the future and give the
sentences the same meaning.
"Will be + present participle. You can turn the sentences into negative sentences by
placing "not" between "will" and "be". "Will + not + be + present participle".
 Audrey will be playing softball when the season starts in spring.

 Sophie will be taking Spanish class at school next year.
 I will be helping him tomorrow after work.
 They will be building the shed once they purchase all of the materials.
 We will be joining them on Saturday.
 Audrey will not be playing softball when the season starts in spring.
 Sophie will not be taking Spanish class at school next year.
 I will not be helping him tomorrow.
 They will not be building the shed once they purchase all of the materials.
 We will not be joining them on Saturday.
Future Continuous - Be verb + going to be
"Be verb + going to be + present participle". You can turn sentences into negative
sentences by placing "not" between the "be verb" and "going to be". "Be verb + not +
going to be + present participle".
 Audrey is going to be playing softball when the season starts in spring.

 Sophie is going to be taking Spanish class at school next year.
 I am going to be helping him tomorrow after work.
 They are going to be building the shed once they purchase all of the materials.
 We are going to be joining them on Saturday.
 Audrey is not going to be playingsoftball when the season starts in spring.
 Sophie is not going to be takingSpanish class at school next year.
 I am not going to be helping him tomorrow after work.
 They are not going to be building the shed once they purchase all of the materials.
135
 We are not going to be joining them on Saturday.
Future Continuous - Yes/No questions with Will be
"Will be" can also be used in questions.
 Will Audrey be playing softball when the season starts in spring?

 Will Sophie be taking Spanish class at school next year?
 Will you be helping him tomorrow after work?
 Will they be building the shed once they purchase all of the materials?
 Will we be joining them on Saturday?
Future Continuous - Yes/No questions with Be verb + going to be
"Be verb + going to be" can also be used in questions.
 Is Audrey going to be playing softball when the season starts in spring?

 Is Sophie going to be taking Spanish class at school next year?
 Are you going to be helping him tomorrow after work?
 Are they going to be building the shed once they purchase all of the materials?
 Are we going to be joining them on Saturday?
Future Perfect Continuous
The future perfect continuous is used to indicate that something will happen in the future
by making a reference to some future time. It is most often used with a time expression.
To form the future perfect continuous, use "will have + been + present participle".
To discuss things that will happen in the future by making a reference to some future
time.
 They will have been studying for 12 hours by 10 pm.

 He will have been sleeping for 12 hours at 10 pm.
 I will have been waiting at the bus stop for over an hour when the bus finally arrives.
 The children will be tired because they will have been playing all day.
Negative Future Perfect Continuous
To make the negative future perfect continuous, use "will have + not + been + present
participle".
 They will have not been studying for 12 hours by 10 pm.

 He will have not been sleeping for 2 days at 10 pm.
 I will have not been living in America for 10 years next year.
136
LEVEL 15
Parentheses
Parentheses are a set of curved brackets used around a word, phrase, or sentence.
Parentheses are used to add further comments or explanations to the main point. The
additional information isn't necessary to make the sentence clear. Parentheses are also
called round brackets. However, their function is completely different than brackets
which are also known as square brackets. Brackets are used to add clarity to a
sentence. They are also used to indicate an interruption in a quote. The information in
brackets is added to modify someone's quoted speech.
Parentheses can be used with just one word, a phrase, or a complete sentence. If the
words inside the parentheses make a complete sentence, the period goes inside the
closing parenthesis.
 Parentheses (also known as round brackets) are a set of punctuation marks.

 Our dog (the laziest dog I know) sleeps all day.
 Madison (our neighbor) takes the bus to school every day.
 I am attending the Christmas party with Sean. (Sean is my boss.)
 You have to see this movie. (It'll blow you away.)
Brackets
Brackets can be used with just one word, a phrase, or a complete sentence. If the
words inside the brackets make a complete sentence, the period goes inside the closing
bracket.
 The victim said to the police officer, "He [the man in the police car] stole my purse."
 She [the school principal] spoke with reporters about the incident.
 The city raised the speed limit to 70 [miles an hour].
 He said, "I am not going there [Disneyland]."
Colon - List of Items

A colon is used to introduce a list of items or a set of examples. It is also used to add
further support to an initial thought or sentence. Do not use a colon after an incomplete
sentence. Colons are only used after complete sentence or thought.
The most common use of colons is introducing a list of items. Do not capitalize the first
item after a colon unless it's a proper noun.
137
 Don't forget to bring these items for our camping trip: a tent, sleeping bag, and warm
clothes.
 I need to go grocery shopping for these items: milk, sugar, eggs, and butter.
 I love all kinds of music: jazz, pop, hip hop, classical, and country.
 I have two hobbies: reading and writing.
Colon - Between Independent Clauses
A colon can be used in between independent clauses when the second sentence gives
supporting information for the first sentence.
 He got what he deserved: a big raise.

 You know what they say: don't judge a book by its cover.
 She received an award tonight: first place in the singing competition.
Semi-colon in Place of a Period

A semi-colon is used to express a pause between thoughts. The function of the semi-
colon is somewhere between a period and a comma. Periods are a full stop to a
sentence. Commas indicate a pause. Semi-colons do not pause as long as periods, but
they are slightly longer than commas. Semi-colons never replace the function of a
colon.
A semi-colon is used to join two independent clauses. It can be used in place of a

period to join two closely linked sentences. Do not use a semi-colon when a dependent
clause comes before an independent clause. Do not capitalize the first item after a
semi-colon unless it's a proper noun.
 Call me later; we can discuss our travel plans then.

 We have paid the past due balance; our account should be current.
 I need to stop overeating; I have to go on a diet.
 My mom is an engineer; my dad is a doctor.
Semi-colon Used with Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs are words that join independent clauses into one sentence. A
conjunctive adverb helps you create a shorter sentence. When you use a conjunctive
adverb, put a semicolon (;) before it and a comma (,) after it. Some examples of
conjunctive adverbs are: finally, however, otherwise, then, or therefore.
 I waited all week for this moment; finally, it's here.

 The toy store had many stuffed animals; however, it did not have the one my daughter
wanted.
 We have to advertise our store; otherwise, some people may not know we're open now.
 I was having a good time; then, it was time to leave.
 I didn't study for the test; therefore, I failed it.
138
Semi-colon in Place of Commas
A semi-colon can be used to separate items on a list when the items contain commas
themselves.
 I have visited New Delhi, India; Beijing, China; Moscow, Russia; and Abu Dhabi, Dubai.
 I bought three pairs of shoes: knee-high, black boots; shiny, red high-heels; and casual,
white sneakers.
 I am going to the mall with John, my brother; Linda, my sister; and Nancy, my cousin.
Hyphenated Compound Adjectives
A hyphen joins two or more words or word parts together to create a new word. A dash
separates two statements. They look the same, but have entirely different functions.
Hyphenated compound adjectives are used before nouns. Sometimes hyphens are not
used when following a noun. For example, "widely-known actor" uses a hyphen. An
actor who is widely known does not use a hyphen. There are no spaces around
hyphens.
 He is a well-respected surgeon. The surgeon is well respected.

 She is a well-known teacher is this area. The teacher is well known in this area.
 She lives in an off-campus apartment. Her apartment is off campus.
Hyphenated Compound Nouns
Some compound nouns can be hyphenated. Hyphens are often used with the ages of
people or things unless it is in plural form. Also, hyphens are used with family members
that are in-laws. (mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, son-in-law,
daughter-in-law). There are no spaces around hyphens.
 His self-esteem plummeted after losing the contest.

 My daughter loves to ride the merry-go-round at the amusement park.
 Our two-year old is very active.
 My eight-month old is eating solid food.
 My mother-in-law is very picky.
 Hyphens - Avoid Confusion

Some hyphenated words can cause confusion and change the meaning of the
sentence.
139
 The athlete wants to re-sign with the team.
(Here re-sign means to sign a contract again with his team.)
 The athlete wants to resign.
(Here resign means to quit.)
 We need to re-cover our sofa. It has too many stains.
(Here re-cover means to out a new cover on the sofa.)
 We need to recover our sofa. It was stolen during the burglary.
(Here recover means to get back something that was stolen.)
Hyphens in Numbers
Hyphens can be used with numbers. They are used to combine numbers from twenty-
one to ninety-nine. They are also used when writing out fractions. Hyphens are also
used when a number is part of a compound adjective.
 My husband will be forty-two next month.

 I need one-third cup of sugar.
 The pot is only two-fifths full.
 We took a 14-day cruise around the Caribbean islands.
 Our 12-year old dog passed away last week.
Hyphens with Prefixes
Many times, words with prefixes use hyphens. If the prefix ends in a vowel and the base
word starts with a vowel, a hyphen is put in between the prefix and the base word.
However, use a hyphen if the prefix is "ex-" or "self-".
 The senator was re-elected.

 He has a license to carry a semi-automatic weapon.
 She is my ex-wife.
 I am self-employed.
Dash
A dash is used to indicate a break or a pause in the sentence. It is used to emphasize a

word or set of words in the sentence. There are typically spaces around dashes.
 You may think you're the greatest - you're really not.

 Oliver - the world's greatest dog - passed away yesterday.
 Kate - my one and only true friend - came out to support me today.
140
Contents
LEVEL 1 ................................................................................................................................. 1
Be Verb .................................................................................................................................. 2
Action verbs............................................................................................................................ 3
Period at the End of a Sentence ............................................................................................. 5
Coordinating Conjunctions...................................................................................................... 7
COMMA ................................................................................................................................. 8
DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS ...................................................................................... 9
INDEFINITE ARTICLES #1 ...................................................................................................10
DEFINITE ARTICLES #1 .......................................................................................................11
LEVEL 2 ................................................................................................................................12
SIMPLE PRESENT ...............................................................................................................12
SIMPLE PASTE ....................................................................................................................14
BE VERBS – PAST ...............................................................................................................15
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS ..................................................................................16
SIMPLE FURURE .................................................................................................................18
DEMONSTRATIVE ADVRBS ................................................................................................20
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONAUNS...........................................................................................21
INTERJECTIONS ..................................................................................................................22
EXCLAMATION POINT (!)....................................................................................................22
PLEASE AND THANK YOU .................................................................................................24
LEVEL 3 ................................................................................................................................27
Indefinite Articles - one single object .....................................................................................27
Definite Articles - specific person ...........................................................................................27
Coordinating Conjunctions.....................................................................................................28
Countable Nouns ...................................................................................................................29
Uncountable Nouns ...............................................................................................................31
Common Linking Verbs .........................................................................................................32
Personal Pronouns ................................................................................................................33
Question Words #1 ................................................................................................................35
Question Words #2 ................................................................................................................36
How much? ...........................................................................................................................37
Question Mark .......................................................................................................................38
141
Adjectives - regular ................................................................................................................39
LEVEL 4 ................................................................................................................................41
Present Continuous - Basic Form ..........................................................................................41
Present participles .................................................................................................................43
Past Continuous ....................................................................................................................44
Preposition - On ....................................................................................................................45
Preposition – Of.....................................................................................................................46
Preposition - With ..................................................................................................................48
"Also" with "Be" Verbs ...........................................................................................................50
LEVEL 5 Possessive nouns #1 ..............................................................................................53
Possessive nouns #2.............................................................................................................53
Apostrophe in Possession .....................................................................................................55
Possessive Adjectives ...........................................................................................................57
Much and Little ......................................................................................................................59
Determiners – Some..............................................................................................................60
Distributives – All ...................................................................................................................61
Some .....................................................................................................................................62
Any ........................................................................................................................................62
A Little ...................................................................................................................................63
LEVEL 6 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives #1............................................................64
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives #2 ..........................................................................65
Irregular comparatives and superlatives adjectives................................................................66
Adverbs - Modifying Adjectives ..............................................................................................67
"Either" as an adverb .............................................................................................................67
"So" as an adverb ..................................................................................................................67
Comparative and Superlative Adverbs#1...............................................................................68
Compound nouns#1 ..............................................................................................................69
Compound nouns #2 .............................................................................................................70
Any ........................................................................................................................................71
No .........................................................................................................................................71
LEVEL 7 ................................................................................................................................72
Subordinating Conjunctions ...................................................................................................72
Subordinating Conjunctions ...................................................................................................72
142
Go + Gerunds - Past Tense ...................................................................................................74
Used To - Past Facts and Generalizations ............................................................................78
LEVEL 8 ................................................................................................................................79
Adverbs - Changing adjectives to adverbs .............................................................................79
Adverbs - Changing adjectives to adverbs .............................................................................79
"Be" Verbs + Adjective Combinations Followed by Infinitives can be turned into negative
sentences. .............................................................................................................................80
Distributives - Each or Every .................................................................................................81
Distributives - Either or Neither ..............................................................................................81
Adverbs of Time - How long something happened ................................................................82
Adverbs of Time - How often something happens (definitely) ................................................82
Adverbs of Time - How often something happens (indefinitely) .............................................82
Adverbs of Place – Directional ...............................................................................................83
Adverbs of Place - Distance ..................................................................................................83
Adverbs of Place - Position....................................................................................................83
Adverbs of Place - No specific location or direction ...............................................................83
Adverbs of Manner ................................................................................................................84
Adverbs of Manner ................................................................................................................84
Adverbs of Degree - Used with Adjectives .............................................................................85
Adverbs of Degree - Used with Adverbs ................................................................................85
Adverbs of Degree - Used with Verbs ....................................................................................85
Adverbs of Degree - "Enough" as an Adverb .........................................................................85
Adverbs of Certainty with "Be" Verbs .....................................................................................86
LEVEL 9 ................................................................................................................................87
Enough ..................................................................................................................................87
Cardinal Numbers .................................................................................................................87
Ordinal Numbers ...................................................................................................................88
Present Perfect Tense with Never .........................................................................................88
Present Perfect Tense with Already.......................................................................................89
Present Perfect Tense with Yet .............................................................................................89
Present Perfect Tense with Since ..........................................................................................89
Direct Speech ........................................................................................................................90
Indirect Speech .....................................................................................................................90
143
Tense Changes When Reporting Speech..............................................................................90
Reporting Speech Questions .................................................................................................92
Reporting Speech Yes/No Questions ....................................................................................92
Reporting Speech Questions .................................................................................................93
Reporting Orders ...................................................................................................................95
Reporting Requests ...............................................................................................................95
Reporting Suggestions ..........................................................................................................95
Reporting Hopes ...................................................................................................................96
Reporting Promises ...............................................................................................................96
LEVEL 10 ..............................................................................................................................97
Prepositional Phrases............................................................................................................97
Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives ......................................................................................98
Prepositional Phrases as Adverbs .........................................................................................99
Quotation Marks ....................................................................................................................99
Conjunctive Adverbs............................................................................................................100
Pre-determiners - Such or What ..........................................................................................101
Definite Articles - time period ...............................................................................................101
Comparative and Superlative Adverbs - Examples ..............................................................102
Countable Noun Comparison ..............................................................................................103
Countable Noun Comparison ..............................................................................................104
Comparisons Using ‘As’ or As not’.......................................................................................105
LEVEL 11 ............................................................................................................................106
Past Perfect .........................................................................................................................106
Future Perfect- Will have .....................................................................................................106
Active and Passive Voice ....................................................................................................107
Percentages in Written Form ...............................................................................................107
Nouns Followed by Infinitives ..............................................................................................108
Verbs Followed by Gerunds ................................................................................................109
Verbs Followed by Gerunds ................................................................................................110
Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives .............................................................................111
Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives .............................................................................113
Common Expressions .........................................................................................................113
LEVEL 12 ............................................................................................................................115
144
Past Real Conditionals ........................................................................................................115
Future Real Conditionals .....................................................................................................115
Indicative Mood ...................................................................................................................116
Subjunctive Mood - Common verbs .....................................................................................117
Independent Clauses...........................................................................................................117
Adjective Clauses ................................................................................................................118
Restrictive Clauses ..............................................................................................................119
Future in the Past - Using "Would" ......................................................................................120
Mixed Conditionals - Present Unreal and Past Unreal .........................................................121
Were to – Present ...............................................................................................................123
LEVEL 13 Restrictive Appositive Nouns .............................................................................124
Viewpoint Adverbs ...............................................................................................................124
Relative Adverbs .................................................................................................................125
Adjective + Preposition + Gerund ........................................................................................127
Noun + Preposition + Gerund ..............................................................................................128
Present Unreal Conditionals ................................................................................................129
Past Unreal Conditionals .....................................................................................................130
Future Unreal Conditionals - Using Simple Past ..................................................................130
LEVEL 14 Present Perfect Continuous - Basic Form ...........................................................133
Past Perfect Continuous ......................................................................................................134
Future Continuous - Will be .................................................................................................135
Future Perfect Continuous ...................................................................................................136
LEVEL 15 ............................................................................................................................137
Parentheses ........................................................................................................................137
Colon - List of Items.............................................................................................................137
Semi-colon in Place of a Period ...........................................................................................138
Semi-colon in Place of Commas ..........................................................................................139
Hyphenated Compound Adjectives......................................................................................139
Hyphens - Avoid Confusion ..........................................................................................139
145

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LEVEL 1

Some nouns have different plural forms.

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

Negative sentences need "not" after the "be" verb.

He walks to school. I walk to school.

He lives in a house. I live in a house.

She writes stories. You write stories.

She drives to work. You drive to work.

It floats on water. They float on water.

It swims in the ocean. We swim in the ocean.

 He exercises every morning.

Action verbs can be turned into negative sentences.

 He does not walk to school.

Action verbs can be turned into questions or interrogative sentences.

He, She, and It I, You, and They

Does he walk to school? Do I need a map?

Does she driveto work? Do you drink milk?

Period at the End of a Sentence

Period at the End of a Sentence

A period is used at the end of a sentence. It is used to make a statement.

Sometimes a single word can be a complete sentence.

Period in Abbreviated Words

A period is used in abbreviated words or shortened words. Many words can be

The book is $10.99. ($10.99 = ten dollars and ninety-nine cents)

A conjunction joins words or groups of words in a sentence.

 I bought apples and oranges at the store.

A conjunction joins words or groups of words in a sentence.

 I bought apples and oranges at the store.

Comma Used to Separate Clauses

 My friend is moving, so I'm going to help him pack.

Comma Used to List Series of Words

 He is young, smart, and handsome.

Commas are used to separate nonrestrictive appositive nouns. A nonrestrictive

 My mom, Linda, is a chef.

Demonstrative Determiners: This or These

 This car is very expensive.

Demonstrative Determiners: That or Those

 That house was built forty years ago.

Indefinite Articles - singular nouns

Consonants letters (letters other than a,

Definite Articles - singular and plural nouns

Singular Nouns Plural Nouns

 Please close the door.  The apples are sweet.

Definite Articles - countable and uncountable nouns

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

 Who moved the chairs?  The water is cold.

Simple Present - Basic Form

I, You, We, They He, She, It

Simple Present - Additional forms

Simple Present - Additional Forms

Consonant + y --> Consonant + i + es Vowel + y --> Vowel + y + s

 Study --> Studies  Play --> Plays

Simple past is used to express finished or completed actions.

Simple Past - Basic form

Add "-ed" to the verb.

Verb Add "-ed"

Verb Double ending consonant and add "-ed"

For verbs that end in "-e", only add "-d".

Verb Add "-d"

 I visited my old school.

 Study --> Studied  Play --> Played

"Be" verbs - Past Tense

Negative sentences need "not" after the "be" verb.

 I was not a student.