MAE 110A

Homework 4: Solutions

10/27/2017
MS 4.20: The figure below provides steady-state data for water vapor flowing through a piping configuration.
At each exit, the volumetric flow rate, pressure, and temperature are equal. Determine the mass flow rate at
the inlet and exits, each in kg/s.

Given Data Model Diagram

𝑉1 = 30 m/s , 𝐴1 = 0.2 m2 Control volume analysis
𝑃1 = 5 bar , 𝑇1 = 360 ℃ Steady state (𝑑/𝑑𝑡 = 0)
𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 4.8 bar Uniform properties (1D flow)
𝑇2 = 𝑇3 = 320 ℃
𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝐴3 𝑉3
𝑚̇1 = ? , 𝑚̇𝑒 = ?

Governing Equations
𝑑𝑚
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 Eq. 4.2
𝑑𝑡
𝑚̇ = ∫ 𝜌(𝑽 ∙ 𝒏)𝑑𝐴 Eq. 4.3

Analysis
Determine the mass flow rate of the inlet.
𝑚̇1 = ∫ 𝜌1 (𝑽𝟏 ∙ 𝒏𝟏 )𝑑𝐴
𝐴1 𝑉1
𝑚̇1 = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝑣1
The specific volume is fixed by 𝑃1 and 𝑇1 in superheated vapor tables
m3
𝑣1 = 0.5796 kg
𝐴1 𝑉1 (0.2 m2 )(30 m/s) kg
𝑚̇1 = 𝑣1
= 0.5796 m3 /kg
= 10.3520 s
kg
𝑚̇1 = 10.4
s

Determine the mass flow rate at each exit.

𝑑𝑚
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒
𝑑𝑡
0 = 𝑚̇1 − 𝑚̇2 − 𝑚̇3
Since state 2 and state 3 are equal 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 , and since 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝐴3 𝑉3 it can be seen 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇3 = 𝑚̇𝑒
0 = 𝑚̇1 − 2𝑚̇𝑒
1 kg
𝑚̇𝑒 = 2 𝑚̇1 = 5.176 s
kg
𝑚̇𝑒 = 5.2 s

Discussion
In homework 1-3 we primarily considered closed systems (aka a control mass) in which we identified a fixed
quantity of matter and applied conservation laws. Here we have selected a control volume (aka open system)
in which we identify a region of space and matter can pass freely through the control surface. The same
conservation laws apply but must be adapted to a control volume analysis (using Reynold’s Transport
Theorem for those interested) to account for mass flux through the control volume.

In this problem we used conservation of mass which states the rate of change of mass inside the control
volume is equal to the net mass flux through the control surface. Assuming steady state and uniform
properties at each cross section reduced the problem to a simple 1D flow.

1
 MS 4.37: As shown below, air enters the diffuser of a jet engine operating at steady state at 18 kPa, 216 K
and a velocity of 265 m/s, all data corresponding to high-altitude flight. The air flows adiabatically through
the diffuser and achieves a temperature of 250 K at the diffuser exit. Using the ideal gas model for air,
determine the velocity of the air at the diffuser exit, in m/s.

Given Data Model Diagram

𝑃1 = 18 kPa Control volume (diffuser)
𝑇1 = 216 K Steady state (𝑑/𝑑𝑡 = 0)
𝑉1 = 265 m/s Uniform properties at 1 and 2
𝑇2 = 250 K Adiabatic (𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0)
𝑉2 = ? No work (𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0)
Ideal gas
Neglect elevation changes (𝑧1 ≈ 𝑧2 )
Governing Equations
𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 Eq. 4.2
𝑑𝐸 1 1
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) Eq. 4.15
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑖 2 𝑒
Analysis
𝑑𝑚
MB: = ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒
𝑑𝑡

0 = 𝑚̇1 − 𝑚̇2
𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇ Constant mass flow rate for steady, one inlet, one outlet flow
𝑑𝐸 1 1
EB: = 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑖 2 𝑒
1 1
0 = 𝑚̇1 (ℎ1 + 2 𝑉12 ) − 𝑚̇2 (ℎ2 + 2 𝑉22 )
1 1
ℎ2 + 2 𝑉22 = ℎ1 + 2 𝑉12

𝑉2 = √2(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + 𝑉12
The enthalpy values can be found from the ideal gas properties of air (Table A22).
Since it is an ideal gas ℎ = ℎ(𝑇).
ℎ1 = 215.97 kJ/kg and ℎ2 = 250.05 kJ/kg

kJ kJ 1000 N∙m 1 kg∙m m 2

𝑉2 = √2 (215.97 kg
− 250.05 kg
) [ 1 kJ ] [ 1 N∙s2 ] + (265 s
)

𝑉2 = 45.4 m/s
Discussion
A diffuser is used to decelerate a flow through area variation. No work is done except the compression work
included in ℎ and changes in elevation are negligible. As expected the velocity at the diffuser exit is reduced.
The change in kinetic energy of the fluid goes into raising its enthalpy and temperature.

The text derives equations for various devices including diffusers. In fact equation 4.21 matches the above
analysis. While one could jump to the final result given in the text, this approach is not recommended. Only
three fundamental physical laws (mass, energy, and 2nd law of thermodynamics in ch. 5/6) are used in this class
and learning how to apply them in their general form is far more important than memorizing dozens of
equations with limited utility.

2
 MS 4.43: Air expands through a turbine from 8 bar, 960 K to 1 bar, 450 K. The inlet velocity is small
compared to the exit velocity of 90 m/s. The turbine operates at steady state and develops a power output of
2500 kW. Heat transfer between the turbine and its surroundings and potential energy effects are negligible.
Modeling air as an ideal gas, calculate the mass flow rate of air, in kg/s, and the exit area, in m2 .

Given Data Model Diagram

𝑃1 = 8 bar 𝑃2 = 1 bar Control volume
𝑇1 = 960 K 𝑇2 = 450 K Steady state
𝑉1 ≈ 0 𝑉2 = 90 m/s Adiabatic (𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0)
̇
𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2500 kW Neglect elevation changes (𝑧1 ≈ 𝑧2 )
𝑚̇ = ? 𝐴2 = ? Ideal gas
𝑉1 ≪ 𝑉2
Governing Equations
𝑑𝑚
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 Eq. 4.2
𝑑𝑡
𝑚̇ = ∫ 𝜌(𝑽 ∙ 𝒏)𝑑𝐴 Eq. 4.3
𝑑𝐸 1 2 1 2
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 𝑉 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 𝑉 + 𝑔𝑧) Eq. 4.15
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑖 2 𝑒
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 Eq. 3.32

Analysis
𝑑𝑚
MB: 𝑑𝑡 = ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒
0 = 𝑚̇1 − 𝑚̇2
𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇ Constant mass flow rate for steady, one inlet, one outlet flow
𝑑𝐸 1 1
EB: 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧)
𝑖 𝑒
1 2
0 = −𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑚̇1 ℎ1 − 𝑚̇2 (ℎ2 + 𝑉 )
2 2
1
0 = −𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑚̇ (ℎ1 − ℎ2 + 2 𝑉22 )
𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑚̇ = 1
ℎ1 −ℎ2 + 𝑉22
2
Enthalpy values can be found from the ideal gas properties of air (Table A22). Since it is an ideal gas ℎ = ℎ(𝑇).
𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 (2500 kW)[1 kJ/kW∙s]
𝑚̇ = 1 = m 2 1 N∙s2
= 4.5269 kg/s
ℎ1 −ℎ2 + 𝑉22 kJ kJ 1
(1000.55 )−(451.80 )+ (90 ) [ ][
1 kJ
]
2 kg kg 2 s 1 kg∙m 1000 N∙m

𝑚̇ = 4.53 kg/s
Calculate the exit area in m2 ,
𝑚̇2 = ∫ 𝜌2 (𝑽𝟐 ∙ 𝒏𝟐 )𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2
𝑚̇2
𝐴2 = 𝜌
2 𝑉2
𝑃 (1 bar) 105 N/m2 1J kg
𝑃2 = 𝜌2 𝑅𝑇2 or 𝜌2 = 𝑅𝑇2 = J [ 1 bar
] [1 N∙m] = 0.7743 m3
2 (287 )(450 K)
kg∙K
𝑚̇2 4.5269 kg/s
𝐴2 = 𝜌2 𝑉2
= kg = 0.06496 m2
(0.7743 3)(90 m/s)
m

𝐴2 = 0.0650 m2
Discussion: Turbines generate power. High pressure and temperature fluid enters the turbine. Energy is
removed from the fluid as the fluid performs work in rotating the turbine blades. The lower energy fluid exits
the turbine at a lower pressure and temperature than the inlet.

3
 H4.2: Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic compressor at 1 MPa, −20 ℃ and exits at 6 MPa. The mass flow
rate is 0.02 kg/s and the power input is 2 kW. Assume steady state operation, negligible kinetic and potential
energy effects, and ideal gas behavior. Determine the exit temperature [℃].

Given Data Model Diagram

𝑃1 = 1 MPa Control volume
𝑇1 = −20 ℃ = 253 K Steady state
𝑃2 = 6 MPa Adiabatic (𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0)
𝑚̇ = 0.02 kg/s Neglect elevation changes (𝑧1 ≈ 𝑧2 )
𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 2 kW Neglect KE changes (𝑉1 ≈ 𝑉2 )
kg
𝑀 = 44.01 kmol
(Table A1) Ideal gas (CO2 )
𝑇2 = ?

Governing Equations
𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 Eq. 4.2
𝑑𝐸 1 1
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) Eq. 4.15
𝑖 𝑒

Analysis
𝑑𝑚
MB: 𝑑𝑡 = ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒
0 = 𝑚̇1 − 𝑚̇2
𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇
𝑑𝐸 1 1
EB: 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧)
𝑖 𝑒
0 = 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑊̇
ℎ̅2 = ℎ̅1 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛
̇
𝑀  Convert to kJ/kmol for consistent units
kJ 2 kW kg 1 kJ/s kJ
ℎ̅2 = 7732.6 kmol
+ ( kg ) (44.01 kmol) [ 1 kW ] = 12133.6 kmol
0.02
s
kJ
ℎ̅2 = 12133
kmol
𝑇2 ≈ 370 K = 97 ℃

Discussion
Conservation of energy was applied to determine ℎ2 which was related to 𝑇2 using the ideal gas properties of
carbon dioxide (Table A23). Both states are defined by known pressure and temperature. As expected the
compressor reduced the specific volume of air – it was compressed. Energy added to the gas by work input
can be seen in the increased enthalpy, temperature, and pressure.

4
 H4.3: Consider a valve in a refrigeration system which uses ammonia as the refrigerant. The ammonia enters
the valve at 36 ℃ and 1.5 MPa and exits at 300 kPa. Assume steady state conditions, negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes, and negligible heat transfer. Determine:
a. quality of the ammonia at the valve exit
b. temperature drop across the valve [℃]

Given Data Model Diagram

𝑇1 = 36 ℃ Control Volume
𝑃1 = 1.5 MPa Steady state
𝑃2 = 300 kPa Adiabatic (𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0)
𝑥2 = ? , Δ𝑇 = ? Neglect elevation changes (𝑧1 ≈ 𝑧2 )
Neglect KE changes (𝑉1 ≈ 𝑉2 )
Governing Equations
𝑑𝐸 1 1
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) Eq. 4.15
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑖 2 𝑒
𝑑𝑚
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 Eq. 4.2
𝑑𝑡
ℎ(𝑇, 𝑃) ≈ ℎ𝑓 (𝑇) + 𝑣𝑓 (𝑇)[𝑃 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 (𝑇)] Eq. 3.13
ℎ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥(ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 ) Eq. 3.7

Analysis
𝑑𝑚
MB: 𝑑𝑡 = ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒
0 = 𝑚̇1 − 𝑚̇2
𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇
𝑑𝐸 1 1
EB: 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧)
𝑖 𝑒
0 = 𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
ℎ2 = ℎ1
Looking at the saturation data corresponding to 𝑇 = 36 ℃ it can be seen that the ammonia is a compressed
liquid at state 1 (𝑃2 > 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 (𝑇2 )). Since compressed liquid data is unavailable we will approximate the
enthalpy using saturation data (saturated liquid approximation).
ℎ(𝑇, 𝑃) ≈ ℎ𝑓 (𝑇) + 𝑣𝑓 (𝑇)[𝑃 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 (𝑇)]
kJ m3 1000 kJ
ℎ1 = (351.69 kg
)+ (0.0017068 kg
) [1.5 MPa − 1.3896 MPa] [1 MPa∙m3 ]
kJ
ℎ2 = ℎ1 = 351.8784
kg
Looking at saturation data corresponding to 𝑃 = 300 kPa it can be seen that ℎ𝑓 < ℎ2 < ℎ𝑔 so the ammonia is a
saturated liquid vapor mixture. Inside the vapor dome temperature and pressure are dependent properties.
𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = −9.24 ℃
Δ𝑇 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = −45.24 ℃
ℎ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥(ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 ) = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔
ℎ−ℎ𝑓 351.8784 kJ/kg−137.42 kJ/kg
𝑥= ℎ𝑓𝑔
= 1294.05 kJ/kg
= 0.1657
𝑥 = 16.57%
Discussion: Valves will decrease the pressure of the fluid, 𝑃2 < 𝑃1 . This is done through a throttling process,
and ℎ1 = ℎ2 , as seen from conservation of energy. While undergoing this process 16.57% of the ammonia
changes phase from liquid to vapor and there is a temperature drop of 45 ℃. This enables the fluid to absorb
energy at the evaporator of the refrigeration cycle.

5
 H4.4: A small pump is located down in a well at a depth of 15 m, drawing in liquid water at 10 ℃, 90 kPa
(abs) at a rate of 1.5 kg/s. The exit line of the pump is a pipe that goes up to a receiver tank (at 𝑧 = 0)
maintained at a gage pressure of 400 kPa. Consider the liquid water as an incompressible substance. Assume
steady state operation, negligible changes in kinetic energy, and constant water temperature. Determine the
required pumping power [kW].

Given Data Model Diagram

𝑧1 = −15 m , 𝑧2 = 0 m Control Volume
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 = 10 ℃ = 283 K Steady state
𝑃1 = 90 kPa , 𝑃2 = 400 kPa (gage) Adiabatic (𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0)
𝑚̇ = 1.5 kg/s Neglect KE changes (𝑉1 ≈ 𝑉2 )
𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = ? Incompressible substance

Governing Equations
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣 Eq. 3.4
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑑𝑇 Eq. 3.8
𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 Eq. 4.2
𝑑𝐸 1 1
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) Eq. 4.15
𝑖 𝑒

Analysis
𝑑𝑚
MB: 𝑑𝑡 = ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒
0 = 𝑚̇1 − 𝑚̇2
𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇
𝑑𝐸 1 1
EB: 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 2 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧)
𝑖 𝑒
0 = 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ2 + 𝑔𝑧1 − 𝑔𝑧2 )
𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇(ℎ2 − ℎ1 + 𝑔𝑧2 − 𝑔𝑧1 )
Consider the differential of ℎ,
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃 + 𝑃𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0 (incompressible)
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃
𝑑ℎ = 𝑐𝑑𝑇 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 0 (𝑇 = constant)
𝑑ℎ = 𝑣𝑑𝑃
2 1
∫1 𝑑ℎ = ∫1 𝑣𝑑𝑃
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑣(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 𝑣 = constant (incompressible)
kg
Fluid properties can be approximated by saturation values, 𝑣(𝑇, 𝑃) = 𝑣𝑓 (𝑇) = 1.0004 × 10−3 m3.
𝑃2,𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃2,𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 400 kPa + 101 kPa = 501 kPa
kg 1 kJ kJ
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = (1.0004 × 10−3 m3 ) (501 kPa − 90 kPa) [1 kPa∙m3 ] = 0.411 kg
kg kJ m 1 N∙s2 1 kJ 1 kW
𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = (1.5 s
) {0.411 kg + (9.81 s2 ) (15 m) [1 kg∙m] [1000 N∙m]} [1 kJ/s] = 0.8375 kW

𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 = 0.84 kW
Discussion: The pump must provide the energy to lift the water 15 m as well as increase the pressure. Here it
was assumed the water was an incompressible substance, which is often a good approximation for liquids and
solids, and simplifies property evaluation.

6
H4.5: Steam enters the condenser of a steam power plant at 20 kPa and a quality of 95% with a mass flow
rate of 20,000 kg/hr. It is to be cooled by water from a nearby river by circulating the water through the
condenser (similar to Fig. P4.78). To prevent thermal pollution, the river water is not allowed to experience a
temperature rise above 10 ℃. Assume steady state operation and treat the river water as an incompressible
substance with constant specific heat. If the steam is to leave the condenser as saturated liquid at 20 kPa,
determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water required [kg/s].

Given Data Model Diagram

𝑃1 = 20 kPa Control volume
𝑥1 = 95% Steady state
𝑚̇ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 20,000 kghr
= 5.556 kg
s
River is incompressible
𝑃2 = 20 kPa ` substance with constant 𝑐
State 2 saturated liquid Pressure remains
Δ𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 10 ℃. constant for each stream
𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = ?

Governing Equations
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣 Eq. 3.4
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑑𝑇 Eq. 3.8
𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 Eq. 4.2
𝑑𝐸 1 1
= 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) Eq. 4.15
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑖 2 𝑒

Analysis
Consider two systems, one enclosing the hot water from the power plant and the other enclosing the cool
river water. Apply conservation of mass to each system.

System A (Hot Stream) System B (Cold Stream)

𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 𝑑𝑡
= ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒

0 = 𝑚̇1 − 𝑚̇2 0 = 𝑚̇3 − 𝑚̇4

𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇ℎ𝑜𝑡 = constant 𝑚̇3 = 𝑚̇4 = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = constant
The two fluid streams remain separate and conservation of mass can be applied to each stream separately. As
seen the flow rate for each stream remains constant.

𝑑𝐸 1 1
Apply conservation of energy to each system: = 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑𝑖 𝑚̇𝑖 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧) − ∑𝑒 𝑚̇𝑒 (ℎ + 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑖 2 𝑒

System A (Hot Stream) System B (Cold Stream)

0 = −𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑚̇ℎ𝑜𝑡 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) 0 = 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 (ℎ3 − ℎ4 )
𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇ℎ𝑜𝑡 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 (ℎ4 − ℎ3 )
Since all the heat is transferred from system A to system B
𝑄̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 Alternatively, you could apply an energy balance to
the combined System (C). Heat transfer between hot
𝑚̇ℎ𝑜𝑡 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 (ℎ4 − ℎ3 ) and cold water still occurs but since it is internal to
ℎ −ℎ system it is not included in the analysis.
𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑚̇ℎ𝑜𝑡 (ℎ1 −ℎ2 )
4 3 0 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + 𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 (ℎ3 − ℎ4 )
ℎ −ℎ
7 𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑚̇ℎ𝑜𝑡 (ℎ1 −ℎ2 )
4 3
Two properties are needed to fix a state. State 1 is defined by 𝑥1 = 0.95 and 𝑃1 = 20 kPa. The fluid is inside
the vapor dome. The enthalpy at state 1 can be calculated from the quality – 5% is liquid and 95% is vapor
kJ kJ kJ
ℎ1 = (1 − 𝑥)ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑔 = 0.05 (251.4 kg
)+ 0.95 (2609.7 kg
) = 2491.8 kg
State 2 is defined as saturated liquid (i.e. 𝑥 = 0) and 𝑃1 = 20 kPa
kJ
ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓 = 251.4 kg
The fluid condenses at constant pressure and temperature until it reaches saturation at state 2.

Determine the enthalpy change of river water ℎ4 − ℎ3 using the incompressible substance model.
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃 + 𝑃𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0 (incompressible)
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃 = 0 (model)
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑑𝑇
4 4
∫3 𝑑ℎ = ∫3 𝑐𝑑𝑇 constant 𝑐
ℎ4 − ℎ3 = 𝑐(𝑇4 − 𝑇3 ) = 𝑐Δ𝑇
𝑐 = 4.179 kJ/kg ∙ K No temperature was given, assume 𝑇 = 300 K for typical day
kJ kJ
ℎ1 −ℎ2 kg 2491.8 −251.4 kg
kg kg
𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑚̇ℎ𝑜𝑡 [ 𝑐Δ𝑇
] = (5.556 s ) ( kJ ) = 297.8 s
4.179 {10 K}
kg∙K
kg
𝑚̇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 297.8 s

Discussion
Heat exhangers are common devices in mechanical engineering. Often the objective is to cool a hot
object/system by contact with a cooler system.
Applying the conservation laws depends on the way you define your system. To solve the problem you may
need to consider multiple control volumes. Choosing a particular control volume can simplify your analysis as
seen in the alternative solution. Regardless of how you select your system you should get the same solution.